Статті в журналах: "Insulating polymer materials"

1

Danikas, M., and S. Morsalin. "A Short Review on Polymer Nanocomposites for Enameled Wires: Possibilities and Perspectives." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (June 8, 2019): 4079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2678.

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Polymer nanocomposites constitute a new generation of insulating materials, capable of offering better electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Past research indicated that such materials may replace conventional polymers for a variety of industrial high voltage applications. In the present paper, polymer nanocomposites are investigated regarding the insulation of enameled wires. Possible nanocomposite candidates are discussed.

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2

Liu, Cong, Jian Hao, Yanqing Li, and Ruijin Liao. "Fabrication of ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE Multilayer Nano-Structured Functional Film on Cellulose Insulation Polymer Surface and Its Effect on Moisture Inhibition and Dielectric Properties." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081367.

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After a century of practice, cellulose insulating polymer (insulating paper/pressboard) has been shown to be one of the best and most widely used insulating materials in power transformers. However, with the increased voltage level of the transformer, research has focused on improving the insulation performance of the transformer’s cellulose insulation polymer. Considering the complex environment of the transformer, it is not enough to improve the single performance of the insulating polymer. In this study, a nano-structured ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) multifunctional film was deposited on the surface of insulating pressboard by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The effect of the multilayered ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE functional film on the dielectric and water contact angle of the cellulose insulating polymer was investigated. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) showed that the nano-structured ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE functional film was successfully deposited on the cellulose insulation pressboard surface. The functional film presented an obvious stratification phenomenon. By analyzing the result of the contact angle, it was found that the functional film shields the hydroxyl group of the inner cellulose and improves hydrophobicity. The AC breakdown field strength of the treated samples was obviously increased (by 12 to ~17%), which means that the modified samples had a better dielectric insulation performance. This study provides a surface modification method to comprehensively improve electrical properties and the ability to inhibit the moisture of the cellulose insulating polymer, used in a power transformer.

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3

BANACKA, Natalia, Dariusz SOKOŁOWSKI, and Mirosław SZCZEPANIK. "TESTING PROPERTIES OF SELECTED POLYMER MATERIALS FOR ABLATIVE LAYERS IN ROCKET SOLID FUEL MOTORS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 168, no. 1 (April 16, 2024): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.4796.

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The article presents basic information about using thermal insulation in rocket solid fuel motors. A breakdown of the insulating material is given with examples of polymers used to protect motor internal surface at combustion of fuel and its hightemperature products. Tests were carried out in the work for selected polymer materials used at production of rocket solid fuel motors, and the polymer was indicated with the best ablative properties. The method of testing consisted of physicochemical and mechanical tests. Performing DSC and TG measurements made it possible to observe the phase transformations of a given material under the influence of temperature changes.

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4

Eze, A. H., and Á. Lakatos. "Applications of thermal insulation materials by aircraft." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2628, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2628/1/012018.

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Abstract Lightweight materials such as microfiber insulation or polymer foam are typically used to insulate cars and aircraft. But here, too, the use of state-of-the-art “super-insulating” materials is a valid answer. Vacuum insulation panels also serve as reliable insulators for electric vehicles. In this study, we will analyze in depth the potential uses for aerogels, polymer foams, and microfiber insulation. In addition, their thermal properties are briefly outlined, with a special focus on thermal conductivity and compressibility. Finding the right solution for the aircraft industry is critical. To meet increasingly stringent requirements, aircraft materials must meet several criteria, including lightweight, minimal noise, and insulation from the heat.

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5

IMAI, Takahiro, and Toshikatsu TANAKA. "Advances in Polymer Nanocomposite Insulating Materials." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 134, no. 3 (2014): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.134.161.

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6

Tanaka, Toshikatsu. "Polymer nanocomposite innovating on insulating materials." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2009): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.20348.

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7

Mackevich, J., and M. Shah. "Polymer outdoor insulating materials. Part I: Comparison of porcelain and polymer electrical insulation." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 13, no. 3 (May 1997): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/57.591510.

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8

Horbachova, Oleksandra, Yuriy Tsapko, Yelena Tsarenko, Serhii Mazurchuk, and Ivan Kasianchuk. "Justification of the Wood Polymer Material Application Conditions." Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, no. 2 (2023): C49—C55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(2).c6.

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The production of heat-insulating materials based on wood was analyzed in this paper. The expediency and efficiency of using wood waste were established. A study of the operational properties of the sample obtained from wood shavings polymerized with mixtures of polyester and epoxy resins was carried out. It was proven that the process’s primary regulator is the material’s density and porosity. Also, an increase in humidity and wetting reduces heat-insulating indicators. Based on thermophysical dependences, the thermal insulation properties of the samples were calculated. Moreover, it was established that the thermal conductivity does not exceed 0.21·10–6 m2/s, and the thermal conductivity of the sample – 2.85·10–3 W/(m·K). Therefore, these products can be classified as heat-insulating materials. A through-thickness compressive strength study showed that the wood shavings and polyester resin material are more fragile, and the strength limit was reduced by more than 1.2 times compared to the epoxy resin-based material. The moisture absorption results showed that a heat-insulating product made of shavings polymerized with polyester resin. Moisture absorption was 5 % after 90 days of exposure to water. On the other hand, the heat-insulating products made of shavings with epoxy resin of 4.41 % showed their resistance to moisture absorption.

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9

Xu, M., G. C. Montanari, D. Fabiani, L. A. Dissado, and A. Krivda. "A New Ultra Fast Conduction Mechanism in Insulating Polymer Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/985801.

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A brand new phenomenon, namely, electrical conduction via soliton-like ultra fast space charge pulses, recently identified in unfilled cross-linked polyethylene, is shown for the first time to occur in insulating polymer nanocomposites and its characteristics correlated with the electromechanical properties of nanostructured materials. These charge pulses are observed to cross the insulation under low electrical field in epoxy-based nanocomposites containing nanosilica particles with relative weights of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% at speeds orders of magnitude higher than those expected for carriers in insulating polymers. The characteristics of mobility, magnitude and repetition rate for both positive and negative charge pulses are studied in relation to nanofiller concentration. The results show that the ultra fast charge pulses (packets) are affected significantly by the concentration of nanoparticles. An explanation is presented in terms of a new conduction mechanism where the mechanical properties of the polymer and movement of polymer chains play an important role in the injection and transport of charge in the form of pulses. Here, the charge transport is not controlled by traps. Instead, it is driven by the contribution of polarization and the resultant electromechanical compression, which is substantially affected by the introduction of nanoparticles into the base polymer.

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10

Huang, Fang. "Technology of Heat-Resistant & High Voltage-Resistant Insulation Materials Based on Polymer Composite." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.340.

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High voltage insulation of the heat-resistant polymer composite material mainly composed of synthetic resin matrix, reinforcing materials, inorganic fillers, pigments and other components. In addition, according to the technical and performance requirements will be added in the resin matrix curing agent, thickener, mold release agents, solvents and so on. By different proportions of the resin matrix and filler and other additives, under conditions in certain insulating polymer composites were prepared to explore the relationship between components, the best formula and the ideal insulation material.

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11

Brenek, A., V. Vaclavik, T. Dvorsky, and Vojtěch Šimíček. "Energy Remediation Combining Insulation Materials Based on Calcium Silicate and Expanded Polymers." Materials Science Forum 865 (August 2016): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.865.196.

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Energy rehabilitation of buildings using airtight insulating materials based on expanded polystyrene is often accompanied by the formation of moisture problems in the enclosure wall footing. Moisture progress in the rehabilitated structure is simulated using modern moisture transient models in Delphin software. Combinations of the developed plate thermal insulating materials based on calcium silicate and the conventional thermal insulation panels based on expanded polymer have been designed to address the moisture problems. This article describes the function of this solution during the reconstruction of a house built from full clay bricks with malfunctioning waterproofing in the lower house construction.

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12

Mackevich, J., and S. Simmons. "Polymer outdoor insulating materials. II. Material considerations." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 13, no. 4 (July 1997): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/57.603554.

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13

Natalia, Saienko, Skripinets Anna, Gurina Galina, Saienko Leonid, and Hryhorenko Oleksandr. "Thermal insulation coating based on water-based polymer dispersion." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1376, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1376/1/012033.

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Abstract The paper presents a study on the development of thin-layer thermal (with a thermal conductivity coefficient ranging from 0.0416 to 0.083 W/(m·K)) insulation coatings based on styrene-acrylic aqueous dispersion with improved adhesion properties and regulated technological characteristics. The simplicity and speed of applying liquid thermal insulation provide significant advantages over standard insulating materials. An advantage is the ability to insulate surfaces of complex configuration.

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14

Демідов, Д. В. "ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНІ ПОКРИТТЯ НА ОСНОВІ СТИРОЛ-АКРИЛОВОЇ ДИСПЕРСІЇ ТА ПОРОЖНИСТИХ АЛЮМОСИЛІКАТНИХ МІКРОСФЕР". SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 108, № 2 (2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29295/2311-7257-2022-108-2-55-59.

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The article contains information about the areas of application of modern thin-layer polymer heat-insulating materials. Technological and operational indicators of the developed coating based on styrene-acrylic dispersion and hollow aluminosilicate microspheres are given. The developed thermal insulation coating has low water absorption, high thermal insulation performance, high adhesive strength to concrete.

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15

Urkimbaeva, Perizat, Bauyrzhan Bakytzhanuly, Yesen Dilmukhambetov, Alua Mamutova та Zarina Kenessova. "Influence of hydrophilic polymers based on polyvinyl alcohol and starch on physiсo-mechanical properties of thermal insulation materials". Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, № 1 (25 березня 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1094.

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Thermal insulating materials based on diatomite with burnable and reinforcing additives modified with synthetic and natural polymers have been developed. A mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and starch was used as modifying polymers. The parameters of linear shrinkage, density, tensile strengths in compression and bending, as well as the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material were determined depending on the concentration and ratio of polymers. It was established that polymer additives had a positive effect on almost all specified characteristics of thermal insulating materials. For example, when adding polymers up to 1 mass.%, the linear shrinkage coefficients decrease from 14.5 to 4.5%, the ultimate compression strengths increase from 0.22 to 2.51 MPa, the ultimate bending strengths increase from 0.2 to 1.26 MPa, the coefficients of thermal conductivity decrease from 0.068 to 0.049 W/m∙K. The densities of materials are in the range of 0.592-0.491 g/cm3. The results of the work showed that the obtained heat-insulating materials can be used as plasticizers in the field of thermal energy.

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16

Larchenko, A. G., N. G. Filippenko, and A. V. Livshits. "PROCEDURE FOR CONTROL OF POLYMER ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 273 (March 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.03.pp.024-031.

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The article describes the directions and features in the field of control of power lines. A method is created for determining the prebreakdown state. The dependence of the development of partial discharges in polymeric materials is studied. The process of exposure to high-frequency currents before the onset of a breakdown state under constant operating modes of electrothermal high-voltage equipment is described. The results of the dynamics of the emergence of discharges under high-frequency exposure are given in the form of graphic images. The graph of the dynamics of partial discharges is described. In this work, a methodology for monitoring and protecting against electrical breakdown, when the frequency of occurrence of partial discharges changes. The results of practical tests for diagnosing the residual life of insulation are presented.

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17

Boev, M. A., and V. V. Yedemskaya. "Prediction of Service Durability of Polymer Insulating Materials." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 25, no. 1-2 (April 1994): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914039408028584.

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18

Quinn, Harley J., Wenlu Wang, Joerg G. Werner, and Keith A. Brown. "(Invited) accelerating Polymer Discovery for Multifunctional Polymer Thin Films: High-Throughput Characterization." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 34 (August 28, 2023): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01341886mtgabs.

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Identifying new formulations of polymers that have multiple highly tuned properties is a grand challenge of materials development. This is especially important in polymer thin film devices where several distinct transport properties must be controlled. For instance, solid-state battery electrolyte materials must be conductive to ions, but remain electronically insulating. In order to achieve the materials advances needed to transform the use of such polymer thin films, new paradigms of accelerated materials development are needed. In this talk, we discuss our recent efforts to accelerate the development of advanced polymer thin film materials for energy applications. A crucial feature of accelerating the discovery of high performing formulations and processing conditions is a rapid means to assess the properties of polymer films with spatial resolution commensurate with nanoscopic defects and throughput that can accommodate macroscopic devices. We initially focus on the challenge of verifying that films are electrically insulating. Maintaining electrical insulation across large films is a particularly insidious challenge as small “pin-hole” defects can result in an entire device failing. We explore an optical method to detect and characterize conductive defects based upon the electrochemiluminescence of luminol. In particular, when a voltage is applied to a conductive surface that is protected by a nominally insulating film, regions where the film is not present or is electrically conductive will result in the local generation of light. A major virtue of this approach is that the minimum detectable feature is not directly determined by the wavelength of light or the optical magnification in use, but rather the intensity of light generated per unit area on the surface. To explore this approach, we conduct an extensive series of optimization experiments to maximize the intensity of light generated by electrochemiluminescence by adjusting the timing, voltage, and solution properties. The result of this optimization is that lines narrower than 100 nm are readily detectable using this method. Finally, we present efforts to use this approach to screen centimeter-square areas to find and characterize nanoscale defects. Looking beyond the important task of characterizing films at high throughput, we conclude the talk with a discussion of how this approach fits in a broader materials discovery pipeline. In particular, recent years have seen a number of examples of autonomous experimentation systems that combine automation to perform experiments and machine learning to select experiments to vastly increased the speed at which knowledge is gained. The reported high-throughput analytical process is anticipated to form an important link in this process by providing a path to rapidly and effectively screening films for electrical properties.

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19

Saidj, Idir Ben, Mohammed Nedjar, Smain Hocine, and Ferhat Belabbas. "Effects of Hydrothermal Aging on the Breakdown Voltage of Polyesterimide." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 46, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.460205.

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Polymers have always played a big role in the insulation of electrical machines and have been the focus of several studies when they are subjected to different stresses. The humidity and temperature are the main constraints that degrade the insulating performance of the materials when they act together causing hydrothermal aging of the polymers. This study deals with the influence of hydrothermal aging on the breakdown voltage of polyesterimide which is known as one of the most important factors which define the electrical insulation performance of the polymer. The breakdown test was executed under AC and DC voltage. A statistical analysis of breakdown data was carried out using the two-parameter Weibull distribution. According to the findings, the breakdown voltage changes with aging time. Its rise is due to a polymer crosslinking by thermal action, causing a reduction of the mean-free path of charge carriers decreasing their mobility. The decline is attributed to the material plasticization after water penetration into the polymer matrix at the beginning of aging, which is a physical effect. Eventually, the chemical effect reflects the hydrolysis reaction, which destroys the hydrogenous links of the polymer. The breakdown voltage under the DC ramp is higher than that obtained under the AC ramp. The DC breakdown voltage depends on the polarity of the applied electrical field. The polymer degradation is characterized by a change in color and the crumbling of samples.

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20

Acosta, Mariana, Marvin D. Santiago, and Jennifer A. Irvin. "Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248820.

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Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.

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21

ORYNBEKOV, Yelzhan S., Zhanar O. ZHUMADILOVA, Vladimir P. SELYAEV, Ruslan E. NURLYBAEV, and Indira B. SANGULOVA. "THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE CHANGE IN THE ELASTIC-STRENGTH INDICATORS OF EPOXY POLYMERS BINDERS USED IN LIQUID THERMAL INSULATION COATINGS." SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 30, no. 33 (June 27, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sjs.v30.n33.2022.07_orynbekov_pgs_44_53.pdf.

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Introduction: Thermal insulating coatings are increasingly being introduced into construction practice for internal and external finishing enclosing structures and pipelines. Thermal insulation coatings are usually made based on polymer binder and mineral fillers. The durability and stability of the properties of heat-insulating materials depend on the type of binder. As a rule, polymers are used as a binder: epoxy resin; silicone rubber; urea-formaldehyde resins; aqueous dispersed polymers - styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylate (acrylic and styrene-acrylic). The quality indicator of binders can be assessed by the influence of the seasonality of climatic impact, and as a result, the best elastic strength characteristics of binders can be established after one month to a year of field tests. Aim: To determine the influence of climatic factors on the change in the elastic-strength indicators of epoxy polymers binders used in liquid thermal insulation coatings. Methods: A tensile testing machine of the AGS-X series with the TRAPEZIUM X software was used for mechanical tests. The tests were carried out in accordance with GOST 11262-2017 (ISO 527-2: 2012) "Plastics. Tensile test method". Results and Discussion: The paper discusses the results of experimental studies of the compositions of polymer binders and their resistance to various climatic factors, which will later be used as a polymer binder for thermal insulation coatings based on fine mineral granular systems. Conclusions: When analyzing the changes in the characteristics of polymer samples after exposure to climatic factors, it was found that compositions based on Etal-247 epoxy resin, cured with amine hardeners Etal-1440N, Etal-1460, Etal-1472, and Etal-45M, demonstrate the best elastic strength characteristics after one year of full-scale tests. The high stability of the indicators under consideration allows us to conclude that the use of Etal-247 resin as a base leads to creating of the most climate-resistant epoxy coatings.

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22

Cheng, Zhongyang, and Qiming Zhang. "Field-Activated Electroactive Polymers." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 3 (March 2008): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.43.

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AbstractField-activated electroactive polymers (FEAPs) are a class of electroactive polymers that are insulating and exhibit coulombic interaction with and dipole formation in response to external electric signals. There are many polarization mechanisms in insulating polymers, from the molecular to the mesoscopic and even the macroscopic level, which couple strongly with mechanical deformation and can be used to create polymer actuators and sensors. FEAPs feature fast response speed limited by the polymer dielectric and elastic relaxation time, a very large strain level (to more than 100% strain), high electromechanical efficiency, the ability to operate down to micro/nanoelectromechanical devices, and a highly reproducible strain response under electric fields. One challenge in FEAP actuators and electromechanical devices is reducing the operation voltage to below 100 V or even 10 V while achieving an electromechanical conversion efficiency comparable with that of inorganic electroactive materials.

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23

Yamamura, Soichiro, and Wasaburo Kawai. "Insulating Polymer Coated Si Photoelectrode." Polymer Journal 17, no. 3 (March 1985): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.17.533.

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Liang, Ruijun, Yuhan Sun, and Jinghui Zhu. "Applications of Polymer Materials in Power Industry, Tissue Engineering and Fuel Cells." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 13 (August 21, 2022): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v13i.1350.

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A huge effort has been done over the past 20 years to research the possible electrical benefits of such newly developing materials, polymer composite, and a significant amount of data have been published. Recent research suggests that polymer materials are capable for insulating system particularly unfilled XLPE and epoxy resins or filled with many types of fillers. The principal applications for polymer composites by XLPE and epoxy resins include cables, motors, and generators, but further study is needed to enhance their capabilities. This research will mainly introduce the application of polymer materials in the fields of power Industry, medicine and fuel cells. Some typical polymers, including polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), collagen, polypyrrole, polyacetylene and polythiophene, will be introduced in detail. We expect that the advantages and disadvantages of polymer functional materials in these application fields can provide a new idea for the development of new functional polymer materials in the future.

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25

Yu, Guang, Yujia Cheng, and Zhuohua Duan. "Research Progress of Polymers/Inorganic Nanocomposite Electrical Insulating Materials." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 7867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227867.

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With the rapid development of power, energy, electronic information, rail transit, and aerospace industries, nanocomposite electrical insulating materials have been begun to be widely used as new materials. Polymer/inorganic nanocomposite dielectric materials possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. In addition, numerous unique properties, such as electricity, thermal, sound, light, and magnetic properties are exhibited by these materials. First, the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, small-size effect, surface effect, and quantum-size effect of nanoparticles are introduced. There are a few anomalous changes in the physical and chemical properties of the matrix, which are caused by these effects. Second, the interaction mechanism between the nanoparticles and polymer matrix is introduced. These include infiltration adsorption theory, chemical bonding, diffusion theory, electrostatic theory, mechanical connection theory, deformation layer theory, and physical adsorption theory. The mechanism of action of the interface on the dielectric properties of the composites is summarized. These are the interface trap effect, interface barrier effect, and homogenization field strength effect. In addition, different interfacial structure models were used to analyze the specific properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials. Finally, the research status of the dielectric properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials in the electrical insulation field is introduced.

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26

Toni, Moh, and Muh Amin. "EFEKTIFITAS PEMANFAATAN SERBUK BATU ALAM BERSILIKA, SILANE SEBAGAI PENGISI BAHAN ISOLASI RESIN EPOKSI DENGAN KOMPATIBILISER POLYETHYLENE UNTUK ISOLATOR LISTRIK." MEDIA ELEKTRIKA 13, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/me.13.1.2020.33-42.

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Insulation materials that commonly used in air insulation, which, is operated at high voltage, are the porcelain, glass, and polymer materials. One of the insulating polymer materials that are used is epoxy resin because it has several advantages compared to that. However, this insulation material has a degradation of the surface due to environmental and cause insulation coated with dirt and chemicals in the long time. This research was conducted on resin epoxy by comparison of MPDA, DGEBA, and filler (stone and silane) with a percentage value of 10%; 20%; 30%; 40% and 50%, sample size 120 x 50mm. Poly Ethylene is mixed as a compatibilzer of composite materials.Research was done in laboratory according to standard IEC 587: 1984. In this study, the effect of variation in stoichiometry to the hydrophobic contact angle value, leakage current waveforms, and surface degradation caused by erosion and tracking processes and tracking time were analyzed. From the results of the research, it was obtained that the epoxy resin that was used in this research are categorized as partially wetted. The increase concentration of silane and silica stone as filler caused the increase in contact angle which meant the increase in surface insulation resistance, so that leakage currents flew on the surface not easily and slow down the aging or the degradation decreasing on the surface of insulating material. The concentration value of comapatibilizer material that had the optimal performance was 4%.

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27

Toni, Moh, and Muh Amin. "EFEKTIFITAS PEMANFAATAN SERBUK BATU ALAM BERSILIKA, SILANE SEBAGAI PENGISI BAHAN ISOLASI RESIN EPOKSI DENGAN KOMPATIBILISER POLYETHYLENE UNTUK ISOLATOR LISTRIK." MEDIA ELEKTRIKA 13, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/me.v13i1.5966.

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Insulation materials that commonly used in air insulation, which, is operated at high voltage, are the porcelain, glass, and polymer materials. One of the insulating polymer materials that are used is epoxy resin because it has several advantages compared to that. However, this insulation material has a degradation of the surface due to environmental and cause insulation coated with dirt and chemicals in the long time. This research was conducted on resin epoxy by comparison of MPDA, DGEBA, and filler (stone and silane) with a percentage value of 10%; 20%; 30%; 40% and 50%, sample size 120 x 50mm. Poly Ethylene is mixed as a compatibilzer of composite materials.Research was done in laboratory according to standard IEC 587: 1984. In this study, the effect of variation in stoichiometry to the hydrophobic contact angle value, leakage current waveforms, and surface degradation caused by erosion and tracking processes and tracking time were analyzed. From the results of the research, it was obtained that the epoxy resin that was used in this research are categorized as partially wetted. The increase concentration of silane and silica stone as filler caused the increase in contact angle which meant the increase in surface insulation resistance, so that leakage currents flew on the surface not easily and slow down the aging or the degradation decreasing on the surface of insulating material. The concentration value of comapatibilizer material that had the optimal performance was 4%.

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Utami, Agnes Manik Sari, Abdul Syakur, and Hermawan Hermawan. "Analysis of Leakage Current and Insulator Resistivity for Quality Assurance of Medium Voltage Network Polymer Insulators Alumina - SiO2 in Tropical Climate Simulator Room." TEKNIK 42, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v42i1.36152.

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The tropical climate of Indonesia, which has moderately high rainfall, has an impact on the output of outdoor insulators. The presence of chemical particles, pollen, and salt in the air will bind to the insulating material's outer surface and settle, resulting in crystallization that allows the insulating material's surface roughness to increase. One of the insulators that are being produced is an insulator made of epoxy resin. The injection of fillers is used to further improve the durability of the outdoor epoxy resin insulators installed in tropical climatic conditions. Epoxy resin from bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and polyaminoamide combined with silane, alumina, and SiO2 is used as research materials. The parameters examined were leakage current and resistance to insulation. The use of silane as a hardener will also improve the resistivity on the surface of the insulator, which makes it more difficult to flow or reduces the leakage current. Alumina is well-known for being a solid heat and voltage insulator. The addition of SiO2 to the epoxy resin insulating material increases the insulator's mechanical strength in the form of tensile and compressive strength. With fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the artificial tropical environment is replicated in a test chamber. The value of the leakage current increases with an increase in temperature and humidity. The correlation between air temperature and humidity and insulation resistance is inversely proportional, the higher the temperature applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. The same refers to the relationship between air humidity and resistance to insulation. The higher the humidity applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. At a test voltage of 11 kV, a humidity of 60%, and a temperature variation of 25oC, the leakage current of epoxy resin insulators is up to 9.2 uA lower than in a factory-made SiR insulator. The leakage current and insulator resistivity's number is already in the good and protected range such that the insulator can be used and reproduce.

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Wang, Jia-Xuan, Yong-Gang Chen, Ji-Ming Chen, Zhi-Hui Yin, Chun-Song Chen, Yi-Fei Li, Ting Deng, Xiao-Bo Guo, and Ming-Xiao Zhu. "Improved Insulating Properties of Polymer Dielectric by Constructing Interfacial Composite Coatings." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010059.

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Polymeric dielectrics exhibit remarkable dielectric characteristics and wide applicability, rendering them extensively employed within the domain of electrical insulation. Nevertheless, the electrical strength has always been a bottleneck, preventing its further utilization. Nanocomposite materials can effectively improve insulation strength, but uniform doping of nanofillers in engineering applications is a challenge. Consequently, a nanocomposite interfacial coating was meticulously designed to interpose between the electrode and the polymer, which can significantly improve DC breakdown performance. Subsequently, the effects of filler concentration and coating duration on DC breakdown performance, high field conductivity, and trap distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results indicate that the composite coating introduces deep traps between the electrode-polymer interface, which enhances the carrier confinement, resulting in reduced conductivity and enhanced DC breakdown strength. The incorporation of a composite coating at the interface between the electrode and polymer presents novel avenues for enhancing the dielectric insulation of polymers.

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30

Frechette, M., R. Y. Larocque, M. Trudeau, R. Veillette, R. Rioux, S. Pelissou, S. Besner, et al. "Nanostructured polymer microcomposites: A distinct class of insulating materials." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 15, no. 1 (2008): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-dei.2008.4446740.

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31

Simmons, S., M. Shah, J. Mackevich, and R. J. Chang. "Polymer outdoor insulating materials. Part III-Silicone elastomer considerations." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/57.620515.

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32

Hoang, Mai Quyen, Thi Thu Nga Vu, Manh Quan Nguyen, and Severine Le Roy. "Modelling the conduction mechanisms in low density polyethylene material using finite element method." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(1).27-33.

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Polymers used as insulating materials are increasingly popular in many different fields. In electrical engineering - electronics, polymers are used in high-voltage transmission cables, capacitors, transformers, or as part of an embedded system in the IGBT module thanks to its superior thermal and electrical insulation properties. One of the disadvantages of polymers is the possible accumulation of space charge in the material volume for a long time, leading to an increase in the electric field compared to the original design value. Charge transport models in polymer materials have been increasingly developed to predict the conduction mechanisms under thermal-electrical stress. In this study, from a finite volume method (FVM), the authors developed a charge transport model in low density polyethylene (LDPE) based on the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results of this model are also compared to experimental results and to the FVM model under different electric fields for LDPE.

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TIAN, W. J., H. Y. ZHANG, and J. C. SHEN. "SOME PROPERTIES OF INTERFACES BETWEEN METALS AND POLYMERS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 04 (August 1997): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000705.

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We focus on the published results of the interfaces between depositing metals and insulating and semiconducting polymers, and the interfaces between polymer films and metals. They indicated that when metal was deposited on polymer films, diffusion action occurred at the polymer surface and new interfacial states were formed during the process of deposition. Chemical reactions led to good adhesion and good performance of charge transfer between metal and polymer. When polymers were deposited on metal substrates, adsorption to the substrate occurred at the interface.

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34

Yu, Guang, Yujia Cheng, and Zhuohua Duan. "Research Progress on Polymeric Inorganic Nanocomposites Insulating Materials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (December 3, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1757788.

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With the rapid development of power energy, electronic information, rail transit, and aerospace industries, nanocomposite dielectric materials have been widely used as new materials. Polymer/inorganic nanocomposite dielectric materials possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. In addition, numerous unique properties such as electricity, thermal, sound, light, and magnetic properties are exhibited by these materials. First, the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, small-size effect, surface effect, and quantum-size effect of nanoparticles are introduced. There are a few anomalous changes in the physical and chemical properties of the matrix, which are caused by these effects. Second, the interaction mechanism between the nanoparticles and polymer matrix is introduced. These include infiltration adsorption theory, chemical bonding, diffusion theory, electrostatic theory, mechanical connection theory, deformation layer theory, and physical adsorption theory. The mechanism of action of the interface on the dielectric properties of the composites is summarized. These are the interface trap effect, interface barrier effect, and homogenization field strength effect. In addition, different interfacial structure models were used to analyze the specific properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials. Finally, the research status of the dielectric properties of nanocomposite dielectric materials is introduced.

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35

Ng, Serina, and Bjørn Petter Jelle. "Incorporation of Polymers into Calcined Clays as Improved Thermal Insulating Materials for Construction." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6478236.

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Calcined clay is a Type Q supplementary cementing material according to EN197-1:2000. It possesses lower thermal conductivity than cement. To further improve its thermal insulation property, polymer-calcined clay complexes (PCCs) were produced in a one-pot synthesis. Two contrasting polymers, polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were employed. The hydrophilicity of the polymers influenced the thermal conductivity of PCC. Hydrophilic PEG entrapped more water molecules on clay layers than the hydrophobic PS, making PEG-PCC more thermally conducting than PS-PCC. Contaminants in calcined clays played a role in affecting the overall thermal conductivity. PCC can improve thermal insulation properties for future construction applications.

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36

Gu, Mingwen, Haifeng Zhang, Xiangmu Hu, Yuanhao Jia, Sizhe Qi, and Xiang Xie. "Research on the Application of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes in Insulating Resins." Scientific Journal of Technology 5, no. 11 (November 21, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v5i11.5737.

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The commonly used insulation paint for electric vehicle motors currently has poor flame retardancy, toughness, thermal stability, and wear resistance due to the use of polymer materials. In order to further improve the performance of insulation paint, it is necessary to doping inorganic materials. However, in order to achieve high performance, high doping is generally required, and high doping faces problems such as poor compatibility between doped particles and insulation paint. In order to further improve the flame retardancy, toughness, thermal stability, and wear resistance of insulation paint, researchers generally use the method of doping inorganic particle materials. Research has found that nano inorganic materials (such as nano titanium dioxide) can improve the flame retardancy of materials while also improving their thermal and mechanical properties. However, in order to achieve high performance, insulating paint generally requires high doping, and high doping will face problems such as poor compatibility between doped particles and insulating paint. On the one hand, due to the large size and uneven dispersion of doped particles, it is difficult to achieve a good composite effect; On the other hand, the incompatibility between thermal conductive materials and organic surface interfaces further limits the effectiveness of the material. Therefore, introducing titanium dioxide nanotube materials with smaller dimensions, better dispersibility, and surface hydrophobicity treatment into the insulation paint can improve the compounding effect and further enhance the resistance to ATF oil and flame retardancy of the insulation paint.

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37

Zhorniak, Liudmyla, Alexej Afanasiev, and Vitaliy Schus. "Analysis of design and structural features of the external insulation materials of high-voltage devices." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 2 (8) (December 27, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2022.2.01.

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In the article, the authors have analysed the design and structural features of various materials for external insulation of high-voltage apparatuses, namely, high-voltage equipment of stations and substations. The operational reliability of the external insulation is determined mainly by the electrical load, which is characterized by the local values of the field strength. The field strength along the insulating cover is distributed very unevenly and has a maximum value near the electrode with high voltage. Electrical isolators are used in all high-voltage apparatus of electrical transmission and distribution circuits to separate the voltage from the ground. The materials used in the development and production of electrical insulators have certain unique characteristics. These materials prevent the free passage of internal electric charges in the material, which makes it practically impossible to conduct an electric current. The ability of a material to prevent electrical conductivity is characterized by its dielectric strength. Polymer insulators allow you to combine high mechanical strength with satisfactory electrical characteristics. In such combined structures, fiberglass rods or cylinders are used as an element that withstands mechanical load. Also, the design of the internal insulation of the capacitor type, impregnated and filled with hardened epoxy resin, allows for particularly precise winding of the synthetic material and the placement of aluminium foils, which provide the capacitive levelling of the graduation and are necessary for the control and formation of the electric field. Such a field is controlled in such a way as to optimize the dimensions, mass and electrical characteristics of the high-voltage apparatus depending on the voltage class and other parameters. The protective polymer coating provides high electrical characteristics of insulators under operating conditions. It is known that during the operation of the high-voltage device, the aging rate of the external insulation is additionally enhanced due to the complex and heterogeneous structure of the insulating cover itself, as well as the influence of the surrounding environment and weather conditions. The main element of external insulation is the supporting insulating cover, in the middle of which the elements of the active part of a certain electrical device are placed. Its basis is usually a glass-epoxy cylinder (this ensures the mechanical stability of the structure), on which ribs made of organosilicon rubber are placed, which in turn ensures the electrical strength of the external insulation.

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38

Zhorniak, Liudmyla, Alexej Afanasiev, and Vitaliy Schus. "Analysis of the features of the shielding system of polymer insulation structures of high voltage electrical equipment." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (8) (July 5, 2024): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2024.01.18.

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In the article, the authors analysed the existing shielding systems of insulating structures of high-voltage devices together with electrodes under high potential. At the same time, the possibilities of using toroidal screens of various designs and the conditions of their installation in gas-filled equipment structures (gas-filled current and voltage measuring transformers, arresters, etc.) using polymer insulating materials are considered. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the most effective method of estimating the electric load parameters for determining the electric field strength distribution along the continuous insulating structure of gas-filled high-voltage devices with axial symmetry is proposed. This design is a support-insulating shell filled with SF6 as an internal insulating medium. Methodical materials are recommended that allow you to estimate the electrical load parameters (voltage and field strength) depending on the design features of the device and the shielding system used to level the electric field. Based on them, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the calculation coefficients of the shielding system of gas-filled high-voltage equipment in the design process and during the improvement of individual design solutions. The results of the analytical evaluation by such methods are in good agreement with the data of experimental studies and statistical information obtained as a result of monitoring the work of insulating structures, taking into account real operating conditions and the influence of external factors. The introduction of the obtained materials allows you to take into account the influence of external factors and operational characteristics inherent in measuring transformers and overvoltage limiters. To explain the results of the analysis of methodical materials carried out in the article, as an example, the results of calculations of the support-insulation shell of the gas-filled current transformer of the TOG series, which was the most affected during operation, are given. in adverse conditions, given under such conditions as external pollution, humidity and their combination, as well as under conditions of overvoltage of various origins, etc. On the basis of the presented materials, it is possible to more accurately determine the effectiveness of various screenings. system, as well as how to predict the field strength distribution parameters under the influence of the shielding system, taking into account its design features. In addition, on the basis of the conclusions formed in the work, it is possible to plan and conduct an additional series of calculations and experimental tests taking into account the features of specific structures. Thus, the obtained results can be used to evaluate the external insulation parameters of both gas-filled measuring transformers and similar high-voltage equipment of distribution devices and transformer substations.

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39

Izzati, Wan Akmal, Yanuar Z. Arief, Zuraimy Adzis, and Mohd Shafanizam. "Partial Discharge Characteristics of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials in Electrical Insulation: A Review of Sample Preparation Techniques, Analysis Methods, Potential Applications, and Future Trends." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/735070.

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Polymer nanocomposites have recently been attracting attention among researchers in electrical insulating applications from energy storage to power delivery. However, partial discharge has always been a predecessor to major faults and problems in this field. In addition, there is a lot more to explore, as neither the partial discharge characteristic in nanocomposites nor their electrical properties are clearly understood. By adding a small amount of weight percentage (wt%) of nanofillers, the physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of polymers can be greatly enhanced. For instance, nanofillers in nanocomposites such as silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2) play a big role in providing a good approach to increasing the dielectric breakdown strength and partial discharge resistance of nanocomposites. Such polymer nanocomposites will be reviewed thoroughly in this paper, with the different experimental and analytical techniques used in previous studies. This paper also provides an academic review about partial discharge in polymer nanocomposites used as electrical insulating material from previous research, covering aspects of preparation, characteristics of the nanocomposite based on experimental works, application in power systems, methods and techniques of experiment and analysis, and future trends.

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40

Polyakov, D. A., M. A. Kholmov, D. I. Plotnikov, K. I. Nikitin, and U. V. Polyakova. "Mathematical modeling of service life of cables polymer insulation." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 174 (2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2020-174-69-73.

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The studies of the service life and residual life of various insulating materials are described. The known mathematical models of insulation aging applicable to AC power cable lines are considered. Based on the models and the previously proposed approach, the service life and residual life of cables with XLPE, EPR and PVC insulation are estimated. The assessment is carried out using the data from monitoring the voltage and current of a 6 kV cable transmission line laid at one of the electric power enterprises. Air temperature obtained from open sources. The results showed the applicability of all models for estimating the residual life due to the small difference in the predicted life. In real conditions, the service life of the listed types of insulation can be different due to their dielectric and design features

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41

Mansurov, Z. A., B. Ya Kolesnikov, and V. L. Efremov. "The Role of Carbonized Layers for Fire Protection of Polymer Materials." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj709.

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The present work studies the processes occurring in pre-flame zone in the form of «candle-like flame» which is spread over the surface of epoxy polymer. As exemplified by epoxy polymer, it can be seen that the dominating mechanism of heat transfer from flame to pre-flame zone of carbonized polymers is a thermal conductivity by condensed phase (to phase). The mechanism of gasification processes in pre-flame zone is proposed. Gasification of the material in front of the flame edge is a controlling process, and when selecting flame retardants, it is necessary to register their ability to influence on kinetics and mechanism of gasification. The flame leading edge is bordered with the surface of polymer, which largely determines the nature of heat transfer in pre-flame region. Due to investigations of gas-phase composition at «candle-like» combustion of epoxy polymer it has been detected a considerable amount of oxygen (up to 10‒12%) near burning surface. Its presence facilitates the thermal oxidation of polymer, moreover the rate of thermal oxidation can significantly exceed the thermal decomposition rate of the polymer. The possibility to form the heat-insulating intumescent layer during decomposition of carbonizable polymers was used at development of flame retardant coatings ‒ complex multicomponent systems. Which in turns forms the intumescent carbonized layer with high porosity and low thermal conductivity, and protects based material or construction from premature heating up to critical temperatures.

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42

Kim, Sanhyen, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Electrical breakdown of high polymer insulating materials at cryogenic temperature." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 105, no. 4 (1985): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.105.183.

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43

Yoshifuji, N., T. Niwa, T. Takahashi, and H. Miyata. "Development of the new polymer insulating materials for HVDC cable." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 3 (July 1992): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.141811.

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44

Izumi, Kunikazu. "Application Trend for Electric Power Apparatus on Polymer Insulating Materials." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 119, no. 5 (1999): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.119.5_537.

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45

Kim, Sanhyon, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Dielectric breakdown of high-polymer insulating materials at cryogenic temperatures." Electrical Engineering in Japan 106, no. 1 (1986): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391060101.

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46

Katzenmeyer, Aaron M., Yavuz Bayam, Logeeswaran VJ, Michael W. Pitcher, Yusuf Nur, Semih Seyyidoğlu, Levent K. Toppare, et al. "Poly(hydridocarbyne) as Highly Processable Insulating Polymer Precursor to Micro/Nanostructures and Graphite Conductors." Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/832327.

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Carbon-based electronic materials have received much attention since the discovery and elucidation of the properties of the nanotube, fullerene allotropes, and conducting polymers. Amorphous carbon, graphite, graphene, and diamond have also been the topics of intensive research. In accordance with this interest, we herein provide the details of a novel and facile method for synthesis of poly(hydridocarbyne) (PHC), a preceramic carbon polymer reported to undergo a conversion to diamond-like carbon (DLC) upon pyrolysis and also provide electrical characterization after low-temperature processing and pyrolysis of this material. The results indicate that the strongly insulating polymer becomes notably conductive in bulk form upon heating and contains interspersed micro- and nanostructures, which are the subject of ongoing research.

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47

Zeng, Yi, Hao Pan, Zhonghui Shen, Yang Shen, and Zhifu Liu. "Improved Breakdown Strength and Restrained Leakage Current of Sandwich Structure Ferroelectric Polymers Utilizing Ultra-Thin Al2O3 Nanosheets." Nanomaterials 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13212836.

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Flexible capacity applications demand a large energy storage density and high breakdown electric field strength of flexible films. Here, P(VDF-HFP) with ultra-thin Al2O3 nanosheet composite films were designed and fabricated through an electrospinning process followed by hot-pressing into a sandwich structure. The results show that the insulating ultra-thin Al2O3 nanosheets and the sandwich structure can enhance the composites’ breakdown strength (by 24.8%) and energy density (by 30.6%) compared to the P(VDF-HFP) polymer matrix. An energy storage density of 23.5 J/cm3 at the ultrahigh breakdown strength of 740 kV/mm can be therefore realized. The insulating test and phase-field simulation results reveal that ultra-thin nanosheets insulating buffer layers can reduce the leakage current in composites; thus, it affects the electric field spatial distribution to enhance breakdown strength. Our research provides a feasible method to increase the breakdown strength of ferroelectric polymers, which is comparable to those of non-ferroelectric polymers.

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48

Rohwerder, M., and M. Stratmann. "Surface Modification by Ordered Monolayers: New Ways of Protecting Materials Against Corrosion." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 7 (July 1999): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052696.

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Metal/polymer composites are used in numerous technical applications. For example, polymer coatings on metal surfaces are used for corrosion protection, metal films on polymers inhibit static buildup, and polymers between two metals can serve as a “glue” for connecting materials that cannot be welded. Polymer/metal composites also play an important role in modern electronics. In condensers, polymers serve as insulating layers between metallic leads and are used to encapsulate entire electronic circuits. In all circumstances, interfaces are formed between the two different materials, and since the chemistry and structure change abruptly, interfacial failure is frequently observed.The cause of failure may just be mechanical (e.g., shrinkage of the polymer during curing), or the interface stability may be degraded by attack of aggressive species, resulting in delamination. More specifically, loss of adhesion is directly caused by interfacial electrochemical reactions that nucleate at a defect and progress into intact regions of the interface. This occurs for encapsulated electronic parts in humid atmospheres as well as for lacquers on automotive parts.Thus the investigation of corrosion reactions at a buried interface is an important area of research, but it is made very difficult by the fact that most electrochemical methods do not give information on localized reaction kinetics at a buried (metal/polymer) interface. This situation has changed with the invention and development of the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). This method allows, for the first time, local analysis of reactions occurring at a buried metal/polymer interface. Based on the results obtained with the SKP, a detailed reaction model for the delamination process has been developed. This understanding has led to the development of new approaches that protect the interface from delamination. The idea is to chemically modify the interface using Afunctional molecules that promote adhesion between metal and polymer surfaces.

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49

Bruyako, Michail, Larisa Grigoreva, and Stepan Lvov. "Influence of chemical additives on the properties of polymer foams." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101017.

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Products based on thermosetting plastics have a variety of applications. One of the directions is thermal insulation. Filling foams provide excellent thermal insulation, due to the most optimal ratio of weight, strength and durability. Such heat-insulating materials work in a wide range of operating conditions. The article presents data on the study of the effect of chemical additives on the reduction of the acid number and the reduction in the corrosivity of foam plastics. The greatest efficiency in reducing corrosion activity has composition based on dihydrate of stannous chloride (II) with calcium oxide in a ratio of 2: 0.5. The data on the change in the multiplicity of foaming when introducing chemical additives containing the same name cation and an anion of the same name are presented.

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50

Yoshino, Katsumi, Shigenori Morita, Xiao Hong Yin, Mitsuyoshi Onoda, Hideo Yamamoto, Toshiro Watanuki, and Isao Isa. "Electrical property of polypyrrole-insulating polymer composite." Synthetic Metals 57, no. 1 (April 1993): 3562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90476-d.

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