Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Interlaminar transverse shear/normal stress continuity"

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Статті в журналах з теми "Interlaminar transverse shear/normal stress continuity"

1

Carrera, E. "A Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem Applied to Vibration Analysis of Multilayered Shell." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789171.

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Анотація:
A comprehensive model of anisotropic multilayered double curved shells fulfilling a priori the interlaminar continuity requirements for the transverse shear and transverse normal stress as well as the static conditions on the bounding surfaces of the shell is developed in this paper. To this end, Reissner’s mixed variational theorem is employed to derive the equations governing the dynamic equilibrium and compatibility of each layer, while the interlaminar continuity conditions are used to drive the equations at the multilayered level. No assumptions have been made concerning the terms of type thickness to radii shell ratio h/R. Classical displacement formulations and related equivalent single layer equations have been derived for comparison purposes. Comparison of frequency predictions based upon the presented structural model with a number of results spread throughout the specialized literature and obtained via other models reveals that this advanced model provides results in excellent agreement with the ones based on three-dimensional elasticity theory, and better as compared to the ones violating the interlaminar stress continuity requirements and/or transverse normal stress and related effects.
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2

Lu, Xianqiang, and Dahsin Liu. "An Interlaminar Shear Stress Continuity Theory for Both Thin and Thick Composite Laminates." Journal of Applied Mechanics 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2893752.

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Анотація:
The interlaminar shear stress plays a very important role in the damage of composite laminates. With higher interlaminar shear stress, delamination can easily occur on the composite interface. In order to calculate the interlaminar shear stress, a laminate theory, which accounts for both the interlaminar shear stress continuity and the transverse shear deformation, was presented in this study. Verification of the theory was performed by comparing the present theory with Pagano’s elasticity analysis. It was found that the present theory was able to give excellent results for both stresses and displacements. More importantly, the interlaminar shear stress can be presented directly from the constitutive equations instead of being recovered from the equilibrium equations.
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3

Wang, Xiao Dan, and Guang Yu Shi. "Evaluation of Various Laminated Plate Theories Accounting for Interlaminar Transverse Shear Stress Continuity." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.119.

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Анотація:
Based on a unified form of the plate kinematics in terms of the transverse shear functions and the Heaviside step function, the analytical solutions of laminated plates corresponding to a number of higher-order shear deformation plate theories are solved in this paper. The accuracy assessment of these higher-order laminated plate theories is conducted by comparing the resulting analytical solutions with the elasticity solutions and finite element results. The accuracy study shows that the interlaminar shear stress continuity condition is very important for the accurate prediction of the transverse shear stresses across the laminated plate thickness. The comparison study also indicates that the new laminated plate theory accounting for the interlaminar transverse shear stress continuity proposed by the authors yields both very accurate displacements and accurate stresses. This new higher-order laminated plate theory can be efficiently used in the finite element analysis of laminated composite plates since it uses the same five field variables as those used in the first-order shear deformation plate theory.
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4

Singh, S. K., and A. Chakrabarti. "Static, Vibration and Buckling Analysis of Skew Composite and Sandwich Plates Under Thermo Mechanical Loading." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2013-0053.

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Анотація:
Abstract Static, vibration and buckling behavior of laminated composite and sandwich skew plates is studied using an efficient C0 FE model developed based on refined higher order zigzag theory. The C0 FE model satisfies the interlaminar shear stress continuity at the interfaces and zero transverse shear stress conditions at plate top and bottom. In this model, the first derivatives of transverse displacement have been treated as independent variables to overcome the problem of C1 continuity associated with the plate theory. The C0 continuity of the present element is compensated in the stiffness matrix formulation by adding a suitable term. In order to avoid stress oscillations observed in the displacement based finite element, the stress field derived from temperature is made consistent with the total strain field by using field consistent approach. Numerical results are presented for different static, vibration and buckling problems by applying the FE model under thermo mechanical loading, where a nine noded C0 continuous isoparametric element is used. It is observed that there are very few results available in the literature on laminated composite and sandwich skew plates based on refined theories. As such many new results are also generated for future reference
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5

Carrera, E. "Transverse Normal Stress Effects in Multilayered Plates." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 1004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791769.

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Анотація:
An evaluation of transverse normal stress σzz effects in multilayered plate modeling is given in this paper. Mixed theories with continuous interlaminar transverse shear and normal stresses have been formulated on the basis of Reissner's theorem (Reissner, 1984). The case in which the number of the displacement variables preserves independence by the number of constitutive layers, N1, has been investigated. Classical models based on standard displacement formulations have been discussed for comparison purposes. The analysis of transverse stress effects has been conducted by allowing a constant, linear, and higher-order distribution of the transverse displacement components in the plate thickness directions. Related two-dimensional models are compared for the static response of symmetrically and unsymmetrically layered, simply supported plates made of isotropic as well as orthotropic layers. The conducted numerical investigation and comparison with available results have above all led to the following conclusions. The possibility of including σzz makes the used mixed theories more attractive that other available modelings. σzz plays a fundamental role in thick laminate plates analysis. Such a role increases in transversely anisotropic multilayered plate analysis. With an increase of the plate thickness, a very accurate description of σzz requires modelings whose number of independent variables depends on N1.
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6

Anish, Ajay Kumar, and Anupam Chakrabarti. "Influence of openings and additional mass on vibration of laminated sandwich rhombic plates using IHSDT." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718785682.

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Анотація:
In this article, investigations on the influence of openings and additional mass on free vibration analysis of laminated composite sandwich skew plates using improved higher order shear deformation theory (IHSDT) have been done. The IHSDT model satisfies the interlaminar shear stress continuity at the layer interfaces and also ensures zero transverse shear stress conditions at the top and bottom of the plate. The piecewise parabolic shear stress variation across the thickness of each layer is considered. No shear correction factors are required. The 2-D C0 finite element (FE) model has been developed by authors based on IHSDT. FE model based on IHSDT has been coded in FORTRAN. The problem of C1 continuity requirement associated with the IHSDT is overcome using an appropriate C0 FE formulation. The free vibration frequencies of laminated composite and sandwich plates obtained using the present 2-D FE model are in good agreement with the 3-D elasticity results. The influence of the side-to-thickness ratio, skew angles, boundary conditions, and mode shapes is taken into consideration for the present study.
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7

Wang, X., and G. Shi. "A refined laminated plate theory accounting for the third-order shear deformation and interlaminar transverse stress continuity." Applied Mathematical Modelling 39, no. 18 (September 2015): 5659–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2015.01.030.

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8

Kesba, Mohamed Khodjet, Noureddine El Meiche, and A. Benkhedda. "Stress Distribution on the Cracked Sandwich Plate with Non Linear Thermal and Moisture Concentration." Nano Hybrids and Composites 32 (April 2021): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.32.45.

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Анотація:
The influence of linear and non-linear temperature and moisture concentration distribution on the stress distribution was studied for metal/ceramic sandwich plate with transverse cracks. An interlaminar adhesive layer between two different layers is taken into account which transferring the normal stress and the interlaminar shear stress. The validation of the used model was done with the comparison of the stiffness reduction as a function of crack density and the experimental data. A comparison showed that a satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement was obtained. The temperature and moisture concentration variation are studied using the linear and non-linear distribution around the cracks to predict the stress distributions along the axis x. Finally, it observed through this study that the variations of the thermal and moisture concentration distribution largely impact the stress distribution for a sandwich plate with transverse cracks in the central layer and also with different mechanical properties of each layers.
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9

Kasa, Temesgen Takele. "Consideration of interlaminar strain–energy continuity in composite plate analysis using improved higher order theory." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-0102.

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Анотація:
The main goal of this paper is to suggest an improved higher order refined theory for analysing perfectly bonded stacked composite laminates with the usual lamination configurations. The analysis incorporates continuous flexural and in-plane displacements at the interfaces. Furthermore, the transverse shear stress is continuous and constrained with the Lagrange multiplier technique by introducing 14 new unknown variables that are expressed in terms of the interfacial strain energy, which is assuming to be continuous throughout the thickness of the laminate. To determine the newly introduced flexural and in-plane unknown variables, the total potential energy is minimised using variational calculus. The numerical results are compared with those from existing reliable published papers. In general, the proposed approach is sufficient for analysing laminate structures with the required accuracy.
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10

Chaudhuri, Reaz A. "Effects of thickness and fibre misalignment on compression fracture in cross-ply (very) long cylindrical shells under external pressure." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2180 (August 2015): 20150147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0147.

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Анотація:
Combined effects of modal imperfections, transverse shear/normal deformation with/without reduced transverse shear modulus, G LT (caused by distributed fibre misalignments), on emergence of interlaminar shear crippling type instability modes, related to localization (onset of deformation softening), delocalization (onset of deformation hardening) and propagation of mode II compression fracture/damage, in thick imperfect cross-ply very long cylindrical shells (plane strain rings) under applied hydrostatic pressure, are investigated. Of special interest is the question: what are the geometric and/or material parameters that induce localized and delocalized states in imperfect cross-ply (very) long cylindrical shells under hydrostatic compression simultaneously, and what would be the consequences of such occurrences? The primary accomplishment is the (hitherto unavailable) computation of the layer-wise mode II stress intensity factor, energy release rate and kink–crack bandwidth, under hydrostatic compression, from a nonlinear finite-element analysis, using Maxwell's construction and Griffith's energy balance approach. Additionally, the shear crippling angles in the layers are determined using an analysis, pertaining to the elastic inextensional deformation of the compressed (plane strain) ring. Numerical results include effects of (i) thickness-induced transverse shear/normal deformation and (ii) uniformly distributed fibre misalignments, on localization and delocalization, and consequently on compression fracture/damage characteristics of thick imperfect cross-ply very long cylindrical shells.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Interlaminar transverse shear/normal stress continuity"

1

Steinbrink, Scott E. "On a Proposed New Kinematic Assumption for Analysis of Laminated, Fiber-Reinforced Composite Shells: Part 1." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1914.

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Анотація:
A proposal is made for a new form of kinematic assumption for inclusion into a theory of laminated shells. The proposed form is a variant of the first-order transverse shear deformation theory, incorporating a stiffness-based discontinuity term at lamina interfaces, in order to provide complete, a priori satisfaction of interlaminar continuity of transverse shear and transverse normal stresses, and correspondent intelaminar discontinuity of thickness-direction gradients of displacement. Continuity of displacement is maintained, as is the possibility of interlaminar discontinuity of in-plane stresses. It is hoped that this kinematic form will enhance the utility of shell theories for analysis of laminated structures. The paper deals only with the development of the kinematic assumption, and not its implementation into analysis code.
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2

Carrera, Erasmo, Alberto García de Miguel, Alfonso Pagani, and Enrico Zappino. "Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem for Layer-Wise Refined Beam Models Based on the Unified Formulation." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71612.

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Анотація:
The present paper proposes the application of the Reissners Mixed Variational Theorem (RMVT) for the accurate stress analysis of general multi-layered beam problems. Laminated materials usually differ from homogeneous materials in that they exhibit much higher transverse shear and transverse normal deformabilities. These characteristics, and others such as the Transverse Anisotropy (TA) and the Interlaminar Continuity of transverse stresses (IC), make Classical Laminated Theories (CLT) inappropriate for the analysis of multi-layered structures. The Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) sets a framework in which classical-to-refined beam models can be generated by expanding the unknown variables over the cross-sectional domain by means of arbitrary functions. A LW expansion is adopted for both displacements and transverse stresses over the cross-section section domain. In this manner, the ZZ condition is automatically satisfied through the use of independent kinematics for each layer in a LW sense, with no need of introducing ad-hoc ZZ functions.
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3

Aly-Hassan, Mohamed S., Yuka Kobayashi, Asami Nakai, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Tensile and Shear Properties of Biaxial Flat Braided Carbon/Epoxy Composites With Dispersed Carbon Nanofibers in the Matrix." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47057.

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Анотація:
In laminated flat braided composites there are no fibers through the thickness direction except at the edges due to the fiber continuity of the braiding technique. A delamination along the interlaminar planes can be propagated because of the lack of fibers in the Z- or third-direction to the composite. The delamination initiates essentially as a result of arising the stresses concentrations around the transverse or matrix cracks that appear due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the fibers and matrix during the fabrication process. The delamination renders low interlaminar composite properties and represents a fundamental weakness of laminated flat braided composites especially with increasing the braiding angle, and thus minimizes the shear stress transfer. In this research, laminated flat braided carbon fabrics were performed via flattening tubular braided fabrics with braiding angle of ±45° by applying carefully compressive loads laterally on the tubular fabrics. Then, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites were fabricated from the above-mentioned biaxial fabrics with and without uniformly dispersed carbon nanofibers throughout the epoxy matrix. Three loading percentages of carbon nanofibers (specifically, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) were dispersed in the matrix of the composites to enhance the matrix and interlaminar/inter-ply properties. The influence of matrix and interlaminar properties improvements on the in-plane tensile and shear response of the laminated flat braided composites was clarified via conducting of ±45° laminates tensile tests. The experimental results of tensile tests revealed that the tensile and in-plane shear properties as well as the fracture behavior of the composites are substantially influenced by the incorporation of the dispersed carbon nanofibers in the matrix of the composites. A pulsed thermography technique was used to inspect the occurrence of the delamination after the fracture under tensile loadings. The thermal wave image and logarithmic temperature-time curves of the pulsed thermography inspection illustrated that the composites with dispersed carbon nanofibers rendered higher interlaminar properties than that of composites without nanofibers. The main conclusion of this research can be summarized that dispersion of carbon nanofibers through the epoxy matrix of laminated flat braided composites is not only enhanced the matrix properties but also improved the interphase morphology between the composite plies that maximized the stress transfer of the composites. In other words, the fabricated braided composites with braiding angle of ±45° are predominantly by both of matrix and interlaminar properties.
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4

Elbella, Abdalla, and Santosh Kumar Saride. "Ballistic Impact Response of Composite Systems." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15154.

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Анотація:
Composite materials are widely used in many engineering applications and are an attractive for armor design because of their increased high toughness, impact resistance, stiffness, and strength-to-weight ratios and the ability to tailor their designs to applications. In this paper, numerical simulation of impact on composites is being performed to predict ballistic limit velocities and evaluate the delamination behavior of different composite systems. The normal impact and penetration of blunt rigid projectile on laminated composite targets was developed to estimate the velocity for which the projectile has complete penetration, the ballistic limits and energy absorbed while perforating a given piece of armor. A non-linear, explicit, three dimensional finite element commercial code (ABAQUS) is used to simulate the response of armor targets at V50 impact velocities. The armor test panel is modeled as a multi-layered laminated plate with different composite systems, thickness, and stacking sequence. The three failure modes that represent the three stages of the penetration process namely transverse shear, tensile fiber breakage, and delamination are identified. The ballistic limit curves for different materials, thickness, and orientations are determined. The target interlaminar stress distributions along the thickness are graphically represented. Strain energy, Plastic dissipation and Kinetic dissipation energy curves for the whole model were obtained including thickness effects.
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5

Cho, Y. B., E. J. Plaskacz, R. C. Averill, and R. F. Kulak. "Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Composite Automotive Structures Using a New Composite Plate Element." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1189.

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Анотація:
Abstract Composite materials are being considered for use in the front end structures of vehicles to help reduce overall vehicle mass and, thus, improve fuel efficiency. Acceptance of composite material in structural members will depend on their ability to do crash energy management. Numerical simulations can greatly aid in the design of these critical structures and reduce the number of crash tests. A new finite element, which is based on laminated plate theory with cubic zig-zag approximations, was developed to model the relevant mechanics that occur in composite materials during crash events. The element was cast in the internal force format for use with explicit integration solvers. In the plate theory, the in-plane displacement fields in a laminate are assumed to be piecewise cubic functions and vary in a zig-zag fashion through the thickness of the laminate. The zig-zag functions are obtained by satisfying the continuity of transverse shear stresses at layer interfaces. This in-plane displacement field assumption accounts for discrete layer effects without increasing the number of degrees of freedom as the number of layers is increased. The transverse normal strain predictions are improved by assuming a constant variation of transverse normal stress through the thickness in a laminate. The finite element is developed with the topology of an eight-noded brick. Each node has five engineering degrees of freedom, three translations and two rotations. Thus, this element can be conveniently implemented into general purpose finite element codes. Consistent and lumped mass matrices are derived. The developed element is implemented into Argonne National Laboratory’s in-house code, NEPTUNE, which utilizes explicit direct integration method. In NEPTUNE the internal force vector is calculated from the developed element at each time step. Numerical performance of the current element is investigated in this research.
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6

Yuceoglu, U., O. Gu¨vendik, and V. O¨zerciyes. "Free Bending Vibrations of a Centrally Bonded Symmetric Double Lap Joint (or Symmetric Double Doubler Joint) With a Gap in Mindlin Plates or Panels." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41073.

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Анотація:
In this present study, the “Free Bending Vibrations of a Centrally Bonded Symmetric Double Lap Joint (or Symmetric Double Doubler Joint) with a Gap in Mindlin Plates or Panels” are theoretically analyzed and are numerically solved in some detail. The “plate adherends” and the upper and lower “doubler plates” of the “Bonded Joint” system are considered as dissimilar, orthotropic “Mindlin Plates” joined through the dissimilar upper and lower very thin adhesive layers. There is a symmetrically and centrally located “Gap” between the “plate adherends” of the joint system. In the “adherends” and the “doublers” of the “Bonded Joint” assembly, the transverse shear deformations and the transverse and rotary moments of inertia are included in the analysis. The relatively very thin adhesive layers are assumed to be linearly elastic continua with transverse normal and shear stresses. The “damping effects” in the entire “Bonded Joint” system are neglected. The sets of the dynamic “Mindlin Plate” equations of the “plate adherends”, the “double doubler plates” and the thin adhesive layers are combined together with the orthotropic stress resultant-displacement expressions in a “special form”. This system of equations, after some further manipulations, is eventually reduced to a set of the “Governing System of the First Order Ordinary Differential Equations” in terms of the “state vectors” of the problem. Hence, the final set of the aforementioned “Governing Systems of Equations” together with the “Continuity Conditions” and the “Boundary conditions” facilitate the present solution procedure. This is the “Modified Transfer Matrix Method (MTMM) (with Interpolation Polynomials). The present theoretical formulation and the method of solution are applied to a typical “Bonded Symmetric Double Lap Joint (or Symmetric Double Doubler Joint) with a Gap”. The effects of the relatively stiff (or “hard”) and the relatively flexible (or “soft”) adhesive properties, on the natural frequencies and mode shapes are considered in detail. The very interesting mode shapes with their dimensionless natural frequencies are presented for various sets of boundary conditions. Also, several parametric studies of the dimensionless natural frequencies of the entire system are graphically presented. From the numerical results obtained, some important conclusions are drawn for the “Bonded Joint System” studied here.
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7

Frostig, Y. "Bending of Curved Sandwich Panels With Transversely Flexible Cores: Closed-Form High-Order Theory." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0734.

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Анотація:
Abstract The bending behavior of a curved sandwich panel with a transversely flexible core, i.e. “soft” in the out of plane direction, is derived. It is formulated using a rigorous systematic closed-form approach based on variational principles. The effects of the transversely flexible core are incorporated resulting in non-linear patterns, denoted also as high-order effects, for the inplane and the transverse deformations through the height of the core. The governing equations along with the associated boundary and continuity conditions for a general type of sandwich panels, i.e. unidentical skins, composite laminated or metallic and a “soft” core are derived. General type of boundary conditions, including spring conditions, as well as different conditions at the upper and the lower skins at the same section are implemented and the effects of “stiff edge inserts, denoted as global boundary conditions, along with the induced localized effects are considered. Localized effects at support regions with or without edge stiffeners, with movable and immovable supports, and in the vicinity of concentrated loads are studied. The effects are described in terms of the internal resultants and displacements of each skin, peeling (transversely normal) stresses and shear stresses at the skin-core interfaces, and stress and displacement fields in the core through its height. Numerical results of a typical curved panel used in a test set-up and comparisons with experimental data are presented. A comparison, that is in very good agreement, between the analytical results and the experimental ones is conducted. The effects of a global boundary conditions, such as a “stiff” edge beam, and similar local boundary conditions on the localized effects are presented and discussed. The stress concentration involved in case of a concentrated load especially in its near vicinity is described.
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8

Yuceoglu, U., and O¨ Gu¨vendik. "Effects of Position (or Location) of Non-Centrally Bonded Symmetric Double Lap Joint (or Symmetric Double Doubler Joint) on Bending Vibrations of Composite Mindlin Plates or Panels." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39045.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
In the present study, the “Effects of Position (or Location) of Non-Centrally Bonded Symmetric Double Doubler Joint in Composite Mindlin Plates or Panels” are theoretically analyzed and are numerically solved in some detail. The “Plate Adherends” and the upper and lower “Doubler Plates” of the “Bonded Joint System” are considered as dissimilar, orthotropic “Mindlin Plates” joined through the dissimilar upper and lower very thin adhesive layers. The transverse and rotary moments of inertia are included in the analysis. The relatively very thin adhesive layers are assumed to be linearly elastic continua with transverse normal and shear stresses. The “damping effects” in the entire “Bonded Joint System” are neglected. The sets of the dynamic “Mindlin Plate” equations of the “Plate Adherends”, the “Double Doubler Plates” and the thin adhesive layers are combined together with the orthotropic stress resultant-displacement expressions in a “special form”. This system of equations, after some further manipulations, is eventually reduced to a set of the “Governing System of the First Order Ordinary Differential Equations” in terms of the “state vectors” of the problem. Hence, the final set of the aforementioned “Systems of Equations” together with the “Continuity Conditions” and the “Boundary Conditions” facilitate the present solution procedure. This is the “Modified Transfer Matrix Method (MTMM) (with Interpolation Polynomials). The present theoretical analysis and the present method of solution are applied to a typical “Non-Centrally Positioned (or Located) Symmetric Double Lap Joint (or Symmetric Double Doubler Joint) System”. The effects of the location (or position) of the “Bonded Joint System” and also of the relatively “Stiff (or “Hard”) and the relatively “Flexible” (or “Soft”) adhesive properties, on the natural frequencies and mode shapes are considered in some detail. The very interesting mode shapes with their dimensionless natural frequencies are presented for various sets of “Boundary Conditions”. From the numerical results obtained, some important conclusions are drawn for the “Bonded Joint System” studied here.
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