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Статті в журналах з теми "Intellectual life, Sydney NSW"
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Buckridge, Patrick. "A Bohemian Wife: The Life and Death of Olga Penton." Queensland Review 15, no. 1 (January 2008): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600004566.
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Olga Penton died of heart failure at her home in Sydney one evening in 1973. She was found the next morning sitting upright in an armchair, with a plate of cold chicken half-eaten on her lap, a knowing smile on her face, and looking a lot younger than her 76 years. This is an image that captures the cheerful stoicism of her last twenty years of life. Fifty years earlier, another sedentary image captures an earlier self: the image is of Olga sitting naked in a bath, presiding over an intellectual salon of writers and free-thinkers in the Brisbane flat she was sharing with her new husband, Brian Penton. It is hard to be sure whether this second image exactly corresponds to reality — neither of my informants was personally present at any of the bathroom salons, and both reported them as a spicy rumour rather than an observed fact — but whether true or not, we can say that the rumour expresses the ambience of intellectual sophistication and sexual daring that seems to have surrounded her at the time.
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Stephens, Matthew. "From Lost Property to Explorer' s Relics: The Rediscovery of the Personal Library of Ludwig Leichhardt." Historical Records of Australian Science 18, no. 2 (2007): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr07008.
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In late 1853, a small number of unclaimed boxes containing the worldly possessions of the missing explorer Ludwig Leichhardt were deposited at the Australian Museum, Sydney. An estimated 137 volumes of Leichhardt's books and pamphlets were stored alongside his manuscripts, field notes, seed specimens and scientific instruments. While the manuscripts have proved invaluable to those researching the life and work of Leichhardt, his books have lain forgotten and virtually irretrievable in the collections of the State Library of New South Wales and the Australian Museum Research Library. A significant proportion of the library has now been identified and its contents listed and described for the first time, providing new insight into Leichhard's intellectual background and interests.
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White, Jessica. "‘So many sparks of fire’: Dorothy Cottrell, modernism and mobility." Queensland Review 23, no. 2 (December 2016): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2016.27.
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AbstractThe broad brush strokes of Dorothy Cottrell's paintings in the National Library of Australia mark her as a modernist artist, although not one who painted the burgeoning Sydney Harbour Bridge or bright still-life paintings of Australian flora. Rather, she captured the dun surrounds of Ularunda Station, the remote Queensland property to which she moved in 1920 after attending art school in Sydney. At Ularunda, Cottrell eloped with the bookkeeper to Dunk Island, where they stayed with nature writer E.J. Banfield, then relocated to Sydney. In 1924 they returned to Ularunda and Cottrell swapped her paintbrush for a pen, writing The Singing Gold. After advice from Mary Gilmore, whom her mother accosted in a pub, Cottrell send it to the Ladies Home Journal in America. It was snapped up immediately, optioned for a film and found a publisher in England, who described it as ‘a great Australian book, and a world book’. Gilmore added, ‘As an advertisement for Australia, it will go far — the Ladies Home Journal is read all over the world’. Cottrell herself also went far, emigrating to America, where she wrote The Silent Reefs, set in the Caribbean. Cottrell's creative, intellectual and physical peregrinations — all undertaken in a wheelchair after she contracted polio at age five — show how the local references the international, and vice versa. Through an analysis of the life and writing of this now little-known Queensland author, this essay reflects the regional and transnational elements of modernism as outlined in Neal Alexander and James Moran's Regional Modernisms, illuminating how a crack-shot with a rifle once took Queensland to the world.
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Duncanson, Ian. "Leonie Star, Julius Stone: An Intellectual Life, New York, Oxford University Press in association with Sydney University Press, 1992. Pp. x, 300. $55 (ISBN 0 424 00174 8)." Law and History Review 14, no. 1 (1996): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827620.
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Hayward, Matt W. "The Natural History of Sydney." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (2011): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110378.
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AUSTRALIA’S relatively recent discovery by Europeans and rapid loss of traditional knowledge without documentation means the accumulated knowledge of our natural history is scant compared to other continents (e.g., search for publications on the top-order predators of each continent for confirmation). Yet, as Mike Archer highlights in the Foreword to this book, this natural history information is fundamental for us to develop effective conservation strategies. Instead of focusing on accumulating this information, the competitive nature of academia limits the value of publishing simple natural history studies because of the low impact such studies invariably have (see Paul Adam’s chapter), while conservation managers are too busy to publish their natural history research particularly while they receive such little incentive to do so. The Natural History of Sydney offers a valuable remedy to this problem and Dan Lunney and his Royal Zoological Society of NSW editorial team deliver once again in servicing the intellectual needs of Australian zoologists.
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Lee, Lynette, Mark Heffernan, Geoffrey McDonnell, Stephanie D. Short, and Vasi Naganathan. "A system dynamics modelling approach to studying the increasing prevalence of people with intellectual developmental disorders in New South Wales." Australian Health Review 40, no. 3 (2016): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14150.
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Objective The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence count of people with intellectual developmental disorders (IDD) in New South Wales (NSW) in 2003, by age groups, and to forecast their prevalence until 2043. Methods Administrative data obtained from NSW government departments of education, pensions, health and disability were used to profile the number of people whose characteristics met the criteria for ‘intellectual developmental disorders’ who had received services in 2003. These figures were compared with published tables of NSW data from the national self-report Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC) of 2003 to estimate the likely prevalence of people with intellectual developmental disorders, by age groups in that year. The results were then used as baseline figures in a computational system dynamics model of the aging chain of people with these disorders, built to project prevalence to 2043. Results The number of people who met the criteria for having intellectual developmental disorder in NSW in 2003 was estimated to be 57000 (a ratio of 85 per 10000), with 32000 aged 0–15 years, 15000 aged 16–39 years, 9000 aged 40–64 years and 1000 aged 65+ years. Using these figures as baseline, the computer simulation predicted a total increase to 77225 people in 2013 and 135905 people by 2043. By 2043, the number of children with intellectual developmental disorders will have doubled, from 32000 to 59480, and the number of adults will have tripled, from 25000 to 76420. Conclusions This modelling technique forecast an increase in the prevalence count of people with intellectual developmental disorders in NSW over the period 2003–43 from 57000 (85 per 10000) to 135905 (135 per 10000). These predictions may have important implications for the planning of specialist health services for this group of people. What is known about the topic? The prevalence ratio of people with intellectual developmental disorders is quoted at lying between 1% and 2% of the Australian population, depending on the definition adopted. It is known that life expectancy for this group of people is increasing. Many people with intellectual developmental disorders have multiple service demands and there is a need to understand the prevalence count in various age groups in order to plan effectively for their health service needs. What does this paper add? This paper confirms a NSW prevalence ratio of people with intellectual developmental disorders of approximately 0.85% for the purposes of specialist health service planning at the beginning of the 21st century, and this is predicted to increase to 1.35% over a 40-year period. The paper demonstrates that there will be significant growth in the number of adults surviving to old age between 2003 and 2043. What are the implications for practitioners? It is known that as people with intellectual developmental disorders age, their health promoting care needs increase, as do their dependencies on special supports. Planning for the allocation of resources associated with the welfare and healthcare of people with intellectual developmental disorders may need to be focused on this anticipated increase in the number of older people with the condition.
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Hume, Frank, and Kay Wilhelm. "Career Choice and Experience of Distress Amongst Interns: A Survey of New South Wales Internship 1987–1990." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075646.
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Successive cohorts of interns assigned to a Sydney teaching hospital since 1987 were interviewed at the beginning and end of their intern year to document factors influencing career choice and psychological morbidity, with comparisons between the graduates of the three NSW medical faculties. Intellectual challenge and altruism were the two most reported motivating factors in choosing Medicine. Many interns expressed regret at their career choice. Apart from anger, self-reported psychological morbidity during internship was low. Interns' evaluation of the relevance of their undergraduate training declined during internship, except for Newcastle graduates. Increased “hands on” clinical experience during undergraduate years, career guidance, assertive-ness training, and time management skills should be included in the undergraduate curriculum. More registrar teaching, frequent performance feedback, regular grievance sessions and decreased clerical activities contribute to more enriching intern experiences.
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Weickert, Thomas, Seetha Ramanathan, Rhoshel Lenroot, Dennis Liu, Ryan Balzan, Cherrie Galletly, and Cynthia Shannon Weickert. "M62. PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION MARKERS IDENTIFY SUBSET OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND RELATED PSYCHOSES WHO HAVE INTELLECTUAL DECLINE FROM PREMORBID LEVELS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S158—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.374.
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Abstract Background Higher inflammation has been identified in a substantial subset of both high-risk and chronically ill patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses and this may account for some of the heterogeneity of the schizophrenia. There is also much heterogeneity in cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia with some patients showing a marked decline from premorbid intellectual levels while others show little change from either normal or low intellect. However, the relationship between intellectual change with the illness onset and inflammation in schizophrenia has not been established. Methods Here, we report the assessment of two common markers of inflammation from two independent samples of generally chronically ill patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses (one sample of 73 patients versus 70 healthy controls from Sydney, NSW, Australia and one sample of 297 patients from Syracuse, NY, USA). Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from all patients and blood markers of inflammation (C-Reactive Protein, CRP, and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR) were assayed using standard procedures. Assessment of premorbid and current intellectual abilities were obtained from the Sydney cohort of patients. Results Grouping the patients and controls from the Sydney sample into those with elevated (> 3 mg/L) versus normal (< 3 mg/L) CRP levels revealed 42% of the patients versus 20% of the healthy controls had elevated CRP (Chi Square = 9.16, p = .002) and further evidence of inflammation with an elevated mean NLR of 2.5. The frequency of peripheral inflammation was confirmed by the independent sample from Syracuse in which 39% of the patients (n= 115) had an elevated NLR above a cutoff score for normal of 2.2 which was consistent with the Sydney sample. Patients from the Sydney sample who had an elevated CRP also had a significant mean 15-point IQ decline from premorbid IQ levels, whereas the patients with CRP levels within normal limits did not show a statistically significant drop in IQ from premorbid levels (mean IQ decline 7.6 points). Healthy controls with normal CRP had no IQ change (0.0 points) and healthy controls with elevated CRP has a slight, non-significant IQ decline (mean 2.3 points). Discussion Thus, our study showed supportive evidence of elevated peripheral inflammation markers in subgroups of chronically ill patients with schizophrenia from two independent samples and a link between marked intellectual decline from premorbid levels and current peripheral inflammation in one chronically ill subgroup of patients with schizophrenia suggesting a role for inflammation in the cognitive impairment of a substantial proportion (40%) of patients with schizophrenia.
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Cutler, J., and P. Farrar. "EASTERN GAS PIPELINE PROJECT: BREAKING NEW GROUND IN COORDINATED APPROVALS." APPEA Journal 36, no. 2 (1996): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95071.
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The opening of 'free and fair trade' in natural gas from 1 July 1996 provides the opportunity to service Sydney and regional NSW energy markets with competitively priced Bass Strait gas.The Eastern Gas Pipeline Project (EGPP), proposed by BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd and a Canadian company, Westcoast Energy Inc, will link Victorian reserves to NSW transmission and distribution systems.The proponents have taken on a major coordination exercise to ensure that project planning, market development, communications, environmental assessment and regulatory approvals are integrated and managed against a demanding project schedule.Exposure to three regulatory jurisdictions has complicated this task.The project requires many approvals including approval under the Commonwealth government's foreign investment policy, pipeline permits and licences under Victorian and NSW Pipelines Acts and requires environmental impact assessment under Commonwealth, Victorian and NSW legislation.Early in the project's life the proponents recognised the need for a strongly coordinated approvals process and have since worked with government assessment and facilitation agencies to achieve a coordinated process. This ground-breaking project is now the subject of one Environmental Impact Assessment process, one process for public review and one coordinated decision-making process to meet the requirements of all three jurisdictions.This paper explores the challenges of coordination and suggests ways of improving future joint assessment and approval processes.
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Lumby, Catharine. "Reshaping Public Intellectual Life: Frank Moorhouse and His Milieu." Media International Australia 156, no. 1 (August 2015): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515600115.
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This article uses Frank Moorhouse as a study of the formation of a public intellectual in the 1960s and 1970s. Moorhouse was a key figure in the Sydney Push, a loose Libertarian-anarchist network of artists, writers, intellectuals and party people who rejected the dominant moral values of the 1950s and 1960s. A journalist, Moorhouse later became a well-known fiction writer who was part of a similarly bohemian and activist milieu centred in Sydney's Balmain. Taking Frank Moorhouse as a case study, I will argue that there is something particular about the way public intellectuals have historically been formed and given voice in Australian life, which is characterised by a permeability between art and writing practices and between academic and activist milieux.
Дисертації з теми "Intellectual life, Sydney NSW"
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Lees, Jennifer Anne, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Humanities. "Eisteddfoditis : the significance of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod in Australian cultural history 1933-1941." THESIS_CAESS_HUM_Lees_J.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/714.
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This thesis documents the early history of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod from its beginning in 1933 until it recessed in 1941 for the duration of the Pacific War. Eisteddfods had long been commonplace in Australia, but this competition began for political rather than cultural reasons in 1932, when organisers of the Harbour Bridge celebrations decided that since the spectacular edifice had made Sydney an icon on the world map, the city needed to cultivate a more sophisticated image. In observing events that led to its establishment, the project looks at the technological revolution of the 1920s and the social upheaval of the jazz age. This thesis observes that Sydney competition was Welsh only in name and grew from the political roots of the high and lowbrow debates that had come to divide society. In examining these issues, this thesis focuses on the Sydney contest, the talent that rose from its stages and the cultural revival that exploded in its wake. Written as a narrative history, this thesis draws mostly from empirical sources. It includes a statistical analysis and a substantial amount of original materialDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Lees, Jennifer Anne. "Eisteddfoditis : the significance of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod in Australian cultural history 1933-1941." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis documents the early history of the City of Sydney Eisteddfod from its beginning in 1933 until it recessed in 1941 for the duration of the Pacific War. Eisteddfods had long been commonplace in Australia, but this competition began for political rather than cultural reasons in 1932, when organisers of the Harbour Bridge celebrations decided that since the spectacular edifice had made Sydney an icon on the world map, the city needed to cultivate a more sophisticated image. In observing events that led to its establishment, the project looks at the technological revolution of the 1920s and the social upheaval of the jazz age. This thesis observes that Sydney competition was Welsh only in name and grew from the political roots of the high and lowbrow debates that had come to divide society. In examining these issues, this thesis focuses on the Sydney contest, the talent that rose from its stages and the cultural revival that exploded in its wake. Written as a narrative history, this thesis draws mostly from empirical sources. It includes a statistical analysis and a substantial amount of original material
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Welsby, Janette. "Our stories : women, life and intellectual disability." Thesis, 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/487766.
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Our stories: women, life and intellectual disability tells part of the life stories of five Australian women with an intellectual disability between the ages of 29 and 52, who live in the suburbs of Sydney. There is an increasing body of work about intellectual disability, however, there is little written about the lives of women with an intellectual disability from their perspective, and even less about what is important to them in their lives. This thesis foregrounds knowledge and voices that are usually ignored within the dominant intellectually-abled culture.
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Alshamri, Khalid H. "Family quality of life for families of children with intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:40063.
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This thesis was primarily concerned with the quality of life of Saudi Arabian families who are caring for children of primary school age with intellectual disability. The four research aims were as follows. (1) Construct and verify the validity of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale, augmented to include variables assumed to be relevant to Saudi Arabian families of children with intellectual disability, including the new measures of religiosity and other religio-cultural factors related to caring for a child with an intellectual disability. (2) Examine whether the identified factors of the Saudi Arabian Family Quality of Life questionnaire, the measure of religiosity, and the measure of other religio-cultural factors related to caring for a child with intellectual disability are reliable. (3) Determine whether caring for children with intellectual disability, compared to caring for children without intellectual disability, is associated with family quality of life among Saudi Arabian families. And whether demographic factors, religiosity, and other religio-cultural factors were associated with family quality of life for Saudi Arabian families were the same for families with and without children with intellectual disability. (4) To explore the possible phenomenological reasons behind the observed quantitative results for examining family quality of life of Saudi Arabian families, and to discern what kinds of support parents feel they need. In order to achieve these aims, quantitative and qualitative data were collected about family quality of life of Saudi Arabian families with and without children with intellectual disability. A questionnaire based on the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale, modified for Saudi Arabia, was administered to 201 families, and interviews were conducted with eight Saudi families. Of the 201 participant families, 82 per cent of the respondents/participants were male and 28 per cent of them were the primary carer; 88 per cent had at least a college level of education and 41 per cent were engaged in further study, with 28 per cent being unemployed; 93 per cent of them were married; 58 percent lived in a city; 36 per cent earned less than SAR60,000 p.a. while 54 per cent earned between SAR60,000 and SAR120,000 p.a. All families had at least one child (between 2-17 years of age), and 86 families (43% of the sample) had one child with intellectual disability. Of them, 52 children had a mild intellectual disability and 31 had a moderate intellectual disability. The major findings of the current study were as follows. First, the Family Quality of Life scale developed for the current study was found to be valid and reliable for Saudi Arabian families. Second, it was found that families who were caring for a child with an intellectual disability reported a significantly lower quality of life than those who did not. Third, it was found that socio-economic status and marital status were the major factors impacting on family quality of life for families with and without children with intellectual disability; and further, that higher socio-economic status and being married (as opposed to divorced) mitigated the negative impact on family quality of life of caring for a child with an intellectual disability. Fourth, the qualitative results of interviews with selected families largely cohered with the quantitative results of the questionnaire. However, although the quantitative analysis showed that the subscales of family religiosity and social and religious perspectives on intellectual disability were not reliable, the interviews revealed that the functional role of religion varied and played important, albeit different roles, in how families dealt with the fact that they had children with intellectual disability. Finally, the request for special assistance on the part of families of children with intellectual disability was largely dependent on their socio-economic status.
The main research implication of this thesis is that the augmented Saudi Arabian Family Quality of Life can be used in future family quality of life studies for the Saudi Arabian population, and may be extended to other Gulf countries to see whether the scale has validity in culturally similar societies beyond Saudi Arabia. The current study also found that social acceptance/stigmatisation of children with intellectual disability had an impact on family quality of life, but the precise sources of social stigmatisation were not explored. This could be an important area for future research. Another important implication of the current study is that attempting to capture the impact of religion on family quality of life requires qualitative analysis in the form of interviews because subjective interpretations of the role of religion in people‟s lives are sometimes only revealed via discussion (as opposed to questionnaires).
Another finding with important practical/policy implications is that families who have a relatively lower family quality of life are also those who have low incomes, meaning that they are already vulnerable and potentially „marginalized‟ groups. Government programs providing real income and employment support is a possible albeit partial solution in such cases. Furthermore, there are other forms of support, not currently available in Saudi Arabia, that can also be provided to families of children with intellectual disability. These include (1) assistance with parenting skills, (2) better tailored education services for children, (3) assistance with marital stability, and (4) combating stigmatisation.
Книги з теми "Intellectual life, Sydney NSW"
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Dimond, Jill. Literary Sydney: A walking guide. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 2000.
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The innovators: The Sydney alternatives in the rise of modern art, literature, and ideas. South Melbourne: Macmillan Company of Australia, 1986.
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Crittenden, Victor. James Tegg, early Sydney publisher and printer: The Tegg Brothers, the Australian arm of the book empire of Thomas Tegg of London. Canberra: Mulini Press, 2000.
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Fienberg, Nona. Elizabeth, her poets, and the creation of the courtly manner: A study of Sir John Harington, Sir Philip Sydney, and John Lyly. New York: Garland, 1988.
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Secret Lives of the Underground Railroad in New York City: Sydney Howard Gay, Louis Napoleon and the Record of Fugitives. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2015.
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(Editor), Mabel Lee, and Michael Wilding (Editor), eds. History, Literature and Society: Essays in Honour of S.N. Mukherjee (Sydney Studies in Society & Culture). Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1997.
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Another History: Essays on China from a European Perspective (University of Sydney East Asian Series, Vol 10). University of Hawaii Press, 1996.
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Nation: The life of an independent journal of opinion, 1958-1972. International Specialized Book Services, [distributor], 1989.
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Stanley, Inglis Kenneth, and Brazier Jan, eds. Nation: The life of an independent journal of opinion, 1958-1972. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1989.
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The wit and wisdom of the Rev. Sydney Smith: A selection of the most memorable passages in his writings and conversations. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1988.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Intellectual life, Sydney NSW"
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"Introduction: The Life of Ruby Violet Payne-Scott – 28 May 1912 (Grafton NSW, Australia) to 25 May 1981 (Sydney, Australia)." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03141-0_1.
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Tribe, Keith. "What Is ‘Marshallianism’?" In Constructing Economic Science, 141–72. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491741.003.0006.
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Marshall’s intellectual heritage is often described as ‘Marshallianism’, a general designation of his intellectual style as teacher and writer. But what exactly might this mean? While it is not necessarily wrong to describe his work in this way, it is necessary to have a clear idea of what the term denotes. To begin with, the work of Marshall is distinguished from that of his near (senior) contemporary, Stanley Jevons; but his death in 1882 came at a point when his version of economics had been gaining ground in Britain. While soon eclipsed by Marshall, this more formal approach later became the trademark of the London School of Economics in the 1920s, mediated by its Professor of Political Economy, Edwin Cannan. Then the work of Marshall as a teacher is examined, identifying an approach that sought to encourage students to apply their economic knowledge to the contemporary world. What he sought to inculcate in his students is shown by a discussion of the work of two of his students, A. C. Pigou and Sydney Chapman. This is then followed by a consideration of the composition and editorial changes to Marshall’s Principles of Economics, first published in 1890 and reaching a very much changed final edition in 1920, in which form it continued to be reprinted for much of the twentieth century. Notwithstanding the long life of this work, it can then be shown that, by the 1920s, criticism of Marshall’s approach to economic analysis was increasing, signalling the demise of the Marshallian heritage.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Intellectual life, Sydney NSW"
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Deane, Saul. "The Sandstone Squarehouses of Macarthur: The Ultra Vires Blockhouses of Sydney Basin’s Dispossession." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3997pwac2.
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South of Campbelltown, wedged between Sydney’s two great rivers, where the Georges and the Nepean almost meet is Macarthur. In the early 1810s, to go beyond Campbelltown was to leave the authority of colonial Sydney - a colonial ultra vires frontier. Here are squarehouses that date from the mid-1810s, some were built during the height of Sydney’s frontier wars, before the 1816 Appin Massacre, which secured colonial control over all of Macarthur. These squarehouses are archaeologically intriguing as they are almost square, not large, have thick sandstone walls, some have ‘slot openings’ and others small openings. Were these squarehouses built with a defensive premise in mind, the openings for use as ‘gunloops’ as much as ventilation? If so they would be architectural evidence of the frontier wars. The suggestion is that these small squarehouses, often overlooked as just an outbuilding in the homestead aggregation, were among the first buildings built on a property. If built on contested land, its presence would have acted as notification of a land claim, while its physical structure provided a bolthole from which one could defend life and property - a private blockhouse. Blockhouses existed right across the British settler empire, with common standards constructed for defence in frontier areas from South Africa to New Zealand, Canada and the United States. So it should be no surprise to find them at the beginning of colonial NSW and yet it is, and this raises questions as to why this distinctive colonial structure is missing in Australia. The placement of these squarehouses and the prospect of their loops - their surveillance isovists over creeks and valleys, would provide historical insight into the colonial consolidation of these landscapes.
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Chen, Xiaofei. "Spatial Structure in Chinese and Japanese Cities: A Comparative Study of the Supergrid and Superblock Structure." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.4555.
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Title: Spatial Structure in Chinese and Japanese Cities: A Comparative Study of the Supergrid and Superblock StructureAuthor Name: Xiao Fei Chen Affiliation: Faculty of Architecture Design and Planning, The University of Sydney Address: The Wilkinson Bldg G04, 148 City Rd, Darlington NSW 2008 Email Address: xche3951@Sydney.edu.au Mobile: 61 (02) 0450875226 Keywords: Supergrid and Superblock, Urban Morphology, China and JapanAbstract:Supergrids and Superblocks form an urban structure that extends across large areas of many Chinese and Japanese cities. The grid structures consist of wide roads at a city scale and define Superblocks, each with a network of narrower streets. My paper investigates the form-function interrelationships of these structures from morphological perspectives against a backcloth of theory that stresses an integrated network of streets as the prerequisite for a convenient and synergetic environment, with a specific focus on road/street networks, and mix and distribution of functional activities. Both qualitative and quantitative methods (including space syntax) are used to investigate four Superblocks from two pairs of Chinese and Japanese cities: Xi’an and Kyoto, and Nanjing and Osaka, from three aspects: integration, connection and interaction. Here I focus on the Nanjing-Osaka pair and the findings demonstrate clear but divergent patterns between the two cities, which are indicative of general differences between Chinese and Japanese Superblocks: there are very strong interrelationships between the street network and distribution of activities in the Japanese Superblocks, but these are much less evident in the Chinese Superblocks and this results largely from the extensive Chinese cultural practice of building walls around compounds. It reveals some structural disadvantages, leading to congestion of traffic and functional activities in some strategic locations in Chinese Superblocks. It also highlights some crucial qualities in the structures of many Japanese Superblocks that can provide inspiration for China’s future urban development and possibly for cities in other parts of the world.Reference:Alexander, C. (1965) ‘A city is not a tree’, Architectural Forum 122, 58-62. Ashihara, Y. (1983) The Aesthetic Townscape, US: Massachusetts Institute Technology Press Halliday Lithograph. Bentley et al., (1985) Responsive environments: a manual for designers (London: Architectural Press). Hillier, B. (1996) Space is the machine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). Jacobs, J. (1961) The death and life of great American cities (New York: Random House). Marshall, S. (2005) Streets & Patterns, (Spon Press, Taylor & Francis Group). Shelton, B. (2012) Learning from the Japanese City: Looking East in Urban Design (Routledge imprint of Taylor & Francis, London). Zhu, W.Y. (2010) Space, Symbol and City: a Theory of Urban Design (China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing.
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Street Scenes - Sydney - View from Moore Street shows General Post Office, Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, Bank of NSW, Bank of Australasia, Challis House and Mutual Life Assurance Building - c.1913 (plate 209). Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000591.
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