Статті в журналах: "Intermittent grinding"

1

Larshin, Vasily, Natalia Lishchenko, and Jan Pitel. "INTERMITTENT GRINDING TEMPERATURE MODELINGFOR GRINDING SYSTEM STATE MONITORING." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 3, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.02.2020.4.

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2

KOUNOSU, Kenji. "Analysis of intermittent grinding phenomenon in cylindrical traverse grinding." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 53, no. 2 (1987): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.53.257.

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3

Kalashnikov, A. S., Y. A. Morgunov, P. A. Kalashnikov, and V. V. Filippov. "Features of intermittent profile grinding cylindrical gears." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-2 (March 10, 2013): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68008.

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Анотація:

The conditions of engagement of grinding wheel with teeth of the cylindrical wheel when intermittent profile grinding are considered in the paper. There are investigated the possibilities of reducing the thermal stress of the grinding process by means of use of highly-porous abrasive wheels, limitation of specific speed of metal removal and sector sequence of teeth grinding.

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4

Yi, Jun, Wei Zhou, and Zhaohui Deng. "Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of the Intermittent Feed High-Speed Grinding of TC4 Titanium Alloy." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070802.

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This paper proposes intermittent feed high-speed grinding, which shows considerable advantages in terms of reducing grinding temperature, relieving grinding wheel blockage and improving workpiece surface integrity. In this grinding, the continuous feed mode of the workpiece is changed into the normal feed + fast retreat reciprocating feed mode by a fast linear feed worktable. By reasonably setting the normal feed distance of single grinding, the action time of the grinding wheel and workpiece is reduced, so that the grinding heat transfer process does not reach a stable state, reducing the grinding temperature during single grinding. Besides this, the surface temperature is cooled to nearly room temperature and the grinding wheel is flushed by the timely retreating of the grinding wheel to allow the grinding fluid to enter the grinding zone fully, which greatly reduces the phenomenon of heat accumulation and grinding wheel loading. An intermittent feed high-speed grinding experiment on Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy was systematically carried out, and the influence of the grinding parameters on grinding force and grinding temperature was deeply analyzed. The instantaneous grinding temperature field and thermal stress field of TC4 titanium alloy in intermittent feed high-speed grinding were constructed with the finite element method. The surface morphology of the grinding wheel and TC4 titanium alloy specimens after intermittent feed grinding were analyzed and were compared with those after traditional continuous grinding. It was found that the curves of the grinding force and temperature varied with time in the process of machining, consisting of many “pulse” peaks. Under the same grinding parameters, the magnitude of the grinding force is the same as that of continuous grinding. In a certain range, the grinding temperature is greatly affected by the single feed distance and the interval time. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the error is controlled within 12%. Compared with traditional high-speed grinding, under the same process parameters, the grinding temperature is greatly reduced, the surface integrity of the workpiece is better, and the clogging of the grinding wheel is greatly reduced.

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5

Pearce, T. R. A., D. C. Fricker, and A. Speight. "The Effect of Workpiece Roundness of the Run-Out of CBN Electroplated Grinding Wheels." Key Engineering Materials 329 (January 2007): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.483.

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Electroplated CBN grinding wheels are not normally trued on a grinding machine and therefore inherently have a degree of run-out. The effect of run-out on workpiece roundness has both been modelled and measured experimentally. As well as affecting roundness, run-out can result in intermittent grinding around the wheel periphery, which can then lead to preferential wear on the most eccentric part of the wheel. This intermittent effect has been investigated by modelling the variation of the normal grinding force around the wheel and by measuring the variation of acoustic emission around the wheel during grinding tests.

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6

Yang, Jian Ming, and Shi Ming Shen. "An Theoretical Study of the EDM Electrolytic Intermittent Grinding Compound Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.16.

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Based on processing speed and processing accuracy for difficult-to-machine materials, this paper presents a new MEEC processing method, is based on the basic of MEEC increase on-process dressing grinding wheel, grinding wheel non conductive parts won't jam pore, the abrasive dust adhered to the grinding wheel continues to be removed, the grinding wheel always remain sharp, strengthened the grinding effect, greatly improving the grinding efficiency.

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7

Wada, Tadahiro. "Tool Wear in Intermittent Cutting of AISI 304 Stainless Steel by Thermally-Sprayed Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.287.

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The use of thermal spray coatings is increasing to improve abrasion resistance, erosion and corrosion resistance. To improve the dimensional accuracy or surface roughness, it is often necessary for thermally-sprayed machine parts to be machined by the removal process. As thermally-sprayed coatings often show difficult-to-cut properties, a cutting, grinding, or honing process is usually employed. Replacement of the grinding process with a cutting process is an effective method for improving productivity. Cutting is performed intermittently because there is a hole in the ball part. However, there are no studies on intermittent cutting of thermally-sprayed coatings. In this study, in order to obtain an effective tool material for intermittent cutting of two types of the thermally-sprayed coating AISI 304, the tool wear was investigated experimentally. The results are as follows: (1) In the case of intermittent cutting of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy coating AISI 304, Si3N4 ceramics were considered an effective tool material. (2) In the case of intermittent cutting of thermally-sprayed (WC-Cr-Ni) cermet coating AISI 304, the uncoated cBN having the large grain size of cBN and a high content rate was effective for wear resistance.

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8

Tawakoli, Taghi, and Bahman Azarhoushang. "Intermittent Grinding of Advanced Ceramic with the T-Tool Grinding Wheel." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.615.

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The application of advanced ceramics in high-tech industries is increasing considerably due to their superior properties. However the difficulties involved and manufacturing costs have been impediments to the widespread replacement of metals by the advanced ceramics. One of the main targets in grinding of these materials is increasing the machining efficiency while preserving the surface integrity. Hence in order to reduce the grinding forces and temperatures and increase the material removal rate, a specially designed segmented wheel (T-Tool) has been developed. Reducing the static cutting edges via segmenting the wheel which automatically leads to reduction of momentarily engaging cutting edges results in a reduction of rubbing and plowing regimes and therefore a decrease in the specific grinding energy. The obtained results show that the application of the T-Tool wheel can increase the G-ratio and decrease the grinding forces considerably. A decrease of up to 35% of grinding forces has been achieved.

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9

Ren, Cheng Zu, J. M. Che, Tai Yong Wang, W. D. Jin, and Xin Min Jin. "ELID Grinding Based on the State Control of Passivating Films." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.225.

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The state of the passivating film is a key factor affecting ELID grinding. In the paper the state of the passivating film on the grinding wheel surface was characterized by the loop current, the strategies actively controlling the film state, discontinuous in-process electrolyzing and intermittent grinding were put forward, and the ELID grinding tests under the conditions of actively controlling of the film state and the traditional dynamic balance of the film state were respectively performed and contrasted with each other. It is indicated that by real-time monitoring of the film state with the loop current, the film state variation could be controlled to a narrow scope with the strategies of discontinuous in-process electrolyzing and intermittent grinding, as a result the ELID grinding kept at a fine quality and a high efficiency.

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10

Pérez, J., S. Hoyas, D. L. Skuratov, Yu L. Ratis, I. A. Selezneva, P. Fernández de Córdoba, and J. F. Urchueguía. "Heat transfer analysis of intermittent grinding processes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, no. 15-16 (July 2008): 4132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.11.043.

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11

Vetkasov, Nikolai, Sergey Ulitin, Oleg Krupennikov, Valeriy Sapunov, and Andrey Ankilov. "Simulation of thermal strength of the process of flat grinding of workpieces in intermittent circles." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800022.

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The present article is concerned with numerical schemes of the radial Py and the tangential Pz components of the grinding pressure and with the average contact temperature T, °С. These characteristics give an opportunity to assess the level of the thermal power strain at every path of the operational cycle of the flat pendulum grinding using a standard grinding wheel (SW), an intermittent grinding wheel (IGW) and a composite grinding wheel (CGW). Value forecasting of forces Py,pz and the temperature T will make it possible to manage the grinding process and will give the opportunity to avoid the defects precipitation at the grinding finish of the workpiece.

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12

Tonkonogyi, Volodymyr, Alexey Yakimov, Liubov Bovnegra, Lina Maizlis, and Anastasia Filanovych. "RESEARCH OF DYNAMIC PHENOMENA OCCURRING DURING INTERMITTENT GRINDING." Cutting & Tools in Technological System, no. 90 (May 1, 2019): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7405.2019.90.12.

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13

Bogutsky, Vladimir, Yurij Novoselov, and Leonid Shron. "Calculating the profile of intermittent grinding wheel for the sharpening teeth of the broach." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401003.

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The article shows that during the grinding of complex profile blades of metal cutting tools from tool steels, unfavorable thermodynamic conditions are created in the cutting zone and, as a result, grinding burns and cracks occur on the surface of the polished workpiece. One of the methods of controlling the temperature in the cutting zone at the final grinding operations is the use of grinding wheels with a discontinuous surface. The method of calculating the profile of the discontinuous surface of the grinding wheel presented in the article makes it possible to determine its geometric parameters taking into account the wear resistance of the grinding wheel and the heat stress of the process of treatment. The results of the verification of the proposed technique in the production conditions are given which showed that the treatment of the teeth of the broaches with a grinding wheel with a discontinuous profile, in comparison with the machining of broaches according to the traditional technology, provides a higher quality of blade surfaces, while the process productivity, compared with the factory technology, increased by 20...26%.

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14

Джугурян Т.Г., Марчук В.І., and Марчук І. В. "CALCULATION OSCILLATIONS OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE ELASTIC SYSTEM OF THE CENTER-FREE GRINDING MACHINE SASL 5AD." Перспективні технології та прилади, no. 16 (August 31, 2020): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/6775-2313-5352-2020-16-23.

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During the design of operations of centerless intermittent grinding of surfaces there is a need to identify the natural frequencies of oscillations of the elements of the technological system of grinding. The method of calculation of rigidity, vibration resistance and forced oscillations of the elements of the circular grinding machine is offered in the article. Carrying out of experimental researches of rigidity of elastic system of the SASL 5AD grinding machine. We conducted preliminary experimental studies to measure the oscillations of various elements of the elastic system of the SASL 5AD grinding machine in the horizontal plane by piezoelectric sensors during grinding with continuous and discontinuous circles with different geometric parameters.

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15

Tawakoli, Taghi, and Bahman Azarhoushang. "Theoretical and experimental investigation of intermittent grinding of SiC with a segmented grinding wheel." International Journal of Abrasive Technology 4, no. 1 (2011): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijat.2011.039005.

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16

González-Santander, J. L., J. M. Valdés Placeres, and J. M. Isidro. "Exact Solution for the Time-Dependent Temperature Field in Dry Grinding: Application to Segmental Wheels." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/927876.

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We present a closed analytical solution for the time evolution of the temperature field in dry grinding for any time-dependent friction profile between the grinding wheel and the workpiece. We base our solution in the framework of the Samara-Valencia model Skuratov et al., 2007, solving the integral equation posed for the case of dry grinding. We apply our solution to segmental wheels that produce an intermittent friction over the workpiece surface. For the same grinding parameters, we plot the temperature fields of up- and downgrinding, showing that they are quite different from each other.

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17

Марчук В.І., Джугурян Т.Г., Марчук І. В., and Сачковська Л. О. "THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GRINDING SURFACE QUALITY RING ROLLER." Перспективні технології та прилади, no. 15 (December 29, 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/6775-2313-5352-2019-15-8.

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A series of experimental researches was carried out in the work, which confirmed the results of modeling of temperature processes in the zone of centerless intermittent grinding of billet rings. The constructed response surfaces of the dependence of the roughness parameter Ra on the grinding modes and the number of grooves of the grinding wheel form the basis of the developed technique for designing grinding operations and tool adjustments of grinding machines. The contact area of the abrasive circle with the workpiece is a narrow strip of rectangular shape that moves along the workpiece surface. In this case, the temperature field can be calculated according to the scheme of a moving infinitely long surface-band source. The plan, the program and the hardware of experimental researches of the connection of design and technological factors and indicators of grinding operations with parameters of quality of grinding surfaces, temperature of grinding, power parameters of the process of grinding by discontinuous grinding circles and constructive circles have been developed.

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18

Trung, Do Duc, and Le Dang Ha. "Research on selection of abrasive grain size and cutting parameters when grinding of interrupted surface using aluminum oxide grinding wheel with ceramic binder." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002058.

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In this article, a study on intermittent surface grinding using aluminum oxide grinding wheel with ceramic binder is presented. The testing material is 20XH3A steel (GOST standard – Russian Federation). The testing sample has been sawn 6 grooves, with the width of each groove of 10 mm, the grooves are evenly distributed on the circumference of sample. The testing sample resembles a splined shaft. An experimental matrix of nine experiments has been built by Taguchi method, in which abrasive grain size, workpiece speed, feed rate and depth of cut were selected as input variables. At each experiment, surface roughness (Ra) and roundness error (RE) have been measured. Experimental results show that the aluminum oxide and ceramic binder grinding wheels are perfectly suitable for grinding intermittent surface of 20XH3A steel. Data Envelopment Analysis based Ranking (DEAR) method has been used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The results also showed that in order to simultaneously ensure minimum surface roughness and RE, abrasive grain size is 80 mesh, workpiece speed is 910 rpm, feed rate is 0.05 mm/rev and depth of cut is 0.01 mm. If evaluating the grinding process through two criteria including surface roughness and RE, depth of cut is the parameter having the greatest effect on the grinding process, followed by the influence of feed rate, workpiece speed, and abrasive grain is the parameter having the least effect on the grinding process. In addition, the effect of each input parameter on each output parameter has also been analyzed, and orientations for further works have also been recommended in this article

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19

Liu, Ju Dong, Jie Zhen Zhuang, and Zhi Long Xu. "Study on the Grind-Hardening of the Loader Clevis Pin." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.140.

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On the basis of the cylindrical plunge grinding and intermittent axial feed grinding experiment, the grind-hardened layer structure and its property of the loader clevis pin were studied. The result shows that there are some arc shape medium/high-temperature tempered zones and some annular unhardened zone in external circumference surface, which is result of temperature gradient, induced grinding heat when circumferential feed and axial grinding heat conduction. The microstructure of hardened zone is mixture martensite, and the microstructure of tempered zone is tempered martensite and troostite. Different structure zone has same microhardness distribution regulation, but the microhardness of hardened zone can reach 640HV0.5. The loader clevis pin processed by grind-hardening meets the property request for working.

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20

Liu, Shu Xian, Li Li Shen, Qian Ping Wang, and Fu Sheng Niu. "Investigation on Crushing Kinetic Equation of Ball Milling of Quartz Powder." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.812.

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The kinetic equation of ball milling of quartz powder was deducted. by grinding quartz experiments in a intermittent ball mill. The results showed that: (1) Conventional first-order kinetic equation which describe the velocity of quartz grinding is not concordant with theory. Dynamics parameters are not constant, but time-related. (2) The kinetic equation of time correction can more clearly express their grinding speed. Fitted regression equation has a more accuracy prediction for the instantaneous concentration of particle size, and obtain the dynamics constants. (3) The grinding speed has a maximum value over time because of the particle size distribution and grading comminution. (4).The time index is not only related with the material nature and conditions of the grinding, but also with the particle size distribution. To predict accurately, the grade range should be narrow. (5). Different grinding time distribution of particles in the ball mill should be measured in the continuous grinding process. The comminution results can be predicted by the kinetic equation mentioned above.

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21

Handa, Danish, and VS Sooraj. "Feasibility studies on wet grinding of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy polymer at minimum defect condition via eccentric sleeve grinding." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 5-6 (October 18, 2021): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051731.

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Although surface grinding is reported to be capable of precision material removal in carbon fibre reinforced epoxy polymer composites (CFRPs), it is highly limited by deprived cutting temperature dissipation, tool wear and sensitivity to undesired cutting defects. Continuous engagement of abrasive grains and successive accumulation of heat at cutting interface in conventional surface grinding results in severe surface damages. Though the controlled application of cutting fluids exhibited improved surface integrity, entrapment of fluid droplets into the defective zones/cracks of fibre, matrix and its interfaces are shown to be stimulating further defect propagation. Present paper investigates the feasibility of improving cutting fluid application in CFRP grinding, establishing a minimum surface defect condition through eccentric sleeve grinding (ESG). The reduction of post-grinding surface defects through an intermittent-progressive cutting scheme in ESG is demonstrated and the efficacy of cutting fluids in such a grinding scheme is illustrated through the comparison of grinding forces and surface characteristics.

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22

AIDA, Seiji, Ichiro INASAKI, and Sigekuni KOBAYASHI. "Creep-feed grinding with intermittent dressing a using CBN-wheel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 54, no. 503 (1988): 1590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.54.1590.

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23

Kwak, Jae-Seob, and Man-Kyung Ha. "Force modeling and machining characteristics of the intermittent grinding wheels." KSME International Journal 15, no. 3 (March 2001): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03185218.

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24

Fang, Congfu, and Xipeng Xu. "Analysis of temperature distributions in surface grinding with intermittent wheels." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 71, no. 1-4 (November 19, 2013): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5472-1.

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25

Yakimov, Oleksiy, Liubov Bovnegra, Vladimir Tonkonogyi, Vladyslav Vaysman, Victor Strelbitskyi, and Inna Sinko. "INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISCONTINUOUS PROFILE WORKING SURFACES OF ABRASIVE WHEELS FOR PRECISION AND TEMPERATURE WHEN GRINDING." Cutting & Tools in Technological System, no. 94 (June 16, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-7405.2021.94.13.

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Анотація:

Grinding is the most common finishing method for hardened steel parts. Grinding is accompanied by a large heat release in the cutting area, under the influence of which structural changes appear in the thin surface of the processed parts, tensile stress and even microcracks, which significantly reduce the operational reliability of machines that include these parts. The use of abrasive wheels with an intermittent working surface makes it possible to reduce the temperature in the area of contact of abrasive grains with the material of the workpiece and, as a consequence, stabilize the quality of the surface layer of the workpieces. High-frequency vibrations in the elastic system of the machine, accompanying the work of an intermittent wheel, are a positive factor that reduces the energy consumption of the grinding process. However, under certain conditions of dynamic interaction of the tool with the workpiece, parametric resonance may occur, which worsens the geometric and physical-mechanical parameters of the quality of the surface layer of the processed part. The aim of the work is to realize the possibility of predicting the quality parameters of the surface layer of parts during intermittent grinding by studying the influence of the design features of the macrotopography of the working surface of abrasive wheels and processing modes on the nature of the dynamic interaction of the tool with the workpiece and the heat stress in the cutting area. It was found that the parametric vibrations of the elastic system of the machine tool can be shifted to a more stable area, due to an increase in the number of interruptions of the working surface of the abrasive wheel with a constant ratio of the length of the protrusions and depressions. The increase in the number of breaks on the wheel also contributes to a decrease in temperature in the cutting area. It was found that to maintain the stable operation of the elastic system of the machine, it is necessary to reduce the number of cavities on the grinding wheel with an increase in the cutting speed. However, both of these actions are accompanied by an increase in the heat stress of the grinding process. It has been experimentally established that for ordinary (pendulum) grinding, it is possible to achieve an increase in processing productivity by increasing the speed of the longitudinal movement of the table.

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26

Ni, Jing, Kai Feng, M. S. H. Al-Furjan, Xiaojiao Xu, and Jing Xu. "Establishment and Verification of the Cutting Grinding Force Model for the Disc Wheel Based on Piezoelectric Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030725.

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In this paper, a new model of cutting grinding force for disc wheels is presented. Initially, it was proposed that the grinding cutting force was formed by the grinding force and cutting force in combination. Considering the single-grit morphology, the single-grit average grinding depth, the effective number of grits, and the contact arc length between the grit and the workpiece comprehensively, the grinding force model and the cutting force model were established, respectively. Then, a universal grinding cutting force model was optimized by introducing the effective grit coefficient model, dependent on the probability statistical method and the grit height coefficient model with Rayleigh’s distribution theory. Finally, according to the different proportions of the grinding force and cutting force, the grinding cutting force model, with multi-particles, was established. Simulation and experimental results based on piezoelectric sensors showed that the proposed model could predict the intermittent grinding cutting force well. Moreover, the inclusion of the grit height coefficient and the effective grits number coefficient improved the modeling accuracy. The error between the simulation and experimental findings in grinding cutting force was reduced to 7.8% in comparison with the traditional model. In addition, the grinding cutting force can be divided into three segments; increasing, steadiness, and decreasing, respectively found through modeling.

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27

Yu, Chuanming, Peng Guo, Can Jin, and Weike Su. "The Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives in the Absence of Solvent and Catalyst." Journal of Chemical Research 2009, no. 5 (May 2009): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823409x447763.

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Differently substituted benzimidazoles have been synthesised from o-phenylenediamine and arylaldehydes or arylmethylene-malononitriles absorbed on silica gel. The reaction was carried out by intermittent grinding or by a microwave-assisted technique under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions giving good yields of the products.

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28

Handa, Danish, Shankar Kumar, Sarath Babu Thekkoot Surendran, and V. S. Sooraj. "Simulation of intermittent grinding for Ti-6Al-4V with segmented wheel." Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021): 2537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.626.

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29

Mello, Hamilton Jose de, Diego Rafael de Mello, Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar, and Doriana M. D'Addona. "Grinding of AISI 4340 steel with interrupted cutting by aluminum oxide grinding wheel." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 68, no. 2 (June 2015): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680070.

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AbstractThere has been a great advance in the grinding process by the development of dressing, lubri-refrigeration and other methods. Nevertheless, all of these advances were gained only for continuous cutting; in other words, the ground workpiece profile remains unchanged. Hence, it becomes necessary to study grinding process using intermittent cutting (grooved workpiece – discontinuous cutting), as little or no knowledge and studies have been developed for this purpose, since there is nothing found in formal literature, except for grooved grinding wheels. During the grinding process, heat generated in the cutting zone is extremely high. Therefore, plenty of cutting fluids are essential to cool not only the workpiece but also the grinding wheel, improving the grinding process. In this paper, grinding trials were performed using a conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheel, testing samples made of AISI 4340 steel quenched and tempered with 2, 6, and 12 grooves. The cylindrical plunge grinding was performed by rotating the workpiece on the grinding wheel. This plunge movement was made at three different speeds. From the obtained results, it can be observed that roughness tended to increase for testing sample with the same number of grooves, as rotation speed increased. Roundness error also tended to increase as the speed rotation process got higher for testing the sample with the same number of grooves. Grinding wheel wear enhanced as rotation speed and number of grooves increased. Power consumed by the grinding machine was inversely proportional to the number of grooves. Subsuperficial microhardness had no significant change. Micrographs reveal an optimal machining operation as there was no significant damage on the machined surface.

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30

Xu, K.-Z., C.-J. Wei, D.-J. Hu, L.-M. Xu, and M.-M. Xu. "Temperature investigation of coated workpieces in intermittent grinding with a cup wheel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 226, no. 2 (September 12, 2011): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405411409826.

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31

Tawakoli, Taghi, and Bahman Azarhoushang. "Intermittent grinding of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) utilizing a developed segmented wheel." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 51, no. 2 (February 2011): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.11.002.

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32

Smirnov, Vitalii A., and Aleksandr V. Repko. "Workpiece Temperature Variations During Flat Peripheral Grinding." Management Systems in Production Engineering 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2018-0015.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of researches of temperature variations during flat peripheral grinding. It is shown that the temperature variations of the workpiece can reach 25...30% of the average values, which can lead to some thermal defects. A nonlinear two-dimensional thermophysical grinding model is suggested. It takes into account local changes in the cutting conditions: the fluctuation of the cut layer and the cutting force, the thermal impact of the cutting grains, and the presence of surface cavities in the intermittent wheel. For the numerical solution of the problem, the method of finite differences is adapted. Researches of the method stability and convergence are made, taking into account the specific nature of the problem. A high accuracy of the approximation of the boundary conditions and the nonlinear heat equation is provided. An experimental verification of the proposed thermophysical model was carried out with the use of installation for simultaneous measurement of the grinding force and temperature. It is shown that the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of the grinding temperature does not exceed 5%. The proposed thermophysical model makes it possible to predict with high accuracy the temperature variations during grinding by the wheel periphery.

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33

Bifano, T., R. Krishnamoorthy, H. Fawcett, and E. Welch. "Fixed-Load Electrolytic Dressing With Bronze Bonded Grinding Wheels." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830570.

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In electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID), a metal-bonded grinding wheel is dressed as a result of anodic dissolution. In this paper we describe experiments to evaluate the potential for ELID on bronze wheels in fixed-load grinding applications. A constant-force grinding apparatus was used to determine appropriate ELID conditions for a 10–20 μm bronze bonded diamond grinding wheel used to machine silicon carbide. A practical implementation of ELID was demonstrated using a low speed bronze bonded diamond wafering saw. Optimum ELID current was determine for different workpiece materials, and the wear rate of the saw blade using ELID was found to be of the same order as the wear rate of the saw blade using intermittent dressing with a porous ceramic stick. Some of the important factors controlling the rate of dressing by ELID (rate of film growth, rate of film wear and rate of diamond wear) and their combined effects are discussed. Successful use of ELID on bronzebonded wheels in other applications will be facilitated by understanding these phenomena, developing a general process model based on them and being able to predict useful ELID parameters.

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34

Wu, Jun, Jun Cheng, and Yadong Gong. "Modeling and experimental study of unequal interval intermittent (UII) diamond micro grinding tool." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 103, no. 5-8 (April 22, 2019): 2445–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03646-w.

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35

Unyanin, A. N., and A. V. Khazov. "ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GRINDING FORCES WITH THE IMPOSITION OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS WITH HIGH AMPLITUDE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 24, no. 1 (2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2022-24-1-37-43.

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An analytical study of the grinding forces under the superposition of ultrasonic vibrations (UV) with an amplitude providing intermittent contact of the abrasive grains of the circle with the workpiece, was performed. The grinding force was defined as the sum of the forces from the individual grains of the circle located on different sections of their trajectory relative to the treated surface of the workpiece. When the grain is moved in the contact zone of the circle with the workpiece, its operating mode changes and depends on the phase of vibrations. Moving relative to the workpiece, the grain performs plastic deformation and micro-cutting, on part of the trajectory it can come out of contact with the workpiece. The sequence of implementation of these modes depends on the phase of the UV. The components of the grinding force were calculated as the arithmetic mean of their values determined at different vibration phases. The coordinates of the points on the grain movement trajectory corresponding to the change in its operating mode were determined numerically. Numerical simulation of forces using the obtained dependences and experimental study were performed for flat grinding of 12H18N10T steel blanks by the periphery of the circle. The frequency of the superimposed UV is 18.6 kHz; the amplitude of the oscillations in the direction coinciding with the axis of the grinding wheel is 10 microns. To impose vibrations on the workpiece in the course of experimental studies, a device was used in which the workpiece is one of the links of the vibration system. It is established that the difference between the calculated and experimental values of the components of the grinding force is 8 ... 15%. With the imposition of a UV, grinding force is lower by 20 ... 21% than with out their use.

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36

Cherasia, Michael, and Lee Parks. "Suggestions for Use of Behavioral Measures in Treating Bruxism." Psychological Reports 58, no. 3 (June 1986): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.719.

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Nonfunctional grinding and gnashing of teeth during sleep is a behavior known as nocturnal bruxism, which affects a significant number of persons. It may lead to serious dental problems. Current practices by dentists and psychologists involve EMG monitoring of masseter muscle tension and contingent arousal for bruxing. Here assumed efficacy of arousal combined with overcorrection procedures rather than use of arousal alone guides treatment. Intermittent contingency schedules have been effective in long-term maintenance and generalization of behaviors.

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37

Chandra, A., K. Wang, Y. Huang, G. Subhash, M. H. Miller, and W. Qu. "Role of Unloading in Machining of Brittle Materials." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1285903.

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A simple stress based defect evolution model is developed to assess the influence of various process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) and induced damage during grinding of brittle materials. Model predictions for normal and lateral damage zones under normal indentations are first compared to fracture models as well as experimental observations on pyrex glass. Process design options for reducing induced damage in the finished part, and increasing MRR are considered next. In particular, the potential of a new design avenue involving intermittent unloading is investigated. Simulation results show that intermittent unloading can potentially facilitate increase in Force/Grit without increasing the associated surface and sub-surface fragmentation in the finished part. Preliminary experimental observations on single grit scratching of pyrex glass also show a similar trend. [S1087-1357(00)01902-X]

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38

Yakimov, O., G. Zadorozhko, L. Bovnegra, S. Beznos, and V. Balan. "POSSIBLE WAYS TO REDUCE THE COST OF GRINDING PROCESS OF PRODUCTS WITH INTERMITTENT CIRCLES." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 1, no. 54 (2018): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.1.54.2018.05.

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39

Handa, Danish, and V. S. Sooraj. "Performance assessment of a hybrid intermittent-progressive grinding strategy for bi-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 28 (2020): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.314.

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40

Ueno, Tomoyuki, Tomoyuki Ishimine, Kenji Matsunuma, Takao Nishioka, Yasushi Mochida, and Yoshiyuki Shimada. "Study on the High-Efficiency Smoothness Grinding of Soft Magnetic Powder Cores." Advanced Materials Research 565 (September 2012): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.565.10.

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Soft magnetic powder cores are materials manufactured by pressing pure iron powder covered with insulating film into shape. These are widely known soft magnetic materials which are used as essential electromagnetic conversion parts in automobiles and household appliances. In recent years, demand for higher magnetic properties and dimensional precision has been growing with respect to soft magnetic powder cores. It has therefore become necessary to develop a high-efficiency, high-precision finishing method. The issues to be addressed with regard to this kind of method are: (1) the pure iron used in these materials displays ductility resulting in burring and cohesion to machining tools, (2) these materials are green compacts with low binding forces between powder particles and high tendencies towards cracking and gouging, and (3) these materials possess residual pores at levels of several percent thus resulting in microscopically intermittent processing which causes heavy machining tool wear. We have solved these issues through the development of a super-smooth finishing method designed for soft magnetic powder cores.

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41

Abdul Hamid, Nur Farahin, Rozana Aina Maulat Osman, and Mohd Sobri Idris. "X-Ray Diffraction and Dielectric Constant of Lanthanum Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.131.

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Undoped barium titanate and lanthanum (La) doped barium titanate (BaTiO3) were studied for ferroelectric properties with the formula of Ba1-xLaxTi1-x/4O3 for x=0.1 and being prepared by using conventional solid state method reaction. The pure phase of this composition which x=0 were found at final heating temperatures starting from 1300°C and x=0.1 at 1350°C for overnight in air with intermittent grinding. The changes in the crystal structure of the composition were detected by using X-ray diffraction. Impedance Spectroscopy analysis is carried out to determine the dielectric properties for undoped BaTiO3 and La doped BaTiO3 for x=0.1.

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42

Acharya, Sudeep, Amita Pradhan, Rajib Chaulagain, and Ankur Shah. "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and its Relationship with Parafunctional Habits among Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i3.20289.

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Background: Temporomandibular disorder is a term used to describe problems involving temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication, occlusion characterized by symptoms such as pain, restricted movements and intermittent joint sound. The present study was conducted to determine prevalence of TMD and to describe its association with parafunctional habits. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 345 undergraduate students of KIST Medical College and Hospital. Study population was selected by simple random sampling and the Fonseca Anamnestic Questionnaires were distributed. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 16 . Results: The prevalence of TMD was 47.4% with mild and moderate type of TMD present. The most common habit was chewing gums followed by biting of lips and biting of objects. Statistically significant difference in TMD groups was observed in clenching and grinding of teeth, biting of lips and biting of objects (p<0.001). There was statistically significant association between TMD and the signs and symptoms such as headaches, difficult to open mouth, muscular pain while chewing (p<0.001). Conclusions: A statistically significant association was found between biting of lips, grinding of teeth and mouth breathing with TMD.Keywords: parafunctional habits; prevalence; TMD .

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43

Abdul Hamid, Nur Farahin, Rozana Aina Maulat Osman, Mohd Sobri Idris, and Tze Qing Tan. "Studied on Structural Characterization of Lanthanum Doped Barium Titanium Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.198.

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La-doped barium titanate (BaTiO3) was prepared using conventional solid state synthesis route. All peaks for sample x=0 are approaching the phase pure of BaTiO3 structure with tetragonal crystal structure (P4mm). Sintering of pressed powder are performed at 1300oC, 1400oC and 1450oC for overnight for pure BaTiO3 and 1350oC for 3 days for BaTiO3 doped lanthanum with intermittent grinding. Phase transition was studied by different x composition. The changes in the crystal structure of the composition x=0.1 and 0.2 were detected by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The phase changes between tetragonal-cubic and cubic-tetragonal depending on the temperature. Rietveld Refinement analysis is carried out to determine the lattice parameter and unit cell for BaTiO3.

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44

Bakkal, Mustafa. "Machinability of BMG." Key Engineering Materials 521 (August 2012): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.521.225.

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This chapter covers the series of machinability evaluation test result and discussions of Zr52.5Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10bulk metallic glass (BMG). These tests are lathe turning, drilling, milling and preliminary level grinding tests. In the continuous machining methods such as turning, drilling and grinding of BMG, above a threshold cutting speed, the low thermal conductivity of BMG leads to chip temperatures high enough to cause the chip oxidation and associated light emission. The high temperature produced by this exothermic chemical reaction causes crystallization within the chips. Chips morphology suggests that increasing amounts of viscous flow control the chip-removal process. Moreover, viscous flow and crystallization can occur during the machining of the bulk metallic glass, even under the high temperature gradient and strain rate. High cutting speed significantly reduced the forces for BMG machining due to thermal softening. However, in intermittent cutting process which is milling, there is no high temperature problem, special burr formations the rollover and the top burr were observed along the slot and achieved good surface roughness, Ra= 0.113 μm, using conventional WC-Co cutting tool. In each method, tests repeated for the conventional materials for comparison purpose. This study concludes the precision machining of BMG is possible with the selection of feasible tools and process parameters for each method.

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45

Tonkonogyi, Vladimir, Alexey Yakimov, Liubov Bovnegra, Tetiana Sidelnykova, and Predrag Dašić. "The use of intermittent wheels, impregnated by the contact method to reduce the thermal stress of the grinding process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 708 (December 19, 2019): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/708/1/012034.

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46

Deng, Hui, Genyu Chen, Jie He, Cong Zhou, Han Du, and Yanyi Wang. "Online, efficient and precision laser profiling of bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheels based on a single-layer deep-cutting intermittent feeding method." Optics & Laser Technology 80 (June 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.12.021.

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47

Pronina, Galina Iozepovna, Alexey Alexandrovich Panteleev, and Elena E. Susova. "In vivo male african catfish sperm obtaining and evaluation for artificial reproduction." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2111-03.

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African catfish is a valuable unpretentious object of breeding. It is successfully grown in re-circulating aquaculture systems in mild climate areas. However, artificial reproduction of the African catfish has problems with the collecting of high-quality sperm for fertilization of eggs. Abdominal massage does not give results even after appropriate hormonal stimulation: sperm is released in a small volume, often with an admixture of urine and blood. At the same time, most spermatozoa are motionless. This is due to the morphological features of the gonad structure: the seminal tubules are of the percoid type, in which there are seminal vesicles that prevent sperm release. When breeding catfish, the method of slaughtering males is mainly used, followed by the extraction of gonads, their grinding and straining through gauze or a sieve. Therefore, an urgent task is to develop methods for in vivo male African catfish high-quality sperm collecting. This report shows the technique of gonadectomy and surgery techniques for extracting one or both gonads. General anesthesia was performed by immersing the fish in a solution of clove oil. The optimal dose of clove oil for anesthesia was determined as 0.10–0.20 ml/l. The surgical area was treated with an antiseptic solution. The skin was dissected and separated from abdominal muscles. After acutorsion of testicular vessels, the gonad was excised entirely, since with partial resection, the remaining part of the parenchyma oozes, causing inflammation of the abdominal cavity and impaired healing of the surgical wound. Intermittent octal sutures were applied separately to the peritoneum with abdominal muscles and skin to create additional anastomoses and prevent complications.

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48

Imai, Kenichiro, and Hiroshi Hashimoto. "Thrust Force Directional Vibration-Assisted Ductile-Mode Grinding of Single-Crystal Si." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.627.

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Under optimum grinding conditions, a constant grinding force is exerted on a workpiece during ductile-mode grinding of BK7 glass. Based on the results, the cutting force, specific grinding energy, and depth of cut for a single grain were calculated. It was found that a single grain was easily removed from the material. However, grinding is impossible because surface burning occurs on the workpiece. In order to avoid burning, a single-crystal silicon wafer (1,0,0) surface was ground with thrust force directional vibration-assisted grinding. The normal grinding force with vibration was comparatively low, but was quite stable. The removal rate was approximately three times greater than that without vibration. The results indicate that the successive abrasive grains of the grinding wheel remove the material intermittently.

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49

Pfeifer, Lily S., Gerilyn S. Soreghan, Stéphane Pochat, and Jean Van Den Driessche. "Loess in eastern equatorial Pangea archives a dusty atmosphere and possible upland glaciation." GSA Bulletin 133, no. 1-2 (June 19, 2020): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35590.1.

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Abstract Carboniferous–Permian strata in basins within the Central Pangean Mountains in France archive regional paleoequatorial climate during a unique interval in geological history (Pangea assembly, ice-age collapse, megamonsoon inception). The voluminous (∼1.5 km) succession of exclusively fine-grained red beds that comprises the Permian Salagou Formation (Lodève Basin, France) has long been interpreted to record either lacustrine or fluvial deposition, primarily based on a local emphasis of subaqueous features in the upper ∼25% of the section. In contrast, data presented here indicate that the lower-middle Salagou Formation is dominated by up to 15-m-thick beds of internally massive red mudstone with abundant pedogenic features (microscale) and no evidence of channeling. Up-section, limited occurrences of ripple and hummocky cross-stratification, and mudcracks record the intermittent influence of shallow water, but with no channeling nor units with grain sizes exceeding coarse silt. These data suggest that the most parsimonious interpretation for the Salagou Formation involves eolian transport of the sediment and ultimate deposition as loess in shallow, ephemeral lacustrine environments. Provenance analyses of the Salagou Formation indicate coarse-grained protoliths and, together with geochemical proxies (chemical index of alteration [CIA] and τNa) that correspond respectively to a low degree of chemical weathering and a mean annual temperature of ∼4 °C, suggest that silt generation in this case is most consistent with cold-weathering (glacial and associated periglacial) processes in the Variscan highlands. Together with previous studies that detailed voluminous Permian loess in western equatorial Pangea, this work shows a globally unique distribution of dust at low latitudes that can be linked either directly to glaciated alpine terranes or to reworked and deflated deposits of other types (e.g., fluvial outwash) where fine-grained material was originally generated from glacial grinding in alpine systems. These results further support a revised model for early Permian climate, in which extratropical ice sheets coexisted with a semiarid tropics that may have hosted significant ice at moderate elevation.

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50

Heldin, Magnus, and Urban Wiklund. "Evaluation of well-defined tool surface designs for groundwood pulping." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 9575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9575-9587.

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Groundwood pulping is a process in which logs are pressed against a rotating grinding stone. A conventional grinding stone is generally made of grinding particles in a vitrified matrix. As the particles are practically round, their contact with the wood is limited to occasional point contacts. The interaction between the particles and the wood occurs at random positions and at random times, only intermittently contributing to the defibration process. In this work, well-defined grinding tools with asperities giving line contacts rather than point contacts were tested. The tool surface asperities were elongated in shape and positioned with different density over the surface. The tools were tested in a lab-scale equipment at elevated temperatures, and their performance was compared to that of a conventional grinding stone. The grinding mechanisms varied between the different tools, and the specific grinding energy was reduced compared to the conventional tool.

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