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1
Turner, Raymond. "Computational Abstraction." Entropy 23, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Representation and abstraction are two of the fundamental concepts of computer science. Together they enable “high-level” programming: without abstraction programming would be tied to machine code; without a machine representation, it would be a pure mathematical exercise. Representation begins with an abstract structure and seeks to find a more concrete one. Abstraction does the reverse: it starts with concrete structures and abstracts away. While formal accounts of representation are easy to find, abstraction is a different matter. In this paper, we provide an analysis of data abstraction based upon some contemporary work in the philosophy of mathematics. The paper contains a mathematical account of how Frege’s approach to abstraction may be interpreted, modified, extended and imported into type theory. We argue that representation and abstraction, while mathematical siblings, are philosophically quite different. A case of special interest concerns the abstract/physical interface which houses both the physical representation of abstract structures and the abstraction of physical systems.
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Horsman, D. C. "Abstraction/Representation Theory for heterotic physical computing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2046 (July 28, 2015): 20140224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We give a rigorous framework for the interaction of physical computing devices with abstract computation. Device and program are mediated by the non-logical representation relation ; we give the conditions under which representation and device theory give rise to commuting diagrams between logical and physical domains, and the conditions for computation to occur. We give the interface of this new framework with currently existing formal methods, showing in particular its close relationship to refinement theory, and the implications for questions of meaning and reference in theoretical computer science. The case of hybrid computing is considered in detail, addressing in particular the example of an Internet-mediated social machine , and the abstraction/representation framework used to provide a formal distinction between heterotic and hybrid computing. This forms the basis for future use of the framework in formal treatments of non-standard physical computers.
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Stotts, Daniel Brandon. "The Usefulness of Icons on the Computer Interface: Effect of Graphical Abstraction and Functional Representation on Experienced and Novice Users." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 5 (October 1998): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Icons have become a main component of interface design (Familant & Detweiler, 1993). This study examined functional representation and graphical abstraction components of icons using experienced and novice computer users. Current interface (e.g. word processing) icons were evaluated in a search and select paradigm. Experienced participants were faster and more accurate than novice participants. Functionally representative and graphically concrete icons were recognized faster and more accurately than functionally arbitrary and graphically abstract icons, respectively. Experienced participants were affected more by graphical abstraction than novice participants. Graphically concrete and functionally representative icons were recognized faster than any other type of icon in the study. These data suggest when creating icons, the icons should be made to look as much like the object of reference as possible.
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Gortais, Bernard. "Abstraction and art." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1435 (July 29, 2003): 1241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1309.
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In a given social context, artistic creation comprises a set of processes, which relate to the activity of the artist and the activity of the spectator. Through these processes we see and understand that the world is vaster than it is said to be. Artistic processes are mediated experiences that open up the world. A successful work of art expresses a reality beyond actual reality: it suggests an unknown world using the means and the signs of the known world. Artistic practices incorporate the means of creation developed by science and technology and change forms as they change. Artists and the public follow different processes of abstraction at different levels, in the definition of the means of creation, of representation and of perception of a work of art. This paper examines how the processes of abstraction are used within the framework of the visual arts and abstract painting, which appeared during a period of growing importance for the processes of abstraction in science and technology, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The development of digital platforms and new man–machine interfaces allow multimedia creations. This is performed under the constraint of phases of multidisciplinary conceptualization using generic representation languages, which tend to abolish traditional frontiers between the arts: visual arts, drama, dance and music.
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Reising, Dal Vernon C., Penelope M. Sanderson, Barclay G. Jones, Neville Moray, and Jens Rasmussen. "A Direct Perception Display for Rule-Based Behavior: Supporting Power Plant Startup with a “Lattice” Display." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 3 (October 1998): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research over the last decade on interface design has suggested that “configural” or “direct perception” displays provide better support for complex operator tasks than single-sensor single-indicator displays. In this paper we focus on the development of displays to support the human operator role in nuclear power plant start-up procedures, which involve rule-based behavior. During start-up operators construct a functioning plant. This process can be characterized as climbing an “abstraction/aggregation hierarchy” from initiating low-level physical functions, combining them into generalized and abstract functions until the plant fulfills its functional purpose (Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Goodstein, 1994). We introduce a graphical interface based on a visual lattice representation of the abstraction/aggregation hierarchy for nuclear power plant startup which (1) provides constant feedback through the lattice display about the level of abstraction/aggregation achieved, (2) provides feedback about system state through direct perception displays, and (3) promotes the correct sequence of actions.
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JENKINS, ODEST CHADWICKE, and MAJA J. MATARIĆ. "PERFORMANCE-DERIVED BEHAVIOR VOCABULARIES: DATA-DRIVEN ACQUISITION OF SKILLS FROM MOTION." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 01, no. 02 (June 2004): 237–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843604000186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Control for and interaction with humanoid robots is often restrictive due to limitations of the robot platform and the high dimensionality of controlling systems with many degrees of freedom. We focus on the problem of providing a "skill-level interface" for a humanoid robot. Such an interface serves as (i) a modular foundation for structuring task-oriented control, (ii) a parsimonious abstraction of motor-level control (e.g. PD-servo control), and (iii) a means for grounding interactions between humans and robots through common skill vocabularies. Our approach to constructing skill-level interfaces is two-fold. First, we propose a representation for a skill-level interface as a "behavior vocabulary," a repertoire of modular exemplar-based memory models expressing kinematic motion. A module in such a vocabulary encodes a flow field (or gradient field) in joint angle space that describes the "flow" of kinematic motion for a particular skill-level behavior, enabling prediction from a given kinematic configuration. Second, we propose a data-driven method for deriving behavior vocabularies from time-series data of human motion using spatio-temporal dimension reduction and clustering. Results from evaluating an implementation of our methodology are presented along with the application of derived behavior vocabularies as predictors towards on-line humanoid trajectory formation and off-line motion synthesis.
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Luttmer, Janosch, Dominik Ehring, Robin Pluhnau, and Arun Nagarajah. "REPRESENTATION AND APPLICATION OF DIGITAL STANDARDS USING KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 2551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.516.
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AbstractStandards are an important source of knowledge in product development. Due to the increasing digitization of the product development process, standard development organizations aim to develop machine-actionable standards that automatically enforce operations in output devices. However, the current representation format in PDF or XML does not meet the requirements of machine-actionable standards. This paper examines existing approaches towards the representation of XML data in knowledge graphs and their transferability towards the domain of digital standards. Based on these approaches, the paper aims to develop and validate a concept for transferring standard content from XML format to a graph-based representation, using the example of formulas. For this purpose, a concept for the automatic identification, extraction and modeling of formulas will be presented. Afterwards, the concept is validated using the example of DIN ISO 281 whereas a chatbot application serves as conversational user interface. It is proven, that knowledge graphs are suitable for the representation of machine-actionable standard content. Future work will investigate the abstraction towards a general approach as well as further information objects of standards.
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Porteous, Julie, Jonathan Teutenberg, David Pizzi, and Marc Cavazza. "Visual Programming of Plan Dynamics Using Constraints and Landmarks." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 21 (March 22, 2011): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v21i1.13451.
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In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of planning techniques in the area of new media. Many traditional planning notions no longer apply in the context of these applications. In particular, it can be difficult to answer the important question of what constitutes a good plan for the domain, but there is an emerging consensus that plan dynamics play an important role. As a consequence, it is important to support representation of such aspects. Our solution is to introduce a meta-level of representation that is an abstraction of the domain with respect to both time and causality, and to develop a visual representation of this in the form of a narrative arc. This visual representation can then be used in a visual programming approach to the exploration and specification of plan dynamics. In the paper we outline this approach to meta-level representation using constraints along with the visual programming interface we have developed. We illustrate the approach with examples of visual programming in the development of an interactive entertainment system based on Shakespeare's play ``The Merchant of Venice''
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Murray-Browne, Tim, and Panagiotis Tigas. "Emergent Interfaces: Vague, Complex, Bespoke and Embodied Interaction between Humans and Computers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most Human–Computer Interfaces are built on the paradigm of manipulating abstract representations. This can be limiting when computers are used in artistic performance or as mediators of social connection, where we rely on qualities of embodied thinking: intuition, context, resonance, ambiguity and fluidity. We explore an alternative approach to designing interaction that we call the emergent interface: interaction leveraging unsupervised machine learning to replace designed abstractions with contextually derived emergent representations. The approach offers opportunities to create interfaces bespoke to a single individual, to continually evolve and adapt the interface in line with that individual’s needs and affordances, and to bridge more deeply with the complex and imprecise interaction that defines much of our non-digital communication. We explore this approach through artistic research rooted in music, dance and AI with the partially emergent system Sonified Body. The system maps the moving body into sound using an emergent representation of the body derived from a corpus of improvised movement from the first author. We explore this system in a residency with three dancers. We reflect on the broader implications and challenges of this alternative way of thinking about interaction, and how far it may help users avoid being limited by the assumptions of a system’s designer.
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Bhawiyuga, Adhitya, Satria Adi Kharisma, Bagus Jati Santoso, Dany Primanita Kartikasari, and Annisa Puspa Kirana. "Cloud-based middleware for supporting batch and stream access over smart healthcare wearable device." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 1990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.1978.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In IoT-based smart healthcare services, the heterogeneity of connected wearable sensing devices open up a wide opportunity to develop various healthcare services. However, it also poses an interoperability challenge since each sensing device and application may have different communication mechanisms. Considering that challenge, web platform can be seen as a promising candidate for providing an interoperability layer as we can abstract various devices as single representation i.e. web resource. In this paper, we propose the design of middleware for enabling efficient web of things access over healthcare wearable devices. The proposed middleware consists of three components: gateway-to-cloud device, messaging service and data access interface. The gateway-to-cloud device has a role to perform low level sensor data collection from various wearable sensing device through bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication protocol. Collected data are then relayed to the cloud IoT platform using a lightweight MQTT messaging protocol. In order to provide device abstraction along with access to the stored data, the system offers two kind of interfaces: the Restful HTTP identified by unique universal resource locator (URL) for batch access and MQTT websocket interface identified by unique topic to accommodate access on sensing data in near real time stream manner.
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Badsi, Hichem Benaissa Anouar, Abdessamed Rdess Ghomari, and Leila Zemmouchi-Ghomari. "A CRM Process Model for Agent-Based Simulation." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2017100104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To simulate the value generated by information and communication technologies, there is a need to design a suitable model. This article focuses on the little-used technology of ontologies, particularly Business Model Ontologies. Ontologies allow the representation of very abstract concepts, such as Business Models. The concept consists of four pillars, one of which, the “customer interface” is related to Customer Relationship Management (CRM). This paper proposes a modeling approach and a generic CRM model for the simulation of the value generated by information and communication technologies. The model must have a sufficient level of accuracy to achieve meaningful and helpful results, while maintaining a sufficiently generic level of abstraction to allow rapid implementation.
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Deng, Ming, and Xiao Lan Xie. "Constructing a Web System Presentation Layer Framework Based on MDA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.1067.
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MDA(Model Driven Architecture)[1] is model-centric software development methodology. Comparing to traditional code-centric method, MDA is closer to real applications, and it owns a higher level of abstraction. It has become an effective way to produce large scale software in heterogeneous environment, and it is widely used to develop web-based complex information systems [2]. Our paper applies MDA approach to design web system representation layer framework with instances, and extend UML model by MOF(Meta-Object Facility). We’ve also defined transform rules and realized the conversion from UML model to Web model. Our framework helps minimize the application code, reduces the dependence of the Servlet API, provides extensible interface, thus improve the efficiency of system development and maintenance.
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Mansyur, Resdiansyah, Riza Atiq O.K Rahmat, and Amiruddin Ismail. "A Prototype Rule-Based Expert System for Travel Demand Management." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.106.2013.
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In this research, a prototype rule-based expert system for travel demand management (TDM) in selecting suitable policy was designed and developed. This expert system suggests a process for travel demand management policy implementation, and offers guidance and advice on the selection of effective and appropriate policies. The system is supported with an object-oriented modeling in the knowledge abstraction and representation, and the interactions with the system are performed through a friendly graphical user interface (GUI). The prototype of the system was developed in shell expert system platform (KAPPA-PC). The outcomes obtained by the current prototype show that the used rule-based expert system architecture resulted in successful computerized intelligent decision support software that is easy to maintain, modify, and extend.
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Halpern, Orit. "Perceptual Machines: Communication, Archiving, and Vision in Post-War American Design." Journal of Visual Culture 11, no. 3 (December 2012): 328–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412912455619.
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This article examines historical transformations in the relationship between the image, time, and knowledge after the war. One site to investigate these changes in representation is at the locus of science, design, film and architecture in the works of Charles and Ray Eames and Gyorgy Kepes for the Center for Advanced Visual Study at MIT and in the interests of science education. In these works, including many science education and pedagogy films, the nature of the image, the materiality of vision, and the relationship between documentation and communication were being aggressively rethought. All these projects were deeply invested in the emergent terms of cybernetics and electronic media. Ontology, documentation, and representation were seemingly replaced by discourses of communication, performance, and modularity; the world as interface for the mediation of ongoing, lively communicative exchanges. The work of Charles and Ray Eames and Gyorgy Kepes provides evidence of a more global reformulation of the work of the document, the relationship between abstraction and materiality, and among science, aesthetics, and visuality.
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Schreier, Matthias. "Environment representations for automated on-road vehicles." at - Automatisierungstechnik 66, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2017-0104.
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AbstractOne of the key challenges of anyAutomated Driving(AD) system lies in the perception and representation of the driving environment. Data from a multitude of different information sources such as various vehicle environment sensors, external communication interfaces, and digital maps must be adequately combined to one consistentComprehensive Environment Model(CEM) that acts as a generic abstraction layer for the driving functions. This overview article summarizes and discusses different approaches in this area with a focus on metric representations of static and dynamic driving environments for on-road AD systems. Feature maps, parametric free space maps, interval maps, occupancy grid maps, elevation maps, the stixel world, multi-level surface maps, voxel grids, meshes, and raw sensor data models are presented and compared in this regard.
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Abdullin, Azat, and Vladimir Itsykson. "Kex: A Platform For Analysis Of JVM Programs." Information and Control Systems, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2022-1-30-43.
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Introduction: Over the last years program analysis methods were widely used for software quality assurance. Different types of program analysis require various levels of program representation, analysis methods, etc. Platforms that provide utilities to implement different types of analysis on their basis become very important because they allow one to simplify the process of development. Purpose: Development of a platform for analysis of JVM programs. Results: In this paper we present Kex, a platform for building program analysis tools for JVM bytecode. Kex provides three abstraction levels. First is Kfg, which is an SSA-based control flow graph representation for bytecode-level analysis and transformation. Second is a symbolic program representation called Predicate State, which consists of first order logic predicates that represent instructions of the original program, constraints, etc. The final level is SMT integration layer for constraint solving. It currently provides an interface for interacting with three SMT solvers. Practical relevance: We have evaluated our platform by considering two prototypes. First prototype is an automatic test generation tool that has participated in SBST 2021 tool competition. Second prototype is a tool for detection of automatic library integration errors. Both prototypes have proved that Kex can be used to implement competitive and powerful program analysis tools.
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Tuttle, M. S., W. G. Cole, D. D. Sherertz, and S. J. Nelson. "Navigating to Knowledge." Methods of Information in Medicine 34, no. 01/02 (1995): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634582.
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Abstract:One way to fulfill point-of-care knowledge needs is to present caregivers with a visual representation of the available “answers”. Using such a representation, caregivers can recognize what they want, rather than have to recall what they need, and then navigate to an appropriate answer. Given selected pieces of information from a computer-based patient record, an interface can anticipate certain knowledge needs by initializing caregiver navigation in a semantic neighborhood of answers likely to be relevant to the patient at hand. These notions draw heavily on two collaborative projects – the U.S. National Library of Medicine Unified Medical Language System® and the U.S. National Cancer Institute Knowledge Server. Both of these projects support navigation because they make the structure of medical knowledge explicit in a way that can be exploited by human interfaces.
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Hajdukiewicz, John R., D. John Doyle, Paul Milgram, Kim J. Vicente, and Catherine M. Burns. "A Work Domain Analysis of Patient Monitoring in the Operating Room." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 14 (October 1998): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201407.
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This paper presents a method for structuring the work domain of the anesthesiologist in the operating room, using Rasmussen's (1986) approach for work domain analysis. The goal of this research is to provide an integrated approach for patient monitoring by bridging the gap between physiological principles associated with the patient and clinical practice. Data were collected from literature reviews, discussions with anesthesiologists, operating room observations, and simulator sessions to develop the work domain representation. From this information, the work domain was structured using various levels of abstraction and decomposition, independent of any particular situation. Next, an analysis of the links between the operating room and the work domain was performed. The results indicated that this approach has useful insights for training and interface design. The approach provided a framework for representing the work domain as an invariant purpose-based structure for a constantly changing work environment.
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Miller, Shem. "The Oral-Written Textuality of Stichographic Poetry in the Dead Sea Scrolls." Dead Sea Discoveries 22, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-12341360.
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Textuality in antiquity differs significantly from that of modern Western culture in which the text exists as a fixed, idealized abstraction. In antiquity reading was speaking, and stichography is a visual representation of this interface between speech and writing. Stichography’s spatialization displays scribes’ perception of the spoken text including the concomitants of oral performance. Stichography also reflects scribes’ attentiveness to the readership’s experience with the performed or inscribed text. Scribes interacted with compositions as authors, adapting them according to the exigencies of specific performance events. As a result, the transmission of a specific written layout can supersede parallelismus membrorum; nevertheless, parallelism is a constitutive device in the majority of stichographic texts. The demarcation of sense units elicits two symbiotic social uses, both of which are also implied by the content of the canon. Stichographic texts provide a formatted reference point that is styled to facilitate oral performance and pedagogy.
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Roach, G. F., and Bo Zhang. "Spectral representation and scattering theory for the wave equation with two unbounded media." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 113, no. 2 (March 1993): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100076076.
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AbstractIn this paper, we establish the generalized eigenfunction expansions for wave propagation in inhomogeneous, penetrable media in ℝn(n ≥ 2) with an unbounded interface. We then use them together with the method of stationary phase to prove the existence of the wave operators and to obtain the representations of the wave operators in terms of the generalized Fourier transforms.
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Gotti, Sara, and Samir Mbarki. "IFVM Bridge: A Model Driven IFML Execution." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 15, no. 04 (February 27, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v15i04.9707.
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Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) present a powerful part of software systems that allows a simplified assimilation and manipulation by users throw visual objects such as text, image and button. however, with the increasing complexity of GUIs and the diversity of their interaction mode required by users to access information anywhere and anytime, the need for designing efficient and more adaptive user interfaces has become a necessity. Therefore, UIs researchers have attempted to address these issues by designing user interfaces at a high level of abstraction to separate GUI’s specification from its implementation. Besides, the OMG (Object Management Group) adopted the Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) as a standard in March 2013 for this purpose. In this paper, we present a new model driven development approach to efficiently execute the abstract representation of software’s front-end with focus on navigation between the views. We introduce a IFML virtual machine IFVM which executes user interfaces by passing from IFML models to be translated into an intermediate bytecode representation proposed as the instruction set of IFVM virtual machine.
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Prenzel, Oliver, Christian Martens, Marco Cyriacks, Chao Wang, and Axel Gräser. "System-controlled user interaction within the service robotic control architecture MASSiVE." Robotica 25, no. 2 (March 2007): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574707003347.
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SUMMARYThis paper presents an approach to reduce the technical complexity of a service robotic system by means of systematic and well-balanced user-involvement. By taking advantage of the user's cognitive capabilities during task execution, a technically manageable robotic system, which is able to execute tasks on a high level of abstraction reliably and robustly, emerges. For the realisation of this approach, the control architecture MASSiVE has been implemented, which is used for the control of the rehabilitation robot FRIEND II. It supports task execution on the basis of a priori defined and formally verified task-knowledge. This task-knowledge contains all possible sequences of operations as well as the symbolic representation of objects required for the execution of a specific task. The seamless integration of user interactions into this task-knowledge, in combination with MASSiVE's user-adapted human–machine interface layer, enables the system to deliberately interact with the user during run-time.
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Prado, Jan Alyne Barbosa. "Formal and Multimodal Approach to Hard News as Genre, Structure and Metalanguage in Social and Digital Media Contexts. The Example of Twitter." Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso 17, no. 4 (October 2022): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-4573e57554.
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ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to improve heuristics for hard news discourse by proposing a cognitive model of abstraction, regarding social media contexts. To this end, hard news is discussed as a genre, structure and metalanguage, under the formal definition of a semiotic mode. Annotation is a successful technology to control the effects of genre operations, reveal relations, and to inquire about data and documents. It proceeds to characterize Twitter’s interface, in terms of formal and material regularities, employed recursively. It further demonstrates the formalization of a semantics for hard news discourse in the so-called logical forms, which has been adapted from analytical tools developed by the Segmented Theory of Discourse Representation (SDRT) in order to examine coherence in different levels of detail. Finally, the implication of this approach as a discipline is discussed, regarding the production of transversal knowledge aiming at digital literacy, which urges in present times.1
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Eggleston, Robert G., and Randall D. Whitaker. "Work Centered Support System Design: Using Frames to Reduce Work Complexity." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600310.
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We have been developing user interface clients as fully integrated support systems. A Work Centered Support System aids work by using direct and indirect, passive and active methods. An important property of WCSS systems is the use of form representations as passive devices to help reduce work complexity while simultaneously aid users in adaptive problem solving. Based on our experience implementing the design of three WCSSs we have distilled a set of three form-based design principles that help insure a work-centered perspective is expressed in the interface and that aid problem solving. These principles connect problem-solving objects with work domain objects at different levels of abstraction, utilize a first-person work ontology, and organize information selection and layout based on problem relationships. This paper describes the principles and uses illustrations from our designs to indicate how they reduce work complexity.
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BALDUCCINI, MARCELLO, and SARA GIROTTO. "Formalization of psychological knowledge in answer set programming and its application." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 10, no. 4-6 (July 2010): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068410000384.
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AbstractIn this paper we explore the use of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to formalize, and reason about, psychological knowledge. In the field of psychology, a considerable amount of knowledge is still expressed using only natural language. This lack of a formalization complicates accurate studies, comparisons, and verification of theories. We believe that ASP, a knowledge representation formalism allowing for concise and simple representation of defaults, uncertainty, and evolving domains, can be used successfully for the formalization of psychological knowledge. To demonstrate the viability of ASP for this task, in this paper we develop an ASP-based formalization of the mechanics of Short-Term Memory. We also show that our approach can have rather immediate practical uses by demonstrating an application of our formalization to the task of predicting a user's interaction with a graphical interface.
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Yeh, Chau-Shioung, Tsung-Jen Teng, Wen-Shinn Shyu, and I.-Chang Tsai. "A Hybrid Method for Analyzing the Dynamic Responses of Cavities or Shells Buried in an Elastic Half-Plane." Journal of Mechanics 18, no. 2 (June 2002): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100002045.
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AbstractIn this paper, based on a variational formalism which originally proposed by Mei [1] for infinite elastic medium and extended by Yeh, et al. [2,3] for elastic half-plane, a hybrid method which combines the finite element and series expansion method is implemented to solve the diffraction of plane waves by a cavity buried in an elastic half-plane. The finite domain which encloses all inhomogeneities including the cavity can be easily formulated by finite element methods. The unknown boundary data obtained by subtracting the known free fields from the total fields which include the boundary nodal displacements and tractions at the interface between the finite domain and the surrounding elastic half-plane are not independent of each other and can be correlated through a series representation. Due to the continuity condition at the interface, the same series representation is still valid for the exterior elastic half-plane to represents the scattered wave. The unknown coefficients of this series are treated as generalized coordinates and can be easily formulated by the same variational principle. The expansion function of the series is composed of basis function. Each basis function is constructed from the basis function for an infinite plane by superimposing an additional homogeneous reflective term to satisfy both traction free conditions at ground surface and radiation conditions at infinity. The numerical results are made against those obtained by boundary element methods, and good agreements are found.
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Kostenko, K. I., and V. Yu Belkin. "User interfaces ontology in the cybernetic model of intelligent sys-tems." Ontology of designing 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2223-9537-2021-11-1-89-103.
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A model of an intelligent system is proposed for implementing the control and professional use of a knowledge collec-tions related to subject area of software interfaces with external users. The basis of formalization is an abstract model of an intelligent system. It is based on coordinated and balanced invariants of the knowledge representation formalism model. Invariants set includes classes of morphisms for abstract knowledge processing modelling with morphisms' do-mains, invariants of the multidimensional architecture of intelligent systems components, which includes inter-component knowledge flows and processes of knowledge synthesis within components, as well as invariants of control agents for abstract knowledge flows and processes within intelligent systems. The intelligent system knowledge base is presented as subject area ontology by non-ordered series of simple knowledge. Fragments of such ontology are distrib-uted between components of intelligent systems three-dimensional architecture. The basis of such structure based on the dimensions of abstraction, structuring and the level of knowledge addressed to and processed within intelligent sys-tem's separate components. The ontologies reflect the ideas about the structures of memory and the processes of think-ing used to model the schemes of the professional activity of a specialist. The basis for the formalization of such con-cepts is the fundamental principles of philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, and system engineer-ing. This allows deploying a comprehensive system of classes of information structures and processes for complex knowledge synthesizing that support achievement of various cognitive goals implemented by specialists within profes-sional tasks implementation processes. The goals system includes extraction, analysis and application of knowledge about user interfaces. The variety of such goals is modeled by a high-level implementation pattern system. They are composed of basic types of goals and are implemented using knowledge processing cognitive operations. Knowledge structures in the format of semantic hierarchies are used as a unified representation of knowledge. Cognitive goals are realized by combinations of operations on structured knowledge, adapted to special classes of structures.
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Bräuchler, Birgit. "Kings on Stage: Local Leadership in the Post-Suharto Moluccas." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 2 (2011): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x565887.
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AbstractIn 2007, village kings from all over the Moluccan province gathered in Ambon city and founded a pan-Moluccan raja forum called Majelis Latupati Maluku (MLM). The association is meant to unite traditional leadership, re-integrate Moluccan society and build an effective interface to the regional government. Decisive were two factors: firstly, the inter-religious violence that had torn Moluccan society apart required neutral means to (re)unify the Moluccan people and prevent further conflict; and secondly, the decentralisation laws passed in post-Suharto Indonesia were meant to re-empower the local level by legalising the revival and reconstruction of local political structures and the comeback of traditional leaders, such as the raja, in the Moluccas. These village kings attracted tremendous attention all of a sudden and great hopes are placed in them both from the top, as well as from the bottom. This article aims to discuss the enormous challenges the MLM faces by analysing current developments and looking into the historical dimension of the raja and the MLM. This includes critical reflections on questions of representation, the interface between tradition (adat) and politics, the notion of an inventive adaptation of so-called traditional institutions to new requirements and the potential of the raja and the MLM as means for peace.
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Reed, John A., and Abdollah A. Afjeh. "Computational Simulation of Gas Turbines: Part 1—Foundations of Component-Based Models." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 3 (May 15, 2000): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287490.
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Designing and developing new aerospace propulsion systems is time-consuming and expensive. Computational simulation is a promising means for alleviating this cost, but requires a flexible software simulation system capable of integrating advanced multidisciplinary and multifidelity analysis methods, dynamically constructing arbitrary simulation models, and distributing computationally complex tasks. To address these issues, we have developed Onyx, a Java-based object-oriented domain framework for aerospace propulsion system simulation. This paper presents the design of a common engineering model formalism for use in Onyx. This approach, which is based on hierarchical decomposition and standardized interfaces, provides a flexible component-based representation for gas turbine systems, subsystems and components. It allows new models to be composed programmatically or visually to form more complex models. Onyx’s common engineering model also supports integration of a hierarchy of models which represent the system at differing levels of abstraction. Selection of a particular model is based on a number of criteria, including the level of detail needed, the objective of the simulation, the available knowledge, and given resources. The common engineering model approach is demonstrated by developing gas turbine component models which will be used to compose a gas turbine engine model in Part 2 of this paper. [S0742-4795(00)02303-6]
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Chatterjee, Ayan, Andreas Prinz, Martin Gerdes, and Santiago Martinez. "An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management: Proof-of-Concept Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): e24656. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24656.
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Background Lifestyle diseases, because of adverse health behavior, are the foremost cause of death worldwide. An eCoach system may encourage individuals to lead a healthy lifestyle with early health risk prediction, personalized recommendation generation, and goal evaluation. Such an eCoach system needs to collect and transform distributed heterogenous health and wellness data into meaningful information to train an artificially intelligent health risk prediction model. However, it may produce a data compatibility dilemma. Our proposed eHealth ontology can increase interoperability between different heterogeneous networks, provide situation awareness, help in data integration, and discover inferred knowledge. This “proof-of-concept” study will help sensor, questionnaire, and interview data to be more organized for health risk prediction and personalized recommendation generation targeting obesity as a study case. Objective The aim of this study is to develop an OWL-based ontology (UiA eHealth Ontology/UiAeHo) model to annotate personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data from heterogeneous sources (sensor, questionnaire, and interview), followed by structuring and standardizing of diverse descriptions to generate meaningful, practical, personalized, and contextual lifestyle recommendations based on the defined rules. Methods We have developed a simulator to collect dummy personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data related to artificial participants involved in health monitoring. We have integrated the concepts of “Semantic Sensor Network Ontology” and “Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms” to develop our proposed eHealth ontology. The ontology has been created using Protégé (version 5.x). We have used the Java-based “Jena Framework” (version 3.16) for building a semantic web application that includes resource description framework (RDF) application programming interface (API), OWL API, native tuple store (tuple database), and the SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) query engine. The logical and structural consistency of the proposed ontology has been evaluated with the “HermiT 1.4.3.x” ontology reasoner available in Protégé 5.x. Results The proposed ontology has been implemented for the study case “obesity.” However, it can be extended further to other lifestyle diseases. “UiA eHealth Ontology” has been constructed using logical axioms, declaration axioms, classes, object properties, and data properties. The ontology can be visualized with “Owl Viz,” and the formal representation has been used to infer a participant’s health status using the “HermiT” reasoner. We have also developed a module for ontology verification that behaves like a rule-based decision support system to predict the probability for health risk, based on the evaluation of the results obtained from SPARQL queries. Furthermore, we discussed the potential lifestyle recommendation generation plan against adverse behavioral risks. Conclusions This study has led to the creation of a meaningful, context-specific ontology to model massive, unintuitive, raw, unstructured observations for health and wellness data (eg, sensors, interviews, questionnaires) and to annotate them with semantic metadata to create a compact, intelligible abstraction for health risk predictions for individualized recommendation generation.
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Losonsky, Michael. "Abstraction, covariance, and representation." Philosophical Studies 70, no. 2 (May 1993): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00989592.
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Bentley, Delia. "Grammaticalization of subject agreement on evidence from Italo–Romance." Linguistics 56, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 1245–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0022.
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AbstractIn this paper we consider the grammaticalization of subject agreement adducing first-hand synchronic evidence from presentational VS constructions in Italo-Romance dialects. While the existing literature has placed emphasis on the pragmatic properties of the controller, we explore its semantic properties. We argue that variation in subject agreement can only be fully captured with reference to an independently established semantic scale of subjecthood that is based on the position of arguments in semantic representation, and hence on their lexical entailments.Unaffected actoris the default controller in accusative alignment. The patterns of dialect microvariation arise, in our analysis, from variation in macrorole assignment in presentational focus. Our proposal formalizes at the discourse-semantics-syntax interface the idea that, in presentational VS constructions, the core argument S may be treated as part of the predicate, thus failing to control grammatical subject agreement. This happens in presentational focus because the predication is about an implicit topic. The latter can trigger a type of pronominal agreement that is comparable to Bresnan and Mchombo’s (Bresnan, Joan & Sam A. Mchombo. 1987. Topic, pronoun and agreement in Chichewa.Language63. 741–782) anaphoric agreement. This study provides robust arguments in support of an understanding of subject agreement as the grammaticalization of semantic-relation contrasts, as well as pragmatic-role distinctions.
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Fletcher, Samuel C. "Computers in Abstraction/Representation Theory." Minds and Machines 28, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9470-9.
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Pigozzi, Don, and Antonino Salibra. "Lambda abstraction algebras: representation theorems." Theoretical Computer Science 140, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)00203-u.
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Fedorov, Andriy, David Clunie, Ethan Ulrich, Christian Bauer, Andreas Wahle, Bartley Brown, Michael Onken, et al. "DICOM for quantitative imaging biomarker development: a standards based approach to sharing clinical data and structured PET/CT analysis results in head and neck cancer research." PeerJ 4 (May 24, 2016): e2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2057.
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Background.Imaging biomarkers hold tremendous promise for precision medicine clinical applications. Development of such biomarkers relies heavily on image post-processing tools for automated image quantitation. Their deployment in the context of clinical research necessitates interoperability with the clinical systems. Comparison with the established outcomes and evaluation tasks motivate integration of the clinical and imaging data, and the use of standardized approaches to support annotation and sharing of the analysis results and semantics. We developed the methodology and tools to support these tasks in Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (PET/CT) quantitative imaging (QI) biomarker development applied to head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment response assessment, using the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM®) international standard and free open-source software.Methods.Quantitative analysis of PET/CT imaging data collected on patients undergoing treatment for HNC was conducted. Processing steps included Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) normalization of the images, segmentation of the tumor using manual and semi-automatic approaches, automatic segmentation of the reference regions, and extraction of the volumetric segmentation-based measurements. Suitable components of the DICOM standard were identified to model the various types of data produced by the analysis. A developer toolkit of conversion routines and an Application Programming Interface (API) were contributed and applied to create a standards-based representation of the data.Results. DICOM Real World Value Mapping, Segmentation and Structured Reporting objects were utilized for standards-compliant representation of the PET/CT QI analysis results and relevant clinical data. A number of correction proposals to the standard were developed. The open-source DICOM toolkit (DCMTK) was improved to simplify the task of DICOM encoding by introducing new API abstractions. Conversion and visualization tools utilizing this toolkit were developed. The encoded objects were validated for consistency and interoperability. The resulting dataset was deposited in the QIN-HEADNECK collection of The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). Supporting tools for data analysis and DICOM conversion were made available as free open-source software.Discussion.We presented a detailed investigation of the development and application of the DICOM model, as well as the supporting open-source tools and toolkits, to accommodate representation of the research data in QI biomarker development. We demonstrated that the DICOM standard can be used to represent the types of data relevant in HNC QI biomarker development, and encode their complex relationships. The resulting annotated objects are amenable to data mining applications, and are interoperable with a variety of systems that support the DICOM standard.
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Zucker, Jean-Daniel. "A grounded theory of abstraction in artificial intelligence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1435 (July 29, 2003): 1293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1308.
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In artificial intelligence, abstraction is commonly used to account for the use of various levels of details in a given representation language or the ability to change from one level to another while preserving useful properties. Abstraction has been mainly studied in problem solving, theorem proving, knowledge representation (in particular for spatial and temporal reasoning) and machine learning. In such contexts, abstraction is defined as a mapping between formalisms that reduces the computational complexity of the task at stake. By analysing the notion of abstraction from an information quantity point of view, we pinpoint the differences and the complementary role of reformulation and abstraction in any representation change. We contribute to extending the existing semantic theories of abstraction to be grounded on perception, where the notion of information quantity is easier to characterize formally. In the author's view, abstraction is best represented using abstraction operators, as they provide semantics for classifying different abstractions and support the automation of representation changes. The usefulness of a grounded theory of abstraction in the cartography domain is illustrated. Finally, the importance of explicitly representing abstraction for designing more autonomous and adaptive systems is discussed.
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Dudek, G. L. "Environment representation using multiple abstraction levels." Proceedings of the IEEE 84, no. 11 (1996): 1684–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.542415.
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Hampton, James A. "Abstraction and context in concept representation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1435 (July 29, 2003): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1314.
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This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction.
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Collar, Anna, Fiona Coward, Tom Brughmans, and Barbara J. Mills. "Networks in Archaeology: Phenomena, Abstraction, Representation." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9235-6.
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Jacobs, A., H. Lu, and Z. Liu. "Image abstraction in shape representation and recognition." Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (March 15, 2010): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/1.3.301.
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Winters, Andrew M. "The Evolutionary Relevance of Abstraction and Representation." Biosemiotics 7, no. 1 (September 26, 2013): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-013-9197-1.
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Richardson, K., and T. Carthy. "The abstraction of covariation in conceptual representation." British Journal of Psychology 81, no. 4 (November 1990): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02370.x.
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Markovits, Henry, and Robert Vachon. "Conditional reasoning, representation, and level of abstraction." Developmental Psychology 26, no. 6 (1990): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.942.
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Bergmann, R., and W. Wilke. "Building and Refining Abstract Planning Cases by Change of Representation Language." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 3 (July 1, 1995): 53–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.160.
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Abstraction is one of the most promising approaches to improve the performance of problem solvers. In several domains abstraction by dropping sentences of a domain description -- as used in most hierarchical planners -- has proven useful. In this paper we present examples which illustrate significant drawbacks of abstraction by dropping sentences. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a more general view of abstraction involving the change of representation language. We have developed a new abstraction methodology and a related sound and complete learning algorithm that allows the complete change of representation language of planning cases from concrete to abstract. However, to achieve a powerful change of the representation language, the abstract language itself as well as rules which describe admissible ways of abstracting states must be provided in the domain model. This new abstraction approach is the core of Paris (Plan Abstraction and Refinement in an Integrated System), a system in which abstract planning cases are automatically learned from given concrete cases. An empirical study in the domain of process planning in mechanical engineering shows significant advantages of the proposed reasoning from abstract cases over classical hierarchical planning.
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Khasanah, Nor, Nurkaidah Nurkaidah, Rosmala Dewi, and Yusuf Arkham Prihandika. "The Process of Student's Mathematic Abstract from Spatial Intelligence." Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education 9, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jmme.v9i2.48396.
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<p>Every student must have mathematical abstraction skills. Research with a qualitative approach aims to identify the mathematical abstraction process of students when working on geometric material problems in terms of spatial intelligence. By using a descriptive design, apart from the researcher as the main instrument, the mathematical abstraction test, the spatial intelligence test, and the interview reference were used as auxiliary instruments. A total of 6 students from class VIII were selected through purposive sampling technique which was taken from each category of spatial ability which had been classified into high, medium and low criteria. Based on data analysis, students' mathematical abstraction can be grouped into 4 levels, namely: recognition, representation, structural abstraction, and structural awareness. The conclusions of this study are: 1) students with a high level of spatial intelligence can achieve all four levels of mathematical abstraction characteristics and activities, namely recognition, representation, structural abstraction, and structural awareness. 2) students with moderate spatial intelligence can only achieve two levels of mathematical characteristics and abstraction activities, namely recognition and representation. 3) students with low-level spatial intelligence are only able to achieve one level of mathematical abstraction characteristics and activity, namely recognition where students are able to remember previous activities and experiences related to the problems at hand. This shows that students with moderate and low-level spatial intelligence do not have adequate abstraction skills in the concept of geometry.</p>
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Kariadinata, Rahayu. "STUDENTS’ REFLECTIVE ABSTRACTION ABILITY ON LINEAR ALGEBRA PROBLEM SOLVING AND RELATIONSHIP WITH PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE." Infinity Journal 10, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v10i1.p1-16.
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This study aims to describe the achievement of the ability of students' reflective abstraction in solving Linear Algebra problems and the relationship with prerequisite knowledge. The important of this research because the characteristic of Linear Algebra requiring reflectif abstraction skill that must be support by the prerequisite knowledge. The reflective abstraction abilities studied in this study are level, i.e.1) recognition,2) representation, 3) structural abstraction, and 4) structural awareness. These stages are adjusted to Polya's problem solving stages, namely: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. This type of research is descriptive-quantitative. The subjects of this study were students of the Mathematics Education Study Program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Indonesia. Collecting data through tests and interviews, data were analyzed with percentage and the pearson product-moment correlation.The results showed that the achievement level consisiting of ) recognition,2) representation, 3) structural abstraction, and 4) structural awareness of the students’ reflective abstraction abilities on linear algebra problem solving are very good, this can be seen from the percentage achieved at stages of the recognition,the representation,the structural abstraction, and the structural awareness which is associated with Polya problem solving measures above an average of 73,31% (moderat category); there are relationship between students' reflective abstraction abilities and their prerequisite knowledge; and prerequisite knowledge influences the students’reflective abstraction abilities
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Barsalou, Lawrence W. "Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1435 (July 29, 2003): 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1319.
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After reviewing six senses of abstraction, this article focuses on abstractions that take the form of summary representations. Three central properties of these abstractions are established: (i) type–token interpretation; (ii) structured representation; and (iii) dynamic realization. Traditional theories of representation handle interpretation and structure well but are not sufficiently dynamical. Conversely, connectionist theories are exquisitely dynamic but have problems with structure. Perceptual symbol systems offer an approach that implements all three properties naturally. Within this framework, a loose collection of property and relation simulators develops to represent abstractions. Type–token interpretation results from binding a property simulator to a region of a perceived or simulated category member. Structured representation results from binding a configuration of property and relation simulators to multiple regions in an integrated manner. Dynamic realization results from applying different subsets of property and relation simulators to category members on different occasions. From this standpoint, there are no permanent or complete abstractions of a category in memory. Instead, abstraction is the skill to construct temporary online interpretations of a category's members. Although an infinite number of abstractions are possible, attractors develop for habitual approaches to interpretation. This approach provides new ways of thinking about abstraction phenomena in categorization, inference, background knowledge and learning.
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Coutaz, Joëlle. "A layout abstraction for user-system interface." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 16, no. 3 (January 1985): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1044201.1044202.
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SPECTOR, LEE, and JAMES HENDLER. "PLANNING AND REACTING ACROSS SUPERVENIENT LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 01, no. 03n04 (December 1992): 411–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218215792000118.
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For intelligent systems to interact with external agents and changing domains, they must be able to perceive and to affect their environments while computing long term projection (planning) of future states. This paper describes and demonstrates the supervenience architecture, a multilevel architecture for integrating planning and reacting in complex, dynamic environments. We briefly review the underlying concept of supervenience, a form of abstraction with affinities both to abstraction in AI planning systems, and to knowledge-partitioning schemes in hierarchical control systems. We show how this concept can be distilled into a strong constraint on the design of dynamic-world planning systems. We then describe the supervenience architecture and an implementation of the architecture called APE (for Abstraction-Partitioned Evaluator). The application of APE to the HomeBot domain is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the architecture.
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Yanti, Aning Wida, Yuni Arrifadah, and Adelia Ayu Mustikarini. "STUDENTS' REFLECTIVE ABSTRACTION LEVEL IN SOLVING MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS BASED ON COGNITIVE STYLES FIELD INDEPENDENT (FI) AND FIELD INDEPENDENT (FD)." MATEMATIKA DAN PEMBELAJARAN 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/mp.v10i2.2968.
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Reflective abstraction is an activity to construct mathematical concepts through similarities and combinations of existing structures and reorganized into four levels: (1) recognition, (2) representation, (3) structural abstraction, and (4) structural awareness. Each individual has different characteristics of cognitive style in processing information. Differences in cognitive style affect the individual's ability to understand the problem. This study aims to describe students' level of reflective abstraction in solving mathematical problems in terms of field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD) cognitive styles. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Task-based interviews carried out the data collection technique. The results are that field-independent (FI) students can correctly perform all levels of reflective abstraction in the stages of solving mathematical problems, but field-dependent (FD) students can only do abstraction on the introduction and representation.