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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024
Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)":

1

Nageleisen, Louis-Michel, and Jean-Claude Grégoire. "Une vie de typographe : point des connaissances sur la biologie d'<i>Ips typographus</i> (Linnaeus 1758)." Revue forestière française 73, no. 4 (June 14, 2022): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2021.5565.

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Le typographe (Ips typographus) est un scolyte (Coléoptère scolytinae) dont l’hôte principal en Europe est l’Epicéa commun. Capable de développer plusieurs générations dans l’année en fonction des conditions climatiques, des pullulations sont régulièrement observées après des événements lui offrant d’innombrables sites de reproduction comme les chablis après tempête ou des peuplements affaiblis par des sécheresses. À la suite d’une lente coévolution entre l’insecte et son hôte, le typographe a développé une stratégie de colonisation lui permettant de dépasser les réactions de défense de l’arbre et de coloniser des arbres sains en période de pullulation. Cette caractéristique en fait le plus important tueur d’arbres parmi les insectes en Europe. A la suite de canicules et sécheresses inédites au cours des dernières années, le forestier est confronté à des dommages très importants dans les pessières, dans un contexte socioéconomique tel qu’il est difficile d’intervenir efficacement pour contrer l’épidémie en cours.
2

Jouault, Thierry. "Avant-propos." médecine/sciences 35, no. 2 (February 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019011.

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Pour éclairer la série que nous vous proposons, il nous a semblé important de rappeler les règles définissant ce que sont les organismes-modèles ainsi que la réglementation en vigueur quant à leur utilisation en recherche biomédicale. Les études in vitro ou ex vivo, sur cellules ou tissus, ou les analyses in silico ne permettent pas d’aborder des problématiques complexes. Elles sont certes utiles pour des analyses mécanistiques, mais ne permettent pas l’étude de réponses biologiques intégrées qui nécessitent l’analyse d’un organisme entier. Ces organismes sont soumis à une réglementation stricte. Elle les distingue selon qu’ils sont vertébrés ou invertébrés. Si les mammifères modélisent nombre de pathologies humaines, certains organismes simples permettent également de mener ce type d’études et de répondre à des questions liées à la génétique. Leur intérêt est leur rapidité et leur capacité de reproduction qui facilitent les expérimentations. Le poisson zèbre en est un bon exemple avec les nombreuses versions de morphants qui ont été développés et qui ont permis de révéler les conséquences d’altérations génomiques sur un phénotype particulier. Cet organisme-modèle est donc particulièrement utilisé pour l’étude de pathologies monogéniques ou pour déterminer le rôle d’un gène dans l’étiologie de diverses pathologies. La transparence du poisson zèbre rend de plus les investigations plus faciles. Caenorhabditis elegans est également un excellent modèle d’organisme simple et qui, contrairement au poisson zèbre, ne relève pas de la réglementation concernant l’expérimentation animale. Son utilisation est ainsi, comme pour les insectes, plus aisée. Connaître les différences entre les organismes-modèles, leurs avantages et leurs limites, et les règles dictant leur utilisation est donc primordial pour la réalisation d’expérimentations qui restent nécessaires à l’acquisition de nouvelles connaissances dans le domaine de la biologie et de la santé.
3

Li, Xiaokang, Yan Zhou, and Kongming Wu. "Biological Characteristics and Energy Metabolism of Migrating Insects." Metabolites 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030439.

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Through long-distance migration, insects not only find suitable breeding locations and increase the survival space and opportunities for the population but also facilitate large-scale material, energy, and information flow between regions, which is important in maintaining the stability of agricultural ecosystems and wider natural ecosystems. In this study, we summarize the changes in biological characteristics such as morphology, ovarian development, reproduction, and flight capability during the seasonal migration of the insect. In consideration of global research work, the interaction between flight and reproduction, the influence and regulation of the insulin-like and juvenile hormone on the flight and reproductive activities of migrating insects, and the types of energy substances, metabolic processes, and hormone regulation processes during insect flight are elaborated. This systematic review of the latest advances in the studies on insect migration biology and energy metabolism will help readers to better understand the biological behavior and regulation mechanism of the energy metabolism of insect migration.
4

Pamminger, Tobias, David Treanor, and William O. H. Hughes. "Pleiotropic effects of juvenile hormone in ant queens and the escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20152409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2409.

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The ubiquitous trade-off between survival and costly reproduction is one of the most fundamental constraints governing life-history evolution. In numerous animals, gonadotropic hormones antagonistically suppressing immunocompetence cause this trade-off. The queens of many social insects defy the reproduction–survival trade-off, achieving both an extraordinarily long life and high reproductive output, but how they achieve this is unknown. Here we show experimentally, by integrating quantification of gene expression, physiology and behaviour, that the long-lived queens of the ant Lasius niger have escaped the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off by decoupling the effects of a key endocrine regulator of fertility and immunocompetence in solitary insects, juvenile hormone (JH). This modification of the regulatory architecture enables queens to sustain a high reproductive output without elevated JH titres and suppressed immunocompetence, providing an escape from the reproduction–immunocompetence trade-off that may contribute to the extraordinary lifespan of many social insect queens.
5

Blacher, Pierre, Timothy J. Huggins, and Andrew F. G. Bourke. "Evolution of ageing, costs of reproduction and the fecundity–longevity trade-off in eusocial insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 12, 2017): 20170380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0380.

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Eusocial insects provide special opportunities to elucidate the evolution of ageing as queens have apparently evaded costs of reproduction and reversed the fecundity–longevity trade-off generally observed in non-social organisms. But how reproduction affects longevity in eusocial insects has rarely been tested experimentally. In this study, we took advantage of the reproductive plasticity of workers to test the causal role of reproduction in determining longevity in eusocial insects. Using the eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris , we found that, in whole colonies, in which workers could freely ‘choose’ whether to become reproductive, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly positively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers significantly outlived ovary-inactive workers. By contrast, when reproductivity was experimentally induced in randomly selected workers, thereby decoupling it from other traits, workers' level of ovarian activation was significantly negatively associated with longevity and ovary-active workers were significantly less long-lived than ovary-inactive workers. These findings show that workers experience costs of reproduction and suggest that intrinsically high-quality individuals can overcome these costs. They also raise the possibility that eusocial insect queens exhibit condition-dependent longevity and hence call into question whether eusociality entails a truly reversed fecundity–longevity trade-off involving a fundamental remodelling of conserved genetic and endocrine networks underpinning ageing.
6

Oldroyd, Benjamin P., and Boris Yagound. "Parent-of-origin effects, allele-specific expression, genomic imprinting and paternal manipulation in social insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1826 (April 19, 2021): 20200425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0425.

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Haplo-diploidy and the relatedness asymmetries it generates mean that social insects are prime candidates for the evolution of genomic imprinting. In single-mating social insect species, some genes may be selected to evolve genomic mechanisms that enhance reproduction by workers when they are inherited from a female. This situation reverses in multiple mating species, where genes inherited from fathers can be under selection to enhance the reproductive success of daughters. Reciprocal crosses between subspecies of honeybees have shown strong parent-of-origin effects on worker reproductive phenotypes, and this could be evidence of such genomic imprinting affecting genes related to worker reproduction. It is also possible that social insect fathers directly affect gene expression in their daughters, for example, by placing small interfering RNA molecules in semen. Gene expression studies have repeatedly found evidence of parent-specific gene expression in social insects, but it is unclear at this time whether this arises from genomic imprinting, paternal manipulation, an artefact of cyto-nuclear interactions, or all of these. This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?’
7

Amarasinghe, Harindra E., Crisenthiya I. Clayton, and Eamonn B. Mallon. "Methylation and worker reproduction in the bumble-bee ( Bombus terrestris )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1780 (April 7, 2014): 20132502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2502.

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Insects are at the dawn of an epigenetics era. Numerous social insect species have been found to possess a functioning methylation system, previously not thought to exist in insects. Methylation, an epigenetic tag, may be vital for the sociality and division of labour for which social insects are renowned. In the bumble-bee Bombus terrestris , we found methylation differences between the genomes of queenless reproductive workers and queenless non-reproductive workers. In a follow up experiment, queenless workers whose genomes had experimentally altered methylation were more aggressive and more likely to develop ovaries compared with control queenless workers. This shows methylation is important in this highly plastic reproductive division of labour. Methylation is an epigenetic tag for genomic imprinting (GI). It is intriguing that the main theory to explain the evolution of GI predicts that GI should be important in this worker reproduction behaviour.
8

Straub, Lars, Laura Villamar-Bouza, Selina Bruckner, Panuwan Chantawannakul, Laurent Gauthier, Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong, Gina Retschnig, et al. "Neonicotinoid insecticides can serve as inadvertent insect contraceptives." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1835 (July 27, 2016): 20160506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0506.

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There is clear evidence for sublethal effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on non-target ecosystem service-providing insects. However, their possible impact on male insect reproduction is currently unknown, despite the key role of sex. Here, we show that two neonicotinoids (4.5 ppb thiamethoxam and 1.5 ppb clothianidin) significantly reduce the reproductive capacity of male honeybees (drones), Apis mellifera . Drones were obtained from colonies exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticides or controls, and subsequently maintained in laboratory cages until they reached sexual maturity. While no significant effects were observed for male teneral (newly emerged adult) body mass and sperm quantity, the data clearly showed reduced drone lifespan, as well as reduced sperm viability (percentage living versus dead) and living sperm quantity by 39%. Our results demonstrate for the first time that neonicotinoid insecticides can negatively affect male insect reproductive capacity, and provide a possible mechanistic explanation for managed honeybee queen failure and wild insect pollinator decline. The widespread prophylactic use of neonicotinoids may have previously overlooked inadvertent contraceptive effects on non-target insects, thereby limiting conservation efforts.
9

Labeyrie, Vincent. "EFFETS MATERNELS ET BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146153-1.

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AbstractMaternal influences on an insect population must be assessed within a numerically and spatially restricted enclave; it is difficult to demonstrate the impact within a large polymorphic group whose qualitative and quantitative evolution is subject to a number of conflicting influences. When a variety of selective factors is involved, the problem is to isolate, from the polymorphism, the portion that can be attributed to maternal effects.In short-lived organisms such as insects, direct maternal effects on the progeny have an advantage over slower, indirect responses to selective pressures. Direct effects allow progeny to adapt sooner to ecological trends that began or were operating during the parental generation. The peculiarities of insect embryonic development allow maternal influences to act directly on the F1 adults through their deferred effects on the imaginal discs. Species that deposit organized egg masses provide the best material for studying maternal effects.Behaviour at oviposition can lead to special types of progeny distributions that affect the offspring's survival. In parasitoids, for example, maternal behaviour can introduce a kind of "arena selection" generating superparasitism by aggregative oviposition.The next generation's ecological response that is produced by maternal effects is mediated by changes at the behavioural, metabolic and ovarian levels during the mother's reproductive activity. In this way, she provides a key part of the next generation's functional polymorphism.
10

Negroni, Matteo Antoine, Maide Nesibe Macit, Marah Stoldt, Barbara Feldmeyer, and Susanne Foitzik. "Molecular regulation of lifespan extension in fertile ant workers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1823 (March 8, 2021): 20190736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0736.

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The evolution of sociality in insects caused a divergence in lifespan between reproductive and non-reproductive castes. Ant queens can live for decades, while most workers survive only weeks to a few years. In most organisms, longevity is traded-off with reproduction, but in social insects, these two life-history traits are positively linked. Once fertility is induced in workers, e.g. by queen removal, worker lifespan increases. The molecular regulation of this positive link between fecundity and longevity and generally the molecular underpinnings of caste-specific senescence are not well understood. Here, we investigate the transcriptomic regulation of lifespan and reproduction in fat bodies of three worker groups in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus . In a long-term experiment, workers that became fertile in the absence of the queen showed increased survival and upregulation of genes involved in longevity and fecundity pathways. Interestingly, workers that re-joined their queen after months exhibited intermediate ovary development, but retained a high expression of longevity and fecundity genes. Strikingly, the queen's presence causes a general downregulation of genes in worker fat bodies. Our findings point to long-term consequences of fertility induction in workers, even after re-joining their queen. Moreover, we reveal longevity genes and pathways modulated during insect social evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’
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Статті в журналах Дисертації

Дисертації з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)":

1

Kobbi, May. "Développement et phénologie de "Ficus microcarpa L;f. " en Tunisie : impact sur la biologie de la reproduction." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20239.

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En se basant sur la structure de l'arbre, nous avons etudie la phenologie de ficus microcarpa linn. F. En tunisie. Le desynchronisme phenologique global observe chez cette espece, n'est autre que la resultante de desynchronismes manifestes a l'echelle de l'arbre, le complexe reitere et les differentes categories d'axes. De plus cette etude montre qu'une espece de figuier est capable de maintenir, en dehors de son aire d'origine (asie du sud est), sa population de pollinisateur associe (parapristina verticillata). La valeur adaptative du desynchronisme intra-arbre dans la relation mutualiste figuier/pollinisateur est discute.
2

Zinck, Lea. "Le mutualisme chez la fourmi polygyne facultative Ectatomma tuberculatum : Etude génétique et comportementale." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA132041.

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L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'étudier le mutualisme chez la fourmi facultativement polygyne Ectatomma tuberculatum. D'une part, nous avons pu montrer le caractère mutualiste des sociétés polygynes au niveau infra-colonial, à travers l'absence de népotisme dans le comportement de soin des ouvrières envers les reines. Afin de comprendre ce résultat en apparente contradiction avec la théorie de la sélection de parentèle, nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux causes ultimes et proximales de la polygynie chez E. Tuberculatum. Notre approche combinant études génétiques et comportementales a permis de montrer l'existence de budding et de polydomie dans cette espèce, et de relier la variabilité du nombre de reine par nid à de la polygynie secondaire. De plus, la disper-sion limitée des femelles dans cette espèce est responsable de l'existence d'une viscosité génétique au niveau de la population qui permet d'expliquer l'ouverture des colonies et l'absence de discrimi-nation de parentèle, et donc la possibilité d'adoptions de reines non apparentées. L'étude du profil des hydrocarbures cuticulaires des reines et des ouvrières lors de ces adoptions, a par ailleurs révélé que les hydrocarbures cuticulaires ne semblent pas permettre une reconnaissance de parentèle, mais signalent plutôt la caste et la fertilité des reines. D'autre part, la distribution agrégée des colonies sur le terrain, en relation avec la mosaïque des fourmis arboricoles, nous a amené à étudier le caractère mutualiste de cette espèce à l'échelle de la population. Notre étude du niveau d'agressivité et de la territorialité de cette fourmi a ainsi révélé que les colonies voisines entretiennent des relations privi-légiées ce qui suggère l'existence d'un mutualisme au niveau inter-colonial. Nous discutons ces ré-sultats dans le contexte des supercolonies et montrons que c'est l'organisation sociale d'E. Tubercula-tum grandement influencée par des contraintes environnementales, et non des propriétés unic6loniales de cette fourmi, qui sont à l'origine de sa dominance écologique dans la mosaïque des fourmis arboricoles. Le mutualisme particulier de cette espèce découle en fait de l'absence de dis-crimination qui caractérise ces populations, et résulte d'un point de vue évolutif, de la sélection de parentèle, du fait de la forte structuration génétique des populations d'E. Tuberculatum dans ces ha-bitats
The aim of this work was to 'study mutualism in the facultative polygynous ant Ectatomma tuber-culatum. First, we investigated within-colony mutualism by studying the absence of nepotism in worker-queen care in polygynous colonies of E. Tuberculatum. We then studied the proximal and ultimate causes of polygyny in this species. Genetic and behavioural analysis revealed that secondary polygyny, budding and polydomy occur in E. Tuberculatum, and that the limited dispersal of females results in strong population and colony genetic structure. Genetic viscosity at a fine spatial scale therefore allows to explain the absence of kin discrimination and the success of experimental unrelated queen adoptions. Moreover chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles during queen adoption experiments reveal that cuticular hydrocarbons can-not be used as kin recognition cues in this species, while they could be involved in queen fertility signalling. Second, we investigated between-colony mutualism in this dominant ant species, because of its typical ag-gregated nest distribution in patches. The absence of territoriality and the low level of aggression between neighbouring colonies of E. Tuberculatum suggest that mutualism may occur at the population level and par-ticipates in this ant's ecological dominance. Our results reveal that the social organisation of E. Tuberculatum is likely to be responsible of its dominance in the mosaic of arboreal ants, and not any unicolonial property. In conclusion, mutualism within- and between-colonies in E. Tuberculatum likely results from the absence of kin and colonial discrimination in these populations. The social organisation of this species is in fact largely influenced by ecological constraints of the mosaic of arboreal ants and kin selection can explain the evolu-tion of mutualism in E. Tuberculatum due to the strong genetic structure of its populations in these habitats
3

Foucaud, Julien. "Biologie évolutive d'une fourmi envahissante à la sexualité insolite, Wasmannia auropunctata." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0032.

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Les invasions biologiques représentent l’un des composants majeurs du changement global en cours. Pourtant, notre connaissance des processus évolutifs et écologiques liés aux invasions biologiques reste encore limitée. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’améliorer notre connaissance sur ces processus au travers de l’étude d’une fourmi envahissante, Wasmannia auropunctata. Dans ce but, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques génétiques et comportementales de différentes populations de l’aire native ou introduite et les propriétés de leur habitat, et conduit des études expérimentales en milieu contrôlé. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un polymorphisme du système de reproduction (clonal/sexué) chez W. Auropunctata. Contrairement aux attendus issus de la littérature, le caractère envahissant de certaines populations émerge dans l’aire native de l’espèce, et ne s’explique ni par leur système de reproduction, ni par leur organisation sociale, mais plutôt par une modification des milieux liée à l’activité humaine. Le système de reproduction clonal semble néanmoins jouer un rôle indirect dans le succès envahissant de l’espèce en maintenant des combinaisons de gènes permettant d’occuper les habitats anthropisés. Une expérience en conditions contrôlées confirme que les ouvrières des nids clonaux sont plus tolérantes que les ouvrières des nids sexués aux conditions abiotiques chaudes et sèches observées dans les zones anthropisées de l’aire native. Notre étude souligne l’importance des processus éco-évolutifs ayant lieu au sein de l’aire native des espèces envahissantes, le rôle majeur de l’homme dans ces processus, et le potentiel adaptatif de la reproduction clonale.
4

Perdereau, Elfie. "Biologie de l'invasion d'un termite américain en France : évolution de l'organisation sociale et conséquences sur le succès invasif." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4024/document.

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L’augmentation des problèmes liés aux invasions biologiques nécessite une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes permettant le succès invasif d’une espèce. Chez les insectes sociaux invasifs, les études se sont focalisées sur les Hyménoptères, et ont montré que l’organisation sociale des populations introduites présentait des caractères propres. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de caractériser l’organisation sociale des populations introduites chez les termites (Isoptères) à travers l’étude de l’invasion de Reticulitermes flavipes en France. L’ensemble des résultats révèle que (i) l’organisation sociale des populations introduites varie de celle des populations natives en présentant une forme extrême de néoténie et une forte capacité à fusionner ; (ii) ces variations semblent résulter d’une évolution suite à l’introduction et (iii) avoir favorisé l’installation et l’expansion de ce termite en France, similairement à l’unicolonialité et la polygynie des Hyménoptères sociaux introduits. Les possibles origines évolutives des variations observées entre les populations natives et introduites de R. flavipes sont discutées
The increasing of ecological and economical problems linked to biological invasion phenomenon necessitate a better understanding of mechanisms allowing an invasive success. In social insects, studies are mainly focused on social Hymenoptera, and has demonstrated that social organization of introduced populations presented particular characters allowing their invasive success. The principal objective of my PhD is to characterize the social organization of the introduced populations in Isoptera through the study of the American termite Reticulitermes flavipes introduced in France. The overall of results reveals (i) strong variations of social organization between native and introduced populations presenting a extreme form of neoteny and a strong capacity to colonial fusion; (ii) these variations seem to have evolved after its introduction in France, and (iii) to allow the establishment and expansion of R. flavipes in France, similarly to unicoloniality and polygyny observed in the social invasive Hymenoptera. The possible evolutionary origins of the observed variations between native and introduced populations of R. flavipes are discussed
5

Vantorre, Thomas. "Communication chimique et compétition lors de la reproduction chez Gastrophysa viridula, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209328.

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Анотація:
Parmi les modes de communication les plus exploités chez les insectes, la communication chimique figure en bonne place. D’ailleurs, la recherche moderne consacrée aux signaux chimiques émis et perçus par les individus d’une même espèce n’a de cesse de se développer depuis plus de 50 ans. A travers ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à ces phéromones associées au comportement sexuel de Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera :Chrysomelidae). Nous avons menés, dans ce cadre, plusieurs bioessais comportementaux liés pour la plupart à des analyses chimiques par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à une spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS).

La fonction la plus évidente de la phéromone sexuelle de G. viridula est l’induction du comportement sexuel mâle. Cet « aphrodisiaque », probablement constitué de plusieurs composés cuticulaires (des alcanes méthylés lourds), est émis par la femelle et déclenche par contact la sortie de l’édéage des mâles. Etonnamment, ces composés se retrouvent aussi chez les mâles de G. viridula dont le comportement sexuel est alors induit au contact de composés cuticulaires mâles. Ceci constituerait la cause proximale des comportements homosexuels observés chez les mâles de G. viridula. Nous avons ensuite étudié le rôle des composés cuticulaires dans l’isolement sexuel entre G. viridula et G. cyanea. Le comportement sexuel des mâles des deux espèces est en effet induit préférentiellement par les femelles conspécifiques. Pour G. viridula, cette préférence est visiblement attribuable aux composés cuticulaires. Enfin, les signaux chimiques sont parfois indicateurs du degré de compétition spermatique rencontré par un mâle et permettent à celui-ci d’ajuster la quantité de spermatozoïdes transmis à une femelle. Avant d’étudier l’implication de tels signaux chez G. viridula, nous avons souhaité mettre en évidence un ajustement de la quantité de spermatozoïdes transmis par des mâles soumis à divers degrés de compétition spermatique. Nos résultats ne nous permettent malheureusement pas de signaler un tel effet.


Doctorat en Sciences
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6

Bilal, Hamzeh. "Biologie de la reproduction chez callosobruchus maculatus f. (coléoptère, bruchidae), formes voilières et non voilières : application à la protection des stocks." Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4014.

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C. Maculatus, coleoptère bruchidae existe sous deux formes : voilière et non voilière (plus des intermédiaires), qui diffèrent, dans leur morphologie, leur physiologie (aptitude au vol, activité reproductive) et leur comportement. Les individus non voiliers sont sexuellement matures des l'émergence et chez les femelles, l'ovogénése se déroule de façon indépendante de la plante-hôte. A l'émergence les individus voiliers sont en quiescence reproductrice. L'activité reproductrice est déclenchée à la suite de la perception par gustation d'informations chimiques spécifiques de la plante-hôte. Les femelles voilières réagissent aux odeurs de plante-hôte et ont une anémotaxie plus marquée que les non voilières. Les femelles vierges des deux formes produisent une phéromone sexuelle (attirant les mâles) dont la libération, chez les femelles non voilières, commence quelques heure après l'émergence, indépendamment de la plante-hôte qui est indispensable, ici aussi, aux voiliers. Dans les populations étudiées, les femelles inséminées des deux formes ne pondent pas en l'absence de stimulations gustatives spécifiques de la plante-hôte (gousses, graines), perçues par contact. La distribution des pontes par des femelles des deux formes est remarquablement uniforme. Ce comportement dépend de stimulations mécaniques par les ufs préexistants et de stimulations chimiques, dues à des substances spécifiques déposées lors de la ponte. Les pontes préexistantes, bien que modifiant la distribution des pontes ultérieures, ne les inhibent pas. La décision de pondre est prise par la femelle et résulte de l'intégration d'informations dissuadantes dues aux ufs préexistants et d'informations plus ou moins stimulantes dépendant de l'urgence à pondre c'est-à-dire du niveau de rétention des ovocytes murs). Le traitement des graines par différentes huiles végétales à 0,5%, assure une protection des stocks très satisfaisante.
7

Cournault, Laurent. "Regulation of reproduction in polygynous ants (Dolichoderinae): queen fertility signal and adult polyploidy." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210332.

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Regulation of reproduction is one central feature of social life. In particular, only a few individuals are in charge of producing offspring in eusocial species. This division of the reproductive labour is mainly mediated by pheromones emitted by the queens in social insects. These queen pheromones may signal the presence of a fertile queen so that workers react accordingly by taking care of her and not reproducing.

Here I investigated two aspects of the reproduction of two polygynous ant species. The first one, Linepithema humile, is a unicolonial, highly polygynous and invasive species. It has been the focus of numerous studies about queen pheromones; in particular, it has been reported that queen cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) profile is related to queen fertility. The other one, Tapinoma erraticum, is a multi-colonial, weakly polygynous and native species. Workers can lay haploid eggs in the absence of the queens which is impossible for Linepithema workers.

The major part of my thesis dealt with the queen fertility signalling issue. In the first two chapters I demonstrate the link between queen fertility and queen pheromone output. I first study a queen releaser pheromone, the queen retrieval behaviour. This behaviour is performed by the workers who lay a chemical trail toward a queen located outside the nest. I successfully show this behaviour to be related to queen fertility, and not mating status, in L. humile and T. erraticum since only fertile queens (mated or not) induce such recruitment. I then highlight the role of queen fertility in the prevention of worker reproduction in T. erraticum. Again, mated fertile queens and unmated fertile queens are both able to induce such primer effect. In a third chapter I report that CHC profiles may discriminate female castes (workers, queens, virgin queens, and virgin egg-laying queens) in T. erraticum. Finally, chapter 4 summarizes my attempts to prove that CHC may be involved in queen retrieval or queen attraction. None of the various bioassays tested allows me to demonstrate the putative role of CHC as queen pheromone.

In a second part, I was interested in the consequences of sex determination in T. erraticum. Chapter 5 presents the flow cytometry methodology (FC) which allowed me to score the number of sperm cells from spermathecae of several ant species, and to demonstrate that polygynous species (such as L. humile and T. erraticum) store less sperm than monogynous ones. FCM also allows determining the ploidy of sperm and adult somatic cells and chapter 6 which presents a large survey on the ploidy level within the species T. erraticum. This species displays diploid males that may produce diploid sperm which in turn can father a viable triploid female progeny. I report differences in the frequency of triploidy among female castes, the proportion of triploid workers being more important than triploid virgin queens whereas I never observed triploid mated fertile queens. Such results greatly suggest a putative regulatory mechanism involved in the rearing of triploid females. In the last chapter I investigated two populations that differ in the occurrence of triploid workers. I report these populations to vary in the number of queens and workers per nest.

/La régulation de la reproduction est un aspect essentiel de la vie sociale. En particulier, chez les espèces eusociales, seuls quelques individus sont impliqués dans la production de la descendance. Dans les sociétés d’insectes, une telle division du travail reproducteur est principalement assurée par l’émission de phéromones par les reines. Ces phéromones royales renseignent les membres de la colonie sur la présence d’une reine fertile, de telle sorte que les ouvrières réagissent en s’occupant d’elle et en s’abstenant de se reproduire.

Au cours de ce travail, je me suis intéressé à deux aspects de la reproduction au sein de deux espèces de fourmis polygynes. La première espèce, Linepithema humile, est invasive, unicoloniale et hautement polygyne dans les régions à climat méditerranéen. Elle a fait l’objet de nombreuses études portant notamment sur les phéromones royales. En particulier, il a été montré que le profil d’hydrocarbures cuticulaires (HCC) des reines est corrélé à leur fertilité. La seconde espèce, Tapinoma erraticum, est une espèce indigène, multi-coloniale et faiblement polygyne. Ses ouvrières sont capables de pondre des œufs mâles en absence de reines, ce dont sont incapables les ouvrières de Linepithema.

Je me suis principalement intéressé à la question de la signalisation de la fertilité des reines. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, je démontre le lien existant entre la fertilité des reines et la production de phéromone royale. J’ai d’abord étudié une phéromone incitatrice (releaser) qui provoque un recrutement royal. Ce comportement collectif très caractéristique correspond à la mise en place d’une piste chimique en direction d’une reine découverte par les ouvrières en dehors du nid. Je montre que ce comportement est lié à la fertilité de la reine chez les espèces L. humile et T. erraticum car seules les reines fertiles (fécondées ou non) sont capables de d’induire le recrutement royal. Je mets ensuite en évidence le rôle de la fertilité des reines dans la régulation de la reproduction des ouvrières de T. erraticum. A nouveau, les reines fécondées fertiles et les reines vierges fertiles sont toutes deux capables d’induire un même effet déclencheur (primer), en l’occurrence, l’inhibition de la reproduction des ouvrières. Dans un troisième chapitre, je montre que les profils d’hydrocarbures (HCC) permettent de distinguer sans ambiguïté les différentes castes femelles (ouvrières, reines fertiles, reines vierges et reines vierges pondeuses) chez T. erraticum. Enfin, le chapitre 4 résume mes tentatives pour démontrer le rôle des HCC dans les phénomènes de recrutement royal ou d’attractivité des reines. Aucun des bio-essais réalisés ne me permet de démontrer l’implication des HCC dans la phéromone royale.

Dans une seconde partie, je me suis intéressé aux conséquences du déterminisme du sexe chez T. erraticum. Le chapitre 5 présente cytométrie de flux (CF), une méthode qui me permet de compter les spermatozoïdes stockés dans les spermathèques de quelques espèces de fourmis et de montrer que les reines des espèces polygynes (telles que L. humile et T. erraticum) stockent moins de sperme que les espèces monogynes. La CF permet aussi de déterminer le niveau de ploïdie des cellules spermatiques ou somatiques chez l’adulte. Je me sers de cette application dans le chapitre 6 afin d’étudier le niveau de ploïdie au sein de l’espèce T. erraticum. Je montre que, dans les populations étudiées, il existe des mâles diploïdes et que ces mâles peuvent produire du sperme diploïde fertile, capable d’engendrer une descendance femelle triploïde. Je note des différences dans la fréquence des femelles triploïdes :la proportion d’ouvrières triploïdes est significativement plus importante que celle des reines vierges triploïdes. De plus, je n’ai jamais observé la présence de reines fécondées fertiles triploïdes. De tels résultats suggèrent fortement la présence d’un phénomène de régulation au cours de l’élevage du couvain triploïde. Dans le dernier chapitre, j’ai étudié deux populations de T. erraticum qui diffèrent au niveau de la proportion d’ouvrières triploïdes. Ces populations présentent des différences significatives dans le nombre de reines et d’ouvrières par nid.


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8

Ouedraogo, Patouin Albert. "Le déterminisme du polymorphisme imaginal chez callosobruchus maculatus (fab), coléoptère bruchidae : son importance sur la biologie des populations de ce bruchidae." Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR4005.

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Deux types d'adultes sont observés chez callosobruchus maculatus : des adultes de forme non voilière, incapables de voler et sexuellement actifs dès leur émergence des graines et des adultes de forme voilière, capable de voler et qui présentent au début de la vie imaginale une quiescence reproductrice. Ces deux formes diffèrent aussi bien par des caractéristiques morphologiques que physiologiques et comportementales. Ce polymorphisme imaginale est induit pendant le développement larvaire sous l'action combinée de deux facteurs, la teneur en eau des graines et la température. Lorsque le développement larvaire a lieu dans des graines à teneur en eau élévée, en présence de conditions chaudes, il y a émergence d'un fort taux d'adultes de forme voilière. Lorsque celui-ci a lieu dans des graines à teneur en eau faible, quelle que soit la température, seuls les adultes de forme non voilière émergent. En condition de températures basses, quelle que soit la teneur en eau des graines, il n'y a que des adultes de forme non voilière qui émergent. Ces facteurs environnementaux jouent un rôle certain dans la régulation du cycle biologique de cet insecte tropical.
9

Higgins, Charlene J. "Spatial distribution and reproductive biology of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29873.

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Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), are haplodiploids. Virgin females produce sons parthenogenetically but must be mated to produce daughters. As a result, primary and secondary (adult) sex ratios can diverge from the 1:1 ratio commonly observed in diploid systems. Field studies were conducted to examine the spatial distribution of WFT on two greenhouse crops, Bell peppers, Capsicum annuum (Linn.) and Long English cucumbers, Cucumis sativus (Linn.) to determine if there was a correlation between sex ratio and density. Leaf and flower samples were taken weekly. All adult and immature WFT were counted and sex of adults determined. Yellow sticky traps were used to monitor density and sex ratio of the dispersing adult population. Lab studies were also done to investigate if male availability affected the sex ratio and number of offspring produced by individual females. Laboratory experiments were done to assess the effects of sperm availability and maternal age on sex ratio of progeny produced. On both crops, 84 to 95 % of adult WFT in flowers were females and most larvae (> 85 %) were found on leaves. Male WFT were rare on all plant parts even when caught in high numbers on traps. Approximately 75 % of females found on plants in the greenhouse were mated. Most (70 - 90 %) WFT on traps at low densities (< 200 individuals/trap) were males. This suggests that WFT populations are initiated by virgin females that likely overwintered as pseudopupae in the greenhouse. These females initially produce only sons, and may have to wait for these to emerge before they mate and produce daughters. As WFT density within a greenhouse increases, females are probably mated soon after emergence. Sex ratio of adults on traps becomes more female biased as density increases within a greenhouse. Heavily female biased (> 65 %) sex ratios were found on traps at high population densities (> 200 individuals/trap). Sex ratio of adults on traps remained male biased in the pepper greenhouse (WL) where the population density of WFT remained low. Information regarding within-plant distribution of thrips is essential for population monitoring and control. Used together, regular examination of flowers and counts of adults on sticky traps allow quick detection of potential "hot spots" of WFT density. Sex ratio and density are highly correlated. Sex ratio of the dispersing adult population is a good predictor of outbreak potential of the extant WFT population. Two WFT predators found in greenhouses were also monitored to document their effects on WFT population density and sex ratio. Mass introductions of the predatory mite, Amblysieus cucumeris, did not successfully control WFT in most greenhouses monitored. A natural infestation of pirate bugs, Orius tristicolor occurred in the only pepper house monitored. WFT density remained low throughout the growing season. O. tristicolor shows promise for future use in integrated pest management programs designed to control F. occidentalis in commercial greenhouses. Lab studies showed that sex ratio of offspring produced by mated females was influenced by sperm supply and maternal age. Mated females produced sons and daughters which suggests that females control sex of offspring produced through selective fertilization. Once mated, two-thirds of offspring produced are females. Older females produced fewer daughters than younger females. A principle conclusion from this study is that sex ratio of the WFT population within a greenhouse can be used to predict future population dynamics. Male availability may be the most important factor affecting the number of daughters produced by individual females which in turn may determine the potential of WFT populations to increase.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
10

Thomann, Michel. "Evolution des stratégies de reproduction des plantes à fleurs face aux changements globaux et au déclin des pollinisateurs." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20230.

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De nombreuses populations voient leurs conditions de vie modifiées par les changements globaux. Au-delà de leurs conséquences écologiques, les changements globaux peuvent également modifier les régimes de sélection des populations. Le déclin récent des pollinisateurs pourrait altérer fortement le succès reproducteur de nombreuses populations de plantes à fleurs. Cependant, ses conséquences évolutives n'ont pas été étudiées jusqu'ici. Cette thèse traite de la possibilité d'adaptation des stratégies de reproduction des plantes face aux changements globaux et plus spécifiquement face au déclin des pollinisateurs. Cette question a été abordée en deux temps. Premièrement, l'analyse de l'abondante littérature théorique et empirique sur les systèmes de reproduction des plantes et dans un moindre mesure la construction d'un modèle d'évolution des traits floraux d'attraction ont permis de clarifier des scénarios d'évolution à court terme. Deuxièmement, une approche empirique originale a été menée, consistant à comparer directement les traits de populations ancestrales et descendantes de trois espèces annuelles, à partir de la culture en jardin commun de graines anciennes et récentes en provenance de régions où des indices de déclin des pollinisateurs existent. Cette approche permet de mettre clairement en évidence l'évolution génétique. Les données existantes indiquent que le déclin des pollinisateurs peut accentuer la limitation pollinique et par conséquent augmenter la sélection sur les traits floraux. Par ailleurs, la variation génétique substantielle dans les populations suggère que l'évolution rapide des populations de plantes est possible. L'analyse de la littérature et notre étude théorique suggèrent que l'accroissement de la capacité d'autofécondation autonome ou l'accroissement de l'attraction des pollinisateurs sont deux scénarios d'évolution possibles. Deux types de réponses évolutives ressortent de nos travaux expérimentaux. D'abord, une avancée du calendrier de floraison a été retrouvée chez les trois espèces étudiées. Ce résultat souligne le rôle de l'évolution génétique, et pas seulement de la plasticité phénotypique, dans les avancées de phénologies de printemps que l'on retrouve chez de très nombreux organismes. Ensuite, contrairement aux traits de phénologie, les traits floraux ont évolué dans des directions opposées selon les espèces. Ainsi, des traits floraux a priori plus attractifs ont évolué chez une des espèces tandis que pour une autre, des traits floraux a priori moins attractifs ont évolué, mais s'accompagnent d'une meilleure capacité d'autofécondation autonome. Cette étude confirme que les traits de reproduction des plantes peuvent évoluer en quelques décennies seulement. La possibilité du sauvetage évolutif des populations, par l'évolution rapide des traits et des stratégies de reproduction des plantes, est une perspective de recherche qui découle de ces résultats
Global change alters life conditions of numerous populations. Beyond ecological consequences, global change can also modify selection regimes in populations. While the recent pollinator decline may specifically affect the reproductive success of flowering plants, its evolutionary consequences have not been studied yet. This thesis deals with the possibility of adaptation of plant reproductive strategies under global change and more specifically under pollinator decline. This question was addressed in two steps. First, the analysis of the extensive literature on plant mating systems, and, to a lesser extent, the construction of a model for the evolution of attractive floral traits, allowed us to clarify evolutionary scenarios at short-time scales. Second, we conducted an original empirical approach, consisting in the direct comparison of ancestral and descendant populations by re-growing old and recent seeds under identical conditions. This approach allowed us to test whether genetic evolution of reproductive traits occurred in the context of pollinator decline for three annual plant species. Data from the literature indicates that pollinator decline likely increases pollen limitation and thus selection on floral traits. Moreover, the substantial genetic variation within populations suggests that rapid evolution is possible. Increased autonomous selfing or increased pollinator attraction are two possible routes of plant adaptation to pollinator decline emerging from the analysis of the literature and from our theoretical study. Our empirical work brings out two types of evolutionary trends. Firstly, earlier flowering phenology was found in all three studied species. This result shows that genetic evolution, not only phenotypic plasticity; certainly contribute to the spring phenological advancements reported for numerous species. Secondly, unlike phenological traits, floral traits evolved in opposite directions depending on the species. Showy floral traits evolved in a species while joint evolution of autonomous selfing with a reduction of floral attractiveness seemed to evolve in another species. This study shows that plant reproductive traits can evolve in a few decades. Whether or not rapid evolution of plant reproductive traits can act as an evolutionary rescue for threatened populations is a research question that arises from these results
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Книги з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)":

1

Jamieson, Barrie G. M. The ultrastructure and phylogeny of insect spermatozoa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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2

J, Bailey Winston, and Ridsdill-Smith J. 1942-, eds. Reproductive behaviour of insects: Individuals and populations. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.

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3

Carr, Aaron. Praying mantises. New York, NY: AV2 by Weigl, 2014.

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4

Gao, Guifang, and Heyu Fu. Ming you li, ping guo gao chan zai pei ji shu. 8th ed. [Beijing]: Zhongguo ren shi chu ban she, 1996.

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5

Jamieson, Barrie G. M. Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of Insect Spermatozoa. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2011.

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6

Cross, Adam T., Arthur R. Davis, Andreas Fleischmann, John D. Horner, Andreas Jürgens, David J. Merritt, Gillian L. Murza, and Shane R. Turner. Reproductive biology and pollinator-prey conflicts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0022.

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Most carnivorous plants are insect-pollinated, despite insects representing the primary prey of these plants. The potential for pollinators to be caught by traps represents a possible pollinator–prey conflict (PPC), which may have ecological and evolutionary consequences for the reproductive biology of carnivorous plants. We review the reproductive biology—pollination biology, seed dormancy, and germination—and PPC in carnivorous plants. The vast majority of carnivorous plants show little or no overlap in prey and pollinator spectra because of pollinator independence and the spatial and temporal separation of flowers and traps. All carnivorous plants appear to produce seeds with some form of dormancy, most commonly physiological (species with fully developed embryos) or morphophysiological (species with underdeveloped embryos) dormancy. A complete understanding of the pollination and germination requirements of carnivorous plants is essential for conservation purposes, and this area should be a focal point of future research.
7

Nijhout, H. Frederik, and Emily Laub. The role of hormones. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0004.

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Many behaviors of insects are stimulated, modified, or modulated by hormones. The principal hormones involved are the same as the ones that control moulting, metamorphosis, and other aspects of development, principally ecdysone and juvenile hormone. In addition, a small handful of neurosecretory hormones are involved in the control of specific behaviors. Because behavior is a plastic trait, this chapter begins by outlining the biology and hormonal control of phenotypic plasticity in insects, and how the hormonal control of behavior fits in with other aspects of the control of phenotypic plasticity. The rest of the chapter is organized around the diversity of behaviors that are known to be controlled by or affected by hormones. These include eclosion and moulting behavior, the synthesis and release of pheromones, migration, parental care, dominance, reproductive behavior, and social behavior.
8

Frank, Kenneth D., and Jonathan Silvertown. Sex in City Plants, Animals, Fungi, and More - a Guide to Reproductive Diversity. Columbia University Press, 2022.

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9

Maynard Smith, John, and Eors Szathmary. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502944.001.0001.

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Over the history of life there have been several major changes in the way genetic information is organized and transmitted from one generation to the next. These transitions include the origin of life itself, the first eukaryotic cells, reproduction by sexual means, the appearance of multicellular plants and animals, the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies, and the unique language ability of humans. This ambitious book provides the first unified discussion of the full range of these transitions. The authors highlight the similarities between different transitions--between the union of replicating molecules to form chromosomes and of cells to form multicellular organisms, for example--and show how understanding one transition sheds light on others. They trace a common theme throughout the history of evolution: after a major transition some entities lose the ability to replicate independently, becoming able to reproduce only as part of a larger whole. The authors investigate this pattern and why selection between entities at a lower level does not disrupt selection at more complex levels. Their explanation encompasses a compelling theory of the evolution of cooperation at all levels of complexity. Engagingly written and filled with numerous illustrations, this book can be read with enjoyment by anyone with an undergraduate training in biology. It is ideal for advanced discussion groups on evolution and includes accessible discussions of a wide range of topics, from molecular biology and linguistics to insect societies.
10

Booij, Kees, and Loes Den Nijs. Arthropod Natural Enemies in Arable Land 2: Survival, Reproduction and Enhancement (Natural Science Series, 10). Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 1996.

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Частини книг з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)":

1

Sahayaraj, Kitherian, and Errol Hassan. "Mating Behaviour and Reproductive Biology of Insect Predators." In Worldwide Predatory Insects in Agroecosystems, 355–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1000-7_11.

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2

McNeil, Jeremy N., and Johanne Delisle. "Seasonal variation in the importance of pollen volatiles on the reproductive biology of the sunflower moth." In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 157–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_52.

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3

Lingren, P. D., J. R. Raulston, T. J. Henneberry, and A. N. Sparks. "Night-Vision Equipment, Reproductive Biology, and Nocturnal Behavior: Importance to Studies of Insect Flight, Dispersal, and Migration." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 253–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_19.

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4

Schoonhoven, Louis M., Joop J. A. van Loon, and Marcel Dicke. "Plant chemistry: endless variety." In Insect Plant Biology, 48–98. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198525943.003.0004.

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Abstract The subject of this Chapter-plants as food for herbivorous insects-touches the heart of insect plant biology. Its theme can be captured in two basic questions. First, what do plants offer to insects by way of nutrition? And second, what do insects need for optimal growth and reproduction? Answering these two questions isseriously hindered by the fact that (1) the chemical composition of plants, as noted before, varies among species in both space and time, and (2) the nutritional requirements of insects vary between species and with developmental stage and environmental conditions.
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Ligon, J. David. "Introduction." In The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems, 1–28. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549130.003.0001.

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Abstract This book is about two of the three most conspicuous aspects of the reproductive biology of birds, sexual selection and mating systems (see Sections 1.3 and 1.4 below); the third is parental care. Ever since Darwin, birds have provided much of the stimulus for study of these topics, and no other taxonomic group is better suited for illustrating patterns and processes of these interrelated phenomena. Although the Class Aves is unusually conservative in production of young, with every species being oviparous, it probably exhibits more diversity in breeding behaviour and sexually-selected ornamentation than any other vertebrate group. This diversity of reproductive strategies has even been compared to that of insects; for example, Wilson (1975) points out that non-breeding helpers of cooperatively breeding bird species are similar to the insect systems classified by entomologists as ‘advanced subsocial,’ and notes that birds also parallel insects in the repeated evolution of social or brood parasitism.
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Schoonhoven, Louis M., Joop J. A. van Loon, and Marcel Dicke. "Plants as insect food: not the ideal." In Insect Plant Biology, 99–134. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198525943.003.0005.

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Abstract The subject of this Chapter-plants as food for herbivorous insects-touches the heart of insectplant biology. Its theme can be captured in two basic questions. First, what do plants offer to insects by way of nutrition? And second, what do insects need for optimal growth and reproduction? Answering these two questions is seriously hindered by the fact that (1) the chemical composition of plants, as noted before, varies among species in both space and time, and (2) the nutritional requirements of insects vary between species and with developmental stage and environmental conditions.
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Abdul Qayyum, Mirza, Shafqat Saeed, Unsar Naeem-Ullah, Amar Matloob, Muhammad Wajid, Abou Bakar Siddique, Rumail Shahid, Hafiz Ubaid Ur Rehman Zia, Huda Bilal, and Muhammad Ramzan. "Insect Pest Complex of Wheat Crop." In Current Trends in Wheat Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95786.

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Wheat Triticum aestivum L. is grown on broad range of climatic conditions because of edible grains, cereal crop and stable food of about 2 Billion peoples worldwide. Additionally, it is the rich source of carbohydrates (55–60%), vegetable proteins and contributed 50–60% daily dietary requirement in Pakistan. Globally, wheat crops is grown over 90% area of total cultivated area; facing devastating biotic and abiotic factors. The estimated economic losses in wheat quantity and quality are about 4 thousands per tonne per year including physical crop losses and handling. Economic losses of about 80–90 million USD in Pakistan are recorded due to inadequate production and handling losses. Wheat agro-ecosystem of the world colonizes many herbivore insects which are abundant and causing significant losses. The feeding style of the insects made them dispersive from one habitat to another imposing significant crop loss. Areas of maximum wheat production are encountered with either insect which chew the vegetative as well as reproductive part or stem and root feeders. This chapter provides the pest’s taxonomic rank, distribution across the globe, biology and damage of chewing and sucking insect pest of wheat. It is very important to study biology of the pest in accordance with crop cycle to forecast which insect stage is economically important, what the proper time to manage pest is and what type of control is necessary to manage crop pest. The chapter will provide management strategies well suited to pest stage and environment.
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Palaoro, Alexandre V., and Martin Thiel. "“The Caring Crustacean”: An Overview of Crustacean Parental Care." In Reproductive Biology, 115–44. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688554.003.0005.

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Many crustacean species are known to provide parental care, with behaviors ranging from ventilating the eggs to providing food for young. This chapter provides an overview of parental care patterns across crustaceans, and then compares crustacean parental care to that of select other taxa (insects, fishes, frogs) that share important traits with crustaceans (exoskeleton, aquatic or amphibious lifestyle, respectively). The aim is to identify gaps in the understanding of the evolution of parental care in crustaceans. We show that nearly all crustaceans provide parental care for early embryos (eggs), while caring for advanced stages is rarer. The most common forms of care are simple behaviors (e.g. fanning and cleaning behaviors), while complex behaviors (e.g. feeding the young) evolved exclusively in groups that also care for longer. Caring is most frequently done by females, while biparental is rare, and exclusive paternal care is nonexistent. When compared across taxa, simple behaviors are also the most common forms of care, and reasons for the evolution of parental care have common themes. First, parental care enhances offspring survival. In crustaceans, early embryo/egg mortality is apparently high, which might have triggered the evolution of parental care in several crustacean taxa independently. Second, crustaceans that have large eggs and inhabit stable habitats tend to care for longer. Lastly, internal fertilization seems to prevent male crustaceans from caring by not allowing the males to access the eggs and to ensure paternity.
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Doley, Khirood, Susan Thomas, and Mahesh Borde. "External Signal-Mediated Overall Role of Hormones/Pheromones in Fungi." In Fungal Reproduction and Growth. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101154.

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The communication via signaling of chemicals is perhaps one of the earliest forms of communications. The most commonly known interspecific chemical substance such as pheromones is often known to engage in the attraction of mates in insects. Hence, the sensing of environmental and interindividual communication via pheromone systems is fundamental to most organisms that help in guiding the interactional behavior, development, and overall physiological activities. Likewise, the role of pheromones is revealed in fungal species in terms of their role in several cellular activities. The role of pheromones in fungi has been largely unexplored. However, there are few fungal hormones/pheromones such as sirenin, trisporic acid, antheridiol, oogoniol, and peptide hormone in yeast that were documented. Further studies are still underway for their significance in the biology of fungi as a whole and implications they might have on the overall ecosystem. In this chapter, we discuss various progresses made in understanding pheromone related to mating in kingdom fungi and the role of pheromone receptors.
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Halffter, Gonzalo. "Evolved Relations Between Reproductive and Subsocial Behaviors in Coleoptera." In The Biology of Social Insects, 164–70. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429309113-35.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Insectes – Reproduction (biologie)":

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Bloch, Guy, Gene E. Robinson, and Mark Band. Functional genomics of reproduction and division of labor in a key non-Apis pollinator. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699867.bard.

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i. List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project. Our objectives were: 1) develop state-of-the-art functional genomics tools for B. terrestris. These resources will be then used to: 2) characterize genes and molecular pathways that are associated with reproduction, 3) characterize genes and molecular pathways associated with specialization in foraging or nursing activities, and 4) determine the extent to which juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of reproduction and division of labor. 5) Use RNA interference to down regulate genes associated with reproductive physiology, division of labor, or both. A decrease in the cost of RNA sequencing enabled us to further use the BARD support to extend our research to three additional related projects: A) The regulation of body size which is crucial for understanding both reproduction (castedetermination) and (size based) division of labor in bumblebees. B) Analyze RNA editing in our RNA sequencing data which improves the molecular understanding of the systems we study. C) The influence of JH on the fat body in addition to the brain on which we focused in our proposal. The fat body is a key tissue regulating insect reproduction and health. ii. Background to the topic. Bees are by far the most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The recent collapse of honey bee populations, together with declines in wild bee (including bumble bee) populations, puts their vital pollination services under severe threat. A promising strategy for circumventing this risk is the domestication and mass-rearing of non-Apis bees. This approach has been successfully implemented for several bumble bees including Bombusterrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the US, which are mass-reared in captivity. In spite of their critical economic and environmental value, little is known about the physiology and molecular biology of bumble bees. In this collaborative project we developed functional genomics tools for the bumble bee B. terrestris and use these tools for a first thorough study on the physiology and molecular biology of reproduction, dominance, and division of labor in a bumble bee. iii. Major conclusions, solutions. The valuable molecular data of this project together with the functional tools and molecular information generated in this BARD funded project significantly advanced the understanding of bumblebee biology which is essential for maintaining their vital pollination services for US and Israel agriculture.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.

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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.

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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.

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