Дисертації з теми "Intellectual concerns"

Having a meaningful system for expressing common needs and thoughts is important for overall quality of life for students with intellectual disability and limited expressive language. The current study was conducted to evaluate whether one communication system, Proloquo2Go ($249.99) or SwiftKey Symbols (FREE), is more effective in the acquisition of targeted expressive phrases in one student with intellectual disability who exhibited expressive communication difficulties. The student was provided with instruction in both systems using task analytic instruction and system of least prompting and encouraged to use each system at different times in a single case, alternating treatment design. Results indicated that Proloquo2Go led to faster acquisition of targeted phrases, although gains were shown with both devices. Although, given the cost difference, teachers and parents may want to consider free options, like SwiftKeys, given the student made gains with this device. Future research is needed to provide generalizability of these results.

This study explores the relationship between fascism, fascist ideas, and environmental consciousness in Britain during the pre- and post-World War II decades. In examining this topic, two main questions arise. First, why did fascist intellectuals support environmentally conscious ideas, and how did they relate these positions to their political ideologies? Second, why were many environmentally conscious thinkers during this period attracted to fascism? This thesis will also address several related issues regarding fascism and environmental consciousness. These issues include what role environmental concerns played in the British Union of Fascist’s platforms and in fascism’s public appeal, and how that role changed as the party’s needs and goals changed. This project also addresses how former members of the BUF drew attention to environmental issues after World War II, and how such ideas related to broader environmental discussions taking place in Britain at the time.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2013.
This dissertation focuses on the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci and the relevance of his concepts of hegemony and intellectuals to South Africa. Gramsci’s writings have a strong Italian resonance. The dissertation emphasises parallels as well as differences between the Italian and South African contexts to demonstrate that his theories on topics such as the creation of a proletarian state, the Revolutionary Party, passive revolution and language, in addition to the key concepts of intellectuals and hegemony, can be successfully applied to apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa – even though these theories were originally designed to fit the turbulent Italy of Gramsci’s own time. The argument proceeds through a rigorous textual analysis of both Gramsci’s pre-prison and prison writings as well as the works of various commentators on Gramsci. Through interpreting, assessing and analysing Gramsci’s writings and those of commentators, it becomes evident that underpinning all of Gramsci’s activities and writings is a vision for an improved society in Italy, a proletarian state in which the masses were no longer exploited by other social classes. The dissertation uses this vision to reflect on past and present South African political and social landscapes, exploring in the process how Gramsci’s thoughts can be used both to illuminate the problems inherent in apartheid South Africa and to redress the growing inequities in post-apartheid South Africa. The dissertation also applies Gramsci’s thought to South African literary texts, especially to Zakes Mda’s Heart of Redness. Though Gramsci has been used to interpret South African situations before, there has been to date no detailed study on his theories’ applicability to both the apartheid and the post-apartheid eras. The dissertation therefore contributes to the growing reputation of Gramsci’s works as textbooks for promoting and achieving a better society, free from all forms of exploitation.
University of Zululand

A major concern facing special educators is how best to educate students with mild intellectual disability, and whether regular or special classes are appropriate. The big fish little pond effect (BFLPE) predicts that students with mild intellectual disability will have higher academic self-concepts when in a special class, whereas labeling theory predicts that placing these students in special classes will lower their self-concepts. This study addresses some of these issues by: identifying a psychometrically sound, multidimensional self-concept measurement instrument; critically examining the structure and nature of self-concepts; investigating the effects of regular and special class placement upon students’ self-concepts, social comparison processes, academic achievement, and stigmatisation; and evaluating the legitimacy of the BFLPE and labeling theory. Three studies were conducted on 211 students in years 2-6. The first study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Self Description Questionnaire I Individual Administration (SDQI-IA) and examined the structure and self-concepts of the sample, and results demonstrated that the SDQI-IA is a valid and reliable measure. The second study tested the BLFPE and labeling theory and results provided support for the BFLPE. The third study measured the self-concepts, social comparison processes and academic achievement of 39 students in different education placements, with results revealing that students moved to special classes reported higher academic achievement and more favourable social comparisons than their counterparts in regular classes
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Notre thèse a pour but de réfléchir à cette question majeure, de tenter de résoudre cette impasse : le droit du commerce international contemporain a été élaboré à partir de principes libéraux pour réaliser la libre circulation des marchandises et des services (OMC, GATT, GATS…), sans toutefois tenir compte des différentes barrières culturelles internes des pays (par exemple en Chine), ni de considérations « autres que d’ordre commercial ». Comment dépasser les barrières internes ? Comment intégrer les valeurs non commerciales ? La Chine est à la fois une partie du problème et une partie de la solution à cette question. Une partie du problème en ce que les frictions entre les principes de libre circulation et les habitudes propres à une aire culturelle donnée sont particulièrement vivaces dans le cas de la Chine et font sans cesse surface dans le cadre des exigences de régulation. Une partie de la solution aussi en ce que son engagement pour les technologies vertes et les énergies renouvelables donne plus poids à la nécessité d’élargir les lois étroites du commerce pour prendre en compte les considérations autres que commerciales
This doctoral thesis will aim at addressing the following problematic issue: contemporary international trade law has been established on liberal (free trade) principles in order to allow the free movement of goods and services (WTO, GATT, GATS, etc.), without taking into account other countries internal cultural barriers (for example in China), or non-trade concerns (NTCs). How to overcome internal barriers? How to integrate non-trade concerns? China is part of the problem as well as part of the solution. On one hand frictions between global free-trade principles and local cultural habits are overwelhming present in China and continuously interfere with the requirements of trade regulation. On the other China’s involvement in green technology or renewable energies give more weigth to the necessity of extending the international trade framework to include non-trade concerns in its definition

This dissertation establishes that the methods used to generate social and political criticism are just as important as the ideas expressed. This proposition is explored in both the ideas and methods of the Indian political psychologist Ashis Nandy. For over thirty-five years Nandy has contributed extensively to a number of debates within a global academic culture, and as a public intellectual in India. His critique of Indian secularism has produced intense controversy, and is a dynamic case to explore this relationship between critique and method, and by extension the identity of the critic. This case study also allows for an analysis, of what is widely accepted, as the confronting features of his critique. In radically questioning the ways in which the ideology of secularism operates in Indian political culture, and in defining concepts of Indianness, Nandy contests dominant political ideas and ideals. Further, he confronts the role these ideas and ideals play in foreclosing understandings of national identity, national integration and Indian democracy. I argue that this confrontation demonstrates a critical and psychoanalytic engagement with the constituting features of Indian political culture, and political identities. This case study also provides a context to consider the implications of this approach for understanding and representing the identity of the critic.
Much criticism of Nandy and his work is based on beliefs that he represents the intellectual basis of anti-secularism and anti-modernism in India. According to these accounts Nandy carries forward a threatening and disruptive quality. This is evident, it is claimed, in his calls to return to a regressive traditionalism. These responses represent his ideas and his identity within a particular ideological and intellectual framework. This takes place though, at the expense of engaging with the methods operating in his work. The focus on the disruptive and threatening features of Nandy and his work creates a series of over-determined responses that undermine recognition of his psychoanalytic approach. I argue that the location of agitation and fascination for critics is in Nandy’s willingness to confront accepted identities, meanings, fantasies, projections and ideals operating in politics, and in working through the complexities of subjectivity. This aptitude for working with external and internal processes, at the border between culture and psyche is where the psychoanalytic focus of his work is located. The psychoanalytic focus, in working with and working through the complexities of human subjectivity, produces a confronting self-reflexivity that can disarm critics. Nandy’s psychoanalytic reading of secularism is the starting point for theorising and characterising the method, or mode of critique operating across his work more broadly.
This dissertation argues that Nandy’s approach or method is characterised by a psychoanalytic mode. The psychoanalytic mode of engagement is illustrated in his capacity to generate critical analytic perspectives that rupture and regenerate subjectivity, including his own. This dissertation demonstrates Nandy’s psychoanalytic commitment, and argues the importance of this approach. Therefore, this reading of Nandy and the methods that are employed to develop this inquiry, build a case for the importance of psychoanalytic concepts, as a necessary interpretive mode for social and political criticism.

The aim of this thesis is to resurrect interest in the concept of power in political theory by shedding light on some of its relatively unexplored discursive dimensions and developing a fresh approach to its understanding. Particularly, it studies an under-examined theme in the current literature, which, however, forms a crucial aspect determining different definitions of power: in what manner do different ways of thinking about power underpin variable conceptual formulations and theoretical interpretations of this key political concept? What types of cognitive, ideational and conceptual 'micro-processes' shape different ways of thinking about power in political thought? The thesis suggests novel interpretative possibilities that may be distilled from developing a hermeneutical approach extending across the dimensions of historical time and disciplinary space, by combining methodological insights from the fields of morphology, intellectual history and interdisciplinary study. To that end, it engages perspectives gleaned from historical treatments of power, as well as recent understandings of spatiality and force provided by scientific discourse. The concept of power is explored through the perspectives of (i) cultural historicity and (ii) interdisciplinarity. Along the axis of cultural historicity, the analysis studies Aristotle's classical concept of 'dunamis' as the original conceptual modality of power in political thought. Along the axis of interdisciplinarity, the examination explores the concept of force in the discourse of physics, and its parallel development in political thought. This dissertation shows that the exploration of those conceptual modalities can yield a new appreciation of certain diachronic and contingent conceptual features of power and enhance our understanding of the multifaceted discursive processes through which those form, including the underpinning 'micro-semantic', linguistic and ideational processes which contribute to the emergence of variable modes of thinking about power. In so doing, the thesis aims at illuminating our modern understanding of the concept, moving the scholarly discourse forward towards new horizons of meaning and interpretation.

O objetivo desta Tese é analisar como Sergio Buarque de Holanda e Samuel Ramos Magaña trabalharam a ideia de \"revolução\", e entenderam as possibilidades de uma revolução, respectivamente, no Brasil e no México, no início do século XX. Consideram-se, para tanto, os ensaios mais célebres desses dois autores: Raízes do Brasil e El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México, ambos publicados pela primeira vez na década de 1930, mas, como clássicos, tantas vezes lidos e ressignificados por distintas gerações. Partindo de um dos grandes expoentes da História Intelectual, Dominick LaCapra, demonstra-se que as metodologias ali trabalhadas indicam uma preocupação pontual com a crítica dos modos de pensar e ser do brasileiro e do mexicano contemporâneos, reais. Partindo de um dos grandes expoentes da História dos Conceitos, Reinhart Koselleck, considera-se o ambiente em que foram escritos Raízes e El perfil, e demonstra-se que (entre ensaístas e vanguardistas) se encontram num meio-termo, entre volteios críticos produzidos por não-especialistas, e interpretações metodologicamente mais acuradas, consolidadas anos depois.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how Sergio Buarque de Holanda and Samuel Ramos Magaña worked the idea of \"revolution\" and understood the possibilities of a revolution, respectively, in Brazil and Mexico, in the beginning of twentieth century. We consider, therefore, the most celebrated essays of these two authors: Raízes do Brasil and El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México, both first published in the 1930\'s, being classics often read and resignified by different generations. Considering one of the great exponents of Intellectual History, Dominick LaCapra, this Thesis demonstrates that the methodology used by Holanda and Ramos indicate a timely concern with criticism of the real ways of thinking and being of contemporary brazilians and mexicans. Considering one of the great exponents of the History of Concepts, Reinhart Koselleck, it also reckons (pointing similarities and distinctions about other essayists works, and also literary vanguard productions) how Raízes and El perfil are a middle ground between reviews produced by non-specialists and methodologically-accurate interpretations consolidated years later.

Au IVe siècle av. J. -C. , période d’ordinaire considérée comme celle du déclin de la cité démocratique athénienne, comment l’individu athénien se définit-il ? L’étude des textes de Démosthène, Isocrate et Xénophon montre que, tout en se percevant encore principalement comme les citoyens d’une démocratie, les Athéniens sentaient le lien identitaire qui les rattachait à la cité se relâcher. On remarque ainsi certaines évolutions dans la fréquence d’emploi des quatre principaux mots permettant de désigner l’individu ; d’autre part, la place importante accordée dans les textes à la description et au jugement de comportements individualistes, tenus pour responsables du déclin de la cité, témoigne de l’émergence d’une perception nouvelle de l’individu, qui a des conséquences sur de nombreux concepts éthiques et politiques de l’époque
In the fourth century BC. , usually considered as the period of the decline of the Athenian democratic city, how does the Athenian individual define himself? The study of the texts of Demosthenes, Isocrates and Xenophon shows that the Athenians still perceived themselves primarily as democratic citizens, but also felt the identity bond which tied them to the city to relax. Some changes are noticeable in the frequency of use of four key words to describe the person; on the other hand, the authors give an important place to description and judgment of individualistic behaviors, they held responsible for the decline of the city. This reflects the emergence of a new perception of the individual, which has consequences on many ethical and political concepts of the time

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo compreender o conceito da educação pública na interpretação de Fernando de Azevedo (1894-1971) a partir da História dos conceitos (Begriffsgeschichte), do historiador Reinhart Koselleck, a qual busca historicizar os conceitos relevantes do ponto de vista social e político, atentando para a geração de intérpretes que leram os seus significados ao longo do tempo. Nesse sentido, tornase importante considerar as rupturas, as permanências e os contextos de sua utilização. No que se refere às fontes, elegeram-se: o Relatório de Condorcet ([1792] 2004); o Plano e o decreto da educação nacional de Le Peletier ([1793] 2018), a Lei de 1881 que estabeleceu a gratuidade e a de 1882 que promulgou a obrigatoriedade e a laicidade nas escolas públicas, instituídas pelo Ministro da Educação Jules Ferry na Terceira República (1870-1914). No que se refere às obras de Azevedo, utilizaramse o Manifesto dos Pioneiros da Educação Nova (1932), Educação na encruzilhada ([1929] 1960), Educação entre dois mundos (1958), A cultura brasileira ([1943] 1963), o manual Sociologia educacional ([1940] 1958) e as cartas trocadas entre Azevedo e os renovadores (1920-1930). A partir do corpus documental, percebeu-se que Fernando de Azevedo ocupou cargos de expressividade social no Brasil, dedicou-se à literatura, à sociologia, à educação física, ao jornalismo e, fundamentalmente, à educação. Na condição de integrante da rede de intelectuais do país, promoveu diversas campanhas, manifestos, reformas educacionais, bem como o Inquérito de 1926, a Reforma de 1927, a redação dos Manifestos de 1932 e 1959 e a fundação da Universidade de São Paulo em 1934. A visão do intelectual estava associada às discussões a respeito da educação pública, dos países europeus e americanos, em particular da França, nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Dessa forma, criticou a educação brasileira quando o país ainda era colônia de Portugal, alegando que a instrução era relegada a uma minoria, demarcada pela ausência de articulação e continuidade entre os níveis de ensino primário, secundário, profissionalizante e superior. O educador postulou uma nova semântica de educação pública, pautada nos princípios da laicidade, gratuidade, obrigatoriedade, coeducação dos sexos e a responsabilidade do Estado em matéria educacional, tendo como horizonte de expectativas a nação desenvolvida e sintonizada aos ideais de solidariedade, igualdade e fraternidade dos países considerados civilizados. Tal acepção do conceito de educação pública não ficou adstrita do espaço escolar, pois na Reforma de 1927, o educador incluiu tais princípios na organização das escolas públicas. Ademais, defendia que conteúdos públicos precisariam incluir o ensino da leitura, escrita, matemática, ginástica, história e geografia do Brasil, educação cívica e moral, os “conteúdos de expressão”, a partir do tripé: música, teatro, dança e os cursos profissionalizantes destinados ao preparo juvenil em consonância as habilidades, atributos e diferenciações sexuais requeridas pelas necessidades sociais. Quanto à formação de professores, Azevedo entendia que precisaria ser elevada em nível superior, pautada na pesquisa científica e sem qualquer pilar de religiosidade, demarcando, assim, dissonâncias e embates com o grupo de intelectuais católicos no que se refere à semântica do conceito de educação pública no Brasil.
This dissertation aims to understand the concept of public education in the interpretation of Fernando de Azevedo (1894-1971) from the History of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte), by the historian Reinhart Koselleck, which seeks to historicize relevant concepts from a social and politician point of view, looking for the generation of interpreters who have read their meanings over time. In this sense, it is important to consider the ruptures, the permanences and the contexts of its use. As regards sources, the following were elected: the Condorcet Report ([1792] 2004); the Plan and the decree of the national education from Le Peletier ([1793] 2018), the Law of 1881 that established the gratuitousness and the law of 1882 that promulgated the obligatory and the secularity in the public schools, instituted by the Minister of Education Jules Ferry in Third Republic (1870-1914). As for the works of Azevedo, the Manifest of the Pioneers of New Education (1932), Education at the Crossroads ([1929] 1960), Education between Two Worlds (1958), The Brazilian Culture ([1943] 1963), the manual Sociology educational ([1940] 1958) and the letters exchanged between Azevedo and the renovators (1920-1930). From the documentary corpus, it was noticed that Fernando de Azevedo held positions of social expressivity in Brazil, devoted himself to literature, sociology, physical education, journalism and, fundamentally, education. As a member of the intellectual elite of the country, he promoted various campaigns, manifests, educational reforms, as well as the Inquiry of 1926, the Reformation of 1927, the writing of the Manifests of 1932 and 1959, and the founding of the University of São Paulo in 1934. The intellectual's view was associated with discussions about public education, European and American countries, particularly France, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this way, he criticized Brazilian education when the country was still a colony of Portugal, claiming that education was relegated to a minority, demarcated by the lack of articulation and continuity between the levels of primary, secondary, vocational and higher education. The educator postulated a new semantics of public education, based on the principles of secularism, gratuitousness, compulsion, coeducation of the sexes and the responsibility of the State in educational matters, having as horizon of expectations the nation developed and tuned to the ideals of solidarity, equality and fraternity of countries considered civilized. Such acceptance of the concept of public education was not restricted to the school space, because in the 1927 Reform the educator included such principles in the organization of public schools. In addition, he argued that public content should include the teaching of reading, writing, mathematics, gymnastics, history and geography of Brazil, civic and moral education, "content of expression", from the tripod: music, theater, dance and courses vocational training aimed at the preparation of young people in accordance with the skills, attributes and sexual differentiations required by social needs. In relation to teacher training, Azevedo understood that it would need to be raised in a higher level, based on scientific research and without any pillar of religiosity, thus marking dissonances and clashes with the group of Catholic intellectuals regarding the semantics of the concept of public education in Brazil.

Dès les années 1910, la réception du philosophe Henri Bergson dans l'Empire ottoman, au sein d'une élite lettrée souvent francophone, établit cette pensée comme un outil de la réaction spiritualiste à un paradigme positiviste et matérialiste dominant. Si l'une de ses premières lectures ottomanes associe l'intuitionnisme bergsonien au spiritualisme soufi, les dynamiques epistemologiques et disciplinaires de la fin de la période impériale mettent en place les conditions de son déploiement comme nouvelle psycho-philosophie. La guerre d'Indépendance menée par le futur Atatùrk en réaction à la débâcle de l'Empire lors de la Première Guerre mondiale trouve une incarnation dans la revue Dergâh (1921-1923), qui érige le bergsonisme au rang de philosophie salvatrice. Rationalité alternative et spiritualiste, mobilisation par l'élan vital, intuitionnisme comme mode d'accès à la connaissance : les registres mobilisés par les bergsoniens constituent une épistémologie psycho-philosophique séduisante des temps de crise qui trouve son pendant institutionnel à l'université ottomane puis républicaine. Après 1923, les traductions de Bergson accompagnent une transposition de ses philosophèmes dans le champ sociopolitique : nourrissant une pensée spiritualiste et sécularisée du religieux, elles œuvrent à une écriture alternative, qualifiée de conservatrice, du républicanisme kémaliste et du temps politique. Ce travail interroge, à travers l'historicisation des concepts bergsoniens, les modalités d'articulation du philosophique -comme ordre de discours- avec les registres -epistemologiques, linguistiques, institutionnels, religieux ou politiques- de son actualisation
Since the 1910s, the reception of the French philosopher Henri Bergson among the mostly Francophone literary elite of the Ottoman Empire established his thought as a tool of the spiritualist reaction to the dominant positivist and materialist paradigm. While one of the first Ottoman readings of his work associated Bergsonian intuitionism with Sufi spiritualism, epistemological and disciplinary dynamics of the late imperial period created the conditions for its evolvement into a new psycho-philosophy. The War of Independence led by the future Ataturk in response to the collapse of the Empire during the First World War found expression in the review Dergah (1921-1923), which erected Bergsonism to the rank of a salvational philosophy. Alternative and spiritualist rationality, mobilization by the elan vital, and intuitionisn as a means of access to knowledge: the registers mobilized by Bergsonians constituted a psycho-philosophical epistemology seductive in times of crisis, which found its institutional counterpart in the Ottoman Darulfunun and during Republican times Istanbul University. After 1923, translations of Bergson accompanied a transposition of his philosophemes into the socio political field: nourishing a spiritualist yet secularized interpretation of the religious, they contributed to an alternative expression, described as conservative, of Kemalist republicanism and the political notion of time. This work questions, by means of the historicization of Bergsonian concepts, the modes in which the philosophical is envisaged as a discourse order that is actualized through epistemological, linguistic, institutional, religious or political shapings

Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPI
Despite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
復健諮商研究所
96
The purpose of this study presented in this article was to investigate employers’ considerations in hiring and retaining individuals with moderate or severe intellectual disability. Furthermore, the study also examined the effects of organizational and personal characteristics of the employer on hiring considerations. A self-designed questionnaire developed through extensive literature review was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed by 107 employers, each of whom had employed one or more persons with moderate or severe intellectual disability for at least three months. Frequencies, means, standard deviations were reported. In addition, the collected data was analyzed via t-tests and one-way analyses of variance in terms of whole group responses and within-group differences. The major findings were as follows: 1. The characteristics of most organizations hiring the moderate or severe intellectual disability workers are small and medium enterprises with less than 100 employees, service trades, and non-government establishments. Most common types of jobs for the workers with moderate or severe intellectual disability were entry-level, and low-skill positions. 2. When employers concerned about hiring and retaining employees with moderate or severe intellectual disability, factors related to work habits and attitudes of the intellectually disabled were rated the most important. Factors related to job-related skills of the intellectually disabled and organizational operation factors were rated moderately important. Social factors were rated the least important. 3. There were no effects of personal characteristics of the employer on hiring considerations for the moderate or severe intellectually disabled workers. 4. There were two main effects related to organizational characteristics. First, employers from government establishments rated social factors as significantly more important than those from non-government establishments. Second, social factors and another factors related to work habits and attitudes of the intellectually disabled were considered significantly more important by employers from service trades than by those from industries. Implications and suggestions for schools, employment service agencies, government, and future studies were provided accordingly.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-200). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

This thesis presents the conceptualization, formulation, development and demonstration of Omnispective Analysis and Reasoning (OAR), an epistemic framework for managing intellectual concerns in scientific workflows. Although scientific workflows are extensively used to support the management of experimental and computational research, intellectual concerns are not adequately handled in current practice owing to the focus on low-level implementation details, limited context support, issues in developing shared semantics across disciplines and lack of support for verification and validation of the underlying science of the workflow. The management of intellectual concerns in scientific workflows can be improved by developing a framework for providing a layer of abstraction to lift focus from low-level implementation details, adding context as a workflow parameter, introducing localized ontologies and abstracting and mapping intellectual concerns in the research-domain to workflow specification and execution semantics. Following an examination of typical definitions of scientific workflow offered in literature, the Scientific Method is applied to develop an enhanced definition of a scientific workflow. This definition, which extends the scope of ordered analysis and investigation to a generic problem scenario, is utilized in the OAR framework. The design of OAR is modular like the Domain of Science Model (DoSM). The structure and working of OAR incorporate the evolving nature of science, hierarchy of conceptualization, omnispection, and the logical processes of analysis, reasoning and abstraction. These form the Foundation and Theory of OAR. Abstracting concerns in terms of unit knowledge entities (ukes) and groups of ukes (recipes), use of context to identify relation between recipes, the management of recipes in shelves, and the processes of concern refinement and context refinement constitute the Methodology. A comprehensive and simple example of the application of OAR to the abstraction, analysis, formulation and orchestration of a scientific workflow at different levels of granularity is provided by applying it to the problem of origami paper folding. The use of OAR in capturing the rationale of design decisions and mapping them to desired outcomes is demonstrated by applying OAR for contextualizing course design. Another example illustrates the use of OAR in the analysis, understanding and management of complex systems. Localized ontologies enable the exposure of side-effects and emergent behavior in large-scale systems due to the choice of any particular solution specification. These examples constitute a first step in building the Applications block of OAR. While OAR may be manually applied even to large-scale problems, it is expedient to avail of tool support. Soma - a simple and illustrative tool prototype is developed to indicate directions for a reference tool implementation. The thesis concludes with a consideration of ideas for future work. The contribution in this thesis corresponds to an instance of the DoSM for scientific workflow management. The OAR framework has great potential for further development as a well-formed Science of Workflows.

碩士
世新大學
中國文學研究所
103
This thesis is based on Sun Guangxian’s “Bei Meng Suo Yan”, and attempts to investigate his concerns for the intellectuals in the Five Dynasties at the late Tang Dynasty. Sun was born in the late era of Tang Dynasty, which was periled by frequent war and battle. His life was typical of the intellectuals in the troubling Five Dynasties; living a life away from his homeland pursuing a career in local governments. His recollection describes the persons and events of the time. The thesis further attempts to discuss Sun’s perspectives of the history in a time which political chaos was caused by eunuch, malady began to appear in the selection of government officials, and the occupation of territory by local military power. From these discussions, Sun’s way of dealing with things in this troubled time is explored. The plight of the intellectuals in the Five Dynasties was first discussed, so that the background context can be established. The imperial government was under the political influence of eunuch at the time. Although various emperors had plotted to uproot such influence with imperial courtiers, such attempts resulted in failure. Eunuch political power fought back, gradually eroding the national strength of the late Tang Dynasty. When local military powers began to rise in self-governing states, local governments needed numerous government officials for civil service. Intellectuals of the time had an alternate opportunity to consider from pursuing an imperial position. However, the occupation of territories by military officials has lead to frequent wars in the late Tang Dynasty, and the eventual collapse of the imperial house. The malady that began to rise in the recruitment of government officials was used to the advantage of the high officials. Candidates seeking to secure positions in the government began to manipulate person relationships or take sides with the high officials. Examiners accepted candidates based on reputation instead of examination performance. When a candidate was selected into civil service, there exists a chance of being out of employment, and hence caused a loss of talent in the nation. Next, the choices made by intellectuals in the late Tang era, as recorded in Bei Meng Suo Yan, were discussed. This chapter pursued a pattern of event from civil serviceman examination, political interference by eunuch, to the rebellion and occupation of territories by local self-governing states. From the emotional state and reaction of intellectuals after failing civil serviceman examination, and, the mentality of high officials in selecting candidates, the way in which intellectuals achieve personal ambitions via the civil selection institution was investigated. Faced with political influence of the eunuch, some intellectuals conceded promotion via eunuch influence, few opted to expostulate in rivalry, and most that turned to eunuch were due to incompetence of the position. In the late Tang Dynasty, entering a local government was a common experience for the intellectuals of the time. From the discussion, the standards adopted by intellectuals in taking a position in self-governing states can be observed. Some were accepted into civil service due to their talent, some due to family backgrounds and history, and some sought aegis during wartime. In general, intellectuals avoid close ties with self-governing states with large ambition. Finally, the concerns for the intellectuals in Sun Guangxian’s “Bei Meng Suo Yan” were employed to discuss his views and appraisal for the intellectuals who were promoted under the influence of eunuch. Sun’s review and critique of the deficient examination institution, how competent intellectuals needed to traverse between high officials, as well as selection of civil serviceman via private relationships were also discussed. Further discussion was made on Sun’s critique of the pros and cons of courtiers serving as local government leaders based on the attitude of military officials and intellectuals.

碩士
清雲科技大學
經營管理研究所
98
This paper applied the concept of intellectual capital to identify indicators of school teaching performance for junior high school. The school belongs to a non-profit business organization, is part of multi-input and multiple output mode of operation for the characteristics of non-profit organizations, we adopted Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the teaching performance for Junior High school teaching achievements. And to realize that the present stage of the performance of teaching efficiency and its effectiveness of the used of resources, to serve as the basis for the improvement and correction and direction. The results show that there are three aspects need to be strengthened in the human capital part length of service of teachers in the school service time is not Sui longer and more efficiently, study found that 10 years of teacher performance in a more efficient, but efficiency is not to Tisheng . Read the training in the structure of capital, poor performance, educational authorities should support measures, the school in honor of race, it should be more emphasis on the investment of the improved incentives for students to take effective control punishment. To strengthen the customer capital and school tutorial classes should be set up to strengthen teaching and assessment, the night should be out of their own self-study requirements, should increase the mock exam questions and answer questions exercises to avoid guessing.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
諮商心理與復健諮商研究所
103
This study aimed to explore the development and implementation in the workplace of career concepts by people with intellectual disabilities. Case study method was used and data were collected through in-depth interviews along with observations. The main participants in this study were four individuals with intellectual disabilities. Their family members, teachers of high school, employers, and rehabilitation professionals were also interviewed. Among the four individuals with intellectual disabilities, three are female and one is male, with age between 19 and 21. Two of them are with mild intellectual disabilities and the other two are with moderate intellectual disabilities. Three of them graduated from technical high school and one graduated from special education school. They work as employees in restaurants, bakery, and car wash company respectively. The major findings of this study are listed as following： 1. The concepts of career were shaped and learned while the main participants grew up. With the help from families, schools, and employers, the concepts were built up gradually. 2. Family members taught individuals with intellectual disabilities to understand the information about career through different methods and built up their concepts of different careers. 3. Four individuals with intellectual disabilities are able to implement the career concepts in their workplaces. Rehabilitation professionals and employers have consensus that the four participants have appropriate work behaviors, while their work performances varies by persons. 4. Though the four participants still need to work on their job skills, appropriate work behaviors is the key factor for the employers to consider hiring them. Based on the results of this study, suggestions to the family, school education, employers, and directions of future studies were provided.

M.Ed. (Educational Psychology)
Social interaction plays a key role in children’s social development and learning. Hence, social interaction is important for everyone, including individuals with intellectual impairment. Researches such as Vygotsky, Dockett and Perry (2003) has shown that opportunities for social interaction for people with intellectual impairment can facilitate increased community integration, improved quality of life, greater sense of life-satisfaction and wellbeing, the development of friendships, and increased social skills. I engaged with relevant literature in order to understand the characteristics of children with intellectual impairment and their social functioning. My theoretical framework was based on a socio-cultural theory. The research was conducted at a school in the East Rand region of Gauteng that caters for children with intellectual impairment. The sample of participants that participated has played a prominent role in the school concerts and their age range between 12 years and 23 years old, with intellectual impairment as their primary disability. A phenomenological research design was followed so as to understand social and psychological phenomena from the perspectives of the people involved, in how they experience the school concert. Data was collected from various participants form the school’s environment, such as educators, the identified participants parents/caregivers, support staff the participants themselves. I conducted unstructured and semi-structured interviews, such as focus group discussions and individual interviews, with participants, parents/caregivers, educators, and support staff (speech therapist). After the research was conducted, the central findings about the research is the use of creative expressive arts helps children with intellectual impairment to become more focussed and increase their communication skills, developing a sense of self and building relationships. The school concert boosted their self-esteem and their confidence, improving their social interaction.

碩士
中國文化大學
會計學系
98
This is regarded as audit failure which auditors issue non-going concern audit re¬port before enterprise is bankruptcy. Therefore it is important for auditor asses con¬cern of client correctly. Prior studies have applied logistic regression, multivariate discriminant analysis, artificial neural network and decision trees build going con¬cern opinion formulation. The objective of the proposed study is to investigate the performance of assess going concern of client by integrating the rough set theory and random forest and then compare with artificial neural network and decision tree C5.0. In additional to the financial capital variable and nonfinancial capital variable, the intellectual capital variable is also included in the model to build the going concern opinion formulation.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
特殊教育學系
107
The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of the multiple representation teaching model on basic number concepts for elementary school students with moderate intellectual disabilities. The study applied to the withdrawal design across subjects of single-subject research. The participants were two elementary school students with moderate intellectual disabilities, and they were intervened by group instruction. Three phases were designed for experimental instruction. During the baseline phase, the participants accepted pre-test about basic number concepts. In the intervention phase, the participants were taught multiple representation teaching model. A week after withdrawing intervention, the participants accepted post-test about basic number concepts in the maintenance period. The explosion with visual analysis, C statistics, effect size and qualitative data were used to analyze the effects of multiple representation teaching model. The results indicate as below： 1.The multiple representation teaching model had immediate and maintaining effects both on the overall performance and the subconceptions of basic number concepts for elementary school students with moderate intellectual disabilities. 2.The scores of the participants in the responses of representation are proportional to the specific degree of concretness. The higher the concretness, the higher the score. 3.The participants had significant difficulties in the transformations between concrete or semiconcrete representations to abstract representations at the beginning of learning, but the translation abilities can be improved by giving strategies and fully practicing. 4.In the process of the multiple representation teaching model, the participants are active and willing to learn. The teaching activities with operational, game-based instruction and life experience can induce their learning motivation.

Text in Afrikaans
In hierdie studie het die navorser die probleem van kurrikulumdifferensiasie vir Wiskunde Graad R aangespreek, sodat leerders met erge intellektuele gestremdheid ook sukses in Wiskunde Graad R kan ervaar. Die primêre vraag wat aangespreek is, is hoe die vereiste begrippe en vaardighede van die Kurrikulum- en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (KABV), vir Wiskunde Graad R aangepas kan word vir leerders met erge intellektuele gestremdheid. Die belangrikheid van die studie lê in die verskil wat differensiasie kan maak aan 'n leerder se geleentheid om sukses te ervaar volgens sy vermoë. Die doel hiervan is om leerkragte wat leerders met erge intellektuele gestremdheid onderrig, te bemagtig. Dit word gedoen deur aanpassings en aktiwiteite voor te stel wat tot voordeel van hierdie leerders in hul onderrigprogram geïmplementeer kan word. Dit sal daartoe bydra dat hierdie leerders die vereistes wat in die kurrikulum gestel word, in ’n beperkte mate kan bereik. Die navorsing is onderneem vanuit 'n inklusiewe perspektief aan die hand van 'n literatuurstudie en kwalitatiewe navorsing (gevalle-studie) wat semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude ingesluit het. Die resultate toon dat differensiasie wel moontlik is en dat daar verskeie aanpassings en aktiwiteite is wat leerkragte kan gebruik om hierdie leerders die geleentheid te bied om sukses te kan ervaar.
In this study the researcher addressed the challenges of curriculum differentiation for Mathematics Grade R to ensure that learners with severe intellectual disability may experience success. The primary question addressed was the manner in which the concepts and skills requirements of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), for Mathematics Grade R can be adjusted to suit the needs of learners with severe intellectual impairment. The importance of this study lies in the significant impact that differentiation can make in providing the opportunity for a learner to experience success according to his abilities. The purpose of this study was to empower teachers of learners with severe intellectual disability with the necessary knowledge, enabling them to successfully implement adaptations. This would allow the learners to achieve the requirements of the proposed curriculum, to a limited extent. Qualitative (case study) research was conducted from an inclusive perspective using a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that differentiation is possible and that there are several adaptations and activities that could be used by teachers to offer these learners the opportunity to experience success.
Inclusive Education
M. Ed. (Inklusiewe Onderwys)

Tese de doutoramento em Sociologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente tese consiste em um estudo sociológico a partir do caso da Usina Hidroelétrica Belo Monte, em construção no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi dedicar um olhar para a questão da saúde a partir da perspectiva das populações atingidas pelo megaprojeto hidroelétrico. O trabalho inicia com uma apresentação do histórico dos projetos de barramento do rio Xingu, em meados dos anos 1970. Dos primeiros estudos da bacia hidrográfica do Xingu até o início da obra de Belo Monte passaram-se aproximadamente trinta anos e, durante esse período, muitas polémicas e disputas envolveram as populações atingidas, políticos, intelectuais, artistas, cientistas, ativistas e movimentos sociais. Também é discutido nesta tese o modelo de desenvolvimento económico brasileiro, para se compreender como se dá a opção pela construção de grandes projetos de infraestrutura, como é o caso de Belo Monte. A partir dessa primeira abordagem ao megaprojeto, passo a dar ênfase à perspectiva das populações atingidas por Belo Monte. Para tanto, foi necessário, primeiramente, conhecer melhor o universo de populações atingidas, compostas por populações urbanas, rurais, comunidades ribeirinhas e indígenas. Através do trabalho empírico realizado em Brasília/DF e Altamira/PA, foi possível conhecer e reconhecer a diversidade dessas populações e, assim identificar algumas questões importantes que não foram objeto de debate com o poder público e o empreendedor. É o que Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2006) chama de produções de não existência, ou invisibilidades. A utilização da matriz teórica das epistemologias do Sul (Santos, 2002) permitiu o reconhecimento dessas invisibilidades, isto é, permitiu ver como as alterações no ambiente e nos modos de vidas das populações atingidas por Belo Monte afetam a saúde e a qualidade de vida destas. É a partir dessa lente que se dedica o olhar para a saúde das populações atingidas, e a problematização dessa questão é realizada nesta tese tendo como protagonistas as próprias populações atingidas. Assim foi identificado como um dos problemas relevantes decorrentes da construção da Usina Hidroelétrica Belo Monte a relação entre o sofrimento sentido pelas populações atingidas e o surgimento de agravos à saúde. O sofrimento difuso é um conceito desenvolvido por Valla (2001) que será discutido nesta tese na medida em que é constatado como uma consequência de Belo Monte invisibilizada. Isto porque não foi previsto ou discutido como uma possibilidade, nem no Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), nem no seu respectivo Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (Rima). Também não foi percebido como uma situação merecedora de atenção por parte do órgão fiscalizador responsável pela conceção das licenças que permitiram Belo Monte ser construída, o Ibama. Ainda, a relação entre o sofrimento e os agravos à saúde das populações atingidas não foi alvo de políticas públicas na área da saúde pública. Dessa forma, pretende este trabalho contribuir para a discussão sobre a saúde das populações atingidas pelo megaprojeto Belo Monte, a partir do reconhecimento das populações atingidas como detentoras e produtoras de conhecimento relevante. ~This thesis consists of a sociological study from the case of Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant, under construction in the State of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The aim of this study was to dedicate a look at the issue of health from the perspective of the people affected by hydroelectric megaproject. The work begins with a presentation of the history of the Xingu River dam projects in the mid-1970s From the first studies of the watershed of the Xingu to the early work of Belo Monte it took about thirty years and during this period, many controversies and disputes involving the populations concerned, politicians, intellectuals, artists, scientists, activists and social movements. It is also discussed in this thesis the Brazilian model of economic development, to understand how is the option for the construction of large infrastructure projects, such as the case of Belo Monte. From this first approach to megaproject, then I give emphasis to the perspective of populations affected by Belo Monte. Therefore, it was necessary, firstly, to know the universe of affected populations, composed of urban, rural populations, coastal communities and indigenous people. Through the empirical work done in Brasilia / DF and Altamira / PA, it was possible to know and recognize the diversity of these populations and thus identify some important issues that were not subject to discussion with the government and the entrepreneur. It's what Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2006) calls invisibilities. Using the theoretical framework of South epistemologies (Santos, 2002) allowed the recognition of these invisibilities, allowed to see how changes in the environment and ways of life of the populations affected by Belo Monte affect the health and quality of life of that people. It is from this lens that is dedicated to looking at the health of the populations, and the questioning of this issue is carried out in this thesis having as protagonists the affected populations themselves. Thus it was identified as one of the relevant issues arising from the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant the relationship between the suffering experienced by the affected populations and the emergence of health problems. The diffuse suffering is a concept developed by Valla (2001) which will be discussed in this thesis since it is found as a result of Belo Monte. This is because it was not planned or discussed as a possibility, or the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), or in their respective Environmental Impact Report (RIMA). It was also not perceived as a worthy position of attention by the supervisory body responsible for the design of the licenses that allowed Belo Monte is built, the Ibama. Also, the relationship between suffering and health problems of the affected population was not the target of public policies in the field of public health. Thus, this work aims to contribute to the discussion on the health of populations affected by Belo Monte mega-project, from the recognition of the people affected as having relevant knowledge.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Nº BEX 1749-13-7