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Статті в журналах з теми "Integrated Bragg Gratings"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Bartelt, Hartmut. "Trends in Bragg Grating Technology for Optical Fiber Sensor Applications." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.304.

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Анотація:

Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread and successful applications in optical sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. Such sensor elements are fiber integrated, are applicable under harsh environmental conditions, and can be easily multiplexed. In order to further extend the field of applications, there is a great interest in specifically adapted Bragg gratings, in Bragg grating structures with increased stability, or in the use of special fiber types for grating inscription. The paper discusses such specific concepts for grating inscription, covers novel aspects of fiber gratings in small diameter fibers or in fiber tapers, of gratings in pure silica fibers without UV sensitivity, of grating inscription in different microstructured fibers or photonic crystal fibers, and investigates the concept of femtosecond inscription and the extension of the Bragg reflection wavelengths down to the visible range.

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2

Simard, Alexandre D., Yves Painchaud, and Sophie LaRochelle. "Integrated Bragg gratings in spiral waveguides." Optics Express 21, no. 7 (April 4, 2013): 8953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.008953.

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3

Munster, Petr, and Tomas Horvath. "Intelligent Technical Textiles Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings for Strain Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102951.

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In this paper, the concept design of intelligent technical textile blocks implemented with optical fibers that include fiber Bragg gratings for strain and temperature sensing is briefly introduced. In addition to the main design of the system, a design of measurement blocks with integrated fiber Bragg grating elements for strain measurement is also presented. In the basic measurement, the created textile block was tested for deformation sensitivity when a load was applied. Moreover, a unique robust and low profile connector was designed, created and verified. The fibers are terminated with GRIN lenses, allowing easy manipulation and completion of the connector in the field, with an average insertion loss of 5.5 dB.

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4

Dhavamani, Vigneshwar, Srijani Chakraborty, S. Ramya, and Somesh Nandi. "Design and Simulation of Waveguide Bragg Grating based Temperature Sensor in COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2161, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012047.

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Abstract With the advancements in the domain of photonics and optical sensors, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, owing to their increased advantages, have been researched widely and have proved to be useful in sensing applications. Moreover, the advent of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) demands the incorporation of optical sensing in waveguides, which can be integrated on silicon photonic chips. In this paper, the design of a sub-micron range Waveguide Bragg Grating (WBG) based temperature sensor with high peak reflectivity and thermal sensitivity is proposed. The flexibility of COMSOL Multiphysics software is explored to simulate the sensor and the results are verified with the analytical values calculated using MATLAB. The simulation is carried out for the proposed design having 16000 gratings and a corresponding peak reflectivity of 0.953 is obtained. A thermal sensitivity of 80 pm/K is achieved, which is approximately eight times better than that of FBG based sensor.

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5

Zhong, Huajian, Xueya Liu, Cailing Fu, Baijie Xu, Jun He, Pengfei Li, Yanjie Meng, et al. "Quasi-Distributed Temperature and Strain Sensors Based on Series-Integrated Fiber Bragg Gratings." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091540.

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Two types of series-integrated fiber Bragg gratings (SI-FBGs), i.e., strong and weak SI-FBGs, were inscribed in a standard single-mode fiber (SMF) using the femtosecond laser point-by-point technology. In the SI-FBGs inscribing system, the grating pitch of each FBG and the distance between the two adjacent FBGs in the SI-FBGs can be flexibly controlled by adjusting the inscription parameters. The strong SI-FBGs with different grating pitches and the weak SI-FBGs with an identical grating pitch were employed to successfully measure the temperature distribution in a tube furnace and the strain distribution on a cantilever beam, respectively. A high spatial resolution of less than 1 mm was achieved during the distributed temperature sensing experiment. Moreover, the spatial resolution could be improved by decreasing the distance between the two adjacent FBGs, i.e., decreasing the FBG length and the space between the two adjacent FBGs. Hence, the inscribed high-quality SI-FBGs have great potential to be developed as various quasi-distributed sensors with a high spatial resolution.

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6

Field, James W., Sam A. Berry, Rex H. S. Bannerman, Devin H. Smith, Corin B. E. Gawith, Peter G. R. Smith, and James C. Gates. "Highly-chirped Bragg gratings for integrated silica spectrometers." Optics Express 28, no. 14 (July 2, 2020): 21247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.389211.

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7

Simard, A. D., N. Ayotte, Y. Painchaud, S. Bedard, and S. LaRochelle. "Impact of Sidewall Roughness on Integrated Bragg Gratings." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 24 (December 2011): 3693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2173556.

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8

Ayotte, Nicolas, Alexandre D. Simard, and Sophie LaRochelle. "Long Integrated Bragg Gratings for SoI Wafer Metrology." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 27, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2015.2391174.

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9

Kaur, Manjinder, and Sanjeev Dewra. "Investigation of Photonic Integrated Circuits with Low-Loss Bragg Gratings." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0177.

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AbstractThe impact of physical parameters of uniform fiber Bragg grating (U-FBG) like grating period, length of grating, and width of grating on the performance of U-FBG fiber by using finite differences time domain (FDTD) based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) is evaluated. An FBG is similar to a distributed Bragg reflector created in a small segment of optical fiber that reflects some particular wavelengths of light and transmits the other wavelengths. It is observed that the maximum received optical power at the reflected port achieved is −1.67×10-6 w/m2 with silver (Ag) profile material of U-FBG at 0.1 w/m2 input transmission power and wavelength of 1.55 μm with 0.9 μm grating length and 0.2 μm grating width. The result shows that the received optical power is changing by optimizing the physical parameters of U-FBG.

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10

Tu, Donghe, Xingrui Huang, Yuxiang Yin, Hang Yu, Zhiguo Yu, Huan Guan, and Zhiyong Li. "Mode-Conversion-Based Chirped Bragg Gratings on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate." Photonics 9, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110828.

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In this work, we propose a mode-conversion-based chirped Bragg grating on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN). The device is mainly composed of a 4.7-mm long chirped asymmetric Bragg grating and an adiabatic directional coupler (ADC). The mode conversion introduced by the ADC allows the chirped Bragg grating operates in reflection without using an off-chip circulator. The proposed device has experimentally achieved a total time delay of 73.4 ps over an operating bandwidth of 15 nm. This mode-conversion-based chirped Bragg grating shows excellent compatibility with other devices on TFLN, making it suitable in monolithically integrated microwave photonics, sensing, and optical communication systems.

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11

Thursby, G., B. Sorazu, D. Betz, M. Staszewski, and B. Culshaw. "The Use of Fibre Optic Sensors for Damage Detection and Location in Structural Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.191.

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The measurement of changes in the properties of ultrasonic Lamb waves propagating through structural material has frequently been proposed as a method for the detection of damage. In this paper we describe work that uses optical fibre sensors to detect the Lamb waves and show that the directional properties of these sensors allow us to not only detect damage, but also to locate it. We look at two types of optical fibre sensor, a polarimetric sensor and the fibre Bragg grating. The polarimetric sensor measures the change in birefringence of a fibre caused by the pressure wave of the ultrasound acting upon it. This is an integrated sensor since the fibre length bonded to the sample needs to be greater than the ultrasonic wavelength in order to obtain the required sensitivity. The maximum sensitivity of this sensor is when the fibre is positioned normal to the direction of wave propagation. Fibre Bragg gratings are essentially point sensors since the grating length needs to be a fraction of the ultrasound wavelength to obtain maximum sensitivity. Ultrasound is detected mainly through the in-plane strain it produces and maximum sensitivity is therefore produced when the grating is aligned parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Holes drilled into sample plates can be detected using both type of sensor by examining the changes in either the transmitted Lamb wave or through detection of the reflections produced by the hole. The sensitivity of the technique is shown to be determined by the relative positions of the acoustic source, the hole and the sensor. If we use fibre Bragg gratings in a rosette configuration (i.e. 3 gratings forming an equilateral triangle) then the direction of the Lamb wave can be determined using the directional sensitivities of the gratings. Using two such rosettes allows us to calculate the source of the wave from the intersection of two of these directions. If the source of the wave is the hole (which acts as a passive source), then the location of that hole can be determined.

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12

Shishova, Maria, Alexander Zherdev, Dmitrii Lushnikov, and Sergey Odinokov. "Recording of the Multiplexed Bragg Diffraction Gratings for Waveguides Using Phase Mask." Photonics 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040097.

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The paper describes a stable method for multiplexed recording of the Bragg diffraction gratings for waveguides using a phase mask. Diffraction waveguides in this experiment were made of photo-thermo-refractive glass. Two types of the phase mask are considered: surface and volume. Their comparison is based on diffraction characteristics of manufactured single and multiplexed Bragg gratings. The experimental results showed the advantage of surface phase mask application. To confirm the efficiency of the proposed method, diffraction waveguides was successfully fabricated and integrated in see-through near-eye display.

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13

Kefer, Stefan, Gian-Luca Roth, Julian Zettl, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Sapphire Photonic Crystal Waveguides with Integrated Bragg Grating Structure." Photonics 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040234.

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This contribution demonstrates photonic crystal waveguides generated within bulk planar sapphire substrates. A femtosecond laser is used to modify the refractive index in a hexagonal pattern around the pristine waveguide core. Near-field measurements reveal single-mode behavior at a wavelength of 1550 nm and the possibility to adapt the mode-field diameter. Based on far-field examinations, the effective refractive index contrast between the pristine waveguide core and depressed cladding is estimated to 3·10−4. Additionally, Bragg gratings are generated within the waveguide core. Due to the inherent birefringence of Al2O3, the gratings exhibit two distinct wavelengths of main reflection. Each reflection peak exhibits a narrow spectral full width at a half maximum of 130 pm and can be selectively addressed by exciting the birefringent waveguide with appropriately polarized light. Furthermore, a waveguide attenuation of 1 dB cm−1 is determined.

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14

Burla, Maurizio, Luis Romero Cortés, Ming Li, Xu Wang, Lukas Chrostowski, and José Azaña. "Integrated waveguide Bragg gratings for microwave photonics signal processing." Optics Express 21, no. 21 (October 15, 2013): 25120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.025120.

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15

Giuntoni, Ivano, David Stolarek, Jurgen Bruns, Lars Zimmermann, Bernd Tillack, and Klaus Petermann. "Integrated Dispersion Compensator Based on Apodized SOI Bragg Gratings." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 25, no. 14 (July 2013): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2264050.

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16

Butt, Muhammad Ali. "Numerical investigation of a small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structure with a high extinction ratio." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.1042.

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In this paper, miniaturized design of a plasmonic Bragg grating filter is investigated via the finite element method (FEM). The filter is based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide deposited on a quartz substrate. The corrugated Bragg grating designed for near-infrared wavelength range is structured on both sides of the waveguide. The spectral characteristics of the filter are studied by varying the geometric parameters of the filter design. As a result, the maximum ER and bandwidth of 36.2 dB and 173 nm is obtained at λBragg=976 nm with a filter footprint of as small as 1.0 x 8.75 µm2, respectively. The ER and bandwidth can be further improved by increasing the number of grating periods and the strength of the grating, respectively. Moreover, the Bragg grating structure is quite receptive to the refractive index of the medium. These features allow the employment of materials such as polymers in the metal-insulator-metal waveguide which can be externally tuned or it can be used for refractive index sensing applications. The sensitivity of the proposed Bragg grating structure can offer a sensitivity of 950 nm/RIU. We believe that the study presented in this paper provides a guideline for the realization of small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structures which can be employed in filter and refractive index sensing applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. W. Field et al., "Miniaturised, Planar, Integrated Bragg Grating Spectrometer", 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), Munich, Germany, 2019, CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han, H.Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines, 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef J. Missinne, N. T. Beneitez, M-A. Mattelin, A. Lamberti, G. Luyckx, W. V. Paepegem, G. V. Steenberge, "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths", Sensors, 18, 2717 (2018). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Numerical analysis of a miniaturized design of a Fabry–Perot resonator based on silicon strip and slot waveguides for bio-sensing applications", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1172-1178 (2019). CrossRef H. Qiu, J. Jiang, P. Yu, T. Dai, J. Yang, H. Yu, X. Jiang, "Silicon band-rejection and band-pass filter based on asymmetric Bragg sidewall gratings in a multimode waveguide", Optics Letters, 41, 2450 (2016). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Optical elements based on silicon photonics", Computer Optics, 43, 1079-1083 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, M.A. Butt, "Plasmonic sensors based on Metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review", Physica E, 117, 113798 (2020). CrossRef L. Lu et al, "Mode-Selective Hybrid Plasmonic Bragg Grating Reflector", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 22, 1765-1767 (2012). CrossRef R. Negahdari, E. Rafiee, F. Emami, "Design and simulation of a novel nano-plasmonic split-ring resonator filter", Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 32, 1925-1938 (2018). CrossRef M. Janfaza, M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, "Tunable plasmonic band-pass filter based on Fabry–Perot graphene nanoribbons", Applied Physics B, 123, 262 (2017). CrossRef C. Wu, G. Song, L. Yu, J.H. Xiao, "Tunable narrow band filter based on a surface plasmon polaritons Bragg grating with a metal–insulator–metal waveguide", Journal of Modern Optics, 60, 1217-1222 (2013). CrossRef J. Zhu, G. Wang, "Sense high refractive index sensitivity with bragg grating and MIM nanocavity", Results in Physics, 15, 102763 (2019). CrossRef Y. Binfeng, H. Guohua, C. Yiping, "Design of a compact and high sensitive refractive index sensor base on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg grating", Optics Express, 22, 28662-28670 (2014). CrossRef A.D. Simard, Y. Painchaud, S. Larochelle, "Small-footprint integrated Bragg gratings in SOI spiral waveguides", International Quantum Electronics Conference Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, IEEE, Munich, Germany (2013). CrossRef C. Klitis, G. Cantarella, M. J. Strain, M. Sorel, "High-extinction-ratio TE/TM selective Bragg grating filters on silicon-on-insulator", Optics Letters, 42, 3040 (2017). CrossRef J. Ctyroky et al., "Design of narrowband Bragg spectral filters in subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguides", Optics Express, 26, 179 (2018). CrossRef M.A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide race-track µ-ring resonator: Analysis of dielectric and hybrid mode for refractive index sensing applications", Laser Phys., 30, 016202 (2020). CrossRef M. A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Label-free detection of ambient refractive index based on plasmonic Bragg gratings embedded resonator cavity sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1920-1925 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, Photonics Letters of Poland, 12, 1-3 (2020). CrossRef Z. Guo, K. Wen, Q. Hu, W. Lai, J. Lin, Y. Fang, "Plasmonic Multichannel Refractive Index Sensor Based on Subwavelength Tangent-Ring Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide", Sensors, 18, 1348 (2018). CrossRef

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17

Xiao, Jing. "Phase-Shifted Bragg Gratings Based on Hybrid Plasmonics Structure." Advanced Materials Research 901 (February 2014): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.901.21.

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An ultra-compact Bragg grating based on hybrid plasmonics is presented to achieve efficient wavelength selection by a resonate cavity, which is promising for many applications in integrated telecommunications systems.

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18

Cheng, Rui, and Lukas Chrostowski. "Apodization of Silicon Integrated Bragg Gratings Through Periodic Phase Modulation." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 26, no. 2 (March 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2019.2929698.

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19

Jiang, Lingjun, and Zhaoran Rena Huang. "Integrated Cascaded Bragg Gratings for On-Chip Optical Delay Lines." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 30, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2018.2801026.

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20

Sun, Hao, Yue Wang, and Lawrence R. Chen. "Integrated Discretely Tunable Optical Delay Line Based on Step-Chirped Subwavelength Grating Waveguide Bragg Gratings." Journal of Lightwave Technology 38, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2020.3017496.

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21

Čehovski, Marko, Jing Becker, Ouacef Charfi, Hans-Hermann Johannes, Claas Müller, and Wolfgang Kowalsky. "Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082805.

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Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq3:DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.

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22

Budadin, O. N., W. Yu Kutyurin, A. N. Rykov, and P. I. Gnusin. "MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS IN CARBON-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE PRODUCTS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES USING FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 255 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.09.pp.014-019.

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The main task of the contribution was the estimation of the possibility of using Fiber Bragg Gratings as a mean of measuring the deformation in standard carbon fiber samples at elevated temperatures. The article presents the results of experiments on the measurement of deformations in a carbon sample using Fiber Bragg Gratings on an optical fiber. Deformations were measured in the process of stretching the sample at different temperatures (range from 20 to 140 °C). It is shown that FBGs integrated into the sample material give more stable, reproducible readings, unlike to inlay on the outer surface. It has been established that the use of several FBGs with different sensitivity to temperature or deformation (created by mechanically decoupling the sensor from the sample) makes it possible to compensate the effect of temperature when measuring deformations. The quantitative results of measurements are provided.

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23

Cheng, Rui, and Lukas Chrostowski. "Multichannel photonic Hilbert transformers based on complex modulated integrated Bragg gratings." Optics Letters 43, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.001031.

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24

Rivas, Luis M., Michael J. Strain, David Duchesne, Alejandro Carballar, Marc Sorel, Roberto Morandotti, and José Azaña. "Picosecond linear optical pulse shapers based on integrated waveguide Bragg gratings." Optics Letters 33, no. 21 (October 17, 2008): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.33.002425.

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25

Hruschka, Crassen, Udo Barabas, and Lutz Gohler. "Optical narrow band filter without resonance's." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 17, no. 2 (2004): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0402209h.

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This paper introduces an optical wave filter, which uses gratings at 45? or 135? inclined grating lines that avoid any resonance's. Therefore, many more options to form the filter shape exist. In general, the filter design can be traced to that of transversal filters (finite impulse response filter, FIR filter). Such an integrated optical wave filter is characterized by steep filter slopes and a narrow pass band (less then 01nm) combined with a high stop band attenuation (more than 40dB) and a linear phase response in the pass band. Compared to conventional Bragg grating filters, the inclined grating line filters can have a flatter pass band and steeper filter skirts related to the width of the pass band. In general, the filter's realization is possible using any optical material. In view of the excellent optical properties the semiconductor material system InP/InGaAsP is used for manufacturing the filter.

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26

Kefer, Stefan, Theresia Sauer, Steffen Hessler, Michael Kaloudis, and Ralf Hellmann. "Microstructure-Based Fiber-To-Chip Coupling of Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings for Harsh Environment Applications." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 5452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195452.

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This article proposes and demonstrates a robust microstructure-based fiber-to-chip coupling scheme for planar Bragg grating devices. A polymer planar Bragg grating substrate is manufactured and microstructured by means of a micromilling process, while the respective photonic structures are generated by employing a sophisticated single-writing UV-exposure method. A stripped standard single-mode fiber is inserted into the microstructure, which is filled with a UV-curable adhesive, and aligned with the integrated waveguide. After curing, final sensor assembly and thermal treatment, the proposed coupling scheme is capable of withstanding pressures up to 10 bar, at room temperature, and pressures up to 7.5 bar at an elevated temperature of 120 °C. Additionally, the coupling scheme is exceedingly robust towards tensile forces, limited only by the tensile strength of the employed single-mode fiber. Due to its outstanding robustness, the coupling scheme enables the application of planar Bragg grating devices in harsh environments. This fact is underlined by integrating a microstructure-coupled photonic device into the center of a commercial-grade carbon fiber reinforced polymer specimen. After its integration, the polymer-based Bragg grating sensor still exhibits a reflection peak with a dynamic range of 24 dB, and can thus be employed for sensing purposes.

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27

Emmerson, G. D., C. B. E. Gawith, S. P. Watts, R. B. Williams, P. G. R. Smith, S. G. McMeekin, J. R. Bonar, and R. I. Laming. "All-UV-written integrated planar Bragg gratings and channel waveguides through single-step direct grating writing." IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics 151, no. 2 (2004): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-opt:20040182.

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28

Nedjalkov, Antonio, Jan Meyer, Alexander Gräfenstein, Benjamin Schramm, Martin Angelmahr, Julian Schwenzel, and Wolfgang Schade. "Refractive Index Measurement of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolyte with Etched Surface Cladding Waveguide Bragg Gratings and Cell Electrode State Monitoring by Optical Strain Sensors." Batteries 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010030.

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In this scientific publication, a new sensor approach for status monitoring, such as state of charge and state of health, of lithium ion batteries by using special Bragg gratings inscribed into standard optical glass fibers is presented. In addition to well-known core gratings, embedded into the anode of 5 Ah lithium ion pouch cells as a strain monitoring unit, the manufacturing of a surface cladding waveguide Bragg grating sensor incorporated into the cell’s separator, that is sensitive to changes of the refractive index of the surrounding medium, is demonstrated. On the basis of the experiments carried out, characteristics of the cell behavior during standard cyclization and recognizable marks in subsequent post-mortem analyses of the cell components are shown. No negative influence on the cell performance due to the integrated sensors have been observed; however, the results show a clear correlation between fading cell capacity and changes of the interior optical signals. Additionally, with the novel photonic sensor, variations in the electrolyte characteristics are determinable as the refractive index of the solution changes at different molar compositions. Furthermore, with the manufactured battery cells, abuse tests by overcharging were conducted, and it was thereby demonstrated how internal battery sensors can derive additional information beyond conventional battery management systems to feasibly prevent catastrophic cell failures. The result of the research work is an early stage photonic sensor that combines chemical, mechanical and thermal information from inside the cell for an enhanced battery status analysis.

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29

Tan, Mengying, Ning Zhou, Yao Cheng, Jiangwen Wang, Weihua Zhang, and Dong Zou. "A temperature-compensated fiber Bragg grating sensor system based on digital filtering for monitoring the pantograph–catenary contact force." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718786143.

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Optical sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings have become an important type of sensing element for strain measurements. In this study, fiber Bragg grating strain sensors and corresponding reference temperature sensors were integrated into a pantograph strip. The results of an online test indicated that the temperature of the pantograph strip impacting the strain measurement reaches about 80 ℃ while the vehicle was running. In addition, Fourier analysis showed that the energies of the temperature measurement signals dominated the relatively low-frequency band (less than 0.02 Hz), whereas the strain signals prevailed in the relatively high-frequency band. Thus, a novel method based on a digital filtering technique was proposed for temperature compensation in fiber Bragg grating sensor systems for monitoring the conditions in electrified pantograph–catenary systems. A Butterworth high-pass filter was designed to reject the temperature-related signal component with a stopband and to capture the real strain in the passband in frequency domain. To achieve this filtering, the cutoff frequencies and the filter order were calculated adaptively according to the frequency-domain characteristics of the measured temperature signal. With the designed filter, the temperature effect to the strain signals can be eliminated so that the strain can be estimated accurately. In comparison with the traditional temperature compensation technique, the proposed method is more effective in terms of estimating the real strain of the pantograph strip in practical applications. Compensated by the proposed method, the time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of the contact force denote the frequencies corresponding to the support span, and the dropper can be distinguished. Further, the first-order (4 Hz) and second-order (8.3 Hz) natural frequencies of the pantograph are visible in the measurements from catenary sections, which demonstrates the sufficiency and rationality of the proposed temperature compensation method for fiber Bragg grating sensor systems.

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30

WANG, YiPing, XueYa LIU, Shen LIU, WeiJia BAO, KaiMing YANG, ZhengYong LI, CaiLing FU, LaiPeng SHAO, and Bin DU. "Temperature-insensitive vector bending sensor based on parallel-integrated fiber Bragg gratings." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 51, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sst-2020-0276.

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31

Guo, Qi, Zong-Da Zhang, Zhong-Ming Zheng, Xue-Peng Pan, Chao Chen, Zhen-Nan Tian, Qi-Dai Chen, Yong-Sen Yu, and Hong-Bo Sun. "Parallel-Integrated Sapphire Fiber Bragg Gratings Probe Sensor for High Temperature Sensing." IEEE Sensors Journal 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 5703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2022.3149508.

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32

Choi, Duk-Yong, Steve Madden, Andrei Rode, Rongping Wang, Barry Luther-Davies, Neil J. Baker, and Benjamin J. Eggleton. "Integrated shadow mask for sampled Bragg gratings in chalcogenide (As_2S_3) planar waveguides." Optics Express 15, no. 12 (2007): 7708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.007708.

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33

Cheng, Rui, Han Yun, Stephen Lin, Ya Han, and Lukas Chrostowski. "Apodization profile amplification of silicon integrated Bragg gratings through lateral phase delays." Optics Letters 44, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.000435.

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34

Weisen, Mathias J., Matthew T. Posner, James C. Gates, Corin B. E. Gawith, Peter G. R. Smith, and Peter Horak. "Low-loss wavelength-selective integrated waveguide coupler based on tilted Bragg gratings." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 36, no. 7 (June 12, 2019): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.36.001783.

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35

Cheng, Rui, Ya Han, and Lukas Chrostowski. "Characterization and compensation of apodization phase noise in silicon integrated Bragg gratings." Optics Express 27, no. 7 (March 19, 2019): 9516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.009516.

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36

Dochow, Sebastian, Ines Latka, Martin Becker, Ron Spittel, Jens Kobelke, Kay Schuster, Albrecht Graf, et al. "Multicore fiber with integrated fiber Bragg gratings for background-free Raman sensing." Optics Express 20, no. 18 (August 20, 2012): 20156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.020156.

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37

Bader, M. A., and G. Marowsky. "Bragg gratings in planar polydiactylene waveguides and their application in integrated optics." Synthetic Metals 124, no. 1 (October 2001): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(01)00452-0.

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38

Portosi, Vincenza, Dario Laneve, Mario Christian Falconi, and Francesco Prudenzano. "Advances on Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors and Applications." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 21, 2019): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081892.

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In this review paper some recent advances on optical sensors based on photonic crystal fibres are reported. The different strategies successfully applied in order to obtain feasible and reliable monitoring systems in several application fields, including medicine, biology, environment sustainability, communications systems are highlighted. Emphasis is given to the exploitation of integrated systems and/or single elements based on photonic crystal fibers employing Bragg gratings (FBGs), long period gratings (LPGs), interferometers, plasmon propagation, off-set spliced fibers, evanescent field and hollow core geometries. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of strain, temperature, displacement, air flow, pressure, liquid-level, magnetic field, and hydrocarbon detection are briefly described.

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39

Saghaei, Hamed, Payam Elyasi, and Bhavin J. Shastri. "Sinusoidal and rectangular Bragg grating filters: Design, fabrication, and comparative analysis." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 6 (August 14, 2022): 064501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098923.

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In this paper, we compare the characteristics of several waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) with sinusoidal and rectangular corrugated sidewalls in high confinement integrated optics. Our measurements confirm the performance of both the rectangular and sinusoidal grating as band-rejection filters for TE-polarized signals in the telecom C-band. These measurements demonstrate record high extinction ratios of 35 and 28.91 dB for sinusoidal and rectangular WBGs with a rejection bandwidth as narrow as 4.42 and 6.165 nm. The simulation results and measurements show that the filter bandwidth and coupling coefficient can be changed by altering the corrugation width ([Formula: see text]), allowing us to control the filter’s quality factor precisely. The bandwidth of rectangular WBGs drops for [Formula: see text] nm, constraining the design of devices requiring broadband WBGs. In contrast, the bandwidth of sinusoidal WBG continues to increase for [Formula: see text] nm, providing a wider bandwidth for designers. These findings demonstrate the potential for effective integration of new photonic functionalities into low-footprint electro-optical waveguide tools for sensing, communicating, and computing applications.

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40

Rutkowska, K. A., D. Duchesne, M. J. Strain, R. Morandotti, M. Sorel, and J. Azaña. "Ultrafast all-optical temporal differentiators based on CMOS-compatible integrated-waveguide Bragg gratings." Optics Express 19, no. 20 (September 22, 2011): 19514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.019514.

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41

Wang, Yiping, Ziliang Li, Shen Liu, Cailing Fu, Zhengyong Li, Zhe Zhang, Ying Wang, Jun He, Zhiyong Bai, and Changrui Liao. "Parallel-Integrated Fiber Bragg Gratings Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser Point-by-Point Technology." Journal of Lightwave Technology 37, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 2185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2899585.

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42

Rogers, Helen L., Sumiaty Ambran, Christopher Holmes, Peter G. R. Smith, and James C. Gates. "In situ loss measurement of direct UV-written waveguides using integrated Bragg gratings." Optics Letters 35, no. 17 (August 17, 2010): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.002849.

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43

Strain, M. J., and M. Sorel. "Post-Growth Fabrication and Characterization of Integrated Chirped Bragg Gratings on GaAs–AlGaAs." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no. 24 (December 2006): 2566–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.887199.

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44

Strain, M. J., and M. Sorel. "Integrated III–V Bragg Gratings for Arbitrary Control Over Chirp and Coupling Coefficient." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 20, no. 22 (November 2008): 1863–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2008.2004780.

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45

Strain, M. J., and M. Sorel. "Design and Fabrication of Integrated Chirped Bragg Gratings for On-Chip Dispersion Control." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 46, no. 5 (May 2010): 774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2009.2039116.

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46

Simard, Alexandre D., Guillaume Beaudin, Vincent Aimez, Yves Painchaud, and Sophie LaRochelle. "Characterization and reduction of spectral distortions in Silicon-on-Insulator integrated Bragg gratings." Optics Express 21, no. 20 (September 24, 2013): 23145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.023145.

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47

Gerber, J., and R. Kowarschik. "Photoresist Bragg gratings as beam splitters and beam reflectors for integrated optical systems." Optical and Quantum Electronics 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02030631.

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48

Luo, Z. H., Z. Yang, B. Lu, B. Xu, and J. L. Huang. "Modular DAS demodulation system based on ultra-weak fibre Bragg grating." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): P10037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/p10037.

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Abstract Aiming at the requirements of low power consumption, miniaturization, and massive data processing, a modular distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing (DAS) demodulation system based on ultra-weak fibre Bragg grating (UW-FBG) is proposed. A highly integrated circuit and embedded system is used for the time-domain positioning and data acquisition of the gratings. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) demodulates the phase changes of each sensing section in real time. The demodulation outputs are uploaded through a Gigabit Ethernet connection. Through innovative software and hardware design, the demodulation system power consumption is less than 20 W, and the device volume is 250 mm× 180 mm× 45 mm, and the output data size is about 2.6% of the conventional methods. All the outputs are then tested on a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) platform. Results show that the background noise within 5 Hz–1280 Hz range is 2.16 pε/√(Hz), and the strain sensitivity reaches 484 pε/√(Hz)@200 Hz. The correlation coefficient of voltage and phase is 0.9991, which shows good linearity. Combined with a common commercial laptop to demodulate the micro-vibration signals, this system could provide a cost-effective scheme for acquiring acoustic-level micro-vibration signals and on-line field monitoring.

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49

Simara Azizova, Simara Azizova. "FIBER OPTIC SENSORS." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 23, no. 02 (April 19, 2023): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc23022023-94.

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In addition to the benefits, recent developments and cost reductions have sparked interest in fiber optical sensing. In order fiber optic sensors must be made, researchers integrated optoelectronic devices with fiber optic telecommunications' byproducts. In the past few decades, numerous studies using various research methods and fiber optic sensors have been carried out. The most popular sensor types for fiber optics are those based on intensity, phase, and wavelength. An overview of optic sensors and their uses is provided in this paper. Keywords: Fiber optics, smart systems, interferometry, microbending, and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs)

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50

Jia, Peng, Jianwei Zhang, Yongyi Chen, Lei Liang, Li Qin, Yongqiang Ning, and Lijun Wang. "Dual-wavelength emission from a high-order Bragg gratings integrated broad-area laser diode." Optics & Laser Technology 150 (June 2022): 107944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.107944.

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