Статті в журналах: "Intermetallic-Intermetallic eutectic composite alloy"

1

Piątkowski, Jarosław, and Robert Wieszała. "Crystallization and Structure of AlSi10Mg0.5Mn0.5 Alloy with Dispersion Strengthening with Al–FexAly–SiC Phases." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080865.

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The paper characterizes a composite with dispersion phases cast via the use of stir casting method on an aluminum matrix. A mixture of aluminum with FexAly and SiC powders was achieved in the process of mechanical alloying and self-propagating high temperature synthesis (ASHS). Chemical composition of agglomerates was chosen in such a way that the strengthening components made up 25% of the mass of the AlSi10Mg0.5Mn0.6 (EN AC-43400) alloy matrix. The characteristic temperatures of crystallization of the tested alloy were measured by thermal analysis ATD (analysis thermal derivative). A change of chemical and phase composition was confirmed in the elements of the intermetallic phase FeAl in the aluminum matrix. A silumin casting structure was achieved, with the matrix including micro-areas of ceramic phases and intermetallic phases, which are characteristic for hybrid strengthening. A refinement of dendrites in solid solution α was found, together with a transition from a binary plate eutectic composition α(Al) + β(Si) into modified eutectic composition.

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2

Huang, Her-Yueh, Chung-Wei Yang, and Yu-Chang Peng. "Effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder with the addition of a small amount of magnesium." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 23, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0130.

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AbstractThe influence of a small amount of magnesium (only 0.01 wt.%) added to the Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy during the aging process of microstructural evolution is studied along with the mechanical properties of the alloy. The experimental results indicate that the addition of magnesium decreases the tensile strength of the solders but improves their elongation. The solidification structure of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu consists of β-Sn, and the eutectic structure, which has extremely fine intermetallic nodules, Cu6Sn5, is located in the interdendritic region. When the magnesium is added to the Sn-0.7Cu alloy, the Sn dendrites become slightly coarser; in comparison, the melting point of the Sn-0.7Cu-0.01Mg alloy decreased by 2°C for the differential scanning calorimetry results of bulk alloy samples. Sn-0.7Cu-0.01Mg exhibits the lowest contact angles and the widest spreading areas. After aging, the Sn-0.7Cu and Sn-0.7Cu-0.01Mg solders show significant changes in strength, mainly because of the obvious increase in the thickness of the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic layer.

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3

Tanaka, Yasuhiko, Takeshi Goto, and Yoshimi Watanabe. "Graded Microstructure at Fiber / Copper Matrix Interface in FRM Fabricated by the Reaction at Narrow Holes Method." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.737.

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The reaction at narrow holes method (RANH method) has been proposed for fabricating fiber reinforced metal (FRM), such as an intermetallic compound fiber / metal matrix composite. This study clarifies a microstructure at a fiber / metal matrix interface of FRM fabricated by using a combination of pure-copper and pure-aluminum in the RANH method. Pure-aluminum fiber was inserted into a narrow hole drilled in the copper matrix. The assembly comprising the pure-aluminum fiber and the pure-copper matrix was heated to a temperature greater than eutectic temperature of the copper-aluminum binary alloy. A molten aluminum reacted with copper to form an annular reacted region consisting of g1 intermetallic compound in a single phase near the edge of the narrow hole. The g1 intermetallic compound has very high hardness on the order of 800-900 HV. The annular reacted region may have a high tensile strength and may work as a reinforcing metal fiber in FRM.

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4

Fathy, N. "Interfacial Microstructure and Bonding Area of Sn-based Alloy-GG25 Gray Iron Bimetallic Material Using Flux, Sn, and Sn-Zn Interlayer Compound Casting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 2 (April 9, 2022): 8416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4804.

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A bimetallic casting consisting of GG25 gray iron substrate and Sn-based alloy using the liquid-solid technique has been studied in this paper. Three different pretreatment processes of gray iron surface substrates including flux only, flux and Sn powder, and flux and Sn-8.8% Zn powder eutectic alloy surface treatment were adopted for the aim of improving the quality of tinning, the interfacial structure, and the bonding area of the Sn-based alloy/gray iron bimetallic composite in order to promote the bonding quality of bimetallic castings. Microstructure characterization on the bonding interface was conducted. The novel tinning material for gray cast iron substrate comprising of Sn-8.8% Zn eutectic alloy powder in combination with flux interlayer improved the bonding area, the interfacial bimetal structure, and the shear stress. This improvement is due to the higher interface reaction of Zn with Fe that leads to the formation of a very thin layer of Fe-Zn and Fe-Sn intermetallic phases.

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5

Zykova, Anna, Aleksandra Nikolaeva, Aleksandr Panfilov, Andrey Vorontsov, Alisa Nikonenko, Artem Dobrovolsky, Andrey Chumaevskii, et al. "Microstructures and Phases in Electron Beam Additively Manufactured Ti-Al-Mo-Z-V/CuAl9Mn2 Alloy." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 9, 2023): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124279.

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Electron beam additive manufacturing from dissimilar metal wires was used to intermix 5, 10 and 15 vol.% of Ti-Al-Mo-Z-V titanium alloy with CuAl9Mn2 bronze on a stainless steel substrate. The resulting alloys were subjected to investigations into their microstructural, phase and mechanical characteristics. It was shown that different microstructures were formed in an alloy containing 5 vol.% titanium alloy, as well as others containing 10 and 15 vol.%. The first was characterized by structural components such as solid solution, eutectic intermetallic compound TiCu2Al and coarse grains of γ1-Al4Cu9. It had enhanced strength and demonstrated steady oxidation wear in sliding tests. The other two alloys also contained large flower-like Ti(Cu,Al)2 dendrites that appeared due to the thermal decomposition of γ1-Al4Cu9. This structural transformation resulted in catastrophic embrittlement of the composite and changing of wear mechanism from oxidative to abrasive.

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6

Wloch, G., T. Skrzekut, J. Sobota, A. Woznicki, and L. Błaż. "Silver Matrix Composite Reinforced by Aluminium-Silver Intermetallic Phases." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0066.

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AbstractSilver and aluminum powders (82 mass % Ag and 18 mass % Al) were mixed and hot extruded at 673 K with extrusion ratio λ = 25. Performed X-ray diffraction analysis of as extruded rod revealed the development of Ag3Al and Ag2Al-type intermetallic phases. Structural observations and both chemical and diffraction analysis of structural components confirmed the growth of mentioned phases in the vicinity of elementary Al and Ag granules. No pores or voids were observed in the material. Mechanical properties of the composite, UTS = 490MPa, YS = 440 MPa, HV2 = 136, were relatively high if compared to commercial Ag and Cu products. Hot compression tests pointed to the good hot workability of the composite at deformation temperature range 473 K - 773 K.The differential scanning calorimetry tests were performed in order to estimate structural processes during heating of Ag/Al composite that lead to thermodynamically stable liquid state. It was found that characteristic temperature of three endothermic peaks correspond to (1) peritectoid transformation μ-Ag3Al → ζ-Ag2Al + (Ag), (2) the eutectic melting ζ-Ag2Al + (Al) → L, (3) melting of the ζ-Ag2Al phase.The Vickers hardness of the samples annealed at 673 K, for the time range up to 6900 minutes, was also determined. It was concluded that mutual diffusion of elements between Ag and Al granules and the growth of μ-Ag3Al and ζ-Ag2Al grains during annealing at 673 K result in a slight hardening of the composite.

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7

Kim, Won Yong, Han Sol Kim, Shae K. Kim, Tae Yeub Ra, and Mok Soon Kim. "Effect of Ternary Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Nb-Si Based Refractory Intermetallic Alloy." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.342.

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Microstructure and mechanical property at room temperature and at 1773 K of Nb-Si based refractory intermetallic alloys were investigated in terms of compression and fracture toughness test. Mo and V were chosen as ternary alloying elements because of their high melting points, atomic sizes smaller than Nb. Both ternary alloying elements were found to have a significant role in modifying the microstructure from dispersed structure to eutectic-like structure in Nb solid solution/Nb5Si3 intermetallic composites. The 0.2% offset yield strength at room temperature increased with increasing content of ternary elements in Nb solid solution and volume fraction of Nb5Si3. At 1773 K, Mo addition has a positive role in increasing the yield strength. On the other hand, V addition has a role in decreasing the yield strength. The fracture toughness of ternary alloys was superior to binary alloys. Details will be discussed in correlation with ternary alloying, volume fraction of constituent phase, and the microstructure.

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8

Konieczny, Marek. "Mechanical properties and failure analysis of laminated magnesium-intermetallic composites." AIMS Materials Science 9, no. 4 (2022): 572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2022034.

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<abstract> Laminated Mg-intermetallic composites were successfully fabricated by reaction synthesis in vacuum using 1 mm thick magnesium sheets and 0.25 mm thick copper foils. The final microstructure consisted of alternating layers of a hypoeutectic alloy containing crystals of CuMg2 and eutectic mixture of CuMg2 and solid solution of copper in magnesium and unreacted magnesium. The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the fabricated composites were examined under different loading directions through compression, three-point bending and impact tests. The results indicated that the composites exhibited anisotropic features. The specimens compressed in the parallel direction failed by cracking along the layers of intermetallics and buckling of magnesium layers. The specimens compressed in the perpendicular direction failed by transverse cracking in the intermetallic layers and fallowing catastrophic cracking inclined about 45° to the interface of both intermetallic and magnesium layers. The flexural strength of the composites was higher in perpendicular than in parallel direction. When the load parallel to the layers was applied, the failure occurred by cleavage mode showing limited plastic deformation. When the load perpendicular to the layers was applied, the failure occurred by transverse cracking of the intermetallic layers and gradual cracking of the Mg layers. The Charpy-tested samples showed the same fracture behavior as the bend-tested specimens, which indicated that the same mechanisms operated at both high impact rate and low bending-test rate. </abstract>

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9

Sutliff, J. A., B. P. Bewlay, G. A. Henshall, and M. J. Strum. "Facet crystallography of fractured V(2.7 wt% Si) solid solution." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100170840.

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V-Si binary alloys have been investigated as model high temperature alloys. Alloys with compositions between ~4 and 11 wt% Si can be fabricated as in-situ composites composed of the intermetallic V3Si phase and the V(Si) solid solution phase with a eutectic temperature of ~1870°C. The V(Si) phase is thought to be a ductile phase which provides toughness to the composite. We have previously reported on the fracture toughness of V-Si alloys.In this paper we present results on the fracture surface fractography and fracture facet crystallography of an arc-melted V(2.7 wt% Si) solid solution alloy fractured in bending. Figure 1 is a low magnification SEM micrograph of the surface of one half of a fractured bend bar. Many macroscopically flat facets can be seen and those for which crystallographic analysis was done have been labeled. Actually, the macro-facet surface as seen at higher magnification exhibits significant morphological structure, as can be observed in Figure 2 which shows detail of the facet labeled k.

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10

Касумов, Юрий Надирович, Артур Рубенович Манукянц, Виктор Адыгеевич Созаев, and Борис Магометович Хуболов. "PHASE FORMATION IN CONTACT LAYERS DURING CONTACT MELTING OF COPPER AND ALUMINUM." Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Study of Clusters, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, no. 12() (December 15, 2020): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/pcascnn/2020.12.120.

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В настоящей работе предпринимается попытка выявить особенности структуры контактных прослоек при контактном плавлении меди с алюминием марки АМГ-2 (состав мас. %: Mg - 1,8-2,8, Mn - 0,2-0,6, Cu - 0,1, Zn - 0,2, Fe - 0,4, Si - 0,4, остальное - алюминий) и алюминий-литиевым сплавом ( Al - 0,4 ат. % Li ). Изучение контактного плавления в системе Cu / Al важно для разработки технологии контактно-реактивной пайки, получения слоистых интерметаллических композиционных материалов, создания теплоотводов полупроводниковых приборов, моделирование дендритообразования. Установлено, что в контактных прослойках образуются интерметаллиды, влияющие на хрупкость соединений меди с алюминием и эвтектические структуры. In this work, an attempt is made to identify the features of the structure of contact layers during the contact melting of copper with aluminum brand AMG-2 (mass composition, %: Mg - 1,8 - 2,8, Mn - 0,2 - 0,6, Cu - 0,1, Zn - 0,2, Fe - 0,4, Si - 0,4, rest - aluminum) and aluminum-lithium alloy (Al - 0,4 wt.% Li). The study of contact melting in the system is important for development of contact-reactive soldering technology, obtaining layered intermetallic composite materials, creating heat sinks for semiconductor devices, modeling dendrite formation. It was established that intermetallic compounds are formed in the contact layers, which affect the brittleness of copper-aluminum compounds and eutectic structures.

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11

Buryakovskaya, Olesya A., Grayr N. Ambaryan, Musi Zh Suleimanov, Alexey B. Tarasenko, and Mikhail S. Vlaskin. "Enhanced Hydrogen Generation from Magnesium–Aluminum Scrap Ball Milled with Low Melting Point Solder Alloy." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 18, 2023): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124450.

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In this investigation, composite materials were manufactured of mixed scrap of Mg-based alloys and low melting point Sn–Pb eutectic by high energy ball milling, and their hydrogen generation performance was tested in NaCl solution. The effects of the ball milling duration and additive content on their microstructure and reactivity were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated notable structural transformations of the particles during ball milling, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) proved the formation of new intermetallic phases Mg2Sn and Mg2Pb, which were aimed to augment galvanic corrosion of the base metal. The dependency of the material’s reactivity on the activation time and additive content occurred to be non-monotonic. For all tested samples ball milling during the 1 h provided, the highest hydrogen generation rates and yields as compared to 0.5 and 2 h and compositions with 5 wt.% of the Sn–Pb alloy, demonstrated higher reactivity than those with 0, 2.5, and 10 wt.%.

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12

Kamieniak, Kinga, and Marcin A. Malik. "The Influence of Reinforcement Purity on Corrosion Resistance of AM50/SiC Composites." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.43.

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The microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AM50/SiC magnesium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles were investigated. Composites containing 10 wt. % of SiC were fabricated by means of gravity casting. Technical grade silicon carbide used for the composites fabrication was subjected to a purification procedure leading to the removal of iron containing impurities from its surface. The corrosion resistance of the composite with purified SiC particles was compared to the corrosion resistance of the one containing crude technical grade silicon carbide as well as to the corrosion resistance of the matrix alloy. Voltammetry and an electrochemical noise technique as well as hydrogen evolution rate measurements were utilized for that purpose. Corrosion tests were performed in 0.5 mol dm3 NaCl saturated with Mg (OH)2. It has been demonstrated that the composite containing purified SiC was less susceptible to corrosion than the one containing crude SiC particles. Both composites were less resistant to corrosion than their matrix itself. Regardless of a purity level of SiC which was used for the composites fabrication, the same constituents were revealed in their microstructure, namely: α-phase (a solid solution of aluminium in magnesium), fully divorced eutectic α + γ (where γ-phase is Al12Mg17), intermetallic compound Al8Mn5 and SiC particles uniformly distributed in the whole volume of the matrix.

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13

Dobrovolskii, Artem, Andrey Chumaevskii, Anna Zykova, Nikolay Savchenko, Denis Gurianov, Aleksandra Nikolaeva, Natalia Semenchuk, et al. "Al–Al3Ni In Situ Composite Formation by Wire-Feed Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing." Materials 16, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 4157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16114157.

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The regularities of microstructure formation in samples of multiphase composites obtained by additive electron beam manufacturing on the basis of aluminum alloy ER4043 and nickel superalloy Udimet-500 have been studied. The results of the structure study show that a multicomponent structure is formed in the samples with the presence of Cr23C6 carbides, solid solutions based on aluminum -Al or silicon -Si, eutectics along the boundaries of dendrites, intermetallic phases Al3Ni, AlNi3, Al75Co22Ni3, and Al5Co, as well as carbides of complex composition AlCCr, Al8SiC7, of a different morphology. The formation of a number of intermetallic phases present in local areas of the samples was also distinguished. A large amount of solid phases leads to the formation of a material with high hardness and low ductility. The fracture of composite specimens under tension and compression is brittle, without revealing the stage of plastic flow. Tensile strength values are significantly reduced from the initial 142–164 MPa to 55–123 MPa. In compression, the tensile strength values increase to 490–570 MPa and 905–1200 MPa with the introduction of 5% and 10% nickel superalloy, respectively. An increase in the hardness and compressive strength of the surface layers results in an increase in the wear resistance of the specimens and a decrease in the coefficient of friction.

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14

Orbulov, Imre Norbert, and Árpád Németh. "Infiltration Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Reinforced MMCs." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.229.

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Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite blocks and a pipe (as semi-product) were produced by pressure infiltration technique. In this paper the authors deal with the production method and investigations of the blocks and the pipe. In our composites AlSi12 eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy was used as matrix material. The reinforcements were ‘A’ and ‘B’ type carbon fibers (‘A’ having lower amorphous carbon content than ‘B’). The volume fraction of the fibers was outstanding – at least 55 vol%. Scanning electron microscopic investigations were done in order to observe the rather rough surface of the carbon fibres. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometry was done in order to estimate the quantity of Al4C3 intermetallic phase at the carbon fiber/matrix interface region. The measurements showed that the quantity of Al4C3 strongly depends on the amorphous carbon quantity in carbon fibers. Much more Al4C3 was formed in the case of ‘A’ type reinforcement (less amorphous carbon), than in the case of ‘B’ type reinforcement (more amorphous carbon). The presence of Al4C3 crystals caused large scatter in the mechanical properties, the UTS was decreased, while the compressive strength was increased. Fracture surfaces were investigated: the composite showed rigid fracture.

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15

Brodova, Irina, Dmitriy Rasposienko, Irina Shirinkina, Anastasia Petrova, Torgom Akopyan, and Elena Bobruk. "Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on Structure Refinement and Mechanical Properties of the Al-Zn-Mg-Fe-Ni Alloy." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020296.

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This paper identifies the mechanisms of phase and structural transformations during severe plastic deformation by shearing under pressure (high-pressure torsion) of an Al-Zn-Mg-Fe-Ni-based aluminum alloy depending on different initial states of the material (an ingot after homogenizing annealing and a rod produced by radial-shear rolling). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy are used to determine the morphological and size characteristics of the structural constituents of the alloy after high-pressure torsion. It has been found that, irrespective of the history under high-pressure torsion, fragmentation and dynamic recrystallization results in a nanostructural alloy with a high microhardness of 2000 to 2600 MPa. Combined deformation processing (high-pressure torsion + radial-shear rolling) is shown to yield a nanocomposite reinforced with dispersed intermetallic phases of different origins, namely Al9FeNi eutectic aluminides and MgZn2, Al2Mg3Zn3, and Al3Zr secondary phases. The results of uniaxial tensile testing demonstrate good mechanical properties of the composite (ultimate tensile strength of 640 MPa, tensile yield strength of 628 MPa, and elongation of 5%).

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16

Liu, Y., J. Hu, Y. Zhang, and Z. Guo. "Interface microstructure of the brazed zirconia and Ti-6Al-4V using Ti-based amorphous filler." Science of Sintering 45, no. 3 (2013): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1303313l.

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The polycrystalline ZrO2?3mol.%Y2O3 was brazed to Ti-6Al-4V using a Ti47Zr28Cu14Ni11 (at.%) amorphous ribbon at 1123 K in a high vacuum. The microstructure of the interface and evolution mechanism of the joint was investigated. The experimental result showed that the typical interfacial microstructures of the joints consisted of ZrO2/TiO+TiO2+Cu2Ti4O+Ni2Ti4O/?-Ti+(Ti,Zr)2(Cu,Ni) eutectic/(Ti,Zr)2(Cu,Ni)/acicular Widmanst?ten structure/Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The microstructure of the brazed joint was related to the solution and chemical reaction among atoms during brazing. According to the mechanical property tests the joint brazed at 1123 K for 30 min obtained the maximum shear strength 63 MPa. Both the white block intermetallic compound (Ti,Zr)2(Cu,Ni) and the coarse ?-Ti+(Ti,Zr)2(Cu,Ni) eutectic structure should be avoided forming in the brazed joint.

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17

Ghadyani, Mohammad, Claire Utton, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "Microstructures and Isothermal Oxidation of the Alumina Scale Forming Nb1.45Si2.7Ti2.25Al3.25Hf0.35 and Nb1.35Si2.3Ti2.3Al3.7Hf0.35 Alloys." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050759.

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Coating system(s) will be required for Nb-silicide based alloys. Alumina forming alloys that are chemically compatible with the Nb-silicide based alloy substrate could be components of such systems. The intermetallic alloys Nb1.45Si2.7Ti2.25Al3.25Hf0.35 (MG5) and Nb1.35Si2.3Ti2.3Al3.7Hf0.35 (MG6) were studied in the cast, heat treated and isothermally oxidised conditions at 800 and 1200 °C to find out if they are αAl2O3 scale formers. A (Al/Si)alloy versus Nb/(Ti + Hf)alloy map, which can be considered to be a map for Multi-Principle Element or Complex Concentrated Nb-Ti-Si-Al-Hf alloys, and a [Nb/(Ti + Hf)]Nb5Si3 versus [Nb/(Ti + Hf)]alloy map were constructed making use of the alloy design methodology NICE and data from a previously studied alloy, and were used to select the alloys MG5 and MG6 that were expected (i) not to pest, (ii) to form αAl2O3 scale at 1200 °C, (iii) to have no solid solution, (iv) to form only hexagonal Nb5Si3 and (v) to have microstructures consisting of hexagonal Nb5Si3, Ti5Si3, Ti5Si4, TiSi silicides, and tri-aluminides and Al rich TiAl. Both alloys met the requirements (i) to (v). The alumina scale was able to self-heal at 1200 °C. Liquation in the alloy MG6 at 1200 °C was linked with the formation of a eutectic like structure and the TiAl aluminide in the cast alloy. Key to the oxidation of the alloys was the formation (i) of “composite” silicide grains in which the Nb5Si3 core was surrounded by the Ti5Si4 and TiSi silicides, and (ii) of tri-aluminides with high Al/Si ratio, particularly at 1200 °C and very low Nb/Ti ratio forming in-between the “composite” silicide grains. Both alloys met the “standard definition” of high entropy alloys (HEAs). Compared with HEAs with bcc solid solution and intermetallics, the VEC values of both the alloys were outside the range of reported values. The parameters VEC,  and  of Nb-Ti-Si-Al-Hf coating alloys and non-pesting Nb-silicide based alloys were compared and trends were established. Selection of coating alloys with possible “layered” structures was discussed and alloy compositions were proposed.

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18

Takata, Naoki, Taiki Okano, Asuka Suzuki, and Makoto Kobashi. "Microstructure of intermetallic-reinforced Al-Based alloy composites fabricated using eutectic reactions in Al–Mg–Zn ternary system." Intermetallics 95 (April 2018): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.01.018.

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19

Jiang, Wen Ming, Zi Tian Fan, and Guang Yu Li. "Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of the Interface of Mg/Al Bimetallic Composites Prepared by Lost Foam Casting." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2054.

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In the present work, the Mg/Al bimetallic composites were successfully prepared by the lost foam casting (LFC) process, and the characteristics and formation mechanism of the interface of the Mg/Al bimetallic composites were investigated. The results show that a uniform and compact metallurgical interface with an average thickness of about 1400 μm was formed between magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy. The interface layer of the Mg/Al bimetallic composites was composed of three different reaction layers, namely the Al12Mg17+δ(Mg) eutectic layer adjacent to the magnesium matrix, the Al12Mg17+Mg2Si interlayer and the Al3Mg2+Mg2Si layer close to the aluminum matrix. The microhardnesses of the interface layer were remarkably higher than those of the magnesium and aluminum matrixes. The stress strength of the Mg/Al bimetallic composites was up to 47.67 MPa. The fractograph of the push out sample mainly showed a brittle fracture nature. The formation of the interface of the Mg/Al bimetallic composites was attributed to the fusion and diffusion bonding. With the variations of the concentrations of the different elements at the interface, the Al3Mg2 intermetallic phase first formed near to the aluminum matrix, and then the Al12Mg17 and Mg2Si successively generated toward the magnesium matrix, finally obtaining the interface layer of the Mg/Al bimetallic composites.

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20

Mohammed, Sohail, Shubham Gupta, Dejiang Li, Xiaoqin Zeng, and Daolun Chen. "Cyclic Deformation Behavior of A Heat-Treated Die-Cast Al-Mg-Si-Based Aluminum Alloy." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184115.

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The purpose of this investigation was to study the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of a newly developed high-pressure die-cast (HPDC) Al-5.5Mg-2.5Si-0.6Mn-0.2Fe (AlMgSiMnFe) alloy. The effect of heat-treatment in comparison with its as-cast counterpart was also identified. The layered (α-Al + Mg2Si) eutectic structure plus a small amount of Al8(Fe,Mn)2Si phase in the as-cast condition became an in-situ Mg2Si particulate-reinforced aluminum composite with spherical Mg2Si particles uniformly distributed in the α-Al matrix after heat treatment. Due to the spheroidization of intermetallic phases including both Mg2Si and Al8(Fe,Mn)2Si, the ductility and hardening capacity increased while the yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased. Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (or serrated flow) was observed in both tensile stress–strain curves and initial hysteresis loops during cyclic deformation because of dynamic strain aging caused by strong dislocation–precipitate interactions. The alloy exhibited cyclic hardening in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions when the applied total strain amplitude was above 0.4%, below which cyclic stabilization was sustained. The heat-treated alloy displayed a larger plastic strain amplitude and a lower stress amplitude at a given total strain amplitude, demonstrating a superior fatigue resistance in the LCF regime. A simple equation based on the stress amplitude of the first and mid-life cycles ((Δσ/2)first, (Δσ/2)mid) was proposed to characterize the degree of cyclic hardening/softening (D): D=±(Δσ/2)mid − (Δσ/2)first(Δσ/2)first, where the positive sign “+” represents cyclic hardening and the negative sign “−“ reflects cyclic softening.

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21

Тyagunov, A. G., Е. Е. Baryshev, G. V. Tyagunov, Т. K. Кostina, and K. Yu Shmakova. "USING MELT HIGH-TEMPERATURE TREATMENT FOR PROCESSING FOUNDRY WASTES OF HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOY." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-3-222-227.

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At present time, metallurgical wastes are used in metallurgical alloys production more and more. The volume accumulation and increase of return age effect on charge pollution by undesirable elements and nonmetallic inclusions. As a result, structure and properties of the casting inevitably get worse. This circumstance must influence on polytherm’s character of physical properties of the melt, necessary temperature and time parameters of the heat-resistant alloy’s melting accordingly. We have researched the temperature dependences of electrical resistance and kinematic viscosity of liquid heat-resistant composites based оn Ni – Nb – Cr – Mo systems. The critical temperatures were determined for the EP902 alloy. Heating up to these temperatures leads to irreversible changes in direction of the melt improving. Interaction was found between the amount of foundry waste and features of temperature dependences of the melt physico-chemical properties. An increase in the amount of foundry waste using in remelting results in the critical temperatures increasing. Influence of the melt conditions on crystallization process and on the structure of hard metal has been studied. The process of alloy EР902 solidification was researched by differential thermal analysis method. It has shown that the crystallization process starts with extraction of solid solution on the base of γ-phases and ends with forming of the eutectic based on the Ni3Nb intermetallic compound. Heating of the melt over the critical temperature leads to an increase of supercooling and does not effect on the eutectic temperature. The processing mode of the high temperature melt treatment was proposed based on the research results of physico-chemical properties of the liquid metal and process of the melt crystallization. It allows obtaining the highest quality of casting of heat-resistant EР902 alloy, which contains significant amount of foundry waste in the charge. The mechanical tests were implemented for experimental samples melted out by the optimal mode of high-temperature melt treatment (HTTM). Application of HTTM for the melts, contained 50 % of foundry waste in charge, allows obtaining the level of strength and plastic properties exceeding the technical requirements, stabilizing and combining it from melt to melt.

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22

Bogdanov, Artem, Vitaliy Kulevich, Victor Shmorgun, and Emil Kamalov. "Kinetics of diffusion interaction in the Ti-NiCr system layered composites." E3S Web of Conferences 413 (2023): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341302023.

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The results of investigation of the diffusion interaction kinetics at the boundary of explosion welded Ti-NiCr system compositions during heat treatment are presented. The structure, chemical and phase composition of the formed diffusion zones are also studied. It is shown that the layered diffusion zone is formed at a temperature below the eutectoid transformation. Diffusion zone consists of solid solutions based on Ti2Ni, TiNi, and TiNi3 intermetallic compounds, as well as chromium-based solid solution inclusions along the boundary with the NiCr alloy. An increase in temperature above the eutectoid transformation leads to an intensification of the growth of the diffusion zone and the diffusion of nickel into the titanium alloy with the formation of a eutectoid structure in it. The use of alloyed titanium alloys instead of commercially pure titanium does not affect the phase composition of the formed diffusion zones, but slows down the diffusion processes.

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23

Chalupová, Mária, Eva Tillová, and Mária Farkašová. "Microstructure Analysis of AlSi10MgMn Aluminium Cast Alloy." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.365.

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The present study was performed on primary AlSi10MgMn cast alloy to analyze the morphology and composition of complex microstructure of the intermetallic phases. AlSi10MgMn cast alloy is a typical casting alloy used for parts with thin walls and complex geometry. It offers good strength, hardness and dynamic properties and is therefore also used for parts subject to high loading. In this study, several methods were used such as: optical light microscopy (LM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy in combination with EDX analysis using standard etched or deep etched sample to identify intermetallic. Alloy was analyzed in as-cast state (rapidly cooled right after casting) and after T6 heat treatment. T6 treatment (solution annealing, quenching and age hardening) improves mechanical properties. The results show that the microstructure of AlSi10MgMn alloy consisted of several phases: α-matrix, eutectic, Fe-rich intermetallic phases (Al15(FeMn)3Si2, Al5FeSi), Mg2Si, Al8FeMg3Si6 and of other phases in formation. Iron-rich intermetallic phases are well known to be strongly influential on mechanical properties in Al-Si alloys. The most common morphology was the long platelets of Al5FeSi phase. After heat treatment were observed spheroidisation of eutectic Si, dissolution and fragmentation of Fe-phases.

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24

Yen, Yee-Wen, Chien-Chung Jao, and Chiapyng Lee. "Effect of Cu addition on interfacial reaction between Sn–9Zn solder and Ag." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 12 (December 2006): 2986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0369.

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The effect of Cu added eutectic Sn–9Zn solder reacting with the Ag substrate has been investigated in this study. Three Ag–Zn intermetallic compounds (IMCs), ∈–AgZn3, γ–Ag5Zn8, and ζ–AgZn, were formed on the Sn–9Zn/Ag interface at 260 °C. While Cu was gradually added to the Sn–9Zn alloy, microstructures of intermetallic compounds changed dramatically. The intermetallic compound microstructures became loose and Sn and Cu atoms in the Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds increased. If more than 3 wt% of Cu was added to the Sn-9Zn alloy, Ag-Sn intermetallic compounds were formed on the Ag surface and massive spalling of Ag–Zn IMC layers from the Ag surface occurred in a short reaction time.

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25

Chen, Ze Hao, Cong Xu, Xiao Liang Hu, Zhi Guo Liu, Hiroshi Yamagata, and Chao Li Ma. "Effect of Iron-Rich Intermetallic and Eutectic Si Accumulation on Al-Si-Mg Alloy." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.633.

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Al-Si-Mg alloys, an important aluminum cast alloys, are excessively used inmanufacturing of critical components due to their high strength to weight ratio, flexibility ofmanufacturing designs, economic processing and capital material cost for automotive industry. Thisresearch is aimed to study microstructure evolution including distribution and morphology ofiron-rich intermetallic, as well as eutectic Si accumulation and their effect on mechanical propertiesof Al-Si-Mg (A356) casting alloy after artificial ageing. The results show that formation of iron-richintermetallic and eutectic Si accumulation resulted in surprisingly opposite mechanical properties,especially ductility. The elongations deceased with increase of area of accumulated eutectic Si and theamount of needle-like iron-rich intermetallic. When the area of accumulated eutectic Si reached 31%of the microstructure of the A356 alloy, the strength and elongation were respectively damaged to129.69 MPa and 1.05%. Moreover, the amount of needle-like iron-rich intermetallic increased, thestrength and elongation respectively decreased.

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26

Hurtalová, Lenka, Eva Tillová, and Mária Chalupová. "Optimization of Eutectic Si Particles Morphology in Secondary Al-Si Cast Alloys after Different Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.349.

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Secondary cast Al-Si alloys containing more of additions elements and forming various structural parameters (intermetallic phases). The optimization of structure parameters morphology is necessary because the mechanical properties depend on changes in morphology of eutectic Si and intermetallic phases in Al-Si cast alloy. This article describes changes of eutectic Si morphology after heat treatment T4 and T6. The morphology changes were observed using combination different analytical techniques - light microscopy (upon black-white etching) and scanning electron microscopy - SEM (upon deep etching). For the experiment was used recycled (secondary) aluminium cast alloy AlSi9Cu3.

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27

Lui, A., P. S. Grant, I. C. Stone, and K. A. Q. O’Reilly. "The Role of Grain Refiner in the Nucleation of AlFeSi Intermetallic Phases During Solidification of a 6xxx Aluminum Alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 50, no. 11 (September 16, 2019): 5242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05447-y.

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Abstract Primary grain refinement using inoculant additions and intermetallic compound (IMC) phase selection are critical aspects in the solidification of commercial aluminum alloys, controlling the final mechanical properties in service. Although there have been studies which suggest there are explicit interactions between the two phenomena, they have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, through study of intermetallic phase particles extracted from an inoculated casting, key features relating to the nucleation of different intermetallic phases via eutectic reactions are recognized and explained. In particular, rake-like IMCs are identified as initiation points for the deleterious $$\beta $$ β -AlFeSi IMC phase in a model 6xxx series Al alloy. A mechanism is proposed for how $${\text{TiB}}_{2}$$ TiB 2 inoculant particles, which are commonly used for primary phase refinement, play a role in enhancing the nucleation of intermetallic phases during eutectic reactions at the liquid/$$\alpha $$ α -Al interface in the final stages of solidification. The implication of this mechanism is that, after the event of primary grain refinement, any unused $${\text{TiB}}_{2}$$ TiB 2 inoculant particles could be contributing to IMC formation thereby affecting the overall type, size, and distribution of intermetallic phases in the solidified alloy.

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Concustell, Amadeu, Jordi Sort, Jordina Fornell, Emma Rossinyol, Santiago Suriñach, Annett Gebert, Jurgen Eckert, and M. Dolors Baró. "Work-hardening mechanisms of the Ti60Cu14Ni12Sn4Nb10 nanocomposite alloy." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 10 (October 2009): 3146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0369.

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The work-hardening mechanisms of the Ti60Cu14Ni12Sn4Nb10 nanocomposite alloy were studied. This material is composed of micrometer-sized dendrites embedded in a nanostructured eutectic matrix and a CuTi2 intermetallic phase. Our study shows that, in the as-quenched state, the nanostructured eutectic matrix behaves softer than the dendrites. During mechanical deformation, both the dendrites and the eutectic matrix harden, whereas the hardness of the CuTi2 intermetallic phase remains unaltered. The high strength of the dendrites is caused by the interplay between solid solution hardening and dislocation networks during plastic flow. Interestingly, the mechanical hardening of the nanoeutectic matrix is also assisted by a martensitic transformation of the NiTi phase. Transmission electron microscopy studies clearly show that the martensitic transformation of this phase is accompanied with grain size refinement, which also plays a role in the deformation-induced mechanical hardening.

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29

Chokemorh, Peerawit, Phromphong Pandee, Suwaree Chankitmunkong, Ussadawut Patakham, and Chaowalit Limmaneevichitr. "Primary Si refinement and eutectic Si modification in Al-20Si via P-Ce addition." Materials Research Express 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 036501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac58e9.

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Abstract Enhancing the mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys by refining the primary and eutectic Si morphology is very challenging. In this study, the refinement mechanism of primary and eutectic Si morphologies via the simultaneous addition of P-Ce into the Al-20Si alloy was studied. Microstructural analysis revealed that the primary and eutectic Si morphologies were significantly refined, which increased the tensile strength. Furthermore, the addition of Ce, up to 0.6 wt%, can result in the formation of Ce-rich intermetallic phases, which may lead to a significantly increased tensile strength while retaining the ductility of the alloy. The ultimate tensile strength of the Al-20Si alloy increased from 96 to 175 MPa, and the elongation increased from 1.0% to 1.7% with the addition of P-Ce. Moreover, the wear resistance of the alloy improved. The added P and Ce did not react with each other to form an intermetallic compound; therefore, this method can simultaneously refine primary and eutectic Si.

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30

An, Seongbin, Minsuk Kim, Chaeeul Huh, and Chungseok Kim. "Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Al6Si2Cu Alloy Subjected to Double-Solution Heat Treatment." Metals 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010018.

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Анотація:

This study aims to develop the mechanical properties of the Al6Si2Cu aluminum alloy through the double-solution treatment. In addition to the Al matrix, large amounts of coarse eutectic Si, Al2Cu intermetallic, and Fe-rich phases were generated through thermo-calc simulation in agreement with the equilibrium phases. The eutectic Si phase is fragmented and spheroidized by the solution treatment as the heat treatment temperature and time increase. The Al2Cu intermetallic phase is dissolved into the Al matrix, resulting in an increase in both strength and elongation. The second-step solution temperature at 525 °C should be an optimum condition for enhancing the mechanical properties of the Al6Si2Cu aluminum alloy.

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31

Stloukal, Ivo, and Jiří Čermák. "Diffusion of Zinc in Two-Phase Mg-Al Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 263 (March 2007): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.263.189.

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Coefficient of 65Zn heterodiffusion in Mg17Al12 intermetallic and in eutectic alloy Mg - 33.4 wt. % Al was measured in the temperature region 598 – 698 K using serial sectioning and residual activity methods. Diffusion coefficient of 65Zn in the intermetallic can be written as DI = 1.7 × 10-2 m2 s-1 exp (-155.0 kJ mol-1 / RT). At temperatures T ≥ 648 K, where the mean diffusion path was greater than the mean interlamellar distance in the eutectic, the effective diffusion coefficient Def = 2.7 × 10-2 m2 s-1 exp (-155.1 kJ mol-1 / RT) was evaluated. At two lower temperatures, the diffusion coefficients 65Zn in interphase boundaries were estimated: Db (623 K) = 1.6 × 10-12 m2 s-1 and Db (598 K) = 4.4 × 10-13 m2 s-1.

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32

Brodarac, Zovko, N. Dolic, and F. Unkic. "Influence of copper content on microstructure development of AlSi9Cu3 alloy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 50, no. 1 (2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb130125009b.

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Microstructure development and possible interaction of present elements have been determined in charge material of EN AlSi9Cu3 quality. Literature review enables prediction of solidification sequence. Modelling of equilibrium phase diagram for examined chemical composition has been performed, which enables determination of equilibrium solidification sequence. Microstructural investigation indicated distribution and morphology of particular phase. Metallographic analysis tools enable exact determination of microstructural constituents: matrix ?Al, eutectic ?Al+?Si, iron base intermetallic phase - Al5FeSi, Alx(Fe,Mn)yCuuSiw and/or Alx(Fe,Mn)yMgzCuuSiw and copper base phases in ternary eutectic morphology Al-Al2Cu-Si and in complex intermetallic ramified morphology Alx(Fe,Mn)yMgzSiuCuw. Microstructure development examination reveals potential differences due to copper content which is prerequisite for high values of final mechanical, physical and technological properties of cast products.

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33

Zhang, Xue Zhi, Kazi Ahmmed, Meng Wang, and Henry Hu. "Influence of Aging Temperatures and Times on Mechanical Properties of Vacuum High Pressure Die Cast Aluminum Alloy A356." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.277.

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In this study a number of thermal treatment schemes over a wide range of temperatures between 120˚ to 350˚ C and times (30 120 minutes) have been experimented in an effort to understand the effect of thermal treatment on tensile properties of vacuum die cast modified aluminum alloy A356. The results show that, the morphology of eutectic silicon has a sound effect on the tensile properties of the tested alloy. The content of magnesium-based intermetallic phases, their morphology and distribution throughout the matrix affect the mechanical properties of the aged alloy as well. The reduction in the strengths of the alloy treated at 350°C for two hours should be at least attributed partly to the absence of the magnesium-based intermetallic phase. However the presence of sufficient amount of magnesium intermetallic phase had played important role in strengthening the alloy thermally treated at 200°C for 90 minutes.

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Vuksanovic, D., V. Asanovic, J. Scepanovic, and D. Radonjic. "Effect of chemical composition and T6 heat treatment on the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of Al-Si alloys for IC engine components." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 57, no. 2 (2021): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190510014v.

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The microstructural examinations of Al-Si alloys intended to manufacture IC engine components revealed a complex phase composition in all the samples. The polyhedral crystals of primary silicon were detected in the Al-12.5Si alloy, besides the ?-Al phase, eutectic silicon, and several intermetallic phases, identified in the cast samples of both alloys. Better tensile properties were found for the samples of Al-11Si. A predominantly intercrystalline fracture with features of ductile failure was observed in both alloys. In as-cast specimens of the Al-11Si alloy, the cracks were formed by the decohesion mechanism between the particles of the intermetallic phase AlCuFeNi and the ?-Al phase. The microcracks initiated on the interface were spread along the branches of the ?-Al15(Fe,Mn,Cu)3Si2 particles. After T6 treatment of the Al-11Si alloy, almost half of the intermetallics quantity presented the Al3Ni phase, while the iron-based phases were observed in a small amount. Spheroidized eutectic silicon, a smaller portion of Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, and a more considerable quantity of Al3(Fe,Mn,Cu,Ni,Co) were detected for T6 specimens of the Al-12.5Si alloy. The rounded crystals of eutectic silicon contributed to the improvement of their tensile properties. Larger and deeper dimples of mostly polygonal shapes were observed in the samples of the Al-11Si alloy after T6 treatment. The microcracks occurred at the boundary of the intermetallic phase/?-Al solid solution.

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Kiełbus, Andrzej, and Tomasz Rzychoń. "The Intermetallic Phases in Sand Casting Magnesium Alloys for Elevated Temperature." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.214.

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In the present article, the phase identification of four magnesium alloys: Mg-9wt%Al, Mg-8wt%Al-2wt%Ca-0.5wt%Sr, Mg-5wt%Y-4wt%RE and Mg-3wt%Nd-1wt%Gd were studied. The results showed that Mg-9wt%Al alloy contains only the Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase in α-Mg matrix. As-cast microstructure of Mg-8wt%Al-2wt%Ca-0.5wt%Sr alloy consist of α-Mg matrix with (Al,Mg)2Ca and (Al,Mg)4Sr phases. The Mg-5wt%Y-4wt%RE alloy showed several phases. This alloy was characterized by a solid solution structure α-Mg with eutectic α-Mg + Mg14Y2Nd on grain boundaries. The precipitates of MgY, Mg2Y, Mg24Y5 phases have been also observed. The Mg-3wt%Nd-1wt%Gd alloy composed mainly of a solid solution structure α-Mg with eutectic α-Mg + Mg3(Nd,Gd) on the grain boundaries. The regular precipitates of MgGd3 phase have been also observed.

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Jáňa, Miroslav, Milan Turňa, Milan Marônek, Marcel Kuruc, and Pavel Bílek. "Application of a Ternary Zn-Based Solder Alloy for Joining of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy with Ultrasonic Support." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.82.

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Анотація:

Contribution deals with soldering of Mg alloy AZ31B by ternary solder ZnAl6Ag6 with ultrasonic support. Suggested solder has been analyzed from many aspects. Microstructure of solder consistutes of solid solution α-Al (FCC_Al), β-Zn (HCP_Zn) and intermetallic phases AgZn3 and AlAg3. Melting temperature of solder 386.8 °C has been determined by DSC analysis. Metallurgical process of ultrasonic soldering has run at 410 °C for 3 s. Soldered joint has been constituted by eutectic ternary structure β-Mg17(ZnAl)12, solid solution α - Mg, which contains Al and Ag elements. At solder-substrate interface, there has been formed intermetallic phase Mg2Zn11. The highest value of microhardness has been 260 HV. To predict lifetime of soldered joint, calculations in software Thermo-Calc has been performed.

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Wang, Yanfeng, Qian Liu, Zheng Yang, Changming Qiu, and Kuan Tan. "Effect of Ce Addition and Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties of Industrial A357 Cast Alloy." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081100.

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Анотація:

The effects of adding different Ce contents (0–0.32 wt.%) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture morphology of industrial A357 cast alloy in as-cast and T6 heat treatment were studied. The main purpose of this study is to improve the microstructure stability and tensile properties of industrial A357 cast alloy. The microstructural analyses indicate that the addition of Ce causes refinement of the α-Al primary phase for the reason that the formation of intermetallic compounds containing (AlSiCeMg) elements enriches the front of the solid–liquid interface, which causes an increase in constitutional undercooling. Simultaneously, the addition of Ce also affected the characteristics of eutectic Si particles, which make its morphology change from acicular structures into fragmented and spheroidized. This is mainly due to the formation of Ce-rich precipitates during solidification, which increase the constitutional undercooling and suppress the nucleation of the eutectic Si particles, resulting in the change of eutectic Si characteristics. Moreover, the needle-like morphology of a Fe-containing intermetallic is transformed into α(AlSiFeCe) phase containing rare earth Ce when part of the Ce atoms entered β(Al5FeSi) phase compounds. The tensile properties of the modified alloys were improved in the as-cast and T6 heat treatment as a consequence of simultaneous refinement of both secondary dendrite arm spacing and grains and the improvement of eutectic Si particles and Fe-containing intermetallic morphology. The fracture surface of the modified alloy has more dimples than the unmodified alloy, which indicates that the main fracture pattern of the modified alloy is dimple fracture caused by the crack of eutectic Si particles. The optimal percentage of Ce in industrial A357 cast alloy was determined to be 0.16 wt.% according to the change of microstructures structure and mechanical properties. These experimental results provide a new basis for adding rare earth Ce to improve the performance of parts in the actual production of industrial A357 cast alloy.

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38

Abdelaziz, M. H., H. W. Doty, S. Valtierra, and F. H. Samuel. "Mechanical Performance of Zr-Containing 354-Type Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloy: Role of Additions and Heat Treatment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (October 8, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5715819.

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Анотація:

In this article, the volume fraction of intermetallic compounds in Zr-containing 354-type Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys, characteristics of eutectic Si particles, and tensile, hardness, and impact properties have been evaluated with varying Ni and Mn contents and combination. The results revealed that additions of Ni and Mn in different amounts and combinations increased the volume fraction of intermetallic compounds in the tailored alloys, compared to the base alloy (cf. 12.21% for 4% Ni-containing alloy with 2.5% for base alloy), producing a significant effect on the mechanical performance. The proposed additions enhanced the mechanical performance of the alloys, namely, the ambient- and elevated-temperature tensile properties, hardness values, and impact properties. For the Mn-containing alloys, the improvement in properties was attributed to the formation of sludge particles in the form of blocky α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2 alongside the script-like α-iron phase that resisted crack propagation. The precipitation of Ni-bearing phases such as Al9FeNi, Al3CuNi, and Al3Ni in the Ni-containing alloys improved the mechanical properties through hindering cracks propagation. Interestingly, addition of 0.75 wt.% Mn to the base alloy proved to be competitive in strength values to the addition of 2 and 4 wt.% Ni, and better in terms of ductility values. The investigations showed that the variations in hardness and impact values follow the same trend as variations in the percentage volume fraction of intermetallic compounds, i.e., maximum property value is associated to the alloy with highest volume fraction of intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, the impact properties showed higher dependency on Al2Cu phase particles rather than the eutectic Si particles.

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Ahmad, Rosli, M. B. A. Asmael, and Ali Ourdjini. "Effect of High Cerium and Lanthanum on Impact Toughness of Al-11Si-Cu Eutectic Cast Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.195.

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Анотація:

The effect of additive elements on impact toughness of Al-11Si-Cu alloy was investigated. The impact test bars were used as impact specimens. The energy of Al-11Si-Cu was improved with Sr modifier addition. The high ability of Ce and La to form large structure intermetallic in Al-Si-Cu will reduce the energy. The RE-intermetallic has an effect on impact analysis, which facilitates to increase the porosity pore.

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40

Liu, C. Y., and K. N. Tu. "Morphology of wetting reactions of SnPb alloys on Cu as a function of alloy composition." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 1 (January 1998): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0006.

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Анотація:

We have investigated the wetting angle, side band growth, and intermetallic compound formation of seven SnPb alloys on Cu ranging from pure Sn to pure Pb. The wetting angle has a minimum near the middle composition and increases toward pure Sn and pure Pb, but the side band growth has a maximum near the middle composition. The intermetallic compounds formed are Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn for the eutectic and high-Sn alloys, yet for the high-Pb alloys, only Cu3Sn can be detected. While no intermetallic compound forms between Cu and pure Pb, the latter nevertheless wets the former with an angle of 115°. The driving force of a wetting reaction, which may be affected by the free energy gain in compound formation, is discussed by assuming that rate of compound formation is fast.

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41

Frommeyer, G., W. Kowalski, and R. Rablbauer. "Structural superplasticity in a fine-grained eutectic intermetallic NiAl−Cr alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37, no. 12 (December 2006): 3511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-1046-2.

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42

Suzuki, A., N. D. Saddock, J. W. Jones, and T. M. Pollock. "Solidification paths and eutectic intermetallic phases in Mg–Al–Ca ternary alloys." Acta Materialia 53, no. 9 (May 2005): 2823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.001.

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43

Son, Hyeon Taek, Jae Seol Lee, Ji Min Hong, Dae Guen Kim, Kyosuke Yoshimi, and Kouichi Maruyama. "Microstructure and Dynamic Ultra-Micro Hardness of the As-Cast and Extruded Mg-Al-Ca-Sm Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.153.

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The as-cast microstructure of Mg-5Al-3Ca-2Sm alloy consists of equiaxed α-Mg matrix, (Mg, Al)2Ca eutectic phase and Al-Sm rich intermetallic compounds. This eutectic phase of the extruded alloys was elongated to extrusion direction and size of this phase was finered compare to that of as-cast alloys because of severe deformation during hot extrusion. After hot extrusion, the average grain size of Mg-5Al-3Ca and Mg-5Al-3Ca-2Sm alloys was 4.8 *m and 3.8 *m, respectively. In load-unload hardness test, penetration depth was decreased with added Sm and after extrusion procedure because of grain size refining by addition Sm and large deformation. Hardness value of the alloys containing Sm was higher than that of Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy due to grain refining and formation Al-Sm rich intermetallic compound at gain boundary and α-Mg matrix. Maximum hardness value was obtained at the extruded Mg-5Al-3Ca-2Sm alloy at elevated temperatures.

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44

Han, Yuqiang, Junyi Zhu, Haoran Yan, Chunfa Lin, Zhilei Zhao, Xuecong Pan, and Siyu Wang. "Effect of shape-memory alloy NiTi fiber on microstructure and mechanical properties of continuous ceramic Al2O3 fiber-reinforced Ti/Al3Ti metal–intermetallic laminated composite." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X2091888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20918884.

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Shape-memory alloy titanium nickel (NiTi) fiber was introduced into continuous ceramic aluminum oxide (Al2O3) fiber-reinforced titanium–titanium trialuminide metal–intermetallic laminated (CSMAFR-MIL) composite using vacuum hot pressing (HP) sintering method to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to characterize the microstructure of the novel CSMAFR-MIL composite. Besides, the tensile tests were carried out on continuous Al2O3 fiber-reinforced Ti-Al metal–intermetallic laminated (CFR-MIL) composite and the CSMAFR-MIL composite to explore the influence of NiTi fiber additive on mechanical behavior of the CFR-MIL composite. The experimental results showed that the intermetallic layer including Al3Ti, Al3Ti0.8V0.2, Al3Ni intermetallics but without residual NiTi fiber was generated via the reactions of liquid Al with NiTi fiber and Ti foil during preparation. Moreover, owing to the addition of NiTi fiber, intermetallic centerline was prevented effectively to form in the CSMAFR-MIL composite. Moreover, the elemental diffusion occurred between the Al2O3 fiber and the intermetallic, revealing that the metallurgical bonding was formed during the fabrication process. Furthermore, the CSMAFR-MIL composite possessed higher strength and superior ductility than those of CFR-MIL composite attributed to the microstructure optimization.

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45

Wierzchon, T., та M. Ossowski. "Structure and Properties of α+β Titanium Alloy - Ti_xAl_y Intermetallic Phases Laminate Composite". Advances in Science and Technology 45 (жовтень 2006): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1287.

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The rapid progress in engineering enhances the demands set on materials requiring better mechanical properties, resistance to frictional wear, resistance to corrosion and erosion etc. These demands can be satisfied by e.g. applying various surface engineering techniques which permit modifying the microstructure, phase and chemical composition of the surface layers of the treated parts. By subjecting a laminate composite: α+β titanium alloy - TixAly intermetallic phases produced by diffusion bonding of titanium alloy and aluminum with the hybrid surface treatment that consists of magnetron sputtering and glow discharge assisted oxidizing or by the glow discharge nitriding process we can produce a composite built of several zones arranged in the following sequence: Al2O3/ TixAly intermetallic phases/titanium alloy/TiAl3/ titanium alloy/ TixAly intermetallic phases/ Al2O3 or TiN+αTi(N)/ titanium alloy/ TiAl3/ titanium alloy/αTi(N) +TiN. The paper presents the structure, phase composition and properties such as the resistance to frictional wear and to corrosion of a new constructional material - a laminate composite Ti –Al with diffusion surface layers, which widen significantly the application range of titanium alloys.

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46

Elitas, Muhammed, Mustafa Goktas, Mustafa Acarer, and Bilge Demir. "Finite element modelling of the fatigue damage in an explosive welded Al-dual-phase steel." Materials Testing 65, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0447.

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Abstract In this study, production of dual phase steel-Al 1100 aluminium alloy laminated composite by explosive welding and investigation the microstructural and mechanical properties especially fatigue life of the composite and its components were aimed. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate the bending fatigue tests of the Al 1100-DP steel (LITEC 1050) bimetal. A semi-wave at the explosive interface with intermetallic was obtained as a microstructural result. Hardness was increased near the interface due to deformation and intermetallic formation at the explosive weld interface. The impact test results showed that the samples’ impact toughness was enriched by fabricating steel-Al laminated composite. The results also showed that the Al 1100-DP steel (LITEC 1050) bimetal composite properties were appropriate to the composite theory and satisfied strength-ductility relations accomplished. Additionally, the bending fatigue test and FEA results were compatible. Moreover, fatigue cracks were observed at the explosive weld interface between Litec DP steel and intermetallic but not at the Al-intermetallic interface.

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47

Tan, Yiming, Jinshan Li, Jun Wang, and Hongchao Kou. "Effect of Mn Addition on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeNiPd High Entropy Alloy." Entropy 21, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21030288.

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CoCrFeNiPdMnx (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) high entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared and characterized. With an increase in Mn addition, the microstructures changed from dendrites (CoCrFeNiPd with a single face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase) to divorced eutectics (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.2 and CoCrFeNiPdMn0.4), to hypoeutectic microstructures (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.6), and finally to seaweed eutectic dendrites (CoCrFeNiPdMn0.8). The addition of Mn might change the interface energy anisotropy of both the FCC/liquid and MnPd-rich intermetallic compound/liquid interfaces, thus forming the seaweed eutectic dendrites. The hardness of the FCC phase was found to be highly related to the solute strengthening effect, the formation of nanotwins and the transition from CoCrFeNiPd-rich to CoCrFeNi-rich FCC phase. Hierarchical nanotwins were found in the MnPd-rich intermetallic compound and a decrease in either the spacing of primary twins or secondary twins led to an increase in hardness. The designing rules of EHEAs were discussed and the pseudo binary method was revised accordingly.

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48

Davidov, D. I., Igor Ezhov, Nikolay A. Popov, and Nataliya Kazantseva. "Mechanical Properties of Co-Al-Mo-Nb Intermetallic Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3102k8.

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The results of the experimental study of the mechanical properties and structure of the Co-9.5Al-2.9Mo-4Nb, Co-9.1Al-5.2Mo-4.7Nb, and Co-8.9Al-6.5Mo-9.3Nb alloys were presented. The Young’s moduli in the studied alloy samples were found to be smaller than those of Ni3Al-based and Co3(Al,W)-based alloys. The eutectic structure was observed in all studied alloys. Cuboids of the Co3(Al,Nb,Mo) intermetallic compound with L12 crystal structure were found by TEM study.

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49

Algendy, Ahmed Y., Kun Liu, and X. Grant Chen. "Formation of intermetallic phases during solidification in Al-Mg-Mn 5xxx alloys with various Mg levels." MATEC Web of Conferences 326 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032602002.

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In the present study, four Al-Mg-Mn 5xxx alloys with different Mg levels (2-5 wt.%) were investigated for better understanding the evolution of intermetallic phases formed during solidification. Optical and scanning electron microscopes, electron backscattered diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses in combination with thermodynamic calculation were used to identify various intermetallic phases. Results showed that the most dominant intermetallic phases are Al6(Mn,Fe), α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si, Al3Fe, Alm(Mn,Fe) and Mg2Si in experimental Al-Mg-Mn alloys, which is greatly dependant on the Mg levels. It is found that Chinese script α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si is the dominant iron-rich intermetallic phase for the alloys containing 2-3 wt.% Mg, while blocky Al6(Mn,Fe) and needle-like Al3(Mn,Fe) become the major phases for the alloy containing 4 wt.% Mg. Further increasing Mg content to 5 wt. %, the dominant phase transfers to blocky Al6(Mn,Fe) intermetallic. Meanwhile, the morphology of primary Mg2Si is changed from well-branched to plate-like with increasing Mg contents. In addition, β-Al3Mg2 and τ-Al6CuMg4 eutectic phases have been observed in the alloys with 3-5 wt. % Mg. A comparison on various intermetallic phases from the Scheil simulation and the actual as-cast microstructure is provided.

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50

López, Gabriel A., Jose San Juan, and María L. Nó. "Crystal structure determination of a ternary Cu(In,Sn)2intermetallic phase by electron diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 5 (September 13, 2012): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812033869.

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Small grains of an intermetallic phase with an approximate composition Cu(In,Sn)2were observed in a metal matrix composite obtained from powders of a Cu–Al–Ni shape-memory alloy and an In–Sn matrix alloy. Samples of this composite were prepared for transmission electron microscopy and the crystal structure of the intermetallic phase was carefully investigated by applying electron diffraction techniques (microdiffraction, convergent-beam electron diffraction and precession), based on the analysis of the symmetry and the relative positions of reflections in the zero- and high-order Laue zones. It was found that the intermetallic phase has a body-centred tetragonal unit cell with lattice parametersa= 0.70 (3) nm andc= 0.56 (2) nm. Its crystal symmetry can be described by theI4/mcm(No. 140) space group.

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