Дисертації з теми "International Climate Change Law"
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1
Rached, Danielle Hanna. "The international law of climate change and accountability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the past few decades, accountability has become a key concept to assess the role and place of a wide range of trasnational institutions. Such trend can be partially explained by the widespread sense of unaccountability that permeates the legal realm beyond the state. The aim of this thesis is to investigate three particular institutional actors of the Climate Change Regime: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (CCKP), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This investigation is carried out through the descriptive and critical lenses of accountability. It resorts to the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project in order to pursue that task. Along the way, the thesis asks four interrelated research questions. The first is conceptual: what is accountability? The second is an abstract normative question: what is regarded as a desirable accountability relationship at the national and the global level? The third is purely descriptive: how accountable are the three institutions? The fourth, finally, is a contextualised normative question: how appropriate are their three accountability arrangements? The two former questions are instrumental and ancillary to the two latter. That is to say, they respectively provide the analytical and evaluative frameworks on the basis of which a concrete description and a concrete normative assessment will be done.
2
Gigot, Elisabeth. "International law and biofuel issue related to climate change." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96171.
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3
Wendland, Johannes. "International human rights law and climate change: the case for a duty to mitigate climate change." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33976.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dissertation deals with the relationship between climate change and international human rights law. A special focus lies on the question if states have a human rights obligation to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas-emissions. To this end, the dissertation develops and proposes a risk-based approach that helps overcome the complex issue of causation. After a short introduction (section I), the thesis establishes the framework (section II) by defining climate change on one hand and international human rights law on the other hand, describing roughly the scientific processes and the most pertinent legal instruments. It then puts both element in relation by briefly tracing the history of how scholars and activists have started to apply a human rights approach to the issue of climate change. This relation is further enlarged upon with an analysis of the factual impacts that climate change has on human rights guarantees (section III). Next to established human rights under especially the ICCPR and the ICESCR, the question is discussed if a self-standing right to a healthy environment exists de lege lata. The thesis also briefly describes the issue of climate justice. On this basis, the centrepiece of the dissertation then discusses the resulting human rights obligations (section IV). It notes that so far, there is significant scepticism towards a human rights duty to mitigate and its potential content is rather vague. To strengthen the case for a duty to mitigate, the text proposes a “risk-based” approach: Based mainly on jurisprudence by the European Court of Human Rights, it is argued that states not only have to prevent harm but also reduce mere risks of harm. This way, the issue of causation and attribution which is often seen as the Achilles-heel of a human rights approach to mitigation can be overcome. In the end, it is submitted that states are under a duty to reduce their greenhouse gas-emissions in accordance with the remaining “greenhouse gas-budget”. This argument is further corroborated with regard to climate justice and an extraterritorial perspective on the duty to mitigate (section V). It is argued that the international relevance of the right to self-determination as well as a duty not to interfere with human rights in other countries could require states to take into account not only climate change impacts in their own territory but also abroad. This way, the human rights duty to mitigate is not only reinforced, but can also help to realise a greater degree of climate justice. Lastly, the conclusion (section VI) recaps and summarizes the given argument and concludes that a human rights approach can be useful to compel governments to more decisive mitigation measures.
4
Verheyen, Roda. "Climate change damage and international law : prevention duties and state responsibility /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/50232872X.pdf.
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Tedenljung, Amanda. "Climate Change and Forced Migration : How Climate Refugees fit into EU Asylum Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412272.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humankind and its effects will hit the most vulnerable persons disproportionately hard. Several millions of people risk displacement due to environmental hazards, natural disasters and climate mediated conflicts, influencing migration patterns across the world. Without a strategy for protecting specifically climate refugees, States risk violating several human rights, which makes the issue highly relevant to the international community. Nevertheless, an intergovernmental strategy for addressing the challenges does not yet exist. This thesis focuses specifically on the European Union’s role in protecting climate refugees. It offers an analysis of the mechanical and attitudinal dimensions of refugee protection in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and uses post-colonial theory as a tool for interpreting its implementation. This thesis is written with the purpose of contributing to the discourse on how climate refugees can and should fit in under current EU legislative mechanisms.
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Josephson, Per. "Common but differentiated responsibilities in the climate change regime : historic evaluation and future outlooks." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145767.
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Paradis, Mark. "Is it just hot air?: the security discourse on climate change." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66833.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: There is a near-consensus among governments, scientists, and the media that climate change poses a genuine threat to state security. Despite this consensus, the results of cooperative efforts to deal with this threat have been unimpressive. This thesis attempts to explain the divergence between the discourse on climate change and state behaviour by constructing a neorealist theory of cooperation on climate change. The argument comprises two central hypotheses. First, as the vulnerability of a state to climate change increases, it will be more willing to cooperate. Second, as the military threat to national security decreases, states will be more willing to cooperate. These hypotheses are supported by secondary hypotheses that posit a relationship between system-level variables and the level of cooperation. Statistical methods are used to test these propositions. The results do not support the hypothesized relationships.Résumé:Les gouvernements, les scientifiques et les médias sont presque unanimes au sujet des changements climatiques. Selon eux, ces changements menacent la sécurité étatique. Malgré ce consensus, les résultats de la coopération pour résoudre ce problème ont été décevants. Cette thèse vise à expliquer cette divergence entre les déclarations et les actions des états en construisant une théorie néoréaliste de coopération au sujet des changements climatiques. La thèse comprend deux hypothèses centrales. Premièrement, alors que le niveau de vulnérabilité d'un état aux changements climatiques augmente, l'état sera plus enclin à coopérer. Deuxièmement, tandis que la menace militaire diminue, il est plus probable qu'un état coopère. Ces deux hypothèses centrales sont complétées par des hypothèses secondaires qui proposent une relation entre des variables au niveau systémique et la coopération. Des méthodes statistiques ont été utilisées pour tester ces relations. En fin de compte, les résultats ne supportent aucuns des relations proposées.
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vom, Holtz Dorothee Freiin. "‘The role of the United Nations Security Council in addressing the challenges brought by Climate Change'." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change is an inevitable scenario that already endangers millions of lives. The phenomenon occurs in an area of international law where there is an urgent need for international co-operation in order to solve the problem. It is a global problem that needs a global solution. Since treaty-based collaborations, aimed at battling the consequences of climate change, have been difficult to achieve or implement, the question arises whether the United Nations Security Council, with its ability to pass binding resolutions, could thus be a successful alternative to address the issues resulting from climate change. In contrast to conventional treatymaking, United Nations Security Council Resolution are often more efficient in their decision making as they require less compromise and can result in a stronger impact due to faster implementation.
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Luhandjula, Yasmine. "Assessing the Prospects for Climate Action in the form of Climate Litigation as a tool to safeguard Human Rights." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76560.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change poses major threats to human life in the form of food and water shortages, health issues, loss of property and more. Climate change amplifies existing environmental, social, economic and political challenges and has increased the risk of displacements, accelerates social injustices, inequalities, and threatens human rights, including the right to life itself. Consequently, States can no longer overlook their obligations to effectively address climate change to safeguard human rights. States have agreed to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate actions. However, their pledges on carbon emission caps, adaptation practices and climate change funds under the Paris Agreement, are not as ambitious as they ought to be. The aim of this research to assess the value and effectiveness of climate litigation as a substantial form of climate action to safeguard human rights. This research reveals that there has been a significant increase in climate litigation procedures and outcomes which reflect multiple ways in which climate litigation has influenced States to enhance and adopt laws to increase climate action on mitigation and adaptation practices. This research also reveals that climate litigation is amplified through public and civil society mobilisation as well as collaboration efforts between lawyers, scientists and activists across the world, and it is recognised as a valuable tool for those who seek accountability and justice for climate-induced harms.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Unrestricted
10
Libebe, Eugene Lizazi. "Climate change governance in the SADC region: towards development of an integrated and comprehensive framework policy or protocol on adaptation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references.The scientific community has shown that climate change is occurring and is caused mainly by human activities. This state of affairs has various societal and environmental implications which has demanded attention and raised concerns about the future of human life on earth. Increasing concerns about climate change has led the international community, regional bodies and national governments to adopt legal instruments and other mechanisms to address the phenomenon. In these efforts and measures mitigation and adaptation have been the prominent response strategies. However, adaptation to climate change has experienced much less attention than mitigation. This research provides a conceptual analysis of adaptation, and discusses some socio-economic and cultural implications of climate change in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), in order to show why adaptation is a better response to climate change. The research outlines and assesses the relevant developments in international, African and mainly SADC’s responses to climate change through adaptation in their legal and institutional frameworks. This includes related developments in Namibia and South Africa as SADC Member States. The study advocates for regional consensus to design a holistic policy framework and effective governance on adaptation to climate change in the SADC, as one of the world’s most vulnerable regions. As such, the study further examines the aspect of good governance and institutional frameworks as essentials for climate change adaptation in the SADC context. It concludes that it is necessary for SADC member states to cooperate in formulating an integrated and comprehensive protocol on adaptation.
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Sylva, Ntumba Mbathshi. "The interaction between trade and climate change law and policy : from potential conflict to mutual supportiveness." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magister Legum - LLMTrade and climate change intersect in many ways. Aside from the broad debate as to whether economic growth and trade adversely affect the environment, linkages are recognized between existing rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and rules established in various multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions promises to be a top priority on both national and international agendas, and special attention has been given to the relationship between the WTO and the emerging international regime on climate change. The unilateral use of carbon-related import restrictions risks triggering retaliation by trading partners. It also raises questions about whether such trade measures are consistent with countries’ obligations under the WTO. The WTO status of measures imposed not on products directly but on the methods by which they were produced, which is the case in carbon-related trade restrictions, is not clear. Whether such violations can be excused by exceptions for measures taken with the purpose to protect human life or health, or the environment, is an open question. There is also the question of whether solutions to the problem of the WTO’s inconsistency with regard to trade-related measures in climate change policy can be found. This paper explores the relationship between trade and climate change regimes, the potential areas of conflict, and what can be done to promote mutual gains. Apart from exploring the key issues and examining the conceptual underpinning of the two regimes, revealing important symmetries as well as some divergence, the paper is aimed at finding a more universal and long lasting solution to the WTO’s inconsistency of carbon-related to GHG emissions, both within and outside the WTO.
12
Geldenhuys, Benjamin Basson. "The North –South divide in international environmental law after the Paris agreement." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magister Legum - LLMGlobal climate change is a serious, severe, and potentially irreversible problem. If no actions are taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures and sea levels will rise, wreaking havoc on earth, particularly in developing countries. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 facilitated the first international consensus concerning the application of CBDR to international environmental problems. This was in reaction to the developing countries refusal to adhere to the same standards as the developed countries as they perceived this as a burden to their economic growth, which is unjust due to the developed countries historical culpability.
13
Doelle, Meinhard. "From hot air to action? climate change, compliance and the future of international environmental law /." Halifax, Nova Scotia : Dalhousie University, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1014321911&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерела
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Durrant, Nicola Anna May. "The role of law in responding to climate change : emerging regulatory, liability and market approaches." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48907/1/Nicola_Durrant_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change presents as the archetypal environmental problem with short-term economic self-interest operating to the detriment of the long-term sustainability of our society. The scientific reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change strongly assert that the stabilisation of emissions in the atmosphere, to avoid the adverse impacts of climate change, requires significant and rapid reductions in ‘business as usual’ global greenhouse gas emissions. The sheer magnitude of emissions reductions required, within this urgent timeframe, will necessitate an unprecedented level of international, multi-national and intra-national cooperation and will challenge conventional approaches to the creation and implementation of international and domestic legal regimes. To meet this challenge, existing international, national and local legal systems must harmoniously implement a strong international climate change regime through a portfolio of traditional and innovative legal mechanisms that swiftly transform current behavioural practices in emitting greenhouse gases. These include the imposition of strict duties to reduce emissions through the establishment of strong command and control regulation (the regulatory approach); mechanisms for the creation and distribution of liabilities for greenhouse gas emissions and climaterelated harm (the liability approach) and the use of innovative regulatory tools in the form of the carbon trading scheme (the market approach). The legal relations between these various regulatory, liability and market approaches must be managed to achieve a consistent, compatible and optimally effective legal regime to respond to the threat of climate change. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the emerging legal rules and frameworks, both international and Australian, required for the effective regulation of greenhouse gas emissions to address climate change in the context of the urgent and deep emissions reductions required to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change. In doing so, this thesis will examine critically the existing and potential role of law in effectively responding to climate change and will provide recommendations on the necessary reforms to achieve a more effective legal response to this global phenomenon in the future.
15
Bishop, Kirsten. "Fairness in international environmental law : accommodation of the concerns of developing countries in the climate change regime." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is concerned with the role of fairness in international environmental law and, by way of example, focuses specifically on the perspective of developing countries in the context of the climate change regime. A brief analysis of underlying conceptions of fairness in general international law serves as the backdrop for an evaluation of both procedural and substantive aspects of fairness within the climate change regime. This evaluation includes a detailed consideration of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to that Convention. The thesis concludes that the role of fairness in the climate change regime, and in international environmental law more generally, has become significant in recent years. It is likely that this trend will continue through further articulation of claims, by developing countries and others, in the context of an ongoing fairness debate. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
16
Bishop, Kirsten. "Fairness in international environmental law, accommodation of the concerns of developing countries in the climate change regime." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64261.pdf.
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17
Swanepoel, Ernesta. "The place of international law and relevant bodies in addressing climate change displacement – the move towards cooperation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references.Anthropogenic climate change is no longer a debate. The Summary for Policymakers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report states ‘it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.’ Throughout climate change science, literature, negotiations and debates run a golden threat: The effects of climate change will result in grave consequences for humans. Effects of climate change can range from less water availability, decrease in crop yields, negative impacts on health to rising sea-levels, change in tropical storms and cyclone frequency or intensity, changes in rainfall regimes, increases in temperatures, changes in atmospheric chemistry and the melting of mountain glaciers. While the impacts and effects of climate change vary, environmental degradation, sea-level rise, conflict over resources, droughts and floods may ultimately result in people moving, either temporarily or permanently, within or across borders.
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Sylva, Ntumba Batshi. "The interaction between trade and climate change law and policy : from potential conflict to mutual supportiveness." Thesis, Uiversity of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magister Legum - LLMThis paper explores the relationship between trade and climate change regimes, the potential areas of conflict, and what can be done to promote mutual gains. Apart from exploring the key issues and examining the conceptual underpinning of the two regimes, revealing important symmetries as well as some divergence, the paper is aimed at finding a more universal and long lasting solution to the WTO's inconsistency of carbon-related to GHG emissions, both within and outside the WTO.
19
Wahrby, Johan. "The smoking dragon : A study of how China frame their climate change policy." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the international climate change negotiations it has been hard to find a sustainable agreement about how to address the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. This is because the issue is very complicated and comprises many social and economic aspects. Because of the struggling in the international negotiations is it necessary to analyze how the climate change issue is understood in different regions and countries of the world. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how actors within the climate policy sphere in China frame the climate change issue. In the near future, China will become the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide and with a population of 1.3 billion people; China is one of the key countries in the international climate negations. The thesis analyses how two key actor groups - decision makers and scientists connected to the Chinese climate change administration - frame the climate change issue in semi-structured interviews. The respondents frame the climate change issue as a large obstacle for a future Chinese development, both economically and socially. To address climate change in China the respondents think that technology innovations and transfer of technology from the developed countries will be very important. Therefore the respondents think it is vitally important to continue with the international climate negotiations in the future.
20
Berggren, Isabelle. "Disappearing island states and human rights. Preservation of statehood and human rights in times of climate change." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158175.
Повний текст джерела
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Geldenhuys, Benjamin Basson. "The North –South divide in International Environmental Law after the Paris Agreement." University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magister Legum - LLMGlobal climate change is a serious, severe, and potentially irreversible problem. If no actions are taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures and sea levels will rise, wreaking havoc on earth, particularly in developing countries. The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 facilitated the first international consensus concerning the application of CBDR to international environmental problems. This was in reaction to the developing countries refusal to adhere to the same standards as the developed countries as they perceived this as a burden to their economic growth, which is unjust due to the developed countries historical culpability. This thesis seeks to establish what the implications are of the dynamic new form of differentiation in terms of the Paris Agreement for the North-South divide in International Environmental Law? The Southern countries have demanded that the North assume responsibility for its immense contribution to major environmental problems (such as climate change), but the North has only grudgingly accepted the principle of common, but differentiated, responsibility on the basis of its superior technical and financial resources while disavowing responsibility on the basis of its historic contributions to these crises. In 1974, through a series of General Assembly resolutions, developing countries sought to overhaul the international legal and economic system and challenge the basic traditions of international law based on the principles of the legal equality and reciprocity to adopt a Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) and two of the basic tools of the NIEO strategy were the principle of preferential treatment to the benefit of developing countries, and the principle of permanent sovereignty One of the fundamental premises of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 and of its Kyoto Protocol of 1997, is that leadership from developed countries in combination with differential treatment in favor of developing countries is the equitable basis on which the international response to climate change was structured. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, the CBDRRC principle finds expression in the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), and is the basis of the burden sharing arrangements crafted under the FCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. Scholars argued that the Kyoto Protocol represents the most extreme example of differential treatment between North-South countries and which ultimately resulted in the withdrawal of the United States from the Kyoto Protocol. The Paris Agreement is anchored in equity and also the first to decisively break with the North-South dichotomy by providing for the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances” (CBDRRC-NC). The Paris Agreement is 'nationally determined contributions' (NDCs) that each country intends to achieve. The Paris Agreement operationalises this principle through differentiation tailored to the demands of each issue area in terms of mitigation, adaptation, finance, capacity building, technology, and transparency. The nature and extent of differentiation in the Paris Agreement, however, is distinct from that in the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. There is in the Paris Agreement a move away from the rigid binary differential obligations to a more dynamic subtle form of differentiation.
22
Foy, Valencia Pierre Claudio. "Considerations weather on environmental relevant of international conventions." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the first part we introduce what we consider the main features of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CMCC) and its context, in terms of prejuridical issues about climate diplomacy and general considerations about this convention. In the second part, we discuss some references in order to show the synergies between the international agreements and the CMCC and some other more specific legal instruments.En la primera parte se elabora una caracterización de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMCC) y su contexto en términos de consideraciones prejurídicas acerca de la diplomacia climática y de consideraciones generales sobre dicha convención. En la segunda parte se abordan, a modo de muestra, referencias sobre las sinergias entre compromisos internacionales y la CMCC y algunas derivaciones jurídicas más específicas.
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Olawuyi, Damilola Sunday. "The human rights based approach to climate change mitigation : legal framework for addressing human rights questions in mitigation projects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ade6153c-9dc9-4250-8fe5-2ad62ef8ddf8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last decade, the effects of an unprecedented rise in global temperature due to climate change, on the enjoyment of human rights, especially the right to life, have been subjects of intensive scholarly attention. Gallons of juristic ink have been spilled on the need for States to adopt policy measures aimed at combating climate change. However, recent findings show that policy measures and projects aimed at mitigating climate change are in turn producing even more serious human rights concerns, especially in developing countries. These human rights issues include: mass displacement of citizens from their homes to allow for climate change mitigation projects; lack of participation by citizens in project planning and implementation; citing and concentration of projects in poor and vulnerable communities; lack of governmental accountability on projects and the absence of review and complaint mechanisms for victims to obtain redress for these problems. These secondary human rights impacts of policy measures and projects aimed at mitigating climate change have not received sufficient attention in existing literature. The aim of this research is to examine and analyse the effects of climate change mitigation projects, specifically Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, on the enjoyment of fundamental human rights. It considers how lessons from the approval and execution of CDM projects could inform thoughts on the value and requirements for mainstreaming human rights safeguards into international climate change regimes in general. It analyses the legal and theoretical prospects and paradoxes of adopting the United Nations Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) as a framework through which human rights standards may be systemically integrated and mainstreamed into extant and emerging international legal regimes on climate change.
24
Sarenmalm, Isabel. "Sustainable Development in International Law and the protection of the Global Commons." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The four ‘Global Commons’ – the Atmosphere, Antarctica, the High Seas (Oceans) and Outer Space – are in international law identified and recognised as falling outside the jurisdiction of any state. Whilst crucial to mankind and the global ecosystem as a whole, the commons are severely impacted by the current anthropogenic climate change. This thesis argues that the global commons have a weak legal protection today. Given the significance of the global commons for the achievement of sustainable development, exploring possibilities to strengthen such protection through international law is crucial to secure the future of our world. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the issues relating to the current legal protection of the global commons and to address them in the perspective of international law and sustainable development as intersecting conceptual and theoretical frameworks. By applying and analysing the acknowledged New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development, this thesis will aim to provide insights, and maybe even a fresh point of view, as to how legal instruments could be structured and implemented in the strive for more effective and sustainable protection of the global commons.
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Dellinger, Myanna F. "Rethinking «Fuerza Mayor» in a World of Anthropogenic Climate Change." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118876.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article addresses the question of whether extreme weather events should form the basis for individuals or even the States, may be exempted from complying with its legal obligations.The old, but still very viable institution of force majeure can empower both companies and nations to absolve themselves of their responsibilities and duties. However, in a world where human-induced climate change is proven, could we say that such disasters are truly«natural»? Does it make sense, from a legal and factual matter, that they continue to allow the parties to be exempt from liability when modern science has shown that in all probability people, not some enigmatic power, have caused most universally of the problems that hold us harmless looking?Force majeure is based on the idea that the «man» somehow is separate from «nature». This article challenges this idea and argues that, in many cases, no longer makes sense to apply the institution of force majeure. At least, judges should be very careful in doing so for reasons of public policy and allocation of risks. In addition, the contracting parties must have enough caution to claim that they may be able to exempt themselves from future liability clauses appealing «force majeure».Este artículo aborda la pregunta sobre si los eventos de clima extremo deben servir de base para que los particulares o, incluso los Estados, puedan eximirse de cumplir con sus obligaciones legales.La antigua, pero aún muy viable, institución de la fuerza mayor, puede facultar tanto a las empresas como a los Estados-Nación a eximirse de sus responsabilidades y deberes. Sin embargo, en un mundo donde el cambio climático antropogénico está probado,¿podríamos decir que tales desastres son verdaderamente «naturales»? ¿Acaso tiene sentido, desde un punto de vista legal y fáctico, que se les siga permitiendo a las partes eximirse de responsabilidad legal cuando la ciencia moderna ha demostrado con toda probabilidad que, las personas -no algún misterioso poder universal- han ocasionado la mayoría de los problemas por los que buscamos eximirnos de responsabilidad?La fuerza mayor se basa en la idea de que el «hombre», de alguna manera, se encuentra separado de la «naturaleza». Este artículo cuestiona esta idea y argumenta que, en muchos casos, ya no tiene sentido aplicar la institución de la fuerza mayor. Al menos, los jueces deben ser muy cuidadosos al hacerlo por razones de política pública y asignación de riesgos, así como las partes contratantes deben tener la suficiente precaución al pensar o pretender que pueden ser capaces de eximirse de responsabilidad futura invocando cláusulas de «fuerza mayor».
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Malumfashi, Garba Ibrahim. "'Green' public procurement policies, climate change mitigation and international trade regulation : an assessment of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/24c7aef7-074c-48db-877a-f9d22b51d7f5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines the legal issues arising in the inter-relationship between climate change law and policy on the one hand, and international trade regulation on the other. The focus is government procurement. It looks at “green” government procurement (GPP) policies and practices used by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol as a tool for climate change mitigation, and as it relates to these countries’ obligations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). GPP is government purchase practice that favours goods, services and service suppliers that are more climate-friendly and energy efficient over similar others that are less so. For example, under the EU GPP policy, for climate reasons, procurement authorities have a preference for green electricity (generated from renewable sources) as against the conventional fossil-based electricity. The two types of “electricities” are ordinarily same products as far as their performance is concerned, that is, at the consumption level. Discriminating between the two has the potential to raise serious issues of law at WTO level.Under the WTO non-discrimination disciplines (GATT Arts. I and III, and GPA Art.III) product or service standards based on non-product related processes and production methods (PPMs) such as climate friendliness should not serve to permit differentiation in treatment between “like” products. The general exceptions provisions (GATT Art. XX(b) and (g) and GPA Art. XXIII) however, may permit such climate-related differential measures if they are: (1) necessary to achieve the legitimate policy objective intended, (2) not applied in a discriminatory manner and (3) not a disguised restriction on international trade. There are two issues of major concern to this study: First, there are textual discrepancies as between the GATT and GPA provisions related both to the nondiscrimination norms and the exceptions, which may pose interpretation difficulties in the event of a dispute. Secondly, the provisions of GATT Art. XX (b) and (g) are interpreted to refer to environment in general terms. However, the current trend is to single out and address climate change separately from among other environmental problems of transboundary nature. This is in view of the urgency associated with the challenge it poses. Generally, also, in accordance with established WTO jurisprudence, the party who invokes the GATT Art. XX exceptions bears the burden to prove the measure in question as being covered under the exceptions. Some scholars suggest that this situation places at a disadvantage the subjects covered by the exception provisions (in this case climate-related procurement). Examined, therefore, is not only the extent to which GPP practices can be accommodated under these exceptions, which are also in line with the WTO’s recognition of the principles of sustainable development, but also whether climate-friendly procurement is best protected if expressly provided for as “positive norm” in the text of the GPA. The Revised GPA 2007 (not yet in force) contains a new paragraph (Art. X:6) which explicitly permits the Parties to include environmental considerations in their procurement policies. This study argues that the revision would not fundamentally address the issues observed earlier. In order to avoid the interpretation difficulties envisaged, and to promote mutual supportiveness and coherence between the climate and trade regimes further amendment would be necessary to the text of Art. XXIII of the GPA to the general exceptions, or in the alternative, to Art. X:6 of the Revised GPA. The amendment should, subject to appropriate conditions, explicitly permit discriminatory GP measures meant to address climate change subject. This amendment would effectively shift the burden of proof from the Party maintaining the measure to the one complaining against it. In the final analysis, this research will contribute to the current discourse on what role the WTO may play in the efforts to fashion out new international climate policy to succeed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC by 2012.
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Dickason, Jozanne. "The evolution of the climate change regime after the Copenhagen Accord / Jozanne Dickason." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change is a critical sustainable development issue with implications for the environment, economies and society as we know it. The problem of climate change is caused by some countries in parts of the world that has a direct effect on people and natural resources in other parts of the world. Climate change is the effect of increased production of Greenhouse gases (GHGs).
Due to the vast complexity of the climate change regime the study does not attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate and determine the purpose, enforceability, legal nature, shortcomings and strengths of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord and how the international climate change regime will evolve after the Copenhagen Accord.
The study starts with a brief explanation of the international climate change regime and its development, including international environmental law principles, specifically the common but differentiated responsibility principle.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has the ultimate objective to achieve the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) is the ultimate decision-making and supreme body of the UNFCCC and is authorised to make and implement decisions to promote the implementation of the UNFCCC, it further has the power to adopt new protocols under the UNFCCC and plays a substantial role in the development of new obligations by the parties to the convention.
Various COPs, their respective adopted decisions and resolutions which played an important role in the development of the climate change regime are discussed. This includes COP 1 that lead to the Berlin Mandate; COP 3 and the Kyoto Protocol; COP 7 and the Marrakech Accords; COP 11 that marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol; COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan. COP 15 in Copenhagen was internationally expected and intended to be the breakthrough in addressing the post 2012 period. As is evident from the content of this study the result of COP 15 at Copenhagen means different challenges for different countries and the “bottom up” architecture of the accord could help encourage and reinforce national actions.
An overview of the effect of the Copenhagen Accord on the climate change regime, with specific reference to COP 16 in Cancun, is then done. The “bottom up” architecture of the Copenhagen Accord was brought into the official UNFCCC process by the Cancun Agreements that were reached at COP 16.
The study mostly comprised of a literature study, which reviewed the relevant international environmental law dealing with climate change, taking into account customary international law; international treaties and conventions; government documents, policies and reports; textbooks and academic journals as well as electronic material obtained from various internet sources.Thesis (LLM (Environmental Law and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Ferrey, Steven. "Resetting International Law Linkages: COP 20 Mechanisms and Protocols." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article reviews the experiences of programs to promote renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries and proposes some learned lessons that can be useful in the context of COP 20 to promote renewable energy.The article analyzes the rates and mechanisms of promotion used in countries such as India, Indonesia and Vietnam, that are led by the World Bank. These mechanisms are used as a legal basis that proposes successful tested alternatives and its usefulness is that renewable energies can be implemented within the current legal structure of international environmental law.In conclusion, it is the correct timing for the COP 20 to secure funds and international legal mechanisms that promote sustainable energy infrastructure.El presente artículo revisa las experiencias de programas de promoción de energías renovables en países del sudeste asiático a fin de proponer algunas lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser útiles en el contexto de la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) para la promoción de las energías renovables. Asimismo, revisa las tarifas y mecanismos de promoción utilizados en India, Indonesia y Vietnam, impulsados por el Banco Mundial, como una base para proponer alternativas legales ya probadas. Su utilidad es que las energías renovables pueden ser implementadas dentro de la estructura legal actual del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, la COP 20 es el momento de asegurar fondos y mecanismos jurídicos internacionales que promueven una infraestructura energética sostenible.
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Parling, Isabella. "Climate Change Litigation Based on Human Rights : challenges and possbilities in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change litigation is expanding at fast speed throughout various jurisdictions around the world. Citizens are taking states’ lack of climate mitigation measures to courts, demanding that more has to be done on the climate crisis. More often now, litigants use human rights based argumentation which relies on international human rights law: human rights treaties, conventions, and precedent from human rights courts. According to litigants, states are therefore seen as both creating and prolonging this threat against the lives of their citizens, violating some of their most basic human rights, such as the right to life. Coupling these human rights obligations with climate treaties such as the Paris Agreement has proven effective when attempting to establish a causal connection between state emissions and climate change’s threat to citizen’s lives. This is sometimes characterized as a global ‘rights turn’ or a ‘greening’ of human rights. While a climate litigation case was denied to be brought up in Swedish courts in 2016, the Swedish government is now in 2021 finding itself tested again. Several children and youths in Sweden are currently suing the Swedish state, claiming that Sweden does not live up to its international human rights obligations. The claim is based on a human rights framing and is more similar to other ongoing or successful climate litigation cases at present time. While also facing a lawsuit as defendants in a case under the European Court of Human Rights, Sweden is now finding itself in the midst of this new phenomenon. Since, however, the issue of climate litigation in Swedish courts is quite new, the results of a new case in Sweden based on different grounds and on the precedent established in other successful cases in other similar jurisdictions, could be different. The overall purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the intentional human rights obligations that the Swedish state is bound by internationally which can be used in a climate litigation case based on human rights argumentation. The issue at hand is therefore to ascertain what, how and why those obligations concerning the climate and human rights makes it possible or challenging to pursue a case against the Swedish government, and what these obligations entail. If the case is tried in Swedish courts, it will establish the current obligations concerning climate change and its threat to human lives under international human rights law, as well as Sweden’s mitigation duties.
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Mahdiansadr, Motaharehsadat. "Legal Protection of the Atmosphere in International Law: Achievements and Lacunas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671987.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’atmosfera es considera un element vital per a la supervivència de la humanitat i de tota la vida a la Terra. Per tant, la
degradació atmosfèrica ha de ser una qüestió de gran preocupació per a tota la comunitat internacional. Com a recurs
natural més gran de la Terra, l’atmosfera encara no està sotmesa a un règim jurídic integral. Aquesta tesi doctoral
pretén proporcionar una visió general de l’estat de l’atmosfera i de les amenaces que condueixen a la seva
degradació associada als humans; a aclarir l'estatus legal de l'atmosfera d'acord amb les mesures legals per a la
protecció atmosfèrica; estudiar el desenvolupament gradual dels marcs i instruments legals de protecció atmosfèrica
segons el dret internacional, com ara el treball de la comissió de dret internacional sobre la protecció de l'atmosfera i
els tractats sobre la lluita contra la contaminació de l'aire i el canvi climàtic; a proposar una nova visió de la protecció
de l’atmosfera com a interès comú en lloc de l’enfocament tradicional de reciprocitatLa atmósfera se considera un elemento vital para la supervivencia de la humanidad y toda la vida en la Tierra. Por lo tanto, la degradación atmosférica debe ser motivo de grave preocupación para toda la comunidad internacional. Como el recurso natural individual más grande de la Tierra, la atmósfera aún no está sujeta a un régimen legal integral. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión general de la condición de la atmósfera y las amenazas que conducen a su degradación asociadas con los humanos; esclarecer el estatus legal de la atmósfera de acuerdo a las medidas legales para la protección atmosférica; estudiar el desarrollo gradual de los marcos e instrumentos jurídicos de protección atmosférica de derecho internacional, como el trabajo de la comisión de derecho internacional sobre la protección de la atmósfera y los tratados de lucha contra la contaminación atmosférica y el cambio climático; a proponer una nueva visión de la protección de la atmósfera como un interés común en lugar del enfoque tradicional de reciprocidad.
The atmosphere is considered a vital element to the survival of humankind and all life on Earth. Therefore, atmospheric degradation has to be a matter of grave concern to all international community. As the Earth’s largest single natural resource, the atmosphere is not subject to a comprehensive legal regime yet. This doctoral thesis aims to provide an overview of the condition of the atmosphere and the threats leading to its degradation associated with humans; to clarifying the legal status of the atmosphere according to legal measures for the atmospheric protection; to study the gradual development of the atmospheric protection legal frameworks and instruments under international law, such as work of the international law commission on the protection of the atmosphere, and treaties on combating air pollution and climate change; to proposing a new view of the protection of the atmosphere as a common interest rather than the traditional reciprocity approach.
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Xu, Yixiang. "Implementing climate protection into the legal system of China international and national legal frameworks and the case of road transportation." Marburg Tectum-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994068824/04.
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Samuel, Adedeji Adedayo. "Anticipating pressing issues in trade and climate change policies: a critical analysis of border carbon adjustment measures with WTO law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2366_1360592240.
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Mugadza, Alois Aldridge. "The legal protection of forests in international environmental law, shortcomings and comparative analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672289.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis will investigate how the existing international environmental law relates to forest protection and what are the issues that have hampered the making of an important instrument for forest protection since forests’ functions are vital and important. Since there is no international binding instrument for forest protection, have countries done enough to protect forests. What forest protection efforts have been put in place in Spain, South Africa and Australia? Are these efforts sufficient and adequate to ignore the need of a forest instrument? What are some of the lessons from these countries and their legal regimes?La tesis investigará cómo el derecho ambiental internacional existente se relaciona con la protección de los bosques y cuáles son las cuestiones que han obstaculizado la creación de un instrumento importante para la protección de los bosques, ya que las funciones de los bosques son vitales e importantes. Dado que no existe un instrumento internacional vinculante para la protección de los bosques, ¿los países han hecho lo suficiente para proteger los bosques? ¿Qué iniciativas de protección forestal se han llevado a cabo en España, Sudáfrica y Australia? ¿Son estos esfuerzos suficientes y adecuados para ignorar la necesidad de un instrumento forestal? ¿Cuáles son algunas de las lecciones de estos países y sus regímenes legales?
Programa de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empresa
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Claro, Carolina de Abreu Batista. "A proteção dos \"Refugiados Ambientais\" no Direito Internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-08042016-155605/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Refugiados ambientais são refugiados não convencionais e são migrantes forçados, interna ou internacionalmente, temporária ou permanentemente, em situação de vulnerabilidade e que se veem obrigados a deixar sua morada habitual por motivos ambientais de início lento ou de início rápido, causados por motivos naturais, antropogênicos ou pela combinação de ambos. Embora não existam reconhecimento e proteção específica para esses migrantes no direito internacional em escala global, alguns instrumentos jurídicos regionais e leis nacionais assim o fazem. Argumenta-se, nesta tese de doutorado, que os refugiados ambientais possuem modos de proteção geral em certas áreas do direito internacional e que as possibilidades atuais e futuras de proteção específica podem ser encontradas nas fontes primárias do direito internacional, indicadas no artigo 38(1) do Estatuto da Corte Internacional de Justiça. Foram identificadas sete vias de proteção dos refugiados ambientais no direito internacional e no direito interno estatal: (i) a via da ação humanitária, (ii) a via da proteção complementar, (iii) a via da legislação nacional, (iv) a via da justiça climática, (v) a via da responsabilidade compartilhada, (vi) a via da judicialização do refúgio ambiental e (vii) a via do tratado internacional. Sugere-se, ainda, o estabelecimento de uma governança migratória-ambiental global baseada nos regimes internacionais e na ação dos atores nos níveis local, nacional, regional e internacional para a execução das formas de proteção e para o atendimento das necessidades dos refugiados ambientais no mundo.\"Environmental refugees\" are non-conventional refugees and forced migrants, internally or internationally, temporarily or permanently, in a situation of vulnerability, and that are forced to leave their homes for environmental reasons, of slow or rapid onset, caused by natural or anthropogenic reasons, or a combination of both. Although there is no specific recognition and protection to these migrants under international law on a global scale, some regional legal instruments and national laws recognize and protect them. The main argument of this doctoral thesis is that \"environmental refugees\" are under general protection in certain areas of international law and that the current and future possibilities for specific protection can be found in the primary sources of international law, referred to in Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Seven protective pathways for \"environmental refugees\" were identified in international law and in domestic law: by means of (i) humanitarian action, (ii) complementary protection, (iii) national law, (iv) climate justice, (v) shared responsibility, (vi) judicialization of environmental asylum, and (vii) the international treaty. It is also suggested that a comprehensive global environmental migration governance be established, based on international regimes and by action of actors at local, national, regional and international levels, for the implementation of the forms of protection and to meet the needs of \"environmental refugees\" worldwide.
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Lyshall, Linda. "Collaboration and Climate Action at the Local Scale." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1303754240.
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Kengni, Bernard. "Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1491_1363781507.
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Lemoine-Schonne, Marion. "Le mécanisme pour un développement propre du protocole de Kyoto, révélateur des évolutions de la normativité internationale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Qu’est-ce qui fait qu’une norme juridique est respectée en pratique ? Dans un contexte de complexification du droit international et d’émergence de nouvelles formes de normativité, le régime juridique de lutte contre les changements climatiques fournit un champ d’étude particulièrement stimulant. Pour répondre à l’urgence d’une action universelle en faveur de la protection du climat, le Mécanisme pour un développement propre du Protocole de Kyoto (MDP) constitue un outil pionnier en tant qu’instrument de marché destiné à faciliter la réalisation des obligations juridiques. Offrant la possibilité aux États industrialisés et aux entreprises de compenser leurs émissions de carbone à travers des projets réalisés dans les États en développement, le MDP a donné lieu à une pratique abondante, encadrée par une architecture normative complexe. Cette architecture est composée de normes de natures et de portées très diversifiées, façonnée par l’engouement fort des États et du secteur privé. Bonnes pratiques, codes de conduite, recommandations, sont autant de normes dépourvues de caractère obligatoire, mais qui connaissent cependant une remarquable effectivitéWhy are legal norms complied with in practice? In the context of an evolutionary process of complexification of international legal regimes, with emergence of changing forms of normativity, the international climate change regime offers an interesting illustration. As collective answer to the challenge of mitigation of the green house gas emissions at the global level, an open market of carbon credits was created, in order to make attractive and financially interesting the mitigation projects. As a pioneer, the Clean Development Mechanism, one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, is at the disposal of the industrialized States and of the private sector to reduce their carbon emissions in the territory of developing States. This Mechanism gives raise to an intense practice, regulated by a complex normative architecture. This architecture is composed by norms very diverse in nature and scope, designed by the infatuation of the States and private sector. Good practices, codes of conduct, recommendations, as norms, despite their non-binding character, that are particularly effective. Through the tentative of qualification of this legal system, this analysis describes a participative law- making process, where norms are continuously debated among actors. The system organizes new ways in order to ensure legal certainty, whereas the key question of its coherence is raised. This research finally allows envisaging a tool of identification of factors of the legal effectiveness, which could inspire other emerging normative models
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Maguire, Rowena. "The international regulation of sustainable forest management : doctrinal concepts, governing institutions and implementation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41688/1/Rowena_Maguire_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overarching objective of the research was to identify the existence and nature of international legal principles governing sustainable forest use and management. This research intended to uncover a set of forest legal considerations that are relevant for consideration across the globe. The purpose behind this, is to create a theoretical base of international forest law literature which be drawn upon to inform future international forestry research. This research will be of relevance to those undertaking examination of a particular forest issue or those focusing on forests in a particular region. The thesis explains the underlying legal issues in forest regulation, the dominant international regulatory approaches and makes suggestions as to how international and national forest policy could be improved.
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Moraes, Gabriela Bueno de Almeida. "O princípio da precaução no direito internacional do meio ambiente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-03092012-111415/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O propósito do princípio da precaução é evitar danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana ao permitir a ação preventiva, mesmo na ausência de certeza científica sobre as causas ou conseqüências de determinada atividade. A precaução é uma resposta às novas tecnologias e aos fenômenos que podem provocar impactos irreparáveis e incomensuráveis e que, portanto, precisam ser revistos pela comunidade internacional, Estados e indivíduos. Significa, também, envolver a participação popular nas decisões sobre quais riscos são aceitáveis em determinada sociedade e quais devem ser evitados. A base sociológica sob a qual está baseado o trabalho é a teoria de Ulrich Beck sobre a sociedade de risco global. O princípio da precaução é analisado sob os prismas dogmático e funcional: as principais características do princípio são apresentadas, bem como as críticas ao instituto; também são expostas as funções do princípio da precaução, sua eficácia social e status jurídico. A fim de explicar as dificuldades que circundam o tema dos princípios do direito internacional do meio ambiente, as principais teorias dos princípios são analisadas, concluindo-se que os princípios do DIMA necessitam de uma teoria própria. Na última parte, o trabalho procura demonstrar como o princípio da precaução pode ser operacionalizado através do fortalecimento institucional, sobretudo da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima. O tema das mudanças climáticas é paradigmático, já que exige ação internacional preventiva a fim de evitar os impactos do aquecimento global, mesmo face à inexistência de consenso científico sobre as causas e consequências desse fenômeno. Ao permitir maior participação democrática e abrir espaço para que a percepção pública sobre os riscos possa refletir em decisões jurídico-políticas, o arranjo institucional criado pela Convenção permite, ainda que com algumas falhas, uma discussão maior sobre os desafios que circundam o tema. Considerando os fundamentos da teoria de Beck sobre a modernização reflexiva, a origem política dos riscos e a democratização das discussões sobre eles, o papel da subpolítica na sociedade atual e a irreversibilidade de catástrofes ambientais, conclui-se que o princípio da precaução é indispensável ao direito e à política ao inserir a responsabilização a priori dos possíveis danos e a participação social nas decisões futurasThe purpose of the precautionary principle is to avoid irreversible damage to the environment and human health by allowing preventive action, even in the absence of scientific certainty regarding the causes or consequences of certain activity. Precaution is an answer to new technologies and phenomena that may promote irreparable and incommensurable impacts and, therefore, need to be reviewed beforehand by the international community, states and individuals. Furthermore, it nurtures popular participation in decision-making regarding what risks are acceptable in a given society and what risks should be avoided. The sociological foundation of this work is Ulrich Becks world risk society. The precautionary principle is analysed under the dogmatic and functional viewpoints: the principles main characteristics and critiques are presented, and I also explore the precautionary principles functions, social efficacy, and legal status. In order to explain the difficulties pertaining to the subject of international environmental law, this thesis analyzes the main theories on legal principles, and concludes that a more suitable theory for international environmental law principles is needed. In the last part, this work demonstrates how the precautionary principle can be operationalized through institutional strengthening, especially of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Climate change is a paradigmatic case, since it demands international preventive action in order to avoid the impacts of global warming, even in the absence of scientific consensus regarding its causes and consequences. By allowing greater democratic participation and by creating space for communication so that public perception can be reflected in legal and political decisions, the institutional arrangement created by the Convention allows for, if imperfectly, a wider discussion about the challenges of climate change. Considering the foundations of Becks theory about reflexive modernization, the political origin of risks and the democratization of discussions on risks, the role of subpolitics in modern society and irreversibility of environmental catastrophes, this work concludes that the precautionary principle is indispensable to law and politics by adding a priori responsibility of possible damages and social participation in future decisions.
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Dellaux, Julien. "Le mécanisme visant la conservation des forêts tropicales de la convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques (REDD+) : illustration de l'adaptativité du droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0426.
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Comment le droit international peut-il règlementer des phénomènes complexes ? Cette question se pose avec une acuité particulière en ce qui concerne la déforestation tropicale. En effet, les difficultés techniques et les intérêts divergents des États, découlant de l’interaction des multiples services assurés par les forêts, ont empêché l’adoption d’une convention internationale en ce domaine. Néanmoins, les négociations menées au sein du régime international du climat ont créé un mécanisme dit de « réduction des émissions résultant du déboisement et de la dégradation des forêts et le rôle de la conservation et de la gestion durable des forêts et du renforcement des stocks de carbone forestiers dans les pays en développement » (REDD+). Défini par un ensemble de décisions de la Conférence des parties à la convention-cadre des Nations-Unies sur les changements climatiques, il a déjà permis d’initier, sur le territoire des pays en développement, une amélioration substantielle du contrôle des ressources forestières et des réformes règlementaires et institutionnelles de grande ampleur. Notre étude se propose d’évaluer les spécificités du système normatif mis en place sur la REDD+. Elle a pour objet, en dépassant l’apparente faiblesse formelle des instruments juridiques sur lesquels il repose, de mettre en évidence sa portée normative. Elle révèle l’aptitude du droit international à règlementer des phénomènes complexes en donnant naissance à des systèmes juridiques adaptatifs. Elle démontre que la spécificité de tels systèmes normatifs réside dans la satisfaction de deux exigences opposées : la flexibilité et la sécurité juridiqueHow International law can regulate complex phenomenon? This question appears particularly relevant if we consider tropical deforestation. Technical issues and the opposite interests of States, stemming from interlinked services provided by forest, had prevented International community to adopt a convention on forests. Nevertheless, climate regime has recently created a so-called mechanism on « reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries » (REDD+). The normative framework laid down in decisions of the Conference of the parties has stimulated control improvement on forest resources and wide-ranging reform in developing countries. The study will evaluate the specificities of this normative system by going further its apparent normative weakness. It will expose how International law manage to regulate complex phenomenon by producing adaptive legal system. The study will demonstrate that the specific feature of this system lies in its ability to conciliate two opposite needs: flexibility and legal security
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Arnesson, Daniel. "Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.
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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.
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Más, Heyd Fernandes. "Ecomigrantes, refugiados ou deslocados ambientais: populações vulneráveis e mudança climática." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1030.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Droughts, floods, severe storms, melting ice caps and consequent rise in sea level are some of the consequences of climate change. Concerning the human side of the climate change, some experts estimate that 200 million to 250 million people will be forced off their land by mid-century and the European Union itself has already established that migration pressure will increase substantially due to this issue. Considering this scenario, it becomes urgent that the rights of thousands of individuals and groups of people displaced by the climate change be recognized. Nowadays, there is no framework convention able to provide protection and assistance for those affected populations. In fact, this new category of climate or environmental misallocated persons, refugees or migrants seems to be problematic and controversial. Two different options are presented as a viable legal solution for this impasse: the first one would be to consider them as a type of refugee in this sense the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees should be reviewed; the second one points to the direction of a negotiation of a new convention, and therefore a terminological definition based on the human rights law or specifically on the climate change by enhancing the international legal mechanisms for the construction of guiding principles to deal with this new category of misallocated people. This discussion, which is blended with the need of deepening knowledge on the matter of climate and international environmental law, is intrinsically related to the issues of human rights and citizenship, expressed, in a wider range global one where it could be named the matter of global citizenship, as consequence of solidarity among all peoples. Even though there are still possible contradictions between the affirmation of human rights and the classical concept of citizenship, the existence of global matters as the climate change must lead to the affirmation of solidarity among all people.
Secas, inundações, tempestades, derretimento das calotas polares e consequente elevação do nível do mar são alguns dos efeitos das alterações climáticas. Em relação à face humana da mudança climática, especialistas da União Europeia estimam que de 200 a 250 milhões de pessoas serão forçadas a deixar suas terras em meados do século e que a pressão migratória irá aumentar substancialmente em função dessa problemática. Diante desta realidade, torna-se urgente que os direitos de milhares de indivíduos e grupos de pessoas que fazem parte dessas populações afetadas sejam reconhecidos. Atualmente, não existe convenção-quadro que possa oferecer proteção e assistência a tais grupos ou indivíduos. Inclusive, o fato é que esta nova categoria de deslocados, ecomigrantes, refugiados ambientais ou refugiados do clima apresenta-se como problemática e controversa. Duas possibilidades bastante distintas se apresentam como solução jurídica a esse impasse: a primeira seria considerá-los como uma espécie de refugiados - neste sentido, a Convenção de 1951, relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados, deveria ser revista; a segunda solução aponta para negociação de uma nova convenção e, portanto, uma adequação terminológica a partir do prisma dos direitos humanos ou especificamente da mudança climática por meio do aprimoramento dos mecanismos jurídicos internacionais existentes para construção de princípios de orientação para lidar com esta nova categoria de pessoas deslocadas. Essa discussão, permeada pela necessidade de aprofundamento de conhecimento sobre a questão do clima e do direito ambiental internacional, relaciona-se intrinsicamente com a problemática dos direitos humanos e cidadania, expressados em um alcance mais amplo que o usual âmbito global onde se destaca o tema da cidadania global, decorrente da solidariedade entre os povos. Ainda que possam existir contradições entre a afirmação dos direitos humanos e o clássico conceito de cidadania, a existência de problemas globais, tal como a mudança do clima, deve conduzir a afirmação da solidariedade entre povos.
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Ramos, Érika Pires. "Refugiados ambientais: em busca de reconhecimento pelo direito internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-10082012-162021/.
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A presente tese tem como pano de fundo a crescente preocupação com os impactos das alterações no meio ambiente global e objetiva a análise da dimensão humana dessas mudanças, que emergem do cenário de insegurança, riscos e incertezas acentuado com o recente debate internacional sobre mudanças climáticas. A ocorrência cada vez mais frequente de desastres ambientais e a progressiva degradação de recursos ambientais essenciais, comprometendo gravemente a vida e a segurança de indivíduos, grupos e comunidades inteiras em todo o mundo, a ponto de inviabilizar a sobrevivência em seus locais de origem, ensejam novas situações jurídicas que precisam ser reguladas pelo Direito Internacional. Nesse contexto, dois pontos centrais conduzem o presente estudo: a emergência de uma nova categoria de pessoas na ordem internacional e a ausência de proteção jurídica pelos instrumentos internacionais vigentes. As dificuldades em torno do consenso sobre uma definição jurídica e a natureza do regime de proteção, tomando-se como base as normas vigentes de Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos e do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, deixam à mostra as limitações do Direito Internacional Público atual para conferir um tratamento adequado à complexidade do problema em questão. Nesse sentido, uma resposta internacional adequada exige, de um lado, o reconhecimento do status jurídico próprio para a nova categoria; de outro, a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das múltiplas causas que forçam os deslocamentos. Para suprir a lacuna normativa existente propõe-se uma abordagem integrada, identificando elementos importantes nos regimes internacionais que possam contribuir para a construção de um compromisso global inovador e compatível com a nova dinâmica internacional.This thesis has as its background the growing concern about the impacts of global environmental changes and aims the analysis of the human dimension of these changes, which emerge from the scenario of insecurity, risks and uncertainties highlighted with the recent international debate on climate change. The increasingly frequent occurrence of environmental disasters and a gradual deterioration of essential environmental resources, severely compromising the lives and safety of individuals, groups and entire communities around the world as to render them unfit for survival in their homes, create new legal situations which need to be regulated by International Law. In this context, two central points lead this study: the emergence of a new category of people in the international order and the absence of legal protection by the international instruments in force. The difficulties surrounding the consensus on a legal definition and nature of the regime of protection, taking as basis the standards of International Refugee Law, International Law of Human Rights and International Law on the Environment show the limitations of current Public International Law to give a proper treatment of the complexity of the problem. Accordingly, an appropriate international response requires on the one hand, recognition of a special legal status to the new category, and second, the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the multiple causes that force displacements. To fill the existing normative gap, we propose an integrated approach, identifying important elements in the international regimes that can contribute to building an innovative global compromise, compatible with the new international dynamics.
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Chandler, Kevin Vachudová Milada Anna. "The climate change stalemate ideological tensions in international climate change negotiations /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2759.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of a Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
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Pradel, Nicolas. "La politique énergétique extérieure de l'Union Européenne et le droit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1074.
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Depuis 2006, la politique énergétique extérieure de l’Union européenne a été significativement renforcée. Cette politique très ambitieuse vise à assurer la sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques dans l’Union et à contribuer à une utilisation plus durable de l’énergie à l’échelle universelle. Si le dialogue politique et les aides économiques sont essentiels à ces égards, l’Union fait principalement appel au droit pour libéraliser les marchés énergétiques des États tiers se trouvant à sa périphérie et pour diffuser sa vision de l’utilisation durable de l’énergie sur la scène internationale. Pour quelles raisons l’Union a-t-elle essentiellement recours au droit dans le cadre de cette politique ? S’agit-il d’un instrument efficace ? C’est à ces deux grandes questions que cette étude est consacréeSince 2006, the European Union’s external energy policy has been strengthening significantly. This ambitious EU policy is aimed at ensuring the security of energy supply in the EU and to contribute to more sustainable use of energy around the world. If political dialogue and economic aid are essential, the EU resorts principally to the law in order to liberalise energy markets of the third States in its periphery and to spread its vision of sustainable energy on the international stage. For which reasons does the EU use primarily the law in this policy? Is this instrument efficient? It is these two majors questions that this study addresses
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Jaggard, Lyn Denise. "Germany's international relations of climate change." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420403.
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Ferri, Federico. "Green economy et droit de l'Union européenne : discipline et perspectives juridiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA011/document.
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La thèse a pour sujet la green economy dans le droit de l’Union européenne et se centre sur l’analyse d’un thème qui a été abordé au niveau juridique ces derniers temps. Partant, l’objectif de la recherche vise à délinéer un cadre juridique pour la green economy par rapport à l’Union européenne, en étudiant la signification de ce terme, en en identifiant les liens avec le droit primaire de l’Union, en examinant la façon dont l’Union utilise son droit (dérivé) pour favoriser la transition vers une green economy et enfin, en imaginant des scénarios juridiques (probables ou souhaités) susceptibles de se manifester en vertu de la prise en compte des exigences de la green economy par l’Union européenneThe subject of the thesis is the green economy within European Union (EU) Law; the research thus deals with a theme which started been considered only recently. Therefore, the main purpose of the thesis is to define a juridical framework for the green economy within the EU, by studying the meaning of this concept, identifying links with the EU primary Law, examining the way the EU uses its (secondary) law to boost the transition to such model, and prospecting possible (or desirable) scenarios which might appear as a consequence of the taking into consideration of the green economy by the EU itself
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Poumo, leumbe Jean-Jacques parfait. "Les déplacés environnementaux : problématique de la recherche d’un statut juridique en droit international." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0066/document.
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Les personnes déplacées à la suite de la destruction de l’environnement sont de plus en plus nombreux. Leur protection au plan juridique pose plusieurs problèmes au niveau international. La notion de souveraineté fait face à celle de l’obligation de protéger ; l’assistance de la communauté internationale après une catastrophe s’impose comme la règle d’or. Un diagnostic du droit international actuel notamment en matière de protection des réfugiés ou de l’environnement montre clairement le vide juridique existant. La création d’un instrument juridique nouveau au plan international visant la protection de ces déplacés environnementaux pourrait être la solution si les obstacles sociaux, politiques, économiques et même idéologiques n’existaient pas. Cette thèse analyse la notion de déplacé environnemental à travers la problématique que pose la recherche de leur statut juridique au plan international, elle nous permet d’analyser à l’aide de la prospective juridique les propositions de solutions présentées par certains universitaires et ouvre des pistes sérieuses de réflexions pour l’adoption d’un instrument de protection efficaceToday, environmentally displaced persons are becoming more numerous. Their legal status poses several problems at international level. The notion of sovereignty faces to that of obligation to protect; assistance by international community after environmental disasters is becoming the standard. A diagnosis of current international situation, especially in the protection of refugees and in environment law, clearly shows the existing of legal vacuum. The creation of a new legal international instrument for protection of these environmentally displaced persons could be the solution if the social, economic, political and even ideological barriers did not exist. This thesis analyzes the concept of environmentally displaced persons through the problem posed by the research of their legal status in international law. We analyze with legal prospective method, proposed solutions presented by some academics which opens serious reflections for an effective instrument of protection
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Lucas, Natalie Rose. "Preventing Climate Change: Game Theory in International Climate Politics." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297705.
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Climate change is a focus of policy debate throughout the world, including international forums a such as United Nations. Despite the great attention given to climate change, little in the way of collective international policy has been forthcoming. This thesis provides a game theoretic analysis of the current lack of international policy. No effective policy is apt to emerge unless everyone comes together to make drastic reforms to policies that affect climate change across the world. This thesis goes into detail as to why, internationally, we are stuck in a suboptimal equilibrium (as in the "stag hunt" game) in climate change negotiations. It then offers several conclusions as to how the game can be solved in order for this problem to have resolutions.
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Blustein, Sholam. "Towards a dignified and sustainable electricity generation sector in Australia : a comparative review of three models." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63810/1/Sholam_Blustein_Thesis.pdf.
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Electricity is the cornerstone of modern life. It is essential to economic stability and growth, jobs and improved living standards. Electricity is also the fundamental ingredient for a dignified life; it is the source of such basic human requirements as cooked food, a comfortable living temperature and essential health care. For these reasons, it is unimaginable that today's economies could function without electricity and the modern energy services that it delivers. Somewhat ironically, however, the current approach to electricity generation also contributes to two of the gravest and most persistent problems threatening the livelihood of humans. These problems are anthropogenic climate change and sustained human poverty.
To address these challenges, the global electricity sector must reduce its reliance on fossil fuel sources. In this context, the object of this research is twofold. Initially it is to consider the design of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth) (Renewable Electricity Act), which represents Australia's primary regulatory approach to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity. This analysis is conducted by reference to the regulatory models that exist in Germany and Great Britain. Within this context, this thesis then evaluates whether the Renewable Electricity Act is designed effectively to contribute to a more sustainable and dignified electricity generation sector in Australia.
On the basis of the appraisal of the Renewable Electricity Act, this thesis contends that while certain aspects of the regulatory regime have merit, ultimately its design does not represent an effective and coherent regulatory approach to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity. In this regard, this thesis proposes a number of recommendations to reform the existing regime. These recommendations are not intended to provide instantaneous or simple solutions to the current regulatory regime. Instead, the purpose of these recommendations is to establish the legal foundations for an effective regulatory regime that is designed to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity in Australia in order to contribute to a more sustainable and dignified approach to electricity production.