Дисертації з теми "Integrity – case studies"

Plagiarism is a serious, yet widespread type of research misconduct, and is often neglected in developing countries. Despite its far-reaching implications, plagiarism is poorly acknowledged and discussed in the academic setting, and insufficient evidence exists in Latin America and developing countries to inform the development of preventive strategies. In this context, we present a longitudinal case study of seven instances of plagiarism and cheating arising in four consecutive classes (2011–2014) of an Epidemiology Masters’ program in Lima, Peru, and describe the implementation and outcomes of a multifaceted, “zero-tolerance” policy aimed at introducing research integrity. Two cases involved cheating in graded assignments, and five cases correspond to plagiarism in the thesis protocol. Cases revealed poor awareness and high tolerance to plagiarism, poor academic performance, and widespread writing deficiencies, compensated with patchwriting and copy-pasting. Depending on the events’ severity, penalties included course failure (6/7) and separation from the program (3/7). Students at fault did not engage in further plagiarism. Between 2011 and 2013, the Masters’ program sequentially introduced a preventive policy consisting of: (i) intensified research integrity and scientific writing education, (ii) a stepwise, cumulative writing process; (iii) honor codes; (iv) active search for plagiarism in all academic products; and (v) a “zero tolerance” policy in response to documented cases. No cases were detected in 2014. In conclusion, plagiarism seems to be widespread in resource-limited settings and a greater response with educational and zero-tolerance components is needed to prevent it.
This study was funded by the training Grant 2D43 TW007393-06 awarded to the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6) by the Fogarty International Center of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Pu, Calton; Committee Member: Ahamad, Mustaque; Committee Member: Blough, Douglas; Committee Member: Giffin, Jonathon; Committee Member: Li, Kang. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

There are concerns that many national parks worldwide are ineffective at conserving biological diversity and ecosystem processes, are socially unjust in their relations with Indigenous communities, or both. This dissertation asks: can national parks protect ecological integrity and concurrently address social equity issues? It presents empirical results of a systematic evaluation of six case study national parks in Canada and South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to select the six case study national parks. Data sources included State of the Park Reports; park ecological monitoring data; archival data; and semi-structured interviews with park biologists, managers, and Indigenous members of park co-management boards. Status and trend assessments and effectiveness evaluations of park ecological monitoring data were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three ecological integrity criteria. Results show that all six parks effectively addressed the priority indicators for which they had monitoring data. However, the effectiveness ratings of each park decreased when all indicators, including those identified as priorities but lacking monitoring data, were analysed. This indicates that the parks had generally identified more priority indicators than they were actually able to address (for reasons including lack of budget or trained staff, managerial challenges). Thematic coding of semi-structured interview and archival data, and the assignation of numerical ratings to these data, were used to evaluate how effectively the parks addressed three equity criteria. Results show that all but one of the case study parks were equitable, parks with more comprehensive co-management and support from neighbouring Indigenous groups were more equitable than parks with lower levels of co-management, the parks with settled land claims were not necessarily more equitable overall, and a few parks were found to be co-managed in name only. The overall results of this evaluation demonstrate that parks effective at protecting ecological integrity can also successfully address social equity, but that further efforts to integrate these two realms are both possible and necessary. A logical starting point would be to build upon those existing integrative processes already institutionalised in many parks and protected areas: the co-management and integrated conservation and development efforts.

This case study aimed to do a critical, intersectional, policy analysis of a disability policy regarding personal assistance support for basic human needs in everyday life. In January 2019, a comprehensive preparatory report about new suggestions was presented by the Swedish Government. This caused many reactions from disability rights organisations. One particular topic became heated and criticized in the debates, namely interpretations of the legal texts about personal assistance support concerning help with breathing and nutrition feeding. I have analysed interpretations of this legal text in the preparatory report, referral response and its result in the Government bill. The analysis shows problematic, normative understandings about the body and how a specific integrity demand have affected whether a person has been entitled to personal assistance to support their basic needs. Cost efficiency, quantification, and measurable goals are increasingly visible in the Swedish welfare society. People with disabilities and their entitlement to assistance have decreased for the sake of productivity and cost reductions. An intersectional perspective of the policy’s legal texts illustrates how it lacks an essential understanding of human values. There is a need for a deeper perspective of empathy to see that basic human needs are non-measurable.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av hur den personligaintegriteten respekteras i olika vårdsituationer. Varje människa har rätt att blirespekterad som en individ och inte utsättas för intrång i den personliga sfären. Då dettainte alltid respekteras i vårdsituationerna blir det intressant att skaffa kunskaper om hurpatienter upplever detta. I studien användes en kvalitativ ansats. Med hjälp av criticalincident metoden undersöktes patienters positiva och negativa erfarenheter av hur denpersonliga integriteten respekterades i olika vårdsituationer. Nio informanter deltog istudien, dessa bidrog med arton berättelser. Materialet analyserades kvalitativt. Treöverordnade teman med fem underteman framstod. Övergripande handlar fenomenetom att bli respekterad som människa. De tre överordnade temana är att bli lyssnad till,att bli sedd och att bli förstådd. Resultatet visar att om den personliga integriteten interespekterades blev patienter kränkta och ett onödigt lidande orsakades därmed avvården. Studien har betydelse för vården då respekt för integriteten är ett grundläggandebehov för patienters upplevelse av hälsa och lidande.

The aim of this study was to describe patient’s experiences of how privacy is respectedin health care. Every human being has the right to be respected as an individual and notbe subjected to interference in the personal sphere. Since this is not always respected inhealth care, it is interesting to gain knowledge about patient’s experiences. Aqualitative method was used in the study. By using the critical incident techniquepatient’s positive and negative experiences of personal integrity in health care wasreviewed. Nine informants participated and contributed eighteen stories. The materialwas analyzed qualitatively. Three superior themes with five subthemes found. Overall,this phenomenon is about to be respected as a human being. The superior themes are tobe heard, to be seen and to be understood. The result shows that if the personal privacywas not respected, the patient’s felt violated and an unnecessary suffering was therebycreated of health care. The study has implications for health care because the integrityis a fundamental need for patient’s experiences of health and suffering.

The purpose of this study is to, based on qualitative interviews with managers and group interviews with care providers, understand their interpretation of integrity and also their scope for action to satisfy disable people’s integrity at sheltered housing for adults. The questions of this study are: How do the managers and the care providers interpret the concept of integrity? Which scope for action do they have to satisfy the integrity of disabled people? Method: Individual – and group interviews have been used as methods to gather empirical data. Theory: The theories of scope for action and integrity as a theoretical conception have been used to analyze the empirical material. Results: The informants of this study found it difficult to give a specific definition of integrity. The main aspects we could distinguish were that integrity was interpreted as a personal sphere and self-determination. The result of this study shows that the scope for action to satisfy the integrity of disabled people is affected by many factors. First of all the scope for action is affected by the Swedish law LSS and the assignment within the organization. The scope for action is also affected by individual adaption for each person. This study shows the importance of the relationship between the managers, care providers and the persons. At last the informants emphasize some dilemmas in their scope for action to satisfy the integrity.

The purpose of this study was to create understanding about how the reduction of cash affects societal ideas about integrity. We wanted to research human attitudes to the ongoing reduction of cash use in Sweden from a integrity perspective. The method used was a qualitative approach and the empirical data was collected using a focus group with students and three semi structured interviews in different branches of industry based on their way of working with and handling cash. Participating in the study was five students, a store manager in the grocery store business, an economic advisor at a bank and three investigators at the Swedish central bank. The result was analyzed using a theoretical foundation based on Georg Simmel’s work “The philosophy of money” and other socioeconomic research with a focus on the terms value, power and integrity. The results showed that people in the swedish society are aware and partially wary of the development towards a cash free society. Advantages that were illuminated was a reduced risk of robbery towards banks and businesses, less environmental effects due to reduced transportation and handling of cash, easier payments for consumers and increased profitability of card payments for businesses and a increased difficulty of usage of “black” money within the society. Negative aspects that were brought up were the issues of vulnerable groups in society that rely on cash, a fear that the development is moving too fast and that the society will be increasingly vulnerable when the payment infrastucrure relies on a single point of failure. The integrity aspects that the people in the study discussed showed that society is aware of the risks surrounding digital payments, but that the advantages outweigh the potential negatives, and that there is a strong trust in institutions and businesses in Sweden to not exploit their positions when it comes to the integrity of private individuals.
Studiens syfte var att skapa förståelse hur kontantavvecklingen påverkar samhälleliga föreställningar kring integritet. Vi ville undersöka människors inställningar till den rådande kontantavvecklingen i Sverige från ett integritetsperspektiv. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ och det empiriska materialet samlades in genom att genomföra en fokusgrupp med studenter och tre semi-strukturerade intervjuer med branscher som vi valde ut efter deras olika arbetssätt med kontanter och digitala betalningsmedel. I studien deltog fem studenter, en butikschef för dagligvaruhandel, en ekonomisk rådgivare inom bankbranschen samt tre utredare på Riksbanken. Resultatet analyserades med en teoretisk grund baserat på Georg Simmels verk “The philosophy of money” och annan socioekonomisk forskning med fokus på begreppen värde, makt, och integritet. Resultaten visade att människor i det svenska samhället är medvetna och till viss del oroade av utvecklingen mot ett kontantfritt samhälle. Fördelar som uppmärksammades var mindre risk för rån i banker och butiker, mindre miljöpåverkan av transporter av kontanter, enklare betalning för konsumenten och bättre lönsamhet för kortbetalningar för företagen samt att det försvåras att spendera svarta pengar i samhället. De negativa aspekterna av ett kontantfritt samhälle som togs upp var problemen som uppstår för utsatta grupper i samhället som är mer beroende av kontanter, en rädsla för att utvecklingen går för fort och att samhället blir mer sårbart när infrastrukturen förlitar sig på att de digitala betalningssätten fungerar även i krissituation då systemet får en inneboende “single point of failure”. De integritetsaspekter som människorna resonerade kring visade att samhället är medvetet om riskerna med digitala betalningssätt, men att fördelarna med dessa vägde upp de potentiellt negativa, och att det finns ett starkt förtroende för att myndigheter och företag i Sverige inte missbrukar sin ställning när det kommer till privatpersoners integritet.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic and social) can be integrated within the e-commerce sector to make it more sustainable. Methods: Firstly, a literary research was conducted to get an overall picture of the chosen topic for the study, which later was elaborated into a literature framework. Secondly, two case studies were conducted in order to collect empirical data. The data was collected through interviews, where a total of three interviews was conducted. The literature framework and the multiple case studies were then cross-analyzed with each other. Findings: Throughout the thesis several trade-offs regarding the three dimensions of sustainability have been identified and evaluated, and they are all clearly presented in a compiled table. The findings also indicates that the sustainable actions a company may make needs to be thoroughly communicated through their websites since the e-commerce disables the face-to-face interactions. It is of great importance for companies to increase the consumer awareness and knowledge in order to motivate them in to being sustainable. Theoretical Contribution: This thesis contributes to science by the unification of the e-commerce and the three dimensions of sustainability. The study thus merge science with empirics to create a deeper knowledge and contribute to the body of literature with a compiled table of trade-offs. Practical Contribution: Practitioners will be enlightened of the importance of all the three dimensions of sustainability, and they will understand the concept and events of trade-offs for sustainability when working within e-commerce. The thesis also provides insight for companies to learn how very important it is with better communication about sustainability factors to its consumers. Limitations: This study is delimited to the e-commerce connected to business to consumer (B2C). The study will only involve Swedish companies and will not investigate them on an intra-organizational level. They will be treated as “black boxes”, as the focus only will be on the three dimensions of sustainability in relation to e-commerce, and not any organizational structures or consumers in detail.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The River Health Programme (RHP) is an assessment tool for monitoring the ecological state of rivers to ensure that they remain fit for use by present and future generations. This study, forming part of a RHP assessment conducted on the south-western Cape Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet Rivers, has the aim to (1) zone the rivers for representative site selection, (2) assess their habitat integrity (HI), (3) determine the influence of land use on riverine HI and (4) assess the river water quality at the time of the RHP assessments. (1) The desktop geomorphological zonation method used in RHP assessments has not been sufficiently previously tested on short rivers draining the Western Cape Mountains. The Lowland River Zone of the rivers studied, as well as the Hout Bay River’s Upper Foothill Zone, were found to have steeper gradients than expected, probably due to these rivers being shorter and consequently steeper than any on which the method was previously tested. The notion of one gradient river classification system being applicable throughout South Africa, with its diverse geology and climate, is unlikely. Rather a classification system modified for various physiographic features regions or by a factor based on river length is more realistic. (2) Although there is a general longitudinal decrease in HI downstream along the Hout Bay and Lourens Rivers, coinciding with increased anthropogenic activities, HI improves in the Palmiet River’s lower reaches through the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Surrounding land use thus seems to be a major determinant of HI. Although the Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) used appears to achieve its aim, it was found to be subjective. Categorisation of the IHI scoring is suggested. (3) The amount of natural versus disturbed land use occurring upstream of a site at a regional and local scale, is a good predictor of riverine HI. Regional alien forestry and local urbanisation have significantly strong negative effects on instream (r2 = -0.80, r2 = 0.80, p<0.05) and riparian (r2 = -0.81, r2 = -0.83, p<0.05) HI. Different land use types therefore appear to affect riverine HI at differing scales and thus managers must not only think on a local but also a catchment scale. (4) In the Hout Bay River, a filtering system (e.g. wetland) appears to improve the water quality between the middle and lower reaches. Along the Lourens River, high total dissolved salts, conductivity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the middle reaches are cause for concern. Along the Palmiet River there appeared to be insufficient oxygen to support most aquatic life forms at Grabouw. Impoundments in the middle reaches act as sinks for nutrients and salts, but the Huis and Krom tributaries downstream then appear to degrade the water quality of the Palmiet River’s lower reaches within the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Together with the results of simultaneous biotic assessments, these results should be used to develop management actions to improve the ecological health of these rivers. The results have been used in a State-of-Rivers Report for the south-western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Riviergesondheidsprogram (RGP) is 'n asseseringsinstrument wat die ekologiese stand van riviere monitor om te verseker dat hulle steeds bruikbaar bly vir huidige en toekomstige geslagte. Hierdie studie maak deel uit van 'n RGP-assessering van die Lourens-, Houtbaai- en Palmietrivier in die Suidwes-Kaap en het ten doel om (1) die riviere te soneer vir verteenwoordigende terreinseleksie, (2) die habitat-integriteit (HI) te assesseer, (3) die invloed van grondgebruik op rivier-HI te bepaal en (4) die kwaliteit van rivierwater tydens die RGP-assesserings te bepaal. (1) Die geomorfologiese-soneringsmetode wat in RGP-assesserings gebruik word, is nog nie voorheen genoegsaam vir die kort riviere wat die Wes-Kaapse berge dreineer, getoets nie. Daar is bevind dat die studiegebied riviere in die laagland-sones skerper gradiënte het as verwag, gehad het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die riviere wat korter en dus steiler is as enige van dié wat voorheen met die metode getoets is. Die moontlikheid dat een gradiëntklassifikasiestelsel vir riviere regdeur Suid-Afrika met sy diverse geologie en klimaat toegepas kan word, is onwaarskynlik. 'n Klassifikasiestelsel aangepas vir verskillende fisiografiese streke of met 'n faktor gebaseer op rivierlengte, is meer realisties. (2) Alhoewel HI stroomaf langs die Lourens- en Houtbaairivier in die algemeen longitudinaal saam met die toename in antropogeniese aktiwiteite afneem, verbeter die Palmietrivier se HI waar dit laer af deur die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat vloei. Die gebruike van aanliggende grond blyk dus 'n belangrike bepaler van HI te wees. Die Indeks van Habitatintegriteit (IHI) bereik klaarblyklik die vereiste doel, maar is te subjektief. Kategorisering van die IHI-waardes word voorgestel. (3) 'n Goeie voorspeller van rivier-HI is die hoeveelheid natuurlike teenoor versteurde grondgebruik stroomop van 'n terrein op 'n streeks- en lokale skaal. Die sterk negatiewe effek van uitheemse plantegroei in die omgewing en lokale verstedeliking op stroom- (r² = -0.80, r² = 0.80, p<0.05 ) en oewer-HI (r² = -0.81, r² = -0.83, p<0.05) is beduidend. Verskille in tipe grondgebruik beïnvloed rivier-HI op verskillende vlakke; bestuurders moet dus plaaslik en aan die opvanggebied dink. (4) In die Houtbaairivier lyk dit asof 'n filtreringstelsel (bv. vleigrond) die waterkwaliteit tussen die middel- en lae gedeeltes verbeter. In die loop van die Lourensrivier is hoë totale opgeloste soute, geleidingsvermoë en anorganiese stikstofkonsentrasies in die middelgedeelte 'n rede tot kommer. In die Palmietrivier by Grabouw was die suurstof te min om die meeste akwatiese lewensvorme te onderhou. Opgedamde water in die middel gedeeltes dien as 'n sink vir voedingstowwe en soute, maar dit lyk asof die Huis- en Kromrivier die waterkwaliteit van die Palmietrivier stroomaf in die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat degradeer. Saam met die resultate van gelyktydige biotiese assesserings, kan hierdie resultate gebruik word vir die ontwikkeling van bestuursaksies om die ekologiese toestand van hierdie riviere te verbeter. Die resultate is gebruik in 'n toestand-van-riviere-verslag vir die Suidwes-Kaap.

Sammanfattning

Ungdomar med antisocial problematik är en svårbehandlad grupp där ingen specifik metod har visat sig råda bot på hela problematiken kring ungdomen. Bäst utgång att behandla ungdomar med beteendeproblem återfinns inom institutioner som har en enighet i personalgruppen kring de teorier som är gällande inom verksamheten, så kallad behandlingsintegritet. Syftet med studien var att granska om personalgruppen på en behandlingsverksamhet för ungdomar har ett gemensamt förhållningssätt utifrån de miljöterapeutiska behandlingsprinciper som vägleder verksamheten. Syftet konkretiserades utifrån följande frågeställningar: 1. Vilka behandlingsprinciper är vägledande inom verksamheten? 2. På vilket sätt kommer dessa principer till uttryck i det praktiska arbetet med ungdomarna? 3. I vilka avseenden är personalen samstämmiga respektive skiljaktiga i sitt utförande av behandlingsprinciperna? 4. Vilka framträdande hinder och möjligheter framkommer när det gäller att arbeta enhetligt och i linje med de terapeutiska målen? 5. Framkommer faktorer som genom att förändra centrala organisationsstrukturer skulle utveckla verksamheten? Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ metodansats. Observationer gjordes på verksamheten vid fem tillfällen och tre intervjuer genomfördes, två med personal i behandlingsgruppen och en med enhetens föreståndare. Det framgår att verksamheten till stor del arbetar enhetligt efter de essentiella behandlingsprinciper som är vägledande för miljöterapi, men att det finns aspekter som skulle kunna förbättras. Det framkommer även såväl möjliggörande som hindrande faktorer för upprätthållande av behandlingsintegritet. I diskussionen förs resonemang kring centrala begrepp såsom ledningens betydelse för en välfungerande organisation, behandlingsintegritet, personalens kompetens och tillgänglighet samt ungdomarnas möjlighet att påverka verksamhetens innehåll.

Abstract

Young people with antisocial problems are a difficult group to treat where no specific method has proven effectively for solving all the problems surrounding the youth. The best chance to treat youths with behavioral problems is found in institutions where staff members agree on the theories used, so called treatment integrity. The purpose of the Study was to find out whether staff members on a treatment institution for youths have a unanimous way of practicing the milieu therapeutic treatment principles guiding the institution, within the following questions: 1. Which essential principles of treatment guides the institution? 2. In what way do the personell practice these principles in treating the youths? 3. In what area/areas appears unanimous or differences in the way staff members practice the principles? 4. Which prominent problems and possibilities appear in working homogeneous and according to the therapeutic goals? 5. Do factors appear which by chancing prominent structures of the organisation would develop the institution? The Study includes a qualitative approach. Data were collected from five observations at the institution and three semistructured interviews with staff members and the manager. The result shows that the staff members overall are unanimous concerning the practice of the treatment principles, but also indicate that some aspects could be improved. Enabling as well as preventing factors for maintaining treatment integrity emerges. Central aspects of the discussion are the management’s importance for a functioning organization, treatment integrity, competence and availability among staff members and the youth’s ability to influence the content of treatment.

I vården är det idag många anställda som kräver åtkomst till patientjournaler. Detta medför att informationen måste vara lättåtkomlig när behoven uppstår. Att skydda patienters integritet är samtidigt mycket viktigt och att inte riskera att några uppgifter läcker ut. Ett problem är att vårdpersonal kan läsa patientjournaler utan att ha behörighet för detta.Studien belyser ett dilemma mellan vårdpersonals etiska inställning till informationssystem i förhållande till hur systemen skyddas. Ena sidan av dilemmat fokuserar på hur benägen vårdpersonal i Sverige är till att medvetet otillåtet läsa elektroniska patientjournaler och på detta sätt agera oetiskt. Den andra sidan riktas till hur informationssystemen inom svensk vård hittar en balans mellan att vara lättillgängliga för användare och samtidigt tillräckligt skyddade mot interna intrång. Frågeställningen som studien behandlar är att identifiera vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för vårdanställdas etiska inställning till olovlig läsning i förhållande till hur systemen skyddas mot dessa intrång.Det är en kvalitativ studie som utförts eftersom fokus har varit att tolka resultatet och identifiera betydande faktorer. För att få en bra grund gjordes en förstudie i form av intervjuer. Detta för att samla information och bredda kunskaper gällande vårdsystem. Det har tagits hänsyn till lagar och regler samt riktlinjer och rutiner för vården inom Västra Götalands län i Sverige, som även är studiens avgränsning. För att få information om hur de vårdanställda ställer sig till interna intrång i vården skickades det ut enkäter. Eftersom ämnet som studien avser kan uppfattas som känsligt har författarna varit tydliga med valfriheten att delta. Detta med tanke på att det gäller brott på arbetsplatsen.Studien resulterar i att även om majoriteten av respondenterna håller sig inom ramarna för vårdens regler, gällande att läsa patientjournaler, visar ändå respondenterna tendenser till att delvis frångå reglerna. Utifrån genomförd studie är det få fall som uppdagas och för att detta ska minska, anser författarna, att loggranskning av vårdanställda borde öka och ske av opartisk granskare. Detta för att skydda patienterna och nå högre säkerhet. Studien riktar sig till vårdpersonal och dess chefer för att upplysa om beteendet och dess risker för patienters integritet och allmänhetens bristande förtroende.
There are many health professionals that require access to health records in today’s health care. This means that information must be easily accessible when needed. Meanwhile the patient´s integrity is a very important issue so no personal sensible information leaks. One problem is that health professionals can read journal of patients in health care information systems without permission.The study researches the tension between two aspects, how health professionals act in health care information systems compared to how the system is secure. One aspect is how nursing staff in Sweden is prone to read journals of patients consciously, thus acting unethical. The other aspect is how the information system within Swedish health care can find the balance between easily user accesses and adequately protected against internal intrusions. The research question is to identify underlying factors how health professionals ethical approach is to illicit reading of electronical health records, in relation to how the systems are protected against these internal intrusions.The conduct of study is through a flexible method approach because the focus is to looking for context and interprets the result. In order to get a good foundation made a pilot study by several interviews. The aim of the pilot study was to expand knowledge regarding health information systems. Laws and regulations, policies and procedures in health care information systems has been considered, focused in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. To find out the nursing staff attitudes to internal intrusion were questionnaires sent out. As the subject of the study can be perceived as sensitive, the authors have made clear to the respondents that it was completely anonymous, considering the case of illegal behavior in the workplace.The finding of the study shows even though the majority of the survey´s respondents remain within the regulations of health care relating to read electronical health records, some of the respondents still shows tendencies to partly abandon them. The authors considered to prevent these tendencies that controls of log history in health care systems should increase and be made by independent auditors. This also for the aim to protect patients and reach more security. The study aims to health professionals and their managers to provide information on the behavior and its risk for patient’s integrity and the public lack of confidence.

Investigamos possíveis influências do programa Mais Médicos sobre os atributos de longitudinalidade e integralidade, considerando a estratégia de provimento de médicos nas equipes de Saúde da Família. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em dois municípios paulistas, a partir de abordagem etnográfica, entrevistas e grupos focais. Os resultados indicam efeitos positivos em relação ao atributo de longitudinalidade, com destaque para a boa relação dos médicos com usuários de saúde, acolhimento humanizado, criação de vínculo terapêutico, disponibilidade para realizar visitas domiciliares e apoiar a equipe no acompanhamento dos casos. A despeito dos médicos do programa reconhecerem a importância do princípio da integralidade, é restrita a contribuição dos mesmos ao alcance deste atributo, dado o excesso de atendimentos diários, conflitos de perspectivas com outros trabalhadores e limites da estrutura e modo de funcionamento da rede de saúde. Conclui-se que o provimento de médicos nas unidades de saúde contribui para o alcance da longitudinalidade, mas não garante atenção com integralidade, sendo necessário investir na formação contínua das equipes e na reorganização do trabalho
We investigated possible influences of the \"Mais Médicos\" program on the attributes of longitudinality and integrality, considering the strategy of providing doctors in Family Health teams. A case study was carried out in two São Paulo municipalities, based on an ethnographic approach, interviews and focus groups. The results indicate positive effects related to the longitudinality attribute, with emphasis on the good relationship of doctors with users, humanized care, creation of a therapeutic\'s bond, availability to perform home visits and support the team following-up cases. Although the program\'s doctors recognize the importance of the integrality principle, they have a limited contribution to the achievement of this attribute, given the excess of daily attendance, conflicts of perspectives with other workers and limits of the structure and organization of the health network\'s functioning. The conclusion is that the provision of physicians in the Family Health\'s team contributes to the achievement of longitudinality, but does not ensure attention with integrality, and it is necessary to invest in the continuous training of the teams and the reorganization of work

I siti archeologici sono una parte fondamentale del patrimonio culturale dell’umanità. Essi possono assumere l’aspetto del monumento—palazzi, città o luoghi noti a tutto il mondo—o della traccia—come la ceramica quotidianamente utilizzata da una famiglia— ma in entrambi i casi è riconoscibile un valore. Comunque la pura conservazione materiale non è sufficiente al fine della sopravvivenza del messaggio e del significato, che invece deve essere adeguatamente trasmesso e reso visibile per poter avere un ruolo nella vita contemporanea. La conservazione in situ, ammesso che sia possibile e ragionevole rispetto alle condizioni stesse del sito, è ritenuta una delle migliori opzioni per la trasmissione del messaggio nel modo più diretto e completo. Tuttavia essa comporta di dover affrontare problemi e rischi, tra cui la realizzazione di una copertura, che non esisterebbero nemmeno se gli stessi oggetti fossero trasportati nel museo. Solo pochi degli innumerevoli esempi in opera sui siti archeologici offrono una reale protezione o una efficace presentazione del sito e un numero ancor più ristretto una valida risposta ad entrambi i problemi. La mancanza di criteri condivisi per la valutazione delle coperture, complica anche la definizione di criteri di progetto adeguati e condivisi. Questa tesi offre una metodologia per l’interpretazione, la ricostruzione e la presentazione della casa romana nell’Italia antica, nella specifica accezione della casa ad atrio pompeiana finalizzata alla proposta di un nuovo tipo di copertura archeologica. In rapporto a una valutazione del rischio cui sono soggetti i materiali archeologici conservati sul posto e a una valutazione dell’efficacia delle coperture esistenti rispetto a criteri di carattere ambientale e architettonico, si fa la proposta di uno schema di linee guida per il progetto. Tali linee guida sono utilizzate per la selezione e l’adattamento al contesto archeologico di soluzioni tecnologiche già esistenti, al fine di garantire la reperibilità e ridurre i costi. Infine, le soluzioni tecnologiche interessanti entrano in rapporto con la casa romana attraverso gli schemi geometrici in essa riconoscibili. L’intera procedura di progetto viene implementata in modo parametrico in un “algoritmo visuale” che consente di poter esplorare numerose variazioni riconoscibili anche in un caso apparentemente limitato come l’antica Pompei. Il lavoro si conclude con l’applicazione delle soluzioni ritenute più efficienti alla ricostruzione filologico-integrativa di parte della domus insistente al di sopra del complesso delle Terme del Sarno nella regio VIII di Pompei.
Archeaological sites are an important part of the cultural heritage of mankind. They may assume either the appearance of the ’monument’ — such as the world-famous palace or city or place — or of the ’trace’ — that is the everyday pottery of a familiy — but they both have a value. However, preserving their fabric is not enough for their conservation, an activity which depends on the transmission of a message about their importance and meaning for today’s everyday life. In situ conservation, provided it is possible and sensible according to the site’s conditions, is considered the best option to convey the message in the most complete and direct way. However,thisimpliestocopewithrisksandproblems,suchastheerectionofasiteshelter, which do not exist if the same objetcs are moved to the museum. Only a few, among the countless examples built on archeological sites, offer a real protection to the materials or a real support to the display of the site and even lesser an effective combination of the two. The lack of assessment criteria is also an obstacle to the definition of a shared design procedure. This thesis offers a methodology for the interpretation, reconstruction and display of the Roman house in ancient Italy, in the specific version of the pompeian atrium house finalized to the definition of a new type of archaeological shelters. In relation to the risk assessment of archeological materials preserved in situ and to an evaluation of existing archaeological shelters according to the environmental and architectural criteria, a scheme of design guidelines is proposed. These guidelines are used for the selection and adaption to the archaeological sites of existing techincal solutions, in order to guarantee availability and to reduce costs. Finally, existing building materials relates with the Roman house through the geometric schemes recognizable in it. The whole procedure, parametrically translated, is implemented into a ’visual algorythm’ to explore the many possibilites exisisting even in a, apparently limited, case, such as the archaeological town of Pompeii. The research ends with the application of the most effective solution to the reconstruction of a part of the domus above the Sarno Baths complex in the regio VII of Pompeii.

A literatura demonstra que a dimensão espiritual tem impacto na saúde biopsicossocial, sendo associada à preservação da saúde mental, qualidade de vida e redução da mortalidade global e cardiovascular. Contudo, são descritas várias barreiras para a abordagem clínica da espiritualidade do paciente, como a falta de tempo ou treinamento sobre o assunto, além dos valores pessoais e religiosos do profissional. A abordagem da espiritualidade na prática clínica de médicos de família e comunidade (MFC) ainda é um desafio e, com isso, a presente dissertação descreve aspectos da dimensão espiritual e religiosa de MFC brasileiros, com residência médica na área, além de apresentar aspectos sobre a inserção do tema da espiritualidade/religiosidade (E/R) na prática clínica desse grupo de profissionais. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal por meio de questionário online. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente por meio de medidas de frequência numérica, percentual e de tendência central. A frequência e temática abordadas pelos MFC em relação à E/R foram aferidas por meio de constructo que agregou os questionários FICA, HOPE e SPIRITual History. Os escores de bem-estar espiritual e religiosidade dos médicos foram aferidos por meio de escalas bem avaliadas na literatura (respectivamente, FACIT-SpNI e DUREL-P). O inquérito online obteve taxa de resposta de 15,8%, sendo a amostra de maioria do sexo feminino (65,1%), com idade média de 35,8 anos e média de tempo de trabalho na área de 7,9 anos. A atuação profissional se dá em assistência clínica (87,7%) e ensino (67,1%). A maioria (78,4%) declara identificação com uma matriz religiosa, sendo 21,6% católicos, 13,7% espíritas e 11,3% evangélicos. Grande parte da amostra (21,6%) se identificou com mais de uma religião. Os MFC apresentam baixa religiosidade organizacional (49,3% raramente ou nunca frequentam instituições), porém, forte prática de religiosidade não organizacional (65,4% declaram práticas pessoais no mínimo semanais). O escore de religiosidade intrínseca médio foi de 10,6 (padrão: 3 a 15) e o de bem-estar espiritual foi de 35,7 (padrão: 0-48). Para a prática clínica, houve maior concordância com o conceito de espiritualidade de Puchalski, que apresenta amplitude moderada quando comparado aos conceitos de Anandarajah e Koenig. O grau de concordância apontou no sentido de diferenciação do conceito de espiritualidade em relação à definição de religiosidade. Embora a grande maioria acredite que a E/R influencie muito a saúde (88,4%) e que essa abordagem seja pertinente à prática clínica do MFC (81,2%), apenas 35,0% da amostra se sentia preparada para abordar o tema e a maioria o faz com frequência moderada (50,3%). As principais barreiras para essa abordagem seriam falta de tempo (53,4%), treinamento (39,7%) e valores pessoais, como medo de impor sua religião (27,7%) ou medo de ofender o paciente (23,6%). As áreas mais frequentemente discutidas pelos MFC com os pacientes tratam da rede de suporte social (discutido por 42,8% dos médicos) e resiliência (40,2%). Os temas menos discutidos seriam a relação médico-paciente (não discutido por 74,0%) e as implicações para o plano terapêutico (64,7%)
Researches show that the spiritual dimension influences the biopsychosocial health, being associated with the preservation of mental health, quality of life and reduction of global and cardiovascular mortality. However, there are several barriers for approaching patient\'s spirituality in clinical practice, such as the lack of time or training on this subject and personal values of the professionals, as religiosity. Approaching spirituality is still a challenge for Brazilian Family Physicians (BFP). Then, the present research describes aspects of the spiritual and religious dimensions of Brazilian Family Physicians who had completed medical residency programs in this area. It also shows aspects about the insertion of spirituality/religiosity (S/R) in the clinical practice of this group of professionals. For this reason, we carried out a cross-observational study by means an online questionnaire. We analyzed the data quantitatively by means of simple distribution and frequency measurements. The frequency and thematic discussed by BFP in relation to S/R were measured by an instrument developed using the questionnaires FICA, HOPE and SPIRITual History. We evaluated the doctors\' scores of spiritual- wellbeing and religiosity by means of well-evaluated scales (respectively, FACIT-SpNI and Durel-P). The online survey obtained response rate of 15.8%. The sample had most female (65.1%), average age of 35.8 years-old and average working time in the area of 7.9 years. Most of the professionals works in clinical assistance (87.7%) and teaching (67.1%). The majority (78.4%) declares identification with one religion, being 21.6% Catholics, 13.7% Spiritists and 11.3% Protestants. A large portion of the sample (21.6%) identified itself with more than one religion. The BFP showed low organizational religiosity (49.3% rarely or never attend to institutions), but high practice of non-organizational religiosity (65.4% declare personal practices at least weekly). The average of intrinsic religiosity score was 10.6 (standard: 3-15) and the spiritual-wellbeing average score was 35.7 (standard: 0-48). About the clinical practice, there was greater agreement with the concept of spirituality carried out by Puchalski, which presents moderate amplitude when compared to Anandarajah\'s or Koenig\'s concepts. The concordance degree showed same tendency to the sense of differentiation of the concepts of spirituality and religiosity. While 88.4% of BFP believe that the S/R influences a lot the health and 81.2% believe that this approach is pertinent to their clinical practice, only 35.0% of the sample felt prepared to address this topic and most do it sometimes (50.3%). The main barriers to this approach were lack of time (53.4%), training (39.7%) and personal values, such as fear of imposing their religion (27.7%) or fear of offending the patient (23.6%). The themes most often discussed by BFP with patients deal with the social support network (discussed by 42.8% of doctors) and resilience (40.2%). The less discussed subjects were the doctor-patient relationship (not discussed by 74.0%) and the implications for the therapeutic plan (64.7%)

OBJECTIVES: The integrin α4β7 is the gut-homing receptor for lymphocytes. It also is an important co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via glycoprotein (gp)120 binding. Depletion of gut cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells is linked to chronic inflammation in patients with HIV; however, measuring CD4 cells in the gut is invasive and not routine. As such, establishing a peripheral marker for CD4 depletion of the gut is needed. We hypothesized that α4β7 CD4 T cells are depleted in the peripheral blood of treatment-naïve patients with HIV compared with healthy controls. METHODS: The study groups were treatment-naïve patients with HIV and uninfected controls. Subjects were included if they were 18 years or older with no history of opportunistic infections, active tuberculosis, or cancer. We collected peripheral blood and examined on whole blood using flow cytometry for the following cell surface markers: CD4, CD45RO, chemokine receptor type 5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and the integrin β7. We collected demographic information, including age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as viral load (VL) and CD4 count. Two-samplettests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between CD4 count and log10-VL and percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+and log10-VL in patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (12 patients with HIV and 10 controls). There were no differences in age or sex between the two groups. There were more Hispanics and fewer Asians in the group comprising patients with HIV compared with the control group (7 vs 2 and 0 vs 4,P= 0.05, respectively). Patients infected with HIV had significantly lower frequencies of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells (median 12%, range 5-18 compared with uninfected controls: median 20%, range 11-26,P= 0.0007). There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4+cells between patients (72%, range 60%-91%) compared with controls (79%, range 72%-94%,P= 0.04). The percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/chemokine receptor type 5+did not differ between the group of patients with HIV and the control groups (22%, range 11%-57% vs 27%, range 14%-31%;P= 0.8, respectively). There was no correlation between percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β+cells and log10-VL as measured by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r= 0.05,P= 0.88) in patients infected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Memory CD4 β7+cells are reduced significantly in the peripheral blood of untreated patients infected with HIV, which could be used as a noninvasive indicator of intestinal CD4 T cell loss and recovery. Further studies are needed to examine whether depletion of these CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+cells in the peripheral blood parallels depletion in the gut of treatment-naïve patients with HIV and whether levels return to control levels after treatment.

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電腦與通訊研究所
98
This thesis discusses and analyzes power integrity problem and signal integrity problem for complex system circuit working on two-layer print circuit board (PCB), and proposes the improvement method. Each kind of high efficiency product that in order to integrate heterogeneous circuits such as analog circuits, high-speed digital circuits and radio-frequency circuits to work on the identical PCB, the majority uses multi-layer PCB ( 4 layers or above ) which has ideal reference plane design, that can reduce the signals mutual electromagnetic field interference such as crosstalk, also can reduce the powers to be interfered by the signals such as simultaneous switching noise ( SSN ), and can decrease electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from integral system circuit. Nowadays are the times which compete with the cost. The consumers expect the products not only to be high performance and multi-functions but also to be inexpensive. Therefore the low cost system circuits that have high performance and multi-functions are designed by two-layer PCB, which already became major topic for products developing today. This thesis take integrated digital television (IDTV) as research subject platform, lets this system circuit stable operation successfully on two-layer PCB, and propose four kinds of major cases to discuss. 1. Impedance matching to interconnect differential pair for substrate and PCB layout. 2. HIS apply to TV tuner on two-layer PCB. 3. Signal integrity analyzes and improves for DDR SDRAM interface on two-layer PCB system. 4. Signal integrity analyzes and improves for non-ideal current return path on two-layer PCB system. Through these four kinds of case studies, not only proposes a design reference for hybrid circuits on two-layer PCB to industrial circles, but also proposes the direction of further study for academic circles.

Technology has become intertwined into society daily life which is not only limited to personal life but also extending into the business world. Availability, integrity and confidentiality are critical information security factors to consider when interacting with technology. Conversely many unsuspecting users have fallen prey to cyber criminals. The majority of threats encountered could have been prevented by the victims if they had sufficient knowledge to first identify and then mitigate the threat. The use of information security awareness programs provides a platform whereby users are informed about such threats. The success of these programs is significantly reduced if the content is not transferred in the most effective method to improve understanding and result in a change of behaviour. This dissertation addresses the effectiveness of using a gaming platform within an information security awareness program. The use of games allows for the users to apply knowledge within a potential scenario as seen with pilots using flight simulators. End users who have no information security background should have a safe platform where threats can be identified and methods taught to mitigate the threats. A wide selection of security awareness frameworks exist, the most appropriate framework should be considered first. The different phases of the framework would be applied within the dissertation with the main objective to ultimately determine the effectiveness of games within security awareness programs. Data was collected during the implemented information security awareness program using quantitative instruments. These included questionnaires and a developed online game designed from the literature reviewed during the study. The analysed data highlighted the effects of extrinsic motivation on knowledge transfer and validated the positive impact of game play.
Computing
M. Tech. (Information Technology)

The study focused on the role of the local community in the management of wetland. The study was triggered by the lack of participation of the local community in the management of the wetland. It is important to note that wetlands perform a number of ecosystem services, some of which are well recognised, others less so, and are internationally recognised as being one of the most important ecosystems for the conservation of biodiversity. South Africa is a signatory to the international obligations, which makes it a legal responsibility to make sure that wetlands are managed appropriately. It is therefore important for these natural resources to be managed appropriately. Information for generating data was obtained through the assessment of the wetland health and from the investigation of the management of the local community. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, qualitative method was used to gather the necessary data. The findings indicate that the current state of the wetland is severely modified, which means large loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions has occurred. The results also indicate that the community is ill-equipped to manage the resource appropriately. The findings therefore imply that immediate management interventions must be developed to improve the health of the wetland. In improving the state of the wetland, the study recommends, amongst others, that mitigation measures aimed at improving the wetland health and participation of wetland users be promoted. An establishment of a community-driven and multi-stakeholder intervention mechanism to help the community manage and utilise the wetland properly is also recommended. The study concludes by indicating that the community must comply with the environmental legislation and takes a lead in the management of the wetland, for the aim of restoring the functionality and integrity of the wetland.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

The topic of integrating the formal learning of graduates with their informal workplace learning has been debated for many years. In practice, however, these two types of learning still exist as two polar opposites, especially in the field of statistics. This study examined the effectiveness of an internship programme as a means to integrate the formal learning of statisticians with their informal workplace learning. Based on the findings, a framework was proposed to ensure integration between the formal and informal workplace learning of statisticians. The study employed a mixed-method approach that combined quantitative and qualitative data collection. Quantitative data were collected from respondents (statisticians who participated in the internship programme and were permanently employed at the time of the study) through an online survey, and qualitative data were collected from managers (who served as mentors to the interns) through conducting semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. Documents pertaining to the internship programme in place at Statistics South Africa were also studied. Many developing countries still lack the capacity to produce, analyse and use the range of quality statistics required to support effective development progress. This study suggested a new way of integrating the formal learning with the informal workplace learning of statisticians, which involved adding a practical component (an internship) to the formal learning of statisticians, therefore, combining an internship during formal learning with an internship upon the completion of formal learning. In this way, statisticians are better capacitated because they can apply their formally obtained knowledge and skills in practice both while being engaged in their formal studies as well as after completing their studies, ensuring integration between formal and informal workplace learning. Crucial factors that would play a role in ensuring success are, for instance, if intern statisticians are placed in areas that are commensurate with their formal learning (thus ensuring utilisation of their skills) and if the level of the tasks assigned to them matches their cognitive ability. Support for interns’ informal learning in the form of mentorship, developmental assignments and training and development opportunities are also crucial to ensure integration between their formal learning and informal workplace learning.
Educational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Education Management)

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
課程與教學研究所
100
This study was a kind of design-based research. The researcher used the ADDIE systematic instructional design model for analysis, design, development, application, and evaluation and developed an instructional plan to integrate media literacy into social studies for the fifth graders-the case of environmental education issue. Throughout this instructional plan, the researcher observed and analysed students’ learning satisfaction and achievement evaluated by Kirkpatrick model-reaction and learning. The findings were discussed as below 1.Based on ADDIE model, the researcher had developed an instructional plan to integrate media literacy into social studies for the fifth graders-the case of environmental education issue. 2.After implementing this new instructional plan, students presented positive satisfactions and did increase students’ motivation. 3.After implementing this new instructional plan, students’ learning achievement about media literacy and environmental education reached the required standard. Moreover, students changed their thought about media literacy by analyzing qualitative data collection. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions were made for future study.

School-based induction programmes largely focus on informing beginner teachers about the school culture and infrastructure, yet, the core business of education is teaching and learning. A consensus is, however, growing among educators and researchers that despite the positive experiences novice teachers experience during school-based induction programmes, they also experience challenges which affect their perceptions of school-based induction. Despite those challenges in the education sector, hope for the future, as guided by Vision 2030, still remains with one essential human resource: the teachers themselves. Therefore, if novice teachers are to impact profoundly on the learners’ academic achievement, then quality induction programmes must be in place in Namibian schools in order to support their instructional growth. A comprehensive nation-wide induction effort with high emphasise on mentoring will accelerate novice teacher efficacy and consequently learner learning. The purpose of this research study was to identify beginner teachers’ perceptions of school-based induction at selected primary schools in Windhoek and suggested a framework which may inform future research efforts and improve the application of school-based induction. To do this, a qualitative research methodology was preferred to assess the perceptions of novice teachers at the selected schools. Eight beginner teachers and four Heads of Departments participated in the study. The result draws attention to the professional enculturation of beginner teachers, but notably, compels practical reconsideration on how school-based induction is practised in light of beginner teacher growth and sustainability.
Educational Management and Leadership
M. Ed. (Educational Management)

I sistemi costieri sono soggetti alla complessità dei problemi socio-economici e ambientali compresi nel concetto generale di “rischi costieri”, esacerbati dai molti impatti negativi dei cambiamenti climatici, spesso gestiti attraverso opere di ingegneria non corrette e modalità di gestione inadeguate. Nel corso del ventesimo secolo, sia la popolazione che le attività umane sono aumentate notevolmente in queste aree, provocando un’ampia conversione dei paesaggi naturali costieri, uno sfruttamento eccessivo delle risorse e il peggioramento della resilienza dei sistemi costieri. Le aree costiere sono sistemi vulnerabili e il cambiamento climatico, che sta già avendo un impatto negativo sulle coste, aggrava la loro vulnerabilità causando diverse conseguenze. Gli impatti generali del cambiamento climatico sulle comunità costiere saranno enormi, aumentando l’esposizione a rischi specifici come le inondazioni e l’erosione costiera con eventi climatici estremi. Inoltre, spesso le aree costiere si trovano ad affrontare situazioni critiche a causa di opere ingegneristiche non corrette costruite per proteggere le aree costiere da rischi come le inondazioni e l’erosione costiera, nonché della mancanza di adeguate forme di pianificazione degli sui del suolo e di gestione dell’ambiente. Un altro aspetto che aumenta la complessità di questi sistemi è il fatto che essi sono soggetti a tensioni e conflitti tra diversi attori spesso con interessi contrastanti. Per questo motivo, c’è la necessità di dare risposte articolate (tecniche, normative, economiche, sociali, culturali, gestionali) per affrontare la complessità dei sistemi costieri. È ampiamente riconosciuto che le tradizionali politiche di gestione costiera, basate su approcci ’hard’ focalizzati principalmente sulle opere di ingegneria per la protezione delle coste e utilizzati per molti decenni come l’unico modo per gestire i rischi costieri, sono inefficaci. Analogamente, approcci unicamente regolativi alla pianificazione delle aree costiere, essenzialmente basati su vincoli e divieti, si sono dimostrati comunque insufficienti. Il fallimento di tali metodi, dispositivi e misure nell’affrontare i rischi costieri richiede non solo una profonda conoscenza dei principali fenomeni fisici, ma anche il riconoscimento delle conoscenze, del ruolo, degli obiettivi, delle interdipendenze e della rete di interazioni degli stakeholder e delle comunità locali. Quindi, per analizzare e gestire i rischi costieri in modo efficace, c’è la necessità di creare una base di conoscenze diverse, scientifiche e tecniche di tipo interdisciplinare, che includano esperti con diversi background. Ciò dovrebbe essere accompagnato da un miglioramento delle interfacce tra la creazione di conoscenza e il processo decisionale, in cui gli stakeholder e la società locale possano interagire e partecipare ai processi di gestione. In questo senso, la produzione di conoscenze condivise su fenomeni, processi e rischi correlati contribuirebbe a definire forme appropriate di gestione. In linea con questo, anche alla luce delle conseguenze del cambiamento climatico, si è sviluppato il dibattito scientifico internazionale e politico sulla progettazione, e ancor più sull’implementazione di un approccio all’uso e alla gestione delle aree costiere, che sia adeguato ad affrontare la complessità dei problemi in queste aree, noto come Gestione Integrata delle Zone Costiere (GIZC). Questo approccio è il primo e ad oggi l’unico strumento giuridico internazionale che si occupa specificamente della gestione delle zone costiere e che richiede un “adeguato coinvolgimento” dei soggetti interessati, compreso il pubblico in generale. Negli ultimi quarant’anni si sono verificati diversi eventi e accordi internazionali, europei e nazionali con l’obiettivo di diffusione della GIZC. In tal senso, i paesi del Mediterraneo hanno iniziato a collaborare e ad adottare misure per la gestione delle zone costiere del bacino del Mediterraneo. Tuttavia, il fragile mosaico di regimi giuridici e normativi, diritti fondiari, strutture istituzionali e culture amministrative ha creato un vuoto giuridico-istituzionale nella gestione delle coste del Mediterraneo, che riflette i ritardi nella ratifica del Protocollo sulla Gestione Integrata delle Zone Costiere nel Mediterraneo. La tesi ha quindi cercato di comprendere alcune ragioni alla base delle difficoltà di attuazione della gestione integrata delle zone costiere con riferimento a due casi studio selezionati nel Mediterraneo, in Italia e in Grecia. I due casi di studio sono stati analizzati utilizzando approcci diversi, con l’obiettivo comune di capire fino a che punto e come sono stati percepiti i rischi che interessano le zone costiere dai diversi stakeholder e dal pubblico in generale. In entrambi i casi tale indagine diretta è stata correlata alle caratteristiche specifiche dei contesti, come è emerso dall’analisi delle statistiche e dei documenti ufficiali (legislazione, piani...). Margherita di Savoia, in Puglia, è tra i comuni italiani più colpiti da erosione costiera e inondazione per la sua particolare conformazione urbana e per lo stretto rapporto con l’economia legata al mare. Una panoramica delle principali pressioni costiere, dei pericoli e degli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici in Italia, così come la complessa e frammentata governance multilivello delle aree costiere, è la conoscenza di base per l’analisi attraverso l’indagine diretta della conoscenza esperienziale a Margherita di Savoia che è stata realizzata attraverso due metodi diversi e in qualche misura complementari: il questionario e lo Scenario workshop. Il caso di studio greco si concentra sul Golfo del Pagasitikos, un golfo semi-chiuso caratterizzato dalla presenza di diversi usi lungo la costa e nel mare in aggiunta all’urbanizzazione, che ha portato a pressioni antropiche peggiorandone soprattutto la qualità dell’acqua del mare. Dopo una panoramica delle principali pressioni costiere, dei pericoli e degli impatti del cambiamento climatico in Grecia, così come del quadro giuridico-istituzionale, i rischi costieri del Golfo di Pagasitikos sono stati analizzati attraverso un’analisi sul campo della conoscenza esperienziale basata su un processo iterativo che combina interviste semi-strutturate e mappe cognitive “fuzzy”. Dall’analisi emerge una generale mancanza di consapevolezza della complessità dei problemi e dei rischi correlati, nonostante le loro evidenze. Questo limite può essere superato attraverso il coinvolgimento di diversi attori e attraverso una continua interazione fra essi per costruire e accrescere la conoscenza condivisa. Tuttavia, si dovrebbe essere consapevoli dei limiti intrinseci dei cosiddetti “approcci partecipativi” per un’analisi efficace della conoscenza esperienziale e ancor più per l’utilizzo della conoscenza esperienziale nella gestione integrata delle aree costiere. La conoscenza che emerge dal coinvolgimento non può essere data per scontata perché gli stakeholder possono non essere naïve e neutrali. Inoltre, il coinvolgimento dei soggetti interessati e della società locale nei processi di pianificazione richiede tempi più lunghi e quindi questo lavoro ha potuto offrire soltanto degli elementi di riflessione.
Coastal systems are subject to the complexity of socio-economic and environmental problems included in the general concept of “coastal risks”, intensified by the many negative impacts of climate change, and often also by incorrect engineering works and management practices. During the twentieth century, both population and activities in coastal areas have increased dramatically, producing widespread conversion of natural coastal landscapes, overexploitation of resources, and the worsening of coastal systems resilience. As a matter of fact, coastal areas are vulnerable systems and climate change, which is already negatively impacting coasts, exacerbates their vulnerability causing several consequences. The general impacts of climate change on coastal communities will be enormous, increasing the exposition to specific hazards such as flooding and coastal erosion with extreme climate events. Moreover, often coastal areas are facing critical situations due to inappropriate engineering works built to protect coastal areas from hazards such as flooding and coastal erosion, as well as lack of adequate forms of land use planning and environmental management. Another aspect increasing the complexity of these systems is the fact that they are prone to tensions and conflicts between different actors with contrasting interests in such territories. For this reason, there is the necessity to give articulated answers (technical, normative, economic, social, cultural, management) to deal with the complexity of coastal systems. It is widely recognized that the traditional coastal management policies, based on hard approaches, mainly focused on engineering works for coastal protection and used for many decades as the only way to manage coastal risks, are unsuccessful. Likewise, purely regulatory approaches to coastal planning, essentially based on constraints and prohibitions, have proved insufficient. The failure of these methods, devices and measures in dealing with coastal risks requires not only a deep understanding of the main physical phenomena to be addressed, but also acknowledgment about stakeholders’ and local communities’ knowledge, role, objectives, interdependencies and network of interactions. Therefore, to analyze and manage coastal risks in an effective way, there is the necessity to create a diverse, scientific and technical interdisciplinary knowledge base, including different experts with different backgrounds. This should be paralleled by an improvement of interfaces between knowledge creation and decision-making in which stakeholders and local society can interact and participate into the management processes. In this sense, the production of shared knowledge on phenomena, processes and related risks would help to define appropriate forms of management. In line with this, also in the light of climate change consequences, the international scientific as well as policy debate has developed on the design, and even more so, on the implementation of an approach to the use and management of coastal areas, which is appropriate to address the complexity of the problems in these areas. It is known as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). It is the first, and as of today the only international legal instrument specifically addressing coastal zones management, which requires “appropriate involvement” of stakeholders, including the general public. In the last forty years, several are the events occurred and the international, European and national agreements signed for the spreading of ICZM. In this sense, the Mediterranean Countries have begun to collaborate and take measures to better manage the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Basin. However, the fragmented mosaic of legal and regulatory regimes, land rights, institutional structures and administrative cultures has created a legal institutional gap in Mediterranean coastline management, reflect delays in the ratification of the Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean. Thus, this thesis tried to understand, with reference to two selected Mediterranean case studies, in Italy and in Greece, some reasons behind the difficulties of implementing Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Each case study was investigated using different approaches according to the different contexts, with the common aim of understanding to what extent and how the risks affecting coastal areas were perceived by the different stakeholders and the public at large. In both case studies such direct investigation was related to the specific features of the contexts, as it emerged from the analysis of statistics and official documents (legislation, plans...). The case study of Margherita di Savoia (Puglia Region, Italy) is characterized by risk of erosion and flooding among the most impacted in Italy due for its particular urban conformation and the close relationship with the sea-related economy. An overview of the main coastal pressures, hazards and climate change impacts in Italy, as well as the complex and fragmented multi-level governance for coastal areas, is the background knowledge for the analysis through direct inquiry of experiential knowledge in Margherita di Savoia. This was carried out using two different, and to some extent complementary methods: the questionnaires and the Scenario workshop. The Greek case study focuses on Pagasitikos Gulf, a semi-enclosed gulf characterized by the presence of several uses along the coast and in the sea in addition to urbanization, which led to anthropogenic pressures worsening especially the sea water quality. After an overview of the main coastal pressures, hazards and climate change impacts in Greece, as well as the legal-Institutional framework, the coastal risks in the Pagasitikos Gulf has been investigated through a field analysis of the experiential knowledge based on an iterative process which combines semi-structured interviews and “fuzzy” cognitive maps. The analysis highlights a general lack of awareness of the complexity of the problems and related risks despite their evidence. This limit can be overcome through the involvement of different actors and through a continuous interaction between them to build and increase shared knowledge. However, it should be aware of the intrinsic limits of the so-called ‘participatory approaches’ for an effective analysis of experiential knowledge and even more for the use of experiential knowledge in the integrated management of coastal areas. The knowledge that emerges from this involvement cannot be taken for granted because stakeholders may not be naïve and neutral. Moreover, the involvement of stakeholders and local society in planning processes takes longer and therefore this work could only offer some insights.