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1

Kennedy, Jonathan, and Sunil Purushotham. "Beyond Naxalbari: A Comparative Analysis of Maoist Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Independent India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 4 (September 20, 2012): 832–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000436.

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AbstractThis paper demonstrates that there have been three distinct waves of Maoist insurgency in India since 1947. We construct an ideal typical model of Maoist insurgency that is used to compare the roles played by local populations, insurgents, and state counterinsurgency measures across space and time. This allows us to demonstrate that the commonly accepted narrative of Indian Maoist insurgency must be fundamentally rethought. The Naxalbari outbreak in 1967 and the subsequent insurgency in West Bengal is generally agreed to be the central point in the history of Maoist insurgency in India. But our analysis demonstrates that it was comparatively short-lived and atypical. We instead trace the genealogy of Indian Maoism to Telengana in the late 1940s. The common feature linking all three waves is the persistence of insurgent activity among various tribal or adivasi communities in the central Indian “tribal belt.” Their overriding grievances are the historically iniquitous relationships produced by the processes of state and market expansion that have incorporated and subordinated adivasi populations who previously had a large degree of socioeconomic and political autonomy. The state's counterinsurgency strategy has consisted of violence combined with developmental and governance interventions. This has pushed Maoist insurgency to the margins of Indian political life but has been unable to eliminate insurgent activity or address the fundamental grievances of adivasis. We conclude by arguing that Maoist insurgency in India should not be considered as crime to be resolved by state violence, or as an economic problem requiring the intensification of developmental measures, but as a matter of politics.
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2

BRANCH, DANIEL. "THE ENEMY WITHIN: LOYALISTS AND THE WAR AGAINST MAU MAU IN KENYA." Journal of African History 48, no. 2 (July 2007): 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707002812.

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ABSTRACTBetween 1952 and 1960, the British colonial government of Kenya waged a violent counter-insurgency campaign against the Mau Mau rebels. In this effort the regime was assisted by collaborators, known as loyalists, drawn from the same communities as the insurgents. Based primarily on new archival sources, this article sets out the history of loyalism, stresses the ambiguity of allegiances during the conflict and argues that loyalism was a product of the same intellectual debates that had spawned the Mau Mau insurgency. The article concludes by stressing the significance for postcolonial Kenya of this history.
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3

Mishra, Rabindra. "India's Role in Nepal's Maoist Insurgency." Asian Survey 44, no. 5 (September 2004): 627–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.5.627.

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This article examines India-Nepal relations, namely, India's role in Nepal's ongoing Maoist insurgency. It argues that the insurgency's trajectory is heavily influenced by transboundary links and should be viewed in the context of India's role in shaping the past 50 years of Nepal's political history.
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4

Chasteen, John Charles. "Fighting Words: The Discourse of Insurgency in Latin American History." Latin American Research Review 28, no. 3 (1993): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016964.

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“What I suffer is pleasant because it shows that I am putting myself above the run of common men, that I am worthy of my Patria and of you…” Insurgent officer to his wife, 1893 The appeal of sacrifice so frequently encountered in expressions of nationalism is an equally familiar theme in the rhetoric of political warfare in Latin America. Stories of political warfare take up a considerable part of Latin American historiography. The intent of this exploratory article is to suggest how the rhetoric and narrative written about nineteenth-century insurgency can be read to illuminate the political history of Latin America. Two South American civil wars of the 1890s constitute the empirical starting point for my speculations, although they are scarcely a convincing sample of the hundreds of insurgencies that have occurred since independence. Consequently, these observations on a Latin American discourse of insurgency must largely be content to ask questions, raise issues, and suggest hypotheses.
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5

Tariq, Muhammad, Manzoor Khan Afridi, and Ahmed Saeed Minhas. "An Analysis of Insurgency in Afghanistan (2001- 2016)." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. II (June 30, 2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-ii).09.

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Afghanistan has been wrapped in insurgency since the Russian withdrawal in 1979, followed by civil war. The emergence of Taliban to power with their self-styled type of imposition of Islamic law compelled the great powers to interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. September 2001 was a turning point in the history of Afghanistan as the NATO forces made their entry under the garb of security. The establishment of a democratic government in the country could not help in uprooting terrorism and insurgency from the country. Since the period of Russian Withdrawal, the country witnessed different eras of Taliban and the democratic governments coupled with the NATO mission. It is a fact that during the long stay of the presence of coalition forces in Afghanistan, insurgency could not be completely uprooted since new threats from different groups of insurgents have overpowered the country. Some of the provinces are hit hard by insurgency and terrorism. Efforts to hold peace talks were always dashed to the ground when the ISAF started its military operations against the terrorists.
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6

Mills, Greg, and Terence Mcnamee. "God, History and Countering Insurgency." Defense & Security Analysis 23, no. 1 (March 2007): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14751790701254573.

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7

Ojakorotu, Victor. "Insurgency and Natural Resource extraction in Nigeria: theoretical and empirical linkages Nigeria." IKENGA International Journal of Institute of African Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2022/23/3/004.

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This paper seeks to establish a theoretical and empirical linkage between insurgency and natural resource extraction in Nigeria. It notes that owing to the weakness of the Nigerian state and the lack of political will to address the underlying causes of the insurgency in the country, armed insurgents have taken control of many of the country’s extractive processes. This results in massive resource theft and creates an allure for the spread of theatres of insurgency across the country. This has partly been responsible for Nigeria’s abysmal oil production per day and earnings from oil, despite the country's increased production quota by OPEC due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Dwelling on the frustration-aggression and relative deprivation theories, the paper concludes that ungoverned artisanal resource extraction remains a source of insecurity in Nigeria and recommends, among others, that the Nigerian state should develop the political will to address insurgency and its drivers in the country.
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8

Pfaff, Steven, Michael Hechter, and Katie E. Corcoran. "The Problem of Solidarity in Insurgent Collective Action: The Nore Mutiny of 1797." Social Science History 40, no. 2 (2016): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.3.

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How do insurgents engaged in high-risk collective action maintain solidarity when faced with increasing costs and dangers? Based on a combination of process tracing through qualitative evidence and an event-history analysis of a unique data set assembled from naval archives concerning a mass mutiny in the Royal Navy in 1797, this article explains why insurgent solidarity varied among the ships participating in the mutiny. Maintaining solidarity was the key problem that the organizers of the mutiny faced in confronting government repression and inducements for ships’ companies to defect. Solidarity, proxied here as the duration of a ship's company's adherence to the mutiny, relied on techniques used by the mutiny leadership that increased dependence and imposed control over rank-and-file seamen. In particular, mutiny leaders monitored and sanctioned compliance and exploited informational asymmetries to persuade seamen to stand by the insurgency, even as prospects for its success faded.
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9

Jirattikorn, Amporn. "Shan virtual insurgency and the spectatorship of the nation." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463410000524.

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The Shan State Army-South (SSA-S) is today one of Burma's largest remaining ethnic opposition armies. This paper investigates ethnic politics of the SSA-S and their strategic use of media. It argues that Shan insurgency today has moved into a new phase characterised by its intense involvement with mass media. The paper examines, on the production side, the Shan insurgency's media products and its networking with the Thai press. On the reception side, it explores how the images of ethnic insurgency are consumed by Shan audiences living in exile, analysing how long-distance Shan nationalism is generated through the spectatorship of these ‘militarised’ images.
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10

Rich, Paul B. "Insurgency and counterinsurgency: a global history." Small Wars & Insurgencies 31, no. 7-8 (October 21, 2020): 1448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833426.

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11

Goodman, Allan E., and Anthony James Joes. "Modern Guerrilla Insurgency." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25, no. 3 (1995): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205765.

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12

Santos, Santos, and Manny Macabeo. "Counterinsurgency Operations in the Second District of Sorsogon: Basis for Sustainable Development." JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research 55, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v55i1.406.

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Throughout history, insurgency has been a persistent phenomenon, its origins stemming from various factors such as political, economic, social, and ethnic grievances that drive certain factions or individuals to take up arms in resistance. This study determined the status of COIN operations in terms of Legal basis, Manpower, Financial resources, Logistical resources, and Accomplishments from 2021 to 2023. Likewise, this evaluates the COIN operations of the unit along with the conduct of Internal Security operations, Intelligence operations, and Police Community Affairs and development to determine challenges that were encountered by the personnel. The respondents of the study are the PNP personnel, barangay officials, and former rebels. The counterinsurgency framework presents a comprehensive and strategic approach to addressing insurgency threats, with the potential to significantly enhance the conduct of counterinsurgency operations. The findings underscore both the acknowledged strengths and identified areas for enhancement within police operations, as reported by respondents from the PNP. This shows a widespread acknowledgment of the pivotal role of the ISO in upholding internal security and addressing insurgent challenges. It signifies a mutual understanding among diverse stakeholders, encompassing barangay officials, former rebels, and law enforcement personnel, regarding the necessity of proactive strategies to prevent, interrupt, and counter-insurgency operations within impacted localities. Overall, the proposed framework offers a promising strategy for countering insurgency threats and advancing the goals of peace, stability, and security in affected regions.
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13

Somma, Nicolás M. "How Do Party Systems Shape Insurgency Levels?A Comparison of Four Nineteenth-Century Latin American Republics." Social Science History 40, no. 2 (2016): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.2.

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This article explores how variations in party systems shape the intensity of insurgency against national authorities in nineteenth-century Latin America. I argue that, under certain conditions, two-party systems may polarize and lead to intense insurgency because they simplify the process of blame attribution, encourage the incumbent party to exclude its opponent from power positions, and motivate leaders to emphasize extreme ideological positions. Conversely, multiparty systems may encourage flexible electoral and congressional alliances among parties, resulting in lower insurgency. I test the argument in four nineteenth-century Latin American republics with different insurgency levels. While in Colombia and Uruguay two-party systems polarized and fueled intense insurgency across the century, Chile and Costa Rica developed flexible multiparty systems that prevented polarization and favored low insurgency.
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14

Khattak, Noor Saeed, Alia Naseer, and Azeem Gul. "History and Evolution of Insurgency in Balochistan (1948 to 2018)." Global Political Review VII, no. III (September 30, 2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-iii).04.

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This research paper focuses on the patterns of insurgency in Balochistan from 1948 to 2018. The study analyzes the historical background of Balochistan, including its annexation to Pakistan, and examines the five phases of insurgency in the province. The research also explores the factors that have contributed to the emergence and sustenance of the Baloch nationalist movement, including economic exploitation, political marginalization, and ethnic discrimination. The study employs a qualitative research approach, using secondary sources and expert interviews to provide an in-depth analysis of the insurgency in Balochistan. The findings of the study highlight the complex nature of the conflict and suggest possible solutions to address the grievances of the Baloch people and bring lasting peace to the region.
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15

Cooke, Martin. "Counter Insurgency." Defence Studies 14, no. 2 (May 22, 2013): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2012.687145.

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16

Selth, Andrew. "Ireland and insurgency: The lessons of history." Small Wars & Insurgencies 2, no. 2 (August 1991): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319108422983.

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17

De Castro, Renato Cruz. "Abstract of Counter-Insurgency in the Philippines and the Global War on Terror. Examining the Dynamics of the Twenty-first Century Long Wars." European Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (2010): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805810x517706.

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AbstractThis article examines how the global war on terror affects the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), particularly its long and continuous involvement in many wars of the third kind. It discusses the history and essence of counter-insurgency warfare or low-intensity conflict (LICs) in the Philippine setting. It then explores the impact of the global war on terror on the Philippine military's counter-insurgency campaigns and the current reforms in the Philippine defence establishment to end the insurgency problems. In conclusion, the article argues these reforms and the post-9/11 US security assistance will not significantly transform the AFP's structure and functions as it will be preoccupied with its anti-terrorist and counter-insurgency efforts indefinitely into the future.
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18

Weis, Robert. "Insurgency, Counter-insurgency and Policing in Centre-West Mexico, 1926–1929: Fighting Cristeros." Hispanic American Historical Review 101, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-9367053.

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19

Arkhireyskyi, Dmytro, and Anhelina Bulanova. "Katerynoslav Region rebellion in 1920–1921 according to the Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190203.

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The purpose of the article is to find out and analyze the data of the report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Extraordinary Commission on the actions of the regional insurgent movement at the final stage of the revolution of 1917–1921; to prove the scientific significance of this historical source for further studies of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921 and of the Ukrainian rebel movement during the Revolution and in the post-revolutionary time. Methods of research: chronological, comparative, biographical. The main results: an array of data from The Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Extraordinary Commission on the rebel movement on the territory of the province in 1920–1921 was discovered; the terminology of the state document related to counterinsurgency has been analyzed; it was established that the Katerynoslav Chekists distinguished two main types of insurgency – Makhno and Petliur; describes the dynamics of the deployment of the insurgent movement in Katerynoslav region at the final stage of the revolution; ideological foundations of the state counteraction to the insurgency have been identified; focuses on the most characteristic means of fighting the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission against the Ukrainian armed resistance movement. Practical significance: the results of the work can be used in synthetic works on the history of Ukraine during the revolution of 1917–1921, to develop special courses in the history of Ukraine. These materials can also be used to promote historical knowledge. Originality: the work is completely original, contains criticism of a complex historical source, has elements of comparative analysis. Scientific novelty: first attempt was made to comprehensively withdraw from The Report of the Katerynoslav Provincial Emergency Commission and to analyze data on the dynamics of the insurgent movement in the province in 1920–1921, as well as measures of the Chekists to suppress it. Type of article: overview.
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20

McLarney, Ellen. "Agency versus Insurgency." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-8949464.

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21

Hashim, Ahmed S. "Iraq: From Insurgency to Civil War?" Current History 104, no. 678 (January 1, 2005): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.678.10.

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After the successful but destructive assault on Falluja, the Sunni Arabs are not merely alienated; they are outraged, and their support for the insurgency has increased. More ominously, a large number of Sunni see no future for their community in the new Iraq.
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22

Menkhaus, Kenneth J. "The Somali Catastrophe: Bigger than the Horn—and Not Over Yet." Current History 106, no. 700 (May 1, 2007): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2007.106.700.195.

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23

Melson, Charles D. "German Counter-Insurgency Revisited." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2011.549048.

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24

Santuraki, Suleiman Usman. "THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON REBELLION AND INSURGENCY IN ISLAMIC LAW AND CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW: A REVIEW." Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no2.140.

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Over the years, Muslim countries have been faced with wave of violence mostly related to insurgency or rebellion, leading to loss of lives and property on an unprecedented scale. Interestingly, rebellion and insurgency have a long, controversial, and deeply rooted history in Islam. As such, it is one of the most thoroughly studied and regulated concepts in Islamic law. Other non-Muslim societies too, have faced these kinds of challenges at different stages of their development, underlining the literature on rebellion and insurgency in customary international law. Therefore, from Muslim to non-Muslim states, this challenge is not a new one: there clearly is no shortage of legal regulation from either side. Notwithstanding, the menace of insurgency related violence seems to have defied all attempts at regulation. This paper compares the regulation of insurgency and rebellion under Islamic law and customary international law with a view to identifying the similarities or otherwise. It thereby relates the trends in rebellion and insurgency in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries to the legal regime in both systems. The paper finds that the legal regime regulating rebellion and insurgency in Islamic law and customary international law are similar, with trivial variances in substance. This being the case, it raises the question if the legal regulation of these issues has had any effect on the unending violence that has so far destroyed several states and led to loss of millions of lives. The paper concludes that notwithstanding the seeming laxity of the legal regimes regulating insurgency and rebellion in both Islamic law and customary international law, the genesis of the problem might have been with application rather than the substance of the law.
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25

Jackson, Ashley, and Florian Weigand. "The Taliban's War for Legitimacy in Afghanistan." Current History 118, no. 807 (April 1, 2019): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2019.118.807.143.

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26

Klimentov, Vassily A. "“Communist Muslims”." Journal of Cold War Studies 24, no. 1 (2022): 4–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01055.

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Abstract Soviet leaders sent troops into Afghanistan in December 1979 to support a friendly Marxist-Leninist regime in its conflict against a popular insurgency and help it build a new society. When the Soviet troops withdrew nine years later, they left behind a state that had none of the nominal characteristics of a Soviet-type Communist country. During the war, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan had discarded Marxism-Leninism and turned to Islam. This article examines how, with Moscow's support, the Afghan Communists Islamicized their discourse and policies as they tried to gain support from the population and co-opt insurgent fighters.
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27

Jackson, Paul. "Intelligence in a modern insurgency: the case of the Maoist insurgency in Nepal." Intelligence and National Security 34, no. 7 (March 25, 2019): 999–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2019.1589677.

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28

Dannreuther, Roland. "Shifting Dynamics of the Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in the North Caucasus." Ethnopolitics 13, no. 4 (May 6, 2014): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2014.896571.

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29

Liew, Zhou Hau. "Sinophone Geopolitics and Postcolonial Materiality in Cold War Borneo." English Language Notes 62, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-11096275.

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Abstract This essay reads the Taiwanese Malaysian author Chang Kuei-hsing’s 1998 novel Elephant Herd from an ecological perspective. A novel about the Sarawak communist insurgency (1963–90)—an important but underrepresented conflict during the Cold War in Asia—Elephant Herd reappraises the legacies of this conflict through its ecological impact on the Bornean landscape and peoples. It critiques existing historical recollections of this period, which take the perspectives of either the colonial British government and its subsequent Malaysian inheritors or the largely ethnic Chinese leftist insurgents who sought to establish an independent Borneo state. The novel argues for a postcolonial remapping of Borneo beyond colonial statecraft and Cold War geopolitics in this contested territory, which are narrated through Chinese civilizational and Malay and British national narratives of place. It does so by staging a transformation of the settler Sinophone subject in Borneo, manifesting encounters in the Borneo rainforest that reveal the Indigenous experience of this insurgency and the cost of state-making projects in Borneo through environmental ruins such as elephant tusks. The novel concludes by proposing a postcolonial Bornean identity that begins from the perspective of the Indigenous Iban people, whose voices reframe the Sinophone narrator’s assumptions about land, history, and place beyond a settler point of view.
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30

Bloch Rubin, Ruth. "Organizing for Insurgency: Intraparty Organization and the Development of the House Insurgency, 1908–1910." Studies in American Political Development 27, no. 2 (September 2, 2013): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x13000096.

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A legislative “breakpoint,” the Cannon Revolt profoundly transformed congressional operation, spurring a series of reforms that ultimately led to the disintegration of traditional modes of partisan authority and the creation of new patterns of governance. In this article, I argue that the Cannon Revolt affords an opportunity to examine a crucial, but poorly understood, dynamic in congressional politics. Whereas spatial theories of Congress typically hold that legislators located at the floor median are decisive actors in chamber politics, the archival account presented here suggests that these legislators require the scaffolding of an intraparty organization to secure pivotal status. As I demonstrate, intraparty organization enabled a ragtag group of Republican reformers opposed to Cannon's “czar rule” to draft and unite behind a common proposal for parliamentary reform, and to build the cross-party coalition that scholars agree was critical to its passage. In this account, the influence of the so-called “Insurgent” Republicans hinged on their collective capacity to hang together in sufficient numbers to hold the balance of power in the chamber—in effect, organizing all potentially pivotal votes into one bloc essential to sustaining the majority party coalition.
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31

Newsinger, John. "Book Review: Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam." War in History 6, no. 2 (April 1999): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834459900600211.

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32

Santos, Ana Margarida Sousa. "Growing Apart: The Historical Construction of Difference in Northern Cabo Delgado, Mozambique." Kronos 50, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9585/2024/v50a14.

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How do past experiences of violence map onto present day narratives of insurgency in northern Mozambique? In the insurgency that began in northern Mozambique in 2017, narratives of past violent encounters and animosity between different ethnic groups sharing the coastal space emerge as a way of making sense of the conflict. This article explores the ways these narratives stem from existing historical tensions between Makonde and Mwani inhabiting the northern districts of Cabo Delgado. Drawing on ethnography and oral history to highlight the continuities in narrative, I will explore the ways in which current violence is interpreted through references to pivotal moments of violence in the past. I will address the historical construction of difference between Makonde and Mwani to consider what it may tell us about the fractures that underpin the insurgency.
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33

Quandt, William B. "Algeria in Limbo: Stable Now, but Still Underperforming." Current History 107, no. 708 (April 1, 2008): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.708.174.

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34

Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq." ICR Journal 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2011): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i3.638.

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Charles Tripp’s A History of Iraq is now in its third edition. Since 2000, when the first edition appeared, it has become a classic in Middle Eastern studies. The current edition has been updated to include the 2003 Anglo-American invasion, the fall and capture of Saddam Husayn, and the subsequent insurgency. Its author is Professor of Politics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in the University of London.
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35

Scupin, Raymond. "South Thailand: Politics, Identity, and Culture." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 2 (May 2013): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000065.

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There are approximately five million Muslims in Thailand (7 percent of the total population), with about 1.8 million in the southernmost provinces bordering on Malaysia. A considerable literature in history, anthropology, political science, international relations, and religious studies has been produced since January 4, 2004, when a violent Muslim insurgency dramatically erupted in the area. At that time over 100 Muslim insurgents raided an arms depot of the Fourth Army Engineers in Narathiwat Province. On January 22, in south Thailand, two Muslim young men on a motorcycle used a long knife to slit the throat of a sixty-four-year-old Buddhist monk, killing him. The monk had just returned from his early morning round of tham bun (alms-collecting extending merit to Buddhist families).
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36

Lacerda, Fernando. "Insurgency, Theoretical Decolonization and Social Decolonization: Lessons From Cuban Psychology." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3, no. 1 (August 21, 2015): 298–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.154.

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This paper describes how Cuban Psychology is related to the longstanding process of social insurgency against colonialism in Cuba. The paper suggests that the emergence of critical ideas in Psychology does not depend only upon intellectual developments; rather, social struggles can be a driving force that catalyze the development of critical ideas in Psychology. The paper is divided in three parts. First, the text briefly touches the issue of the intrinsic ties between insurgent activity, decolonization, and critical social sciences. Second, the paper presents a general historical description of Latin America and the challenges faced during and after the Cuban Revolution. Finally, the last part the paper offers a general overview of the historical development of Cuban Psychology history in order to analyze the dialectical relations between social and theoretical decolonization. Four developments of Cuban Psychology are presented: (a) how patriotism changed studies of national identity and History of Psychology; (b) professional practices that developed to better address social issues; (c) theoretical debates about the "new human" and the active nature of subjectivity; and (d) the influence of Soviet Psychology and the turn to Latin American Critical Psychology. Concluding notes consider the dialectical relation between, on one side, struggles for socialization of power and, on the other side, theoretical production of Critical Psychologies.
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37

Thomas, Martin. "From Sétif to Moramanga: Identifying Insurgents and Ascribing Guilt in the French Colonial Post-war." War in History 25, no. 2 (April 2018): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516682042.

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Focusing on the upsurge in anti-colonial insurgency between 1945 and 1947, this article explores critical transitions in colonial state violence in two French dependencies: Algeria and Madagascar. The suggestion is that official and local responses to colonial disorder in these immediate post-war years defined new, more violent parameters of French colonial counter-insurgency that would long endure. The argument connects the ascendancy of a new French political elite at the Liberation with a reconceptualization of imperial threats, particularly in those territories where political intelligence analysis and security policing became integral to day-to-day governance at the provincial, prefectural, or district levels.
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38

Anna, Timothy E., and Brian R. Hamnett. "Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750-1824." American Historical Review 92, no. 4 (October 1987): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864145.

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39

Archer, Christon I. "Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750-1824." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-67.4.724.

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40

Archer, Christon I., and Brian R. Hamnett. "Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750-1824." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (November 1987): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516068.

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41

Zimmerman, Andrew. "Race against Revolution in Central and Eastern Europe." East Central Europe 43, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2016): 14–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04302004.

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Racism and racial “science” emerged in Europe as an elite response to a worldwide wave of rural insurgencies that began in the era of the French and Haitian Revolutions and continues, in its own way, to this day. In his dialectic of lord and bondsman, g.w.f. Hegel formulated political, economic, and biopolitical ideas from the uprisings occurring in his world, creating a now long-standing dialogue between dialectical theory, including Marxism, and rural insurgency. Racism was part of a biopolitical counterrevolution that sought to maintain the power of elites over insurgent populations. Here Prussia played a central role, as its struggle against the autonomy of migrant agricultural labors took the form of campaigns against the “Polonization” of Prussia. The social scientist Max Weber theorized this struggle in a series of essays on race and rural labor that produced a racism based on culture rather than biology. This cultural racism, like the insurgent discourses it opposes, persists in many forms in Central Europe and around the world.
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42

Tuck, Christopher. "Borneo, Counter‐Insurgency and War Termination." Defence Studies 10, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430903377951.

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43

Tiwari, Chitra. "Red Star over the Himalayas." Current History 104, no. 683 (September 1, 2005): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2005.104.683.295.

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Those who have watched the deteriorating political conditions in Nepal for several years are skeptical of the royal regime's capacity to bring the insurgency under control…. Nepal, they say, is now destined for a surge in violence and the 237-year-old Nepali monarchy appears doomed.
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44

Hack, Karl. "‘Devils that suck the blood of the Malayan People’: The Case for Post-Revisionist Analysis of Counter-insurgency Violence." War in History 25, no. 2 (April 2018): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516671738.

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This article addresses the ‘revisionist’ case that post-war Western counter-insurgency deployed widespread, exemplary violence in order to discipline and intimidate populations. It does this by using the Malayan Emergency of 1948–60 as a case study in extreme counter-insurgency ‘violence’, defined as high to lethal levels of physical force against non-combatants’ (civilians, detainees, prisoners, and corpses). It confirms high levels of such violence, from sporadic shooting of civilians to the killing of 24 unarmed workers at Batang Kali. Yet it also demonstrates that there were more varieties of and nuances in extreme force than is sometimes realized, for instance with multiple and very different forms of mass population displacement. It also concentrates more effort on explaining how such violence came about, and shows a marked trend over time towards greatly improved targeting, and towards methods that did not cause direct bodily harm. This case study therefore suggests the need for a ‘post-revisionist’ form of counter-insurgency analysis: one that can take into account the lifecycles of multiple types of violence, and of violence-limitation, and emphasize explanation for extreme violence over its mere description. Such a post-revisionist analysis need not necessarily imply that there was more, or less, violence than suggested by previous accounts. Instead, it requires a more nuanced and contextualized account, clearly differentiated by technique, place, and period.
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45

Andersson, Anthony. "Green Guerrillas and Counterinsurgent Environmentalists in the Petén, Guatemala." Global Environment 14, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 15–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140102.

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At the peak of Guatemala?s 36-year civil war (1960?1996), fought between a right- wing authoritarian regime and leftist guerrillas, the army massacred tens of thousands of Maya peasants in a genocidal counterinsurgency. The scorched earth campaign halted the insurgency?s momentum, but the army was unable to secure political or military control in the large area of northern lowlands called El Pete?n. This essay examines how, at this critical juncture, the insurgents and the army embraced distinct environmentalist platforms and land-use policies in order to gain a strategic advantage. It argues that the army won a discursive battle, with assistance from big international conservation NGOs, to claim itself as the only legitimate ?defender of the forests?. This enabled the military to consolidate its position against the insurgents in the northern lowlands, contributing to its de facto victory in the war, as well as fuelling ongoing violence in the postwar.
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46

Yang, Anand A., and Ranajit Guha. "Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India." American Historical Review 90, no. 2 (April 1985): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1852790.

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47

Goldberg, Robert Alan, and David A. Horowitz. "Beyond Left and Right: Insurgency and the Establishment." American Historical Review 104, no. 1 (February 1999): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650260.

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48

Kim, Jinah. "The Insurgency of Mourning: Sewol across the Transpacific." Amerasia Journal 46, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00447471.2020.1772699.

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49

D’Haeseleer, Brian. "Book Review: Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A Global History. By Jeremy Black." War in History 25, no. 2 (April 2018): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518760407a.

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50

Bouton, Terry. "A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania." Journal of American History 87, no. 3 (December 2000): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675275.

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