Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Instent restenosis"

SummaryHigh heparin cofactor II (HCII) activity has recently been described to protect from coronary instent restenosis, presumably by inactivating thrombin in injured arteries. In this study, we investigated the association of HCII activity and restenosis after femoropopliteal stenting. We studied 63 consecutive patients with peripheral artery disease who underwent femoropopliteal stent implantation after initial failure of plain balloon angioplasty due to a significant residual stenosis (>30% lumen diameter reduction) or a flow limiting dissection. HCII activity was measured before stenting and patients were followed for median 10 months (interquartile range 6 to 17) for the occurrence of a first instent restenosis, defined as a >50% lumen diameter reduction by color coded duplex sonography and confirmed by angiography. Cumulative freedom from restenosis at 6 and 12 months in patients with lower HCII activity (≤100%, lower tertile, n=20) was 84% and 35% as compared to 93% and 72% in patients with high HCII activity (>100%, middle and upper tertile, n=43; p=0.024 by Log Rank test). Adjusting for the material of the implanted stents (nitinol vs.Wallstents), patients with a high HCII activity had a 0.39-fold reduced risk for instent restenosis (95% CI 0.17 to 0.90, p=0.028), additional adjustment for diabetes mellitus, poor run-off, critical limb ischemia and cumulative length of the stented segment did not alter the observed effect. Higher activity of heparin cofactor II may exert a protective effect against instent restenosis also in the femoropopliteal vessel area, confirming a prior observation after coronary stenting.

Introdução: Apesar dos avanços significativos no tratamento endovascular das doenças arteriais coronarianas e periféricas, a reestenose intra-stent continua sendo o principal limitante a médio prazo desses procedimentos. O mecanismo da reestenose intra-stent é principalmente a hiperplasia intimal, já que o stent impede a retração elástica aguda e resiste ao remodelamento geométrico negativo tardio. A hiperplasia intimal ocorre basicamente em resposta à formação de trombo local, à inflamação e às dissecções intimais e mediais secundárias à injúria causada pelo stent, sendo o grau de resposta intimal a base dos efeitos a longo prazo. O uso de stents com hastes menores e revestidos com drogas ou polímeros tem sido considerado uma nova alternativa para a prevenção da reestenose intra-stent. Objetivo: Analisar a resposta arterial ao implante de stent de cromo-cobalto sem e com revestimento de polímero Camouflage® em artérias carótidas de suínos, utilizando os seguintes parâmetros histológicos: grau de endotelização, conteúdo de células musculares lisas, grau de angiogênese, conteúdo de fibrina, grau de inflamação e injúria; além da análise histomorfométrica. Método: Stents balões-expansíveis de cromo-cobalto ( 8 stents CC Flex e 5 stents CC Flex Proactive) de 4 x 16 mm foram implantados em artérias carótidas comuns de oito suínos jovens, sendo um stent liberado em cada artéria. Após 30 dias, as artérias contendo os stents foram removidas, fixadas e coradas pelos métodos de hematoxilina/eosina e Verhoeff/Van Giesson. O segmento arterial contendo o stent foi dividido em 3 blocos distintos: proximal, médio e distal. Os cortes histológicos foram obtidos utilizando-se micrótomo de impacto (Polycut S, Leica, Alemanha) equipado com navalha de tungstênio de 16 cm, tipo D (Leica, Alemanha), com 5 ^m de espessura. A navalha de tungstênio mantém as hastes dos stents intactas nas secções transversas, minimizando os artefatos potenciais causados pela retirada dos stents. A avaliação foi realizada através de critérios histológicos e histomorfométricos. Resultados: Todos os stents foram implantados com sucesso e sem dificuldades técnicas. A análise histológica em 30 dias evidenciou alto grau de endotelização em todos os segmentos avaliados e leve à moderada infiltração de células musculares na íntima. Observou-se baixo grau de angiogênese em cerca de 50% dos segmentos avaliados e ausência completa de deposição de fibrina em pelo menos 80%, com distribuição semelhante entre os grupos. A resposta inflamatória e o grau de injúria causadas pelas hastes dos stents também foram discretas e similares entre os grupos e não houve correlação entre resposta inflamatória e injúria e desses parâmetros com a área de neoíntima. O grau de obstrução neo-intimal identificada neste período foi pequeno (15,1% +/- 8,38 CC Flex x 15,5%+/- 5,39 CC Flex ProActive) e estatisticamente não significativo entre os grupos (p=0,785). Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo experimental sugerem que o uso de stents de cromo-cobalto revestidos com polímero Camouflage® em artérias carótidas de suínos parece estar associado, pelo menos no curto prazo, a uma resposta histológica semelhante àquela encontrada após o implante de stents de cromo-cobalto não revestidos. Neste período não se observou uma menor hiperplasia intimal em virtude do revestimento de polímero.
Introduction: Despite all the advances in the endovascular treatment of coronary and peripheral artery diseases, in-stent restenosis is still the main limiting factor of these procedures in the medium and long-term. The mechanism of in-stent restenosis is mainly the intimal hyperplasia, as the stent prevents acute elastic recoil and later negative geometric arterial remodeling. Intimal hyperplasia occurs basically in response to the formation of local thrombus, inflammation and intimal and medial dissections secondary to the injury caused by the stent, with the degree of intimal response being the cause of long-term effects. Coating drug-eluting stents with polymers and drugs with thinner struts have been considered a new alternative for in-stent restenosis prevention. Objective: Analyse the arterial response to the cobalt-chromium stent implant with and without polymer coating Camouflage® in carotid arteries of pigs, using the following histological parameters: degree of endothelialization, smooth muscle cells (SMC) content, degree of angiogenesis, intimal fibrin content, degree of inflammation and injury; plus histomorphometric analysis. Method: Cobaltchromium balloon-expandable stents (8 CC Flex stents and 5 CC Flex Proactive), 4 x 16 mm, were deployed in common carotid arteries of 8 young pigs, with one stent being deployed in each artery. After 30 days, the arteries containing the stents were removed and underwent fixation and staining using the hematoxilin/eosin and Verhoeff /Van Giesson methods. The arterial segment containing the stent was divided into 3 distinct portions: proximal, middle and distal. The histological sections were obtained using impact microtome (Polycut S, Leica, Germany), equipped with a 16 cm, type D, 5 ^m thick tungsten knife (Leica, Germany). The tungsten knife maintains the stent shaft intact in cross sections, minimizing the potential artifacts caused by stent removal. The evaluation was carried out using histological and histomorfometric criteria. Results: All the stents were deployed with success and with no technical difficulties. The histological analysis performed after 30 days showed a high level of endothelialization in all the evaluated portions and mild to moderate infiltration of the SMC in the intima layer. A low level of angiogenesis of about 50% of the evaluated portions was observed and a complete absence of fibrin deposition in at least 80% of the portions, with similar distribution among the groups. The inflammatory response and the level of injury caused by the struts of the stents were also minimum and this was similar among the groups. There was no correlation between inflammatory response and injury and between the two latter parameters and the neo-intima area. The level of neo-intimal obstruction identified in this period was small (15,1% +/- 8,38 CC Flex x 15,5%+/- 5,39 CC Flex ProActive ) and no statistical significance between the groups (p=0,785). Conclusion: The findings of this experimental study suggest the use of balloonexpandable cobalt-chromium stents coated with polymer Camouflage® in carotid arteries of pigs seems to be associated, at least in the short-term, with a similar histological response to that found in the implantation of non-coated cobalt-chromium stents. In this period, a lower intimal hyperplasia was not observed with polymer coating stents.

Introduction La resténose intra-stent (RIS) reste le talon d'Achille des techniques de revascularisation endovasculaire. La supériorité des stents actifs pour l’artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs n'a pas été clairement démontrée et les modèles animaux restent peu fiables pour évaluer l'efficacité des nouveaux dispositifs. L’objectif est de définir sur un modèle lagomorphe, un protocole expérimental adapté à l’étude de la RIS et l’appliquer à l’évaluation in vivo de stents recouverts d’une membrane électrofilée contenant de la simvastatine. Matériel et méthode Des stents en chrome cobalt ont été recouverts d’une membrane électrofilée composée de chitosan (106000 g/mol, 2.97 % w/v), polymère de cyclodextrine (64650 g/mol, 3.3% w/v), polyethylène oxide (PEO, 900000 g/mol, 0.33% w/v) et simvastatine (33 wt-%). Les études de libération in vivo ont été conduites dans un milieu de PBS/SDS 0,7 wt-% (pH 7,4, 37°C). Des lapins mâles adultes blancs néo zélandais ont été soumis à un régime enrichi en cholestérol (0,3 %) et huile de noix de coco (4,9 %) pendant 7 semaines suivi d’une alimentation normale. Une lésion au ballon était réalisée au niveau des axes iliaques et le stenting iliaque était réalisé par voie fémorale. Trois protocole ont été conduits : 1) évaluation les lésions histomorphologiques induites par le régime hypercholestérolémique et la lésion artérielle au ballon, 2) comparaison stents nu versus stents enduits d’éverolimus et 3) stents nus versus stents recouverts d’une membrane électrofilée contenant de la simvastatine dits stents fonctionnalisés. Résultats La quantité totale de SV chargée sur la membrane après 30 min d’électrofilage était de 4,01 μg/mm² de membrane (± 0,44 μg/mm²). Trente lapins ont été inclus dans ce travail. Le pourcentage de sténose et le pourcentage de remodelage étaient significativement plus important dans le groupe lésion au ballon par rapport au groupe « contrôle » , respectivement 49,9% ± 21,9% vs 25,7% ± 19,1% (p=0,012), 33,9% ± 18,7% vs 17,8% ± 13,4 (p< 0,001). Il n’a pas été mis en évidence de différence significative entre stents nus et stents enduits d’éverolimus. L’aire de la lumière artérielle était significativement plus faible dans le groupe stent fonctionnalisé (p=0,002). L’aire de la néointima, le pourcentage de sténose et de remodelage et le score de lésion artérielle étaient significativement plus importants dans le groupe stents fonctionnalisés (p=0,05). Conclusion Le modèle animal à 2 lésions artérielles tel que nous le proposons a été optimisé pour être reproductible et pertinent dans le cadre de la maladie athérosclérotique et de la RIS. Les résultats in vivo des stents fonctionnalisés nous indiquent de modifier la nature du polymère et de pousser les investigations sur l’action « locale » de la SV, son seuil toxique et intervalles thérapeutiques qui ne sont, à ce jour, pas déterminées
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of a double injured atherosclerotic iliac rabbit model for myointimal hyperplasia evaluation. Secondarily, this animal model was use for pre clincial evaluation of a new anti-in stent restenosis simvastatin electrospun covered stent. Methods: Twenty four New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were included in this study. In order to enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, atherogenic diet (0.3% cholesterol and 4.9% coconut oil) and mechanical endothelial injury of iliac artery were used. Twelve rabbits (24 iliac arteries) were used to evaluate the benefit of intimal balloon injury compared to the diet alone on myointimal hyperplasia. On day 7, rabbits beneficiated balloon iliac injury on the left side only. Eight weeks they were scarified and iliac arteries were harvested to histologic examination and comparaison. Twelve rabbits were included in the second evaluation to compare anti instent restenosis effect of a new drug eluting chrome-cobalt stent (DES) coated with polycyclodextrin-chitosan-simvastatin polymer after electrospinning technique. Balloon injury were performed on both iliacs on day 7, then stenting of BMS on right iliac and DES on left iliac and animals were sacrified 4 weeks later after angiography for histologic examination. Results: Balloon iliac injuries (BI) revealed a significant higher Schwartz injury score (0.599±0.368 control vs 1.150±0.306 BI, p=0.013), percentage of stenosis (25.7±19.1 control vs 49.9±21.9 BI, p=0.012) and ratio collagen (0.252 ± 0.017 control vs 0.365 ± 0.011 BI, p=0.0001) than atherosclerotic diet only. Five rabbits died before the end of the protocol. After appaired comparison of BMS and DES, results were significantly better for BMS and pre-euthanasia angiography revealed that 3/7 DES were thrombosed versus 0/7 for BMS. Conclusions : Association of atherogenic diet and balloon injuries allow to obtain important neointimal hyperplasia and wall remodeling in rabbit iliac arteries that confirm its interest as in stent restenosis model for new DES

AbstractThe obstruction of the upper urinary tract represents a common medical condition which could be related to significant and life-threating complications such acute renal failure and urosepsis. Ureteral stents are commonly used to prevent and manage such complications. However, the use of standard stents involves significant comorbidities, including stent-associated infection, encrustation, migration, urothelial hyperplasia reaction. Also, urethral strictures represent a common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction with the characteristic of frequent recurrence. Patients suffering from urethral strictures can be treated by minimally invasive techniques such as mechanical dilatation with balloon or placing of urethral stents. In attempt to address the any stent-related complications, the urological research considered ideas and concepts used in interventional cardiology and radiology. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is the gold standard for coronary revascularization, even if restenosis complications exist in concerning rates. To address this complication, stents bearing drugs agents (most commonly immunosuppressive agents) have been used. These drug-eluting stents (DESs) release single or multiple bioactive agents, which are deposited on adjacent tissues. The immunosuppressive substances reduce benign tissue proliferation and their use has significantly reduced restenosis rates after PTCA. In a similar fashion, the drug-coated balloons (DCBs) are used as a new alternative instead of DESs in selected cases and offer important advantages. Their drug is released directly at the site of the stricture while avoiding any foreign material at the site of the stricture. Unfortunately, possibility of using DCBs in endourology is also under research.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging has the potential to become the new gold standard in the management of cardiovascular disease, particularly in the assessment of arterial lesions and post-intervention restenosis. NiTi stents exhibit superior MRI compatibility and allow direct MR imaging through the stented area. In the present study, pulsatile in-vitro flow measuremnts were obtained by Magnetic Resonance Phase-Velocity mapping (MR-PVM) through a nickel-titanium alloy stent with different grades of stenosis: a) 75%, 90% (symmetric) and 50% (asymmetric). The results showed clear visibility of the lumen through the stenosis and good correlation of the phase velocity maps through the stent/stenosis when compared with independent calculations of flow. The detection and evaluation of instent restenosis using these techniques could provide a non-invasive means of screening for further management of patients.