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Статті в журналах з теми "Interelectrode distance"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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1

Martínez-Villafañe, Jesús Fernando, Juan Carlos Ortiz-Cuellar, Jesús Salvador Galindo-Valdés, Francisco Cepeda-Rodríguez, Josué Gómez-Casas, Nelly Abigaíl Rodríguez-Rosales, Oziel Gómez-Casas, and Carlos Rodrigo Muñiz-Valdez. "Interelectrode Distance Analysis in the Water Defluoridation by Electrocoagulation Reactor." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 12096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912096.

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In this research, the effect of the interelectrode distance (d) in the electrocoagulation (EC) reactor was studied. The experiments were carried out with varying d in values of 3, 5, and 9 mm during the treatment of water contaminated with fluoride (F−). The response variables analyzed were the treatment time necessary to reduce the residual concentration of F− to 1.5 mg L−1, the number of aluminum hydroxides formed, the potential drop in the reactor terminals, and the electric power consumption of the reactor. The software FLUENT version 6.3 was employed to simulate the liquid velocity profiles achieved in the reactor chamber. The results obtained show that the liquid velocity increases in the interelectrode spaces to 0.48, 0.65, and 0.86 m s−1 for interelectrode distances of 9, 5, and 3 mm, respectively, which favors not only the formation of flocs but also the elimination of fluoride. With a shorter interelectrode distance, the EC reactor not only consumes less electrical energy but also fewer electrodes, and the dispersion of generated flocs in the reactor chamber is major, which is more important than the quantity of flocs generated in it.

2

Robinson, Lawrence R. "INTERELECTRODE DISTANCE: A METHOD FOR FIXING ELECTRODE SEPARATION." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71, no. 2 (April 1992): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199204000-00012.

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3

Epstein, Charles M., and Gail P. Brickley. "Interelectrode distance and amplitude of the scalp EEG." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60, no. 4 (April 1985): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(85)90001-x.

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4

Zhang, Yaou, Xiangjun Yang, Qiang Gao, Jian Wang, and Wansheng Zhao. "Mechanism Analysis of Discharge Energy in the Electrostatic-Field-Induced Electrolyte Jet Micro-EDM." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (October 10, 2023): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101919.

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The discharge energy determines the machining resolution, minimum processable feature size, and surface roughness, which makes it a hot research topic in the microelectrical discharge machining (EDM) field. In this paper, a kind of novel discharge-energy-generation method in micro-EDM is investigated. In this method, the opposite induced charges on the electrolyte jet and workpiece serve as the source of the discharge energy. The operating mechanism of this discharge energy is revealed by analyzing the equivalent discharge circuit. The unique discharge current and voltage between the electrolyte jet and the workpiece are sampled and investigated. In contrast with the pulsating energy in conventional EDM, this study shows that the direct current (DC) voltage source can automatically generate a continuously periodical pulsating discharge in the electrostatic-field-induced electrolyte jet (E-Jet) EDM process. After further analyzing the electric signals in a single discharge process, it can be found that the interelectrode voltage experienced a continuous sharp electric breakdown, a nearly unchanging process, and a fast exponential recharging process. The discharge frequency increases as the electrolyte concentration and interelectrode voltage increase but decreases as the interelectrode distance increases. The discharge energy per pulse increases with the increasing interelectrode distance and electrolyte concentration but with the decreasing interelectrode voltage. Finally, the electrostatic-field-induced discharge-energy generation and change mechanisms are revealed, which provides a feasible method for micro-EDM with continuous tiny pulsed energy only using the DC power supply.

5

Maslyn, Jacqueline A., Pallab Barai, Kyle D. McEntush, Katherine J. Harry, Louise Frenck, Whitney S. Loo, Alec S. Ho, Dilworth Y. Parkinson, Venkat Srinivasan, and Nitash P. Balsara. "Plating and Stripping of Lithium Metal Stabilized by a Block Copolymer Electrolyte: Local Current Density Measurement and Modeling." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 070510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ace12f.

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Plating and stripping of lithium protrusions in lithium metal symmetric cells containing a solid block copolymer electrolyte was studied as a function of time in 3D using time-resolved X-ray tomography. These measurements enabled determination of the spatial variation in current densities at the plating and stripping electrodes. The initial interelectrode distance was 27 μm. Correlation functions were calculated to reveal the relationships between current densities at the two electrodes and local electrolyte thickness. Current densities at opposing electrode locations during protrusion growth is uncorrelated until the local interelectrode distance decreases to less than 6 μm, just before the cell shorts. Mass balance was used to determine the area from which lithium ions that form a protrusion were stripped. Computational modeling of the plating and stripping process reveals the interplay between electrochemical and mechanical driving forces and their effect on nonuniform current distribution. Model predictions were compared with experiments without resorting to any adjustable parameters. The computed correlation functions were in qualitative agreement with experiments. Finally, the model was used to calculate contour plots of electrochemical potential within the electrolyte, shedding light on how geometry, salt concentration, interelectrode distance, and mechanical stress influence local rates of electrochemical reaction.

6

Moldovan, Mihai, Alexandru Calin, Vishakhadatta M. Kumaraswamy, Diana Braver, and Mirela V. Simon. "Burst-Suppression Ratio on Electrocorticography Depends on Interelectrode Distance." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 33, no. 2 (April 2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000248.

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7

Chou, Yu-Lien, and Sheau-Ping Helen Pan. "The Optimal Interelectrode Distance for Sensory Nerve Action Potential." Rehabilitation Practice and Science 21, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6315/3005-3846.1875.

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8

Калыгина, В. М., А. В. Цымбалов, А. В. Алмаев та Ю. С. Петрова. "Влияние электродов на параметры солнечно-слепых детекторов УФ излучения". Физика и техника полупроводников 55, № 3 (2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.03.50605.9545.

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The influence of electrode topology on the electrical and photoelectric characteristics of metal/semiconductor/metal structures was investigated. Gallium oxide films were obtained by radio-frequency sputtering of a Ga2O3 target onto sapphire substrates with the (0001) orientation. Two types of electrodes were formed on the surface of the oxide films: two parallel electrodes with an interelectrode distance of 250 mkm and interdigitated ones. The distance between the "fingers" of the detectors of the second type was 50, 30, 10, and 5 mkm. Regardless of the type of contacts, the structures exhibit sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of λ = 254 nm. Detectors of the second type with an interelectrode distance of 5 μm demonstrate the highest values of the photocurrent Iph = 3.8 mA and detectivity D * = 5.54⋅10^15 cmHz^0.5W^-1.

9

Fan, Rong Gui, Chun E. Li, Yong Xin Bai, Da Qing Huang, Liao Wei Fang, Hong Xing Liang, and Quan Cheng Wang. "Electrochemical Pretreatment of Wastewater from DDNP Production Using BDD Thin Film Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2962.

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The electrochemical oxidation of wastewater from DDNP production was investigated using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin film electrode. The effects of operating factors such as cell voltage, interelectrode distance and additive NaCl have been studied. This study showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction is most influenced by the applied cell voltage. Higher current densities resulting from higher cell voltages increase the formation of oxidative reagents resulting in an increased COD removal rate. The maximum COD removal was 57% after 210 min, with an energy consumption of 14.90 KWh·kg-1 COD when cell voltage was 12V, interelectrode distance was 3cm and additive NaCl concentration was 1g·L-1. The use of BDD thin film electrode for the treatment of DDNP production wastewater appears commercially feasible.

10

Rusyn, I., O. Medvediev, and V. Diachok. "Effect of interelectrode distance on bioelectric parameters of electro-biosystems." Ecological Sciences 36, no. 3 (2021): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716/2021.eco.3-36.19.

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11

Smith, Cory, Terry Housh, Jorge Zuniga, Clayton Camic, Haley Bergstrom, Doug Smith, Trent Herda, et al. "Influences of Interelectrode Distance and Innervation Zone on Electromyographic Signals." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 02 (December 22, 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-119398.

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12

Plastaras, C. T., K. D'Amore, and C. Marciniak. "EFFECT OF INTERELECTRODE DISTANCE ON SURAL NERVE ACTION POTENTIAL PARAMETERS." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 79, no. 2 (March 2000): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-200003000-00066.

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13

Plastaras, Christopher T., Christina M. Marciniak, Daniel P. Sipple, Kirsten Gross DʼAmore, Cynthia Garvan, and Shehzaad M. Zaman. "Effect of Interelectrode Distance on Sural Nerve Action Potential Parameters." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 87, no. 3 (March 2008): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e318164aa04.

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14

Mankelevich, Yu A., A. F. Pal, A. N. Ryabinkin, and A. O. Serov. "Effect of interelectrode distance on dc magnetron current–pressure characteristics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 946 (January 2018): 012150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012150.

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15

Ikuno, Takashi, Syunji Takahashi, Kazunori Kamada, Shigeharu Ohkura, Shin-Ich Honda, Mitsuhiro Katayama, Takashi Hirao, and Kenjiro Oura. "Influence of the Plasma Condition on the Morphology of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films Grown by RF Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 04 (August 2003): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005505.

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Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) films have been grown by RF plasma chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) with a controlling plasma condition. From the in situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and self-bias measurements, we have investigated the relationship between the morphology of VACNTs and the plasma condition in PECVD. CH radical and atomic hydrogen peaks were prominent in the OES spectra of CH 4 plasma. The plasma condition was changed by varying the interelectrode distance in PECVD. With increasing interelectrode distance, the diameter and density of VACNTs increased as a result of the increase in plasma density, the fraction of CH radicals, and self-bias. It is likely that the fraction of CH radicals in plasma influences promotion of the growth of CNTs, while the self-bias induces their vertical alignment.

16

Koussir, H., I. Lefebvre, M. Berthe, Y. Chernukha, J. Tranchant, B. Corraze, E. Janod, L. Cario, B. Grandidier, and P. Diener. "Nanoprobe study of the electric field driven insulator-to-metal transition in GaMo₄S₈." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2164, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2164/1/012046.

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Abstract The resistive switching observed under electric pulses in Mott materials has a high potential for micro and nanoelectronics. Here we report on the study of the resistive switching observed at the surface of single crystals of the canonical Mott semiconductor GaMo4S8. The study is made using a multiprobe setup with 4 nanopositionable tips under the supervision of a high resolution scanning electron microscop. We find a resistivity of 38 Ω.cm by four-point probe measurements, in agreement with the literature. The volatile insulator to metal transition is studied with a two probes configuration for interelectrode distances varying between 4 and 200 microns. Finite element simulations are performed to determine the spatial distribution of the electric field prior to the transition. Our results are in agreement with i) an intrinsic voltage threshold of 60 mV independent of the interelectrode distance ii) a maximum electric field close to the electrodes and iii) a threshold electric field of 0.2 kV/cm.

17

Svetlichnyi, Alexander M., Oleg A. Ageev, Evgeny Yu Volkov, Igor L. Jityaev, and Maxim V. Dem'yanenko. "Modelling of the Influence of a Pointed Field Emission Cathode Design from the Silicon Carbide with Graphene Film on the Electric Field Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.163.

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Graphene film on silicon carbide is considered to be promising material for high-frequency vacuum nanoelectronics. However, the possibility of graphene application in this area is still poorly understood. We have carried out the simulation of the electric field distribution in interelectrode gap of the anode-cathode system pointed field emission cathode based on silicon carbide with graphene film on its surface subject to the rounding-off radius of the top, interelectrode gap, height and cathode forming half-angle of the cone opening by the finite element method. The influence of constructional parameters on the electric field strength in the test structure was analyzed. It is shown that the values of rounding-off radius of the cone point and interelectrode distance has the biggest influence on the electric field in the investigated structure. Changing of the height and cathode forming half-angle of the cone opening does not lead to a significant increase or decrease of the electric field value.

18

Brock, Christina, Romulus E. Lontis, Flemming H. Lundager, Peter Kunwald, Asbjørn M. Drewes, and Hans Gregersen. "Model for Electrical Field Distribution in the Human Esophagus during Stimulation with Patch and Ring Electrodes." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/562592.

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Introduction. Electrical stimulation is used in experimental human pain models. The aim was to develop a model that visualizes the distribution of electrical field in the esophagus close to ring and patch electrodes mounted on an esophageal catheter and to explain the obtained sensory responses.Methods. Electrical field distribution in esophageal layers (mucosa, muscle layers, and surrounding tissue) was computed using a finite element model based on a 3D model. Each layer was assigned different electrical properties. An electrical field exceeding 20 V/m was considered to activate the esophageal afferents.Results. The model output showed homogeneous and symmetrical field surrounding ring electrodes compared to a saddle-shaped field around patch electrodes. Increasing interelectrode distance enlarged the electrical field in muscle layer.Conclusion. Ring electrodes with 10 mm interelectrode distance seem optimal for future catheter designs. Though the model needs further validation, the results seem useful for electrode designs and understanding of electrical stimulation patterns.

19

Louette, P., A. Delage, D. Roy, P. A. Thiry, and R. Caudano. "An interelectrode distance dependent fringing field correction for the hemispherical deflector analyzer." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 52 (January 1990): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(90)85070-p.

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20

Cohen, M. L., R. H. Hoyt, J. E. Saffitz, and P. B. Corr. "A high density in vitro extracellular electrode array: description and implementation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): H681—H689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.2.h681.

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The detailed activation sequence in myocardium provides information critical to the understanding of the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and the influence of interventions. Despite the pivotal role of activation mapping, the interpretation of isochronic maps and the correlation to detailed tissue morphology may be limited when the interelectrode distances are large with respect to cell dimensions. Additionally, dynamic beat-to-beat variations in the activation pattern or the effect of interventions such as single extra stimuli cannot be assessed adequately without recording from all sites simultaneously. To surmount these limitations, we have fabricated and tested an extracellular recording array consisting of 224 bipolar tungsten wire electrodes with a 350-microns interelectrode distance (140 microns edge-to-edge distance), and used signal processing equipment to record from all electrodes simultaneously at a 2-kHz sample rate. Stimulation can be performed sequentially from 12 different sites at 30 degree angles around the periphery of the recording array. Transarray bipoles can be recorded from any combination of eight radially oriented sites. Activation maps recorded in normal tissue after programmed stimulation and activation maps from an area of fixed anatomic block in the epicardial border zone of infarcted tissue are presented. The results demonstrate a lack of influence of the recording array on the electrophysiological properties of the tissue as verified with transmembrane action potential recordings and sequential extracellular maps. This electrode permits precise assessment of transient details of the activation sequence with unparalleled anatomic resolution.

21

Tomita, Aya, Akira Saito, Ryosuke Ando, Kohei Watanabe, and Hiroshi Akima. "Effect Of Interelectrode Distance On Emg-force Relationship Of Vastus Intermedius In Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495490.69232.36.

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22

Duker, Pieter, Monique Mulder, and Nienke Scheffer. "Interelectrode distance and warning signal interval and the evaluation of clinical electrical shock." Behavioral Interventions 24, no. 4 (November 2009): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bin.290.

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23

Wegman, E. A., A. M. Aniss, T. D. Bolin, A. E. Davis, and S. C. Gandevia. "Human Rectosigmoid Electromyography: A New Approach and Some Pitfalls." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82, no. 2 (February 1989): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688908200211.

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A method has been developed to record directly myoelectrical activity from the smooth muscle of the colon of intact subjects using pairs of intramuscular wires. Discrete bursts of myoelectrical activity occurred at 4–20 per min. A small interelectrode distance in this method allows contamination of colonic myoelectrical activity by the electromyogram of skeletal muscle to be excluded. This artefact has not been considered in previous recordings of ‘colonic’ activity.

24

Asraf Ali, Md, Kenneth Sundaraj, R. Badlishah Ahmad, Nizam Uddin Ahamed, and Md Anamul Islam. "Recent Observations in Surface Electromyography Recording of Triceps Brachii Muscle in Patients and Athletes." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 11, no. 3 (2014): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/172815.

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Objective: To observe and analyse the literature on the use of surface electromyography electrodes, including the shape, size, and metal composition of the electrodes used, the interelectrode distance, and the anatomical locations on the muscle at which the electrodes are placed, for the observation of the triceps brachii muscle activity in patients and athletes.Methods: We searched the ScienceDirect and SpringerLink online databases for articles published in the English language during the last six years (between January 2008 and December 2013). We specifically searched for the keywords “EMG” and “triceps brachii” in the full text of each of the articles. The inclusion criteria were articles on the use of surface electromyography electrodes to observe the activity of the triceps brachii muscle in patients and athletes.Results: In the 23 selected articles, the activities of the triceps brachii muscle in a total of 402 subjects were measured using surface electromyography electrodes: 262 subjects in the studies that focused on the rehabilitation of patients with various disorders, and 140 subjects in the studies that focused on the sports performance of various athletes. To record the surface electromyography activity of the triceps brachii muscle, the electrodes were placed over the muscle belly or the three heads (lateral, long, and medial) of the triceps brachii muscle with diverse interelectrode distances. Seventeen studies used bipolar or triode silver/silver chloride electrodes, one study utilised bipolar gold electrodes, one study applied bipolar polycarbonate electrodes, one study used a linear array of four silver bar electrodes, one study utilised DELSYS parallel bar nickel silver electrodes, and two studies did not clearly mention the composition of the electrodes used.Conclusions: Bipolar silver/silver chloride circular-shaped electrodes are utilised more frequently than electrodes with a different metal composition and shape. The anatomical locations of the triceps brachii muscle that mainly considered for electrode placement are the lateral, long, and medial heads. A 10-mm electrode size is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity more efficiently. However, we found that an electrode size of up to 40 mm may be used to reliably measure the sEMG activity on the triceps brachii muscle. A 20-mm interelectrode distance is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity using the above mentioned muscle locations and silver/silver chloride electrodes. We also identified others factors that should be taken into account for the use of the sEMG recording technique on the triceps brachii under real-time conditions.

25

Guillorn, Michael A., Dustin W. Carr, Richard C. Tiberio, Elias Greenbaum, and Michael L. Simpson. "Fabrication of dissimilar metal electrodes with nanometer interelectrode distance for molecular electronic device characterization." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 18, no. 3 (2000): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.591355.

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26

Kurnosov, D. A., A. S. Baturin, A. S. Bugaev, K. N. Nikolski, R. G. Tchesov, and E. P. Sheshin. "Influence of the interelectrode distance in electrophoretic cold cathode fabrication on the emission uniformity." Applied Surface Science 215, no. 1-4 (June 2003): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(03)00307-6.

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27

Afsharipour, B., S. Soedirdjo, and R. Merletti. "Two-dimensional surface EMG: The effects of electrode size, interelectrode distance and image truncation." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 49 (March 2019): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2018.12.001.

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28

Rosenburg, Ronald, and Helmut Seidel. "Electromyography of lumbar erector spinae muscles — influence of posture, interelectrode distance, strength, and fatigue." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 59, no. 1-2 (September 1989): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02396587.

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29

Srinath, Ramanujan, and Supratim Ray. "Effect of amplitude correlations on coherence in the local field potential." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00851.2013.

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Neural activity across the brain shows both spatial and temporal correlations at multiple scales, and understanding these correlations is a key step toward understanding cortical processing. Correlation in the local field potential (LFP) recorded from two brain areas is often characterized by computing the coherence, which is generally taken to reflect the degree of phase consistency across trials between two sites. Coherence, however, depends on two factors—phase consistency as well as amplitude covariation across trials—but the spatial structure of amplitude correlations across sites and its contribution to coherence are not well characterized. We recorded LFP from an array of microelectrodes chronically implanted in the primary visual cortex of monkeys and studied correlations in amplitude across electrodes as a function of interelectrode distance. We found that amplitude correlations showed a similar trend as coherence as a function of frequency and interelectrode distance. Importantly, even when phases were completely randomized between two electrodes, amplitude correlations introduced significant coherence. To quantify the contributions of phase consistency and amplitude correlations to coherence, we simulated pairs of sinusoids with varying phase consistency and amplitude correlations. These simulations confirmed that amplitude correlations can significantly bias coherence measurements, resulting in either over- or underestimation of true phase coherence. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for the correlations in amplitude while using coherence to study phase relationships across sites and frequencies.

30

Fiocchi, S., E. Chiaramello, P. Ravazzani, and M. Parazzini. "Modelling of the Current Density Distributions during Cortical Electric Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain Treatment." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1056132.

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In the last two decades, motor cortex stimulation has been recognized as a valuable alternative to pharmacological therapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Although this technique started to be used in clinical studies, the debate about the optimal settings that enhance its effectiveness without inducing tissue damage is still open. To this purpose, computational approaches applied to realistic human models aimed to assess the current density distribution within the cortex can be a powerful tool to provide a basic understanding of that technique and could help the design of clinical experimental protocols. This study aims to evaluate, by computational techniques, the current density distributions induced in the brain by a realistic electrode array for cortical stimulation. The simulation outcomes, summarized by specific metrics quantifying the efficacy of the stimulation (i.e., the effective volume and the effective depth of penetration) over two cortical targets, were evaluated by varying the interelectrode distance, the stimulus characteristics (amplitude and frequency), and the anatomical human model. The results suggest that all these parameters somehow affect the current density distributions and have to be therefore taken into account during the planning of effective electrical cortical stimulation strategies. In particular, our calculations show that (1) the most effective interelectrode distance equals 2 cm; (2) increasing voltage amplitudes increases the effective volume; (3) increasing frequencies allow enlarging the effective volume; and (4) the effective depth of penetration is strictly linked to both the anatomy of the subject and the electrode placement.

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Young, A. J., L. J. Hargrove, and T. A. Kuiken. "Improving Myoelectric Pattern Recognition Robustness to Electrode Shift by Changing Interelectrode Distance and Electrode Configuration." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 59, no. 3 (March 2012): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2177662.

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Malek, Moh H., Tj Housh, Jw Coburn, Rj Schmidt, Jp Weir, Tw Beck, and Go Johnson. "Effects Of Interelectrode Distance On Electromyographic Amplitude And Mean Power Frequency During Incremental Cycle Ergometry." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-02285.

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Malek, Moh H., Tj Housh, Jw Coburn, Rj Schmidt, Jp Weir, Tw Beck, and Go Johnson. "Effects Of Interelectrode Distance On Electromyographic Amplitude And Mean Power Frequency During Incremental Cycle Ergometry." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-02285.

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Zubarev, N. M., and O. V. Zubareva. "Equilibrium configurations of the charged surface of a conducting liquid at a finite interelectrode distance." Technical Physics Letters 30, no. 11 (November 2004): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1829338.

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35

Miller, Raymond E., Stephen A. Fahrig, and Sergio L. Pinski. "992-111 Minimum Interelectrode Distance to Avoid Interactions Between Coexistent Transvenous Pacemaker and Defibrillator Systems." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 25, no. 2 (February 1995): 316A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)92772-w.

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36

Korzhenevskiy, S. R., A. A. Komarskiy, A. V. Ponomarev, A. S. Chepusov, and O. D. Krasniy. "Application of a nanosecond corona discharge generator for electrical separation of ores." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012089.

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Abstract The use of a pulsed nanosecond voltage source in a corona separator was investigated. Measurements of the distribution of corona discharge current were obtained. The influence of the interelectrode distance on the distribution of the corona discharge current was investigated. Experiments with gold-bearing quartz-sulfide ore and ilmenite ore were carried out. A concentrate was obtained with a gold content of 48 g/t, a mass equal to 18.7% of the original, which corresponds to the extraction of 92% of gold. The titanium content of ilmenite was enriched from 2.87% to 18.1%.

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Chen, Kevin C., Yi Zhou, and Hui-Hui Zhao. "Time-resolved quantification of the dynamic extracellular space in the brain during short-lived event: methodology and simulations." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1718–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00347.2018.

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Two macroscopic parameters describe the interstitial diffusion of substances in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain, the ECS volume fraction α and the diffusion tortuosity λ. Past methods based on sampling the extracellular concentration of a membrane-impermeable ion tracer, such as tetramethylammonium (TMA+), can characterize either the dynamic α( t) alone or the constant α and λ in resting state but never the dynamic α( t) and λ( t) simultaneously in short-lived brain events. In this work, we propose to use a sinusoidal method of TMA+ to provide time-resolved quantification of α( t) and λ( t) in acute brain events. This method iontophoretically injects TMA+ in the brain ECS by a sinusoidal time pattern, samples the resulting TMA+ diffusion waveform at a distance, and analyzes the transient modulations of the amplitude and phase lag of the sampled TMA+ waveform to infer α( t) and λ( t). Applicability of the sinusoidal method was verified through computer simulations of the sinusoidal TMA+ diffusion waveform in cortical spreading depression. Parameter sensitivity analysis identified the sinusoidal frequency and the interelectrode distance as two key operating parameters. Compared with other TMA+-based methods, the sinusoidal method can more accurately capture the dynamic α( t) and λ( t) in acute brain events and is equally applicable to other pathological episodes such as epilepsy, transient ischemic attack, and brain injury. Future improvement of the method should focus on high-fidelity extraction of the waveform amplitude and phase angle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY An iontophoretic sinusoidal method of tetramethylammonium is described to capture the dynamic brain extracellular space volume fraction α and diffusion tortuosity λ. The sinusoidal frequency and interelectrode distance are two key operating parameters affecting the method’s accuracy in capturing α( t) and λ( t). High-fidelity extraction of the waveform amplitude and phase lag is critical to successful sinusoidal analyses.

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Malek, Moh H., Terry J. Housh, Jared W. Coburn, Joseph P. Weir, Richard J. Schmidt, and Travis W. Beck. "The effects of interelectrode distance on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during incremental cycle ergometry." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 151, no. 2 (March 2006): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.025.

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39

Domínguez, M., E. Márquez, P. Villares, and R. Jiménez-Garay. "Influence of temperature and interelectrode distance on the negative differential resistance in metal-chalcogenide glassy semiconductors." Journal of Materials Science 30, no. 13 (July 1995): 3407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349887.

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40

Tomita, Aya, Ryosuke Ando, Akira Saito, Kohei Watanabe, and Hiroshi Akima. "Effect of interelectrode distance on surface electromyographic signals of vastus intermedius muscle in women and men." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 25, no. 6 (December 2015): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.001.

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41

Ханефт, А. В. "Моделирование электрического пробоя монокристаллов перхлората аммония в динамическом режиме". Журнал технической физики 90, № 6 (2020): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2020.06.49276.289-19.

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A numerical simulation of the electrical breakdown in dynamic mode of single crystals of ammonium perchlorate has been carried out. The system of differential equations was solved, which described the processes in the equivalent circuit of the pulse voltage generator together with the kinetic equation of impact electron multiplication and the heat balance equation. The dependences of the electric strength of ammonium perchlorate in dynamic mode on the interelectrode distance and the duration of the leading edge of a high voltage pulse were calculated. Obtained numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the known experimental data of electrical breakdown of ammonium perchlorate in the dynamic mode.

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Zhang, Ya Chun, Xiang He, Jian Pin Chen, Xiao Wu Ni, Jian Lu, and Zhong Hua Shen. "Two-Dimensional Numerical Study on Characterization of Low-Pressure Capacitively Coupled Argon Discharges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1691.

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This paper presents an investigation of argon capacitively coupled plasma at low pressure. A two-dimensional, time-dependent fluid model is used to describe the production, transport, and destruction of electrons and positive ions. The model is solved for a GEC(gaseous electronics conference) Cell reactor type (with 4cm diameter and 2.5cm interelectrode distance) operating at frequency 13.56MHz, pressure 1Torr and applied voltage 1000V, in pure argon. Two-dimensional distributions are presented in the stationary state, including electron temperature and species density i.e. electron, ion and metastable atom. The electric field and electric potential at different phases in one RF cycle is also studied.

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Тарасенко, В. Ф., Д. В. Белоплотов та Д. А. Сорокин. "Длительность пучка убегающих электронов при субнаносекундном фронте импульса напряжения". Журнал технической физики 92, № 5 (2022): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.05.52373.317-21.

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The conditions for obtaining runaway electron (RE) current pulses with a minimum duration at a subnanosecond breakdown of centimeter gaps filled with air at atmospheric pressure were studied. It is shown that the RE current pulse duration depends on many parameters, such as the cathode form, the magnitude of the interelectrode distance, the diameter of the diaphragm, which is part of the anode, as well as on the size of the receiving part of the collector. It has been established that the use of cathodes with an extended edge having a small radius of curvature, RE current pulses consisting of two peaks of picosecond duration can be recorded.

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Tarasenko, Victor F., Igor' D. Kostyrya, and Dmitry V. Beloplotov. "Backward runaway electrons in a subnanosecond air discharge at atmospheric pressure." Laser and Particle Beams 34, no. 1 (November 13, 2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034615000907.

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AbstractIn the paper, we study the conditions for the generation of backward runaway electrons through a grounded grid cathode in atmospheric pressure air at high-voltage pulses with a full width at half maximum of 1 ns and risetime of 0.3 ns applied to the gap from a SLEP-150 pulser. The study confirms that backward runaway electrons and X-rays do arise near grid cathodes in atmospheric pressure air. It is shown that the current of the backward beam and the X-rays from the gas diode depend differently on the interelectrode distance. The average X-ray exposure dose in a pulse is more than 3.5 mR.

45

Hamed, Noor, and Ali J. Jaeel. "Decolorisation of Reactive Congo Red Dye Solution by Electro Coagulation Process." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol11.iss1.367.

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The decolourisation of the reactive Congo red dye from synthetic wastewater was studied using ElectroCoagulation (EC) technique. In an effort to increase removal efficiency, the effects of operating parameters including flow, inter electrode distance, conductivity, voltage, and Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) were investigated. An electrochemical cell was initially created with an aluminum cathode and anode. Following that, each variable's impact was examined independently using synthetic wastewater. The colour removal efficiency was 93% when the initial dye concentration was 4 mg/L, the conductivity was 300 ppm, the temperature was 24 oC, the interelectrode spacing was 1 cm, and the HDT of the electrolysis was 120 min.

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Nguyen, Phuong Thi Thanh, Hieu Trung Nguyen, Uyen Nhat Phuoc Tran, and Ha Manh Bui. "Removal of Antibiotics from Real Hospital Wastewater by Cold Plasma Technique." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (May 20, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9981738.

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Hospital wastewater contains a complex mixture of bioactive substances and microorganisms that are deleterious to humans and aquatic animals. In this study, four antibiotics, namely, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, and amoxicillin, respectively, from the wastewater of seven hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were monitored. The results revealed that the wastewater from these hospitals is contaminated with at least one of the antibiotics. In addition, the degradation capacity of the antibiotics by the wastewater treatment plant at one of the hospitals by the cold plasma technique was investigated. Furthermore, effects of the variation in pH, interelectrode distance, applied voltage, and reaction time on the removal efficiency were investigated in terms of the reduction in antibiotics concentration, COD, and ammonia. Ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, COD, and ammonia were almost eliminated, while ofloxacin and amoxicillin were reduced by more than 72% under optimum conditions (initial pH of 10, reaction time of 15 min, applied voltage of 30 kV, and interelectrode distance of 10 mm). All of these factors affected the removal efficiency. The removal efficiency was most robust in the first 5 min, and it increased with the increase in the reaction time. However, the removal efficiency tended to saturate over time, while it decreased with the increase in the reaction time. With an applied voltage of 30 kV onwards, the removal efficiency was not significantly different. Most of the pollutants were predominately eliminated under slightly alkaline conditions (pH of ∼10). In addition, primary oxidants in the aqueous phase, such as O3, H2O2, and ⋅OH, were generated. Besides, the obtained results also revealed that the decomposition of ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime follows the first-order reaction kinetics; meanwhile, the third-order reaction kinetics was most likely for the decomposition of ofloxacin and amoxicillin.

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MORADY, FRED S., ALAN H. KADISH, STEPHEN SCHMALTZ, JONI SUMMITT, and SHIMON ROSENHECK. "Effect of Interelectrode Distance on the Bipolar Strength-Interval Relationship and Ventricular Effective Refractory Period in Humans." Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 1, no. 2 (April 1990): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1990.tb01052.x.

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48

Boxtel, A., A. J. W. Boelhouwer, and A. R. Bos. "Optimal EMG signal bandwidth and interelectrode distance for the recording of acoustic, electrocutaneous, and photic blink reflexes." Psychophysiology 35, no. 6 (November 1998): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3560690.

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Evanoff, Van, and Ralph M. Buschbacher. "Optimal interelectrode distance in sensory and mixed compound nerve action potentials: 3- versus 4-centimeter bar electrodes." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85, no. 3 (March 2004): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00617-8.

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Apollonov, V. V., G. G. Baĭtsur, B. B. Kudabaev, A. M. Prokhorov, B. V. Semkin, E. É. Trefilov, K. N. Firsov, and B. G. Shubin. "Feasibility of increasing the interelectrode distance in a volume discharge by filling the discharge gap with electrons." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 17, no. 11 (November 30, 1987): 1364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1987v017n11abeh010832.

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