Статті в журналах: "Internal recycling"

1

Li, Chao, J. Douglas Way, Thomas F. Fuerst, and Colin A. Wolden. "Direct internal recycling fractions approaching unity." Fusion Engineering and Design 209 (December 2024): 114705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114705.

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Rivera-Molina, Félix E., Zhiqun Xi, Elena Reales, Bryan Wang, and Derek Toomre. "Exocyst complex mediates recycling of internal cilia." Current Biology 31, no. 24 (December 2021): 5580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.067.

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3

Ripl, W. "INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RECYCLING MECHANISMS IN SHALLOW LAKES." Lake and Reservoir Management 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438148609354616.

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4

Johnson, J. R., and D. W. Dunford. "On the Use of Non-Recycling and Recycling Compartment Models in Internal Dosimetry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080118.

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5

Wysokińska, Zofia. "Completion of the Common Internal Market of Recycling in the EU - Position of New Member States." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2011): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0045-0.

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In the paper will be presented the analysis of ecological competitiveness in the EU ("old" and "new" Member States) recycling market within the process of the establishment of common standards related to the Prevention and Recycling of Waste. The paper examined advantages of common standards for Europe from the point of view of the completion of the common internal market of recycling within the EU Strategy promoting the sustainable growth.

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6

Kingsley-Omoyibo, Q. A. "Comparative analysis of waste reduction methods for sustainable manufacturing systems using concurrent triangulation model." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.26.

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The aim of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of waste reduction methods for sustainable manufacturing systems using Cronbach alpha and concurrent triangulation model. The objective of this research is to establish an ideal sustainable manufacturing waste disposal method. Reliability test results showed that the Cronbach alpha values used to measure the internal consistency of responses recorded for recycling, reuse, reduce, remanufacture and landfilling were 0.8160 , 0.8100 , 0.7760 , 0.7550 and 0.7340 respectively with recycling recording the highest internal consistency. The concurrent triangulation model recorded results showed that recycling recorded a total of 184 respondents at the highest percentage of 51.11 %, reuse recorded a total of 58 respondents with 16.13 %, remanufacture recorded 43 respondents at 11.94%, reduce recorded a total of 38 respondents at 10.55 %, and Landfilling had 37 respondents with 10.27 %. Hence Recycling was selected as the most appropriate method. Keywords: Concurrent Triangulation model, cronbach alpha, Recycling, Reuse, Remanufacturing, Sustainable manufacturing system.

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7

Noyez, Luc, and Leon K. Lacquet. "Recycling of the internal mammary artery in coronary reoperation." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 55, no. 3 (March 1993): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(93)90258-j.

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8

Fukumori, K., M. Mouri, N. Sato, H. Okamoto, and M. Matsushita. "Continuous Recycling of Vulcanisates." International Polymer Science and Technology 28, no. 6 (June 2001): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0102800601.

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Vulcanised EPDM rubber waste produced during the manufacturing process is devulcanised using a screw granulator under controlled conditions of shear stress, temperature and internal stress. During this recycling process, carbon-sulphur bonds are broken selectively so that a devulcanised rubber consisting of a sol component and a gel component is obtained which can be processed like new rubber and re-vulcanised with an accelerated sulphur curing system. The revulcanisates exhibit nearly the same properties as cured new rubber. EPDM rubber which has been devulcanised using the new process is used for the production of rubber products for the automobile industry.

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9

Padrón, David, Renee D. Tall, and Michael G. Roth. "Phospholipase D2 Is Required for Efficient Endocytic Recycling of Transferrin Receptors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 2 (February 2006): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0389.

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RNA interference-mediated depletion of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), but not PLD1, inhibited recycling of transferrin receptors in HeLa cells, whereas the internalization rate was unaffected by depletion of either PLD. Although reduction of both PLD isoforms inhibits PLD activity stimulated by phorbol 12-myristic 13-acetate, only depletion of PLD2 decreased nonstimulated activity. Cells with reduced PLD2 accumulated a greater fraction of transferrin receptors in a perinuclear compartment that was positive for Rab11, a marker of recycling endosomes. EFA6, an exchange factor for Arf6, has been proposed to stimulate the recycling of transferrin receptors. Thus, one consequence of EFA6 overexpression would be a reduction of the internal pool of receptors. We confirmed this observation in control HeLa cells; however, overexpression of EFA6 failed to decrease the internal pool of transferrin receptors that accumulate in cells previously depleted of PLD2. These observations suggest that either PLD2 is required for a constitutive Arf6-mediated recycling pathway or in the absence of PLD2 transferrin receptors accumulate in recycling endosomes that are not responsive to overexpression of EFA6.

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10

Provoost, Abraham P. "Does Angiotensin Receptor Recycling Regulate Blood Pressure?" Hypertension 48, no. 3 (September 2006): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000237967.09258.0c.

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11

Miao, Yiwen. "Research on Plastic Recycling from a Global Perspective and PET Recycling Schemes in Hong Kong." Theoretical and Natural Science 72, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2024.18875.

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This paper first introduces the global production volume and types of plastics, their impacts on the environment, and the current treatment status. Then it elaborates on the plastic recycling situations in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Bernburg, Germany respectively. In Hong Kong, the plastic recycling rate is low, and landfill is the main treatment method, facing problems such as high transportation costs and low plastic density. Taiwan performs outstandingly in resource recycling with a high garbage recycling rate. Bernburg, Germany processes plastic waste through strict classification, incineration, and recycling factories. The article also details specific measures for the recycling object PET, including methods such as mechanical recycling, incineration, and landfill, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it proposes feasible schemes for managing plastic waste in Hong Kong, such as garbage classification, mobilizing residents to recycle, building recycling stations, and internal digestion. It also analyzes the mechanical recycling technology for handling PET bottles in Hong Kong and the economic and environmental benefits of this project.

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12

Lewis, Michael J., Benjamin J. Nichols, Cristina Prescianotto-Baschong, Howard Riezman, and Hugh R. B. Pelham. "Specific Retrieval of the Exocytic SNARE Snc1p from Early Yeast Endosomes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.1.23.

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Many endocytosed proteins in yeast travel to the vacuole, but some are recycled to the plasma membrane. We have investigated the recycling of chimeras containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the exocytic SNARE Snc1p. GFP-Snc1p moves from the cell surface to internal structures when Golgi function or exocytosis is blocked, suggesting continuous recycling via the Golgi. Internalization is mediated by a conserved cytoplasmic signal, whereas diversion from the vacuolar pathway requires sequences within and adjacent to the transmembrane domain. Delivery from the Golgi to the surface is also influenced by the transmembrane domain, but the requirements are much less specific. Recycling requires the syntaxins Tlg1p and Tlg2p but not Pep12p or proteins such as Vps4p and Vps5p that have been implicated in late endosome–Golgi traffic. Subtle changes to the recycling signal cause GFP-Snc1p to accumulate preferentially in punctate internal structures, although it continues to recycle to the surface. The internal GFP-Snc1p colocalizes with Tlg1p, and immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy reveal structures that contain Tlg1p, Tlg2p, and Kex2p but lack Pep12p and Sec7p. We propose that these represent early endosomes in which sorting of Snc1p and late Golgi proteins occurs, and that transport can occur directly from them to the Golgi apparatus.

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13

Huang, Yong, Hajime Sakamoto, Shinji Kudo, Koyo Norinaga, and Jun-ichiro Hayashi. "Pyrolysis of Lignite with Internal Recycling and Conversion of Oil." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 11 (October 20, 2014): 7285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef501785e.

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14

Liu, Juanjuan, and Liangliang Zhu. "Research on power battery recycling mode selection considering dual behavioral preferences under different government subsidies." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 19 (2024): 1579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctae090.

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Abstract Efficient and stable recycling of power batteries requires the construction of a perfect and reasonable recycling system; the current research however fails to take into account the comprehensive influence of government policies outside the supply chain and internal members’ behavioral preferences at the same time, hence fail to reflect the whole and true recycling reality. This paper studies how different battery recycling subsidy policies and relevant players’ behavioral preferences affect decision-making along the supply chain and tries to work out the optimal power battery recycling model. The results show that (1) Which recycling subsidy policy is better at promoting battery recycling is related to the size of battery capacity; (2) Behavioral preferences of key players, i.e. the risk aversion of the battery manufacturer and the fairness concern preference of the vehicle manufacturer, can be irrelevant or have a negative impact on power battery recycling; (3) The preferred recycling models vary among key stakeholders in the recycling ecosystem. The government encourages battery producers to lead the recycling operation, consumers and battery producers check the risk sensitivity, and vehicle manufacturers prefer to recycle batteries alone.

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15

Soboń, Dariusz, and Ylia Stepanov. "METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RECYCLING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF ORGANIZATIONS." Globalization, the State and the Individual 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8002.

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In the article on the basis of analysis and generalisation of modern scientific concepts of management of sustainable development of socio-ecological systems "utilisation - recycling of rubbish waste" THE socio-economic essence of ecological recycling management of organisations, its goals, tasks and peculiarities of formation and application is disclosed; conceptual provisions of the methodology of development of the model of organisation and management of recycling and waste utilisation are offered; peculiarities of their development on two main variants - internal and outsourcing are disclosed.

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16

Hornberger, Lee. "Surviving in the Plastics Recycling Industry." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 19, no. 2 (May 2003): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060301900202.

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Rising resin prices and decreasing landfill availability accelerated the expansion of the consumer plastics recycling industry in the 1980's. Unfortunately, many of the recycling companies that were started during this optimistic time quickly learned that economic recycling of post-consumer waste was extremely difficult and they went out of business. Those recycling companies that survived managed to develop stable technologies and markets for their products. These businesses are models for their industry as well as for the emerging automotive and electronic plastics recycling industry. In this study, the annual sales, experience, markets, growth strategies, technology and leadership of 36 recycling firms were evaluated to determine the characteristics that helped these companies survive in this difficult industry. These recycling firms were located in the United States and in Europe. Four elements were found to be present in most of the surviving companies: a) a willingness to adapt to changes in the marketplace b) extensive knowledge of recycling technology c) financial and technical support and d) strong internal leadership.

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17

Akram, Muhammad Nadeem, and Walid Abdul-Kader. "Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review." Batteries 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2023): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070353.

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With a global urgency to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, there has been an increasing demand for electric vehicles on the roads to replace vehicles that use internal combustion. Subsequently, the demand and consumption of raw materials have increased, and thus, there has been an increasing number of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that contain valuable elements. This literature review paper looks at the following: lifecycle assessments (LCA) of EV batteries, the recycling of LIBs while analyzing what studies have been conducted to improve recycling processes, what recycling facilities have been established or are being planned, studies on the circular economy, the environmental benefits of recycling end-of-life (EOL) batteries, and how LIB recycling is aligned with the Sustainable Devel opment Goals, focusing in particular on Goal 13: Climate Action.

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18

Hämmer, Matthias, and Karsten Wambach. "Methodology and Database for the Quantification of the Technical Recyclability of Electrical and Electronical Equipment Demonstrated on a Smartphone Case Study." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (October 9, 2024): 8726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198726.

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Assessing a given product’s design and its recyclability using mass flow analysis based on the material separation and recovery rates of individual recycling processes under realistic conditions can support design decisions promoting better recyclability. EN 45555 defines the calculation of the technical recyclability of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). However, the lack of specific recycling rates for material or processes often leads to either too small or too high recyclability values. Herein, an extensive database of such recycling rates is presented. Moreover, the quality of recycling is considered. The typical classification into “recycled” and “lost” is expanded into four categories, namely “circular”, “recycled”, “alternate material recovery” and “lost”. The recycling rate database includes yields for all four categories and covers 30 materials for 14 recycling processes relevant in waste EEE (WEEE) treatment. These data enable a detailed calculation of the recyclability of various EEE for multiple recycling scenarios covering the entire WEEE recycling chain. Fraunhofer IZM performed an internal critical review of the data. The recycling rates database can act as a solid foundation for comparing the recyclability of various electronics in different scenarios and recyclability indices. For example, the recyclability of typical smartphones is investigated comparing different dismantling and recycling scenarios highlighting the potential of both database and methodology.

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19

Krsmanović, Tamara, Agnes Pawelec, Tobias Sydor, and Ralf Kölling. "Control of Ste6 Recycling by Ubiquitination in the Early Endocytic Pathway in Yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 6 (June 2005): 2809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-10-0941.

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We present evidence that ubiquitination controls sorting of the ABC-transporter Ste6 in the early endocytic pathway. The intracellular distribution of Ste6 variants with reduced ubiquitination was examined. In contrast to wild-type Ste6, which was mainly localized to internal structures, these variants accumulated at the cell surface in a polar manner. When endocytic recycling was blocked by Ypt6 inactivation, the ubiquitination deficient variants were trapped inside the cell. This indicates that the polar distribution is maintained dynamically through endocytic recycling and localized exocytosis (“kinetic polarization”). Ste6 does not appear to recycle through late endosomes, because recycling was not blocked in class E vps (vacuolar protein sorting) mutants (Δvps4, Δvps27), which are affected in late endosome function and in the retromer mutant Δvps35. Instead, recycling was partially affected in the sorting nexin mutant Δsnx4, which serves as an indication that Ste6 recycles through early endosomes. Enhanced recycling of wild-type Ste6 was observed in class D vps mutants (Δpep12, Δvps8, and Δvps21). The identification of putative recycling signals in Ste6 suggests that recycling is a signal-mediated process. Endocytic recycling and localized exocytosis could be important for Ste6 polarization during the mating process.

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Чехранов, С. В., and Р. Р. Симашов. "Prospects for the recycling of the heat of exhaust gases on ships of the fishing fleet." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII)</msg> 1, no. 4(62) (November 26, 2023): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2023.62.4.013.

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Рассматриваются проблемы энергосбережения с точки зрения утилизации вторичных энергоресурсов на судах рыбопромыслового флота. Анализируется наиболее энергоемкая составляющая вторичных энергоресурсов - теплота уходящих газов судовых двигателей внутреннего сгорания. Приводятся широко известные примеры использования этого энергоресурса в различных схемах утилизации и обосновывается необходимость совершенствования современного подхода к проблеме утилизации как таковой. Прежде всего обращается внимание на то, что для судов рыбопромыслового флота в утилизационных схемах выгодно применять тригенерационные технологии, поскольку холод является для них необходимым и очень важным производственным ресурсом. Кроме того, замена части штатных холодильных машин утилизационными холодильными установками позволяет обеспечить гарантированную окупаемость системы утилизации. С целью обоснования эффективности данного направления утилизации теплоты уходящих газов двигателей внутреннего сгорания проанализированы режимы работы добывающих и рыбообрабатывающих судов, а также нагрузки их двигателей за все время рейса. The problems of energy saving from the point of view of recycling of secondary energy resources on the vessels of the fishing fleet are considered. The most energy-intensive component of secondary energy resources is analyzed - the heat of exhaust gases of marine internal combustion engines. Widely known examples of the use of this energy resource in various recycling schemes are given and the need to improve the modern approach to the problem of recycling as such is substantiated. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that it is beneficial to use trigeneration technologies in the recycling schemes for fishing vessels, since cold is a necessary and very important production resource for them. In addition, the replacement of part of the standard refrigeration machines with recycling refrigeration units ensures a guaranteed payback of the recycling system. In order to substantiate the effectiveness of this direction of recycling of the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, the operating modes of fishing and fish processing vessels, as well as the load of their engines for the entire duration of the voyage, are analyzed.

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21

Sevost'yanov, V. V., I. I. Targonskii, A. A. Romanovich, and A. A. Goncharov. "Energy saving milling aggregates with internal recycling of the milled materials." Glass and Ceramics 50, no. 4 (April 1993): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00679416.

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22

Leote, Catarina, Lieke L. Mulder, Catharina J. M. Philippart, and Eric H. G. Epping. "Nutrients in the Western Wadden Sea: Freshwater Input Versus Internal Recycling." Estuaries and Coasts 39, no. 1 (May 6, 2015): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-9979-6.

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23

Huang, Yong, Yaxuan Gao, Hao Zhou, Hongqi Sun, Jianbin Zhou, and Shu Zhang. "Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell with internal recycling of heavy oil." Bioresource Technology 272 (January 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.006.

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24

FORTE, J. G., D. K. HANZEL, C. OKAMOTO, D. CHOW, and T. URUSHIDANI. "Membrane and protein recycling associated with gastric HCl secretion." Journal of Internal Medicine 228, S732 (November 1990): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb01467.x.

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25

Hotea, Vasile, and Juhasz József. "RECYCLING OF ALUMINUM WASTE RESULTING FROM EXTRUDED AND MOLDED PRODUCTS USED IN AERONAUTICAL TECHNIQUE." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 34, no. 1 (2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2020.1.01.

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In this paper a case study was conducted at UAC Europe SRL which aims to analyze the detailed structure of the process components of waste recycling resulting from the extrusion and melting process, prepared to determine the factors underlying success, how the problem was identified, the chosen solutions and the highlighting of the final result, for the recycling of internal and manufacturing waste, the solution adopted and its advantages.

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26

Kunt, M. Akif. "An experimental investigation of exhaust waste heat recycling by thermoelectric generators under different thermal conditions for internal combustion engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 12 (November 14, 2017): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017733253.

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Almost 70% of heat power produced by pistons in internal combustion engines is lost due to exhaust and cooling. In the course of the heating process, 25% of useful energy transfers to the exit shaft. There have been a lot of studies on recycling waste heat of internal combustion engines, especially on cooling and exhaust systems. A thermoelectric generator is an important way to recycle waste energy in exhaust systems of internal combustion engines. In this study, an air-cooled thermoelectric generator was designed to recycle waste heat energy in exhaust systems of internal combustion engines and its performance was tested. Waste heat recycling tests were conducted by measuring voltage, current, and power values under different thermal conditions depending on the change in load resistance. The results obtained were compared with the results of analyses and experiments. Maximum voltage value at RI = 45Ω load resistance was obtained as 11.03 V (experiment) and 11.22 V (analysis), and maximum current value at RI = 5Ω load resistance as 0.42 A (experiment) at Th = 250°C, Δ T = 40°C.

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Li, Xuezhi, Pierre Lavigne, and Christine Lavoie. "GGA3 mediates TrkA endocytic recycling to promote sustained Akt phosphorylation and cell survival." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 24 (December 2015): 4412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0087.

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Although TrkA postendocytic sorting significantly influences neuronal cell survival and differentiation, the molecular mechanism underlying TrkA receptor sorting in the recycling or degradation pathways remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that Golgi-localized, γ adaptin-ear–containing ADP ribosylation factor-binding protein 3 (GGA3) interacts directly with the TrkA cytoplasmic tail through an internal DXXLL motif and mediates the functional recycling of TrkA to the plasma membrane. We find that GGA3 depletion by siRNA delays TrkA recycling, accelerates TrkA degradation, attenuates sustained NGF-induced Akt activation, and reduces cell survival. We also show that GGA3’s effect on TrkA recycling is dependent on the activation of Arf6. This work identifies GGA3 as a key player in a novel DXXLL-mediated endosomal sorting machinery that targets TrkA to the plasma membrane, where it prolongs the activation of Akt signaling and survival responses.

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Badraddin, Abdulmalek K., Afiqah R. Radzi, Saud Almutairi, and Rahimi A. Rahman. "Critical Success Factors for Concrete Recycling in Construction Projects." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053102.

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This study explores the success factors of concrete recycling in construction projects, using Malaysia as a case study. The objectives include (1) identifying the critical success factors for concrete recycling in construction projects, (2) comparing the critical success factors between large enterprises (LEs) and small–medium enterprises (SMEs), and (3) developing constructs that group the critical success factors. First, a list of success factors was identified through semi-structured interviews with fifteen construction industry professionals and a systematic literature review of journal articles. This list was then incorporated into a questionnaire and disseminated to industry professionals. Eighty-nine valid responses were collected and analyzed using mean score ranking, normalization, agreement analysis, and factor analysis techniques. The analyses showed ten critical success factors for concrete recycling. The critical success factors include the availability of uniform standards for concrete recycling, adequate awareness among project stakeholders on concrete recycling, appropriate construction waste management plans, government policies to support concrete recycling, good marketing strategy for concrete recycling, good communication among employees, applications for recycled concrete in sub-industries, provisions in work method statements on concrete recycling, positive legislation toward concrete recycling, and availability of concrete recycling infrastructure. However, the percentage of agreement between SMEs and LEs for the ten critical success factors was only 22%. In other words, there is no consensus on criticality across organizational sizes. Finally, the critical success factors can be categorized into two interrelated groups: external and internal. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the necessary success factors for concrete recycling. The study findings allow researchers and practitioners to develop strategies to promote concrete recycling.

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Pražanová, Anna, Vaclav Knap, and Daniel-Ioan Stroe. "Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part II: Environmental and Economic Perspective." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197356.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial for consumer electronics, complex energy storage systems, space applications, and the automotive industry. The increasing requirements for decarbonization and CO2 emissions reduction affect the composition of new production. Thus, the entire automotive sector experiences its turning point; the production capacities of new internal combustion engine vehicles are limited, and the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has continuously increased over the past years. The growing number of new EVs leads to an increasing amount of automotive waste, namely spent LIBs. Recycling appears to be the most suitable solution for lowering EV prices and reducing environmental impacts; however, it is still not a well-established process. This work is the second part of the review collection based on the performed literature survey, where more than 250 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were divided into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling and Rest. This paper reviews and summarizes 162 publications dedicated to recycling procedures and their environmental or economic perspective. Both reviews cover the techno-environmental economic impacts of recycling spent LIBs from EVs published until 2021.

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30

Cui, Yi, Rong Lin Wang, Li Ren Wang, Jing Long Bu, and Qian Wang. "Effects of Recycling Ladle Lining Materials on Phase Composition and Microstructure of Al₂O₃-SiC-C Castable for Iron Runner." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1614.

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In this experiment, preparation of samples were based on original ratio of bauxite matrix Al2O3-SiC-C castable for iron tap channel, and partial bauxites of size 8-5 mm, 5-3 mm, 3-1 mm and 2O3-MgO-C ladle bricks, respectively. Effects of recycling ladle lining materials on phase composition and microstructure of Al2O3-SiC-C castable for iron runner were investigated by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results showed that new phases SiO2 and (Mg0.804Ca0.196)3Al2(SiO4)3 were formed in the castable at 1450 oC in air atmosphere, and the spherical (Mg0.804Ca0.196)3Al2(SiO4)3 was formed on external surface of recycling Al2O3-MgO-C particle. thereinto, SiC oxidation to formed SiO2 with flow pattern character was key element of the phase (Mg0.804Ca0.196)3Al2(SiO4)3 formation. The more fine and uniform of recycling Al2O3-MgO-C particles, the more spherical (Mg0.804Ca0.196)3Al2(SiO4)3 was formed in recycling Al2O3-SiC-C castable. Internal structure of theirs samples exhibited looser state with content increasing of recycling ladle lining materials.

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Rusdiansyah, Rusdiansyah, Harun Al Rasyid, and Suryanto Sosrowidigdo. "Business Development Management Model at Samo-Samo Recycling House Based on SWOT Analysis." SinkrOn 5, no. 1 (October 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v5i1.10595.

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This study aims to determine the internal and external conditions faced by the Samo Samo Recycle House, as a basis for determining the appropriate alternative strategies for recycling waste business. Strategy formulation is carried out after the identification and determination of internal and external strategic factors. Internal strategic factors are then included in the IFAS (Internal Factors Analysis Summary) matrix, while external strategic factors are included in the EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summary) matrix, and the combination of the two matrices produces a Cartesisus Diagram to determine which company is in the diagram position. From the results of the calculation above, it is known that the coordinate point is located at (y = -0,12; x = 0,39). The coordinate results are presented in the SWOT matrix diagram. After knowing the meeting point of the diagonals (X), the position of the business unit is known in Quadrant II. This position shows the Samo Samo Recycling House, then in business strategies, including: Creating new designs to attract prospective buyers, Strengthening the competitiveness of commodities through improving the quality of results and business efficiency. Quality and creative human resource development

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32

Adams, N., and T. P. Fell. "Recycling and Metabolic Models for Internal Dosimetry: with Special Reference to Iodine." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 22, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080104.

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Gibson, C. E., G. Wang, and R. H. Foy. "Silica and diatom growth in Lough Neagh: the importance of internal recycling." Freshwater Biology 45, no. 3 (November 2000): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2000.00624.x.

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Guerra, R. J. Vazquez, J. F. Marquez Rubio, and B. del-Muro-Cuéllar. "Stabilizing delayed controllers for recycling systems with internal delays and complex dynamics." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.103.

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Vazquez-Guerra, R. J., J. F. Marquez-Rubio, M. A. Hernández-Pérez, B. del Muro-Cuéllar, and J. C. Sánchez-García. "Dynamic delayed controllers for recycling systems with internal delays and complex poles." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): e2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2146.

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36

Huang, You Heng, and Zhe Huang. "On Building a Push-Pull Supply Chain of Iron and Steel Scrap." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1959.

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The reuse of iron and steel scrap has high economic value as well as ecological benefits. By analyzing existing process of iron and steel scrap recycling, this paper studied the internal and external conflicts that blocked the smooth going of iron and steel scrap recycling process from the perspective of supply chain. To coordinate these conflicts, a push-pull iron and steel scrap supply chain was built to recover iron and steel scrap resources as more as possible in purpose of environmental protection by push strategy and match market demand by pull strategy. The results indicate that push-pull supply chain is an effective mode that well fit into economic demand as well as environmental demand in iron and steel scrap recycling process.

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Guo, Miaomei, and Weilun Huang. "Consumer Willingness to Recycle The Wasted Batteries of Electric Vehicles in the Era of Circular Economy." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032630.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being used for the benefit of the environment and to foster the development of a low-carbon circular economy. However, compared to internal combustion engine cars, spent EV batteries (WBEVs) constitute a different form of waste, and their recycling mechanism is still in its early stages. WBEV consumer willingness to recycle is an issue in a circular economy in which EV users should be WBEV recycling pioneers. The purpose of this article is to develop an analytical model for consumers’ desire to return WBEVs for recycling, based on the circular economy and consumer welfare, in order to investigate consumer incentives for the construction of a WBEV recycling system. PLS-SEM was used for the analysis, and the results revealed the following. First, both the perception of government policy and environmental attitudes have significant positive causal effects on consumers’ intentions to recycle. Second, the perception of benefits has a significant positive mediating effect on recycling intention, whereas the perception of loss has a significant negative mediating effect. Third, the multigroup analysis found that, with the exception of gender, the variables of age, income, education, area of residence, recycling experiences, and EV ownership all have substantial moderating impacts, although their routes and directions vary considerably. Recycling policies must be appropriate for consumers, and this has policy consequences for the circular economy. Environmental education and incentives should be provided to increase consumer knowledge and willingness to recycle. Big data might help with the design of a WBEV recycling system. It is necessary to create an intelligent recycling platform, cross-regional recycling collaboration, and smart logistics for WBEVs. Further, the battery refill mechanism of energy replenishment might encourage the recycling of WBEVs.

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López Polanco, Karla Valeria, Yolanda Jeanmillette Marroquín Anaya, and Vilma Guadalupe Duke Escobar. "Industrial recycling in El Salvador." Empresa y Sociedad 2 (July 9, 2024): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/emyso.v2i1.18203.

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Globally an increased awareness for the preservation of the planet is perceived. Different strategies are being held by countries in order to minimize problems such as pollution, access to vital resources, a responsible disposal of waste, and others. Part of this problem are the industries that generate pollution through the resources they exploit or directly through their waste. This study presents six different companies, conveniently selected in El Salvador, that include green initiatives into their business core in order to minimize the negative impact of their processes over the environment. They are well-known companies and stand out for the quality of their work. The research is qualitative, the methodology used to perform it was descriptive. The information collected from different sources guided the analysis of the theme in order to provide the guideline to the creation of the industrial recycling cluster in El Salvador. In order to propose the cluster, the researchers used Porter´s Diamond Model and the Five Forces Analysis. The results show that there are several advantages for the establishment of a cluster, such as, technology, training, internal resources within the companies, and others. On the other hand, the cluster will need more support from the government, communities and the citizens since most of the problems are due to the lack of regulations and the recycling culture in the population.

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39

Dunuwila, Pasan, Ko Hamada, Kentaro Takeyama, Daryna Panasiuk, Takeo Hoshino, Shinichiro Morimoto, Kiyotaka Tahara, and Ichiro Daigo. "Influence of Different Allocation Methods for Recycling and Dynamic Inventory on CO2 Savings and Payback Times of Light-Weighted Vehicles Computed under Product- and Fleet-Based Analyses: A Case of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 13935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413935.

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Light weighting by material substitution is a key to reducing GHG emissions during vehicle operation. The GHG benefits are a salient factor in selecting lightweight materials for vehicles. Although the literature has performed lightweight material selections using GHG benefits under product- and fleet-based life-cycle inventory (LCI) analyses, recycling effects have therein been accounted for by arbitrarily selecting allocation methods for recycling, as the consensus on their selection is absent. Furthermore, studies have mistreated the temporal variations of the LCI parameters (the dynamic inventory (DI)), though that could be an important factor affecting the overall LCI results when allocation methods for recycling are in place. Therefore, to investigate their influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) benefit evaluations, an LCI case study was conducted, centered on aluminum- and magnesium-substituted internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) at the product- and fleet- levels. “CO2 savings” and the “CO2 payback time”, as well as four allocation methods for recycling, were considered to represent the GHG benefits and address the recycling effects, respectively. The dynamic inventory was based on the world average electricity grid mix change. The results indicate that changing the conditions of the DI and the allocation methods for recycling could alter the better performing material under fleet-based analyses. Therefore, we ascertained that the choice of the allocation method for recycling and conducting fleet-scale dynamic LCI analyses in the presence of the DI is pivotal for material selections.

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40

Bogatyreva, E. V. "Systems approach to modeling recycling refrigeration machines." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-s-i-130-131.

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Refrigeration equipment is not provided on many small fishing vessel projects. It is proposed to install absorption refrigerating machines (ABRM) as refrigeration units for small vessels of the fishing fleet, the working medium of which is a water ammonia mixture. Such machines can operate by using the heat of exhaust gases, that is, receive energy from internal combustion engines. Ship power plants, unlike stationary ones, have characteristics and properties inherent only to them. In modeling, it is proposed to use a systematic approach to optimize the parameters. The principle of a systematic approach is considered. An example of dividing ABRM into subsystems is given. The graph of the simplified thermal circuit of ABRM is presented. Recommendations are given for optimizing the operating parameters.

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41

Mohammed, Khurram Yasar, and Babatunde Ibrahim Ojoawo. "Sustainable EV Battery Management: Process Optimization, Recycling and Green Technologies for Retired Batteries." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (December 9, 2024): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2024/v43i124459.

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Aim: To examine the process optimization in EV battery manufacturing to improve efficiency via waste reduction. Problem Statement: Traditional vehicles with internal combustion engines have been observed as the main influencers of greenhouse gas emissions. lithium-ion batteries elimination from electric vehicles possesses substantial safety dangers resulting from the batteries’ potential for thermal runaway and high energy content causing explosions or fires if handled wrongly. Significance of Study: Electric vehicles are observed to be sustainable options because of zero emission of greenhouse gases during operation. The removal and safe handling of LiBs from EVs is a noteworthy trial that requires attention. Methodology: Recent relevant published articles in the area of process optimization in EV battery manufacturing via waste reduction were consulted. A broad literature search from reliable academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and IEEE Xplore. Discussion: This review paper examines various kinds of management procedures which are targeted at alleviating the adverse environmental impacts. The active role of effective management in attaining carbon neutrality was identified. There is need for an economical recycling infrastructure having the capacity of transporting and collecting batteries from different locations. It is necessary to identify that during the production stage, vehicles having internal combustion engines may perform excellently than EVs despite the environmental advantages of EVs over internal combustion engine vehicles. Furthermore, the inadequate handling of EV waste can cause substantial social and environmental dangers. Thus, numerous benefits are attached to applying broad management approaches to address these worries. Various evolving techniques for recycling and reusing EV batteries were examined. Out of these methods, direct recycling exhibited encouraging environmental ability. The manuscript discusses how process optimization in EV battery manufacturing can be attained through reusing of retired batteries together with recycling of retired batteries as process optimization in EV battery manufacturing. Green leaching treatment for battery recycling, bioleaching and waste for waste were identified as the EV waste‑battery management techniques via emerging green technologies. Conclusion: In conclusion, waste reduction is a vital procedure for process optimization in EV battery manufacturing to improve its efficiency.

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Damiao Maia, Graciano Andre, Ratna Lindawati Lubis, and Irni Yunita. "Innovative circular economy approaches in e-waste management: a case study of telkomcel Timor Leste." JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia) 10, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 1025. https://doi.org/10.29210/020244608.

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This study evaluates the application of circular economy principles in managing e-waste at Telkomcel Timor Leste, a leading telecommunications company in the country. Timor Leste is facing increasing challenges in e-waste management due to the growing use of technological devices, which contributes to the rising volume of electronic waste. Inadequate management of e-waste poses significant environmental and health risks, including pollution and the leaching of harmful substances into the soil and water. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders at Telkomcel, involving 4 respondents from various stackholder related to waste management and sustainability. The analysis focuses on Telkomcel's strategies in implementing circular economy practices, such as device refurbishment, recycling programs, and internal policies. The findings reveal that while Telkomcel has taken significant steps toward adopting a circular economy model, challenges remain, including limited infrastructure, low public awareness, and insufficient recycling facilities. Notably, Telkomcel has initiated internal policies promoting e-waste collection, repair, and reuse of devices, yet the company faces barriers in scaling these efforts. The study highlights the importance of strengthening collaboration with third-party recycling partners, expanding the recycling infrastructure, and raising public awareness through education campaigns. This research is significant in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), as it emphasizes the need for sustainable e-waste management practices to mitigate environmental impact and contribute to long-term resource efficiency. The study concludes with recommendations for Telkomcel to enhance its sustainability efforts by improving infrastructure, increasing public education on e-waste recycling, and advocating for stronger government regulations. These efforts are expected to support sustainable development in Timor Leste while minimizing the environmental consequences of improper e-waste disposal.

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Liu, Xiu Qi, He Qin Xing, Li Li Zhao, and Dan Wang. "Preparation and Adsorption Performance of GF/EPDM/LLDPE Foaming Composite for Petrol." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1157.

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In our study, a new kind of material for petrol adsorption was prepared by melt blending and molding foaming with EPDM and LLDPE as the matrix and modified glass fiber (GF) as the filler. LLDPE as the second matrix can improve the matrix reinforcement, the composite cross-linked network density was reduced, but the oil absorption rate was increasing. After recycling three times, the oil absorption rate GF/EPDM foaming composite and GF / LLDPE / EPDM foam composite were changed little, the internal cell structure can exist for a long time and showed good recycling performance.

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MacDonald, Ewan, Louise Brown, Arnaud Selvais, Han Liu, Thomas Waring, Daniel Newman, Jessica Bithell, et al. "HRS–WASH axis governs actin-mediated endosomal recycling and cell invasion." Journal of Cell Biology 217, no. 7 (June 11, 2018): 2549–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201710051.

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Transmembrane proteins in the sorting endosome are either recycled to their point of origin or destined for lysosomal degradation. Lysosomal sorting is mediated by interaction of ubiquitylated transmembrane proteins with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. In this study, we uncover an alternative role for the ESCRT-0 component hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) in promoting the constitutive recycling of transmembrane proteins. We find that endosomal localization of the actin nucleating factor Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homologue (WASH) requires HRS, which occupies adjacent endosomal subdomains. Depletion of HRS results in defective constitutive recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor and the matrix metalloproteinase MT1–MMP, leading to their accumulation in internal compartments. We show that direct interactions with endosomal actin are required for efficient recycling and use a model system of chimeric transferrin receptor trafficking to show that an actin-binding motif can counteract an ubiquitin signal for lysosomal sorting. Directed receptor recycling is used by cancer cells to achieve invasive migration. Accordingly, abrogating HRS- and actin-dependent MT1-MMP recycling results in defective matrix degradation and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells.

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Domingues, Ana Mariele, Ricardo Gabbay de Souza, Aldo Roberto Ometto, Sandro Donnini Mancini, Flavia Carla dos Santos Martins Padoan, and Jose Rocha Andrade da Silva. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SCENARIOS FOR END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FROM SMARTPHONES AND LAPTOPS." Detritus, no. 25 (December 31, 2023): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18329.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a solution to minimise the environmental problems caused by the consumption of natural resources and the generation of hazardous waste. This paper aims to assess the potential environmental impacts and benefits of four scenarios for recycling LIBs from smartphones and laptops using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The methodological approach followed four steps: i) scenario modelling representing the current and future situations of LIBs End-of-Life (EoL) management from smartphones and laptops; ii) estimating smartphones, laptops and respective LIBs waste generation; iii) mapping representative recycling options; and iv) assessment of potential environmental impacts using LCA with 16 ILCD midpoint categories. The results revealed that hydrometallurgical recycling in Brazil could be less harmful than pyrohydrometallurgical recycling in Europe in 12 impact categories. The benefits of recycling are mainly of Co and Ni recovery. Results of scenarios indicate that the more optimistic scenario, which includes expanding Reverse Logistics to 50% of collection, internal recycling to 75%, and reducing of LIBs waste sent to landfills in 44%, had the best environmental performance in all 13 impacts categories. For the Climate change category, scenario 4 presents net environmental benefits of -1.83E+05 kgCO2eq while scenarios 1, 2 and 3 do not present a net environmental benefit. Scenarios assessment shows that more significant environmental benefits are achieved when the formal collection rate is increased, and the less impactful technology option makes the recovery of materials. These results can help decision-makers promote the management and recycling more sustainable of LIBs waste.

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S S, Abhishek, Gopalam Rahul Malik, Devadath T. Suresh, Anudev B, and Geena Prasad. "Sustainable Mobility and Environmental Impacts of Green Batteries: A Comprehensive Review." E3S Web of Conferences 540 (2024): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454011005.

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The comprehensive study explores the vital role of the batteries in sustainable development. It evaluates the performance of batteries in both internal combustion engine (ICE) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) while emphasizing the environmental benefits of Green Batteries. The study also explores the battery maintenance and recycling practices for everyday automotive use. Based on lithium-ion battery data, it underscores the urgent need for effective recycling solutions and the rising battery recycling sector. The environmental impacts of battery production, especially for EVs, are recognised, emphasising the importance of transition to renewable energy sources. A comparison between fossil and nonfossil fuels demonstrates the potential benefits of cleaner energy sources. The study also compares the performance of conventional batteries with green batteries, and ultimately recommends the adoption of green batteries powered by renewable energy as a sustainable solution.

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Lampson, Michael A., Jan Schmoranzer, Anja Zeigerer, Sanford M. Simon, and Timothy E. McGraw. "Insulin-regulated Release from the Endosomal Recycling Compartment Is Regulated by Budding of Specialized Vesicles." Molecular Biology of the Cell 12, no. 11 (November 2001): 3489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.11.3489.

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In several cell types, specific membrane proteins are retained intracellularly and rapidly redistributed to the surface in response to stimulation. In fat and muscle, the GLUT4 glucose transporter is dynamically retained because it is rapidly internalized and slowly recycled to the plasma membrane. Insulin increases the recycling of GLUT4, resulting in a net translocation to the surface. We have shown that fibroblasts also have an insulin-regulated recycling mechanism. Here we show that GLUT4 is retained within the transferrin receptor-containing general endosomal recycling compartment in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells rather than being segregated to a specialized, GLUT4-recycling compartment. With the use of total internal reflection microscopy, we demonstrate that the TR and GLUT4 are transported from the pericentriolar recycling compartment in separate vesicles. These data provide the first functional evidence for the formation of distinct classes of vesicles from the recycling compartment. We propose that GLUT4 is dynamically retained within the endosomal recycling compartment in CHO cells because it is concentrated in vesicles that form more slowly than those that transport TR. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, cells that naturally express GLUT4, we find that GLUT4 is partially segregated to a separate compartment that is inaccessible to the TR. We present a model for the formation of this specialized compartment in fat cells, based on the general mechanism described in CHO cells, which may explain the increased retention of GLUT4 and its insulin-induced translocation in fat cells.

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48

Sellitto, Miguel Afonso, and Francieli Aparecida de Almeida. "Strategies for value recovery from industrial waste: case studies of six industries from Brazil." Benchmarking: An International Journal 27, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2019-0138.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present possible strategic actions that aim to recover the value still remaining in industrial waste. Design/methodology/approach The research method is a multiple case study. The sample included six Brazilian companies of the footwear, metal-mechanics, pulp and paper, beverages, chemical and food industries. The study investigated the production process, waste generation, internal reuse, the destination of unused waste, difficulties and strategic challenges. Findings Possible strategies to recover the value remaining in industrial waste are increasing the internal reuse, developing new routes to other industries, reducing the waste generation, increasing the destination to cooperatives or recycling companies, which require studies to understand the legislation and agility in licensing and reducing the logistical cost of the destination. Research limitations/implications The study relies on six case studies. Further research shall encompass an entire industry, starting with hypotheses derived from the cases. Practical implications The main barriers observed for reuse and recycling are uncertainties and ambiguities in the interpretation of legislation, the difficulty for the environmental licensing for recycling operations, excessive logistics costs for exploration opportunities and the lack of research to reduce the waste generation and to increase the internal reuse. Social implications Waste managed by scavengers’ cooperatives can offer jobs to the people of vulnerable communities. Originality/value The study offers robust hypotheses to be tested in a survey on the capacity of a waste management strategy to create competitive advantage in the industry. The study establishes a relationship between waste management and three competitive enablers, compliance, corporate image and green market.

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Yang, Yaxuan, Min Liu, Peihong Zhu, Ke Gao, Yueheng Xuan, Qingmei Lu, Yue Ding, Baoguo Zhang, and Ming Yue. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Bonded Nd-Fe-B Magnets: Virgin Production versus Recycling." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2024): 8599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198599.

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Conducting a comprehensive analysis of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost is critical for quantifying environmental impacts and estimating production costs associated with new production methods. Therefore, the life cycle assessment and life cycle cost of 1 kg bonded Nd-Fe-B magnetic powder produced by different production methods from “cradle to gate” are studied in this study. The results indicate that recycling is more advantageous than direct production in both environmental and economic terms. Specifically, the endpoint impact categories for 1 kg of bonded Nd-Fe-B powder produced by various methods reveal that recycling and regeneration reduce the environmental impact by 42%, 41%, and 42% compared to direct production in the categories of Human Health, Ecosystem Diversity, and Resource Availability, respectively. Additionally, in terms of life cycle cost, recycling yields savings of 47% and 32% compared to direct production in the internal and external life cycle cost, respectively. The results demonstrate that the environmentally friendly and cost-reducing method of recycling and regeneration points out a pathway for transforming the industrial structure of bonded Nd-Fe-B magnetic powder.

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Qu, Bin, Varsha Pattu, Christian Junker, Ute Becherer, Ulf Matti, Heiko Rieger, Eva C. Schwarz, and Jens Rettig. "T cell receptors mediate docking of cytotoxic granules at the immunological synapse (133.7)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 133.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.133.7.

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Abstract TCR enrichment and cytotoxic granules accumulation at the immunological synapse are necessary for cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated killing. Using immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, 4D fast live cell imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we analyzed the localization and transport of recycling TCR vesicles and cytotoxic granules in parallel. We found that recycling TCR vesicles are very often connected with cytotoxic granules. Both are co-transported in a paired manner to the IS where recycling TCR enhance the docking and release of cytotoxic granules. Quantitative analysis of vesicluar transport revealed that pairing enables CTL to kill within a few minutes after synapse formation. These data not only highlight an important function of recycling TCR, but also show that pairing of different vesicles is an unexpected mechanism to target vesicles to a defined area within CTL. This project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Graduate Research School 1326, DFG grant RE 1092/6-1 to J.R and M.H.) and a HOMFOR grant from the Medical Faculty (to J.R. and M.H).

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