Статті в журналах: "Input output relationship"

1

Dietzenbacher, E. "On the Relationship between the Supply-Driven and the Demand-Driven Input — Output Model." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 11 (November 1989): 1533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a211533.

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In this paper, the relationship between the assumptions in the supply-driven and the demand-driven input-output model is discussed. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the stability of the input coefficients, the output coefficients, and both coefficients. For both models, the effects of a demand pull on the total outputs and on the primary inputs are analytically expressed. Also, the effects of a supply push on the total outputs and on the final outputs are expressed, again for both models. In general, the assumption of fixed input coefficients in the demand-driven model does not hold, but computations are still based on it. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the correctness of the computed total outputs, both for a demand pull and a supply push. Similar results are obtained for the supply-driven input — output model.

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2

Budi S, Surawan Setya. "PENGARUH INPUT PROSES RELATIONSHIP MARKETING TERHADAP OUTPUT PROSES RELATIONSHIP MARKETING." Kajian Bisnis STIE Widya Wiwaha 27, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.32477/jkb.v27i2.349.

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This research use relationship marketing teory which applied 4 factor of input process understanding customer expectations, building service partnerships, empowiring employers, and total quality management, and output relationship marketing process: customer satisfaction and customer layalty. The objective of this research is to find out wich factors of input process that has more impact on the output process in relationship marketing. There are 60 trusted correspondencea from Grand Inna Malioboro Hotel customer whom at least have been stayed at the hotel three times. The method of collecting data in these research use questioners and Likert scale measuring instrument 5 points that will be tested by the instrument and analyzed by using regressision analysi the simultaneous test of variabel for the relationship marketing input s. The result of the instrument shows the items used are valid and reliable. It displays the outpout process passed the assumtions test, while the signifikacant relationship marketingto the output of relationtionship marketing, For the passive test of vareable input process relationship marketing with the ouput process relationship marketing shows all significant variables unless vareabel understands customer expectations does not have a significant effect on the process of output relationship marketing

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3

Li, Xiaoshen, and Giorgio A. Ascoli. "Effects of Synaptic Synchrony on the Neuronal Input-Output Relationship." Neural Computation 20, no. 7 (July 2008): 1717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.10-06-385.

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The firing rate of individual neurons depends on the firing frequency of their distributed synaptic inputs, with linear and nonlinear relations subserving different computational functions. This letter explores the relationship between the degree of synchrony among excitatory synapses and the linearity of the response using detailed compartmental models of cortical pyramidal cells. Synchronous input resulted in a linear input-output relationship, while asynchronous stimulation yielded sub- and supraproportional outputs at low and high frequencies, respectively. The dependence of input-output linearity on synchrony was sigmoidal and considerably robust with respect to dendritic location, stimulus irregularity, and alteration of active and synaptic properties. Moreover, synchrony affected firing rate differently at lower and higher input frequencies. A reduced integrate-and-fire model suggested a mechanism explaining these results based on spatiotemporal integration, with fundamental implications relating synchrony to memory encoding.

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4

S, Surawan Setya Budi. "PENGARUH INPUT PROSES RELATIONSHIP MARKETING TERHADAP OUTPUT PROSES RELATIONSHIP MARKETING STUDI KASUS GRAND INNA MALIOBORO HOTEL & CONVENTION." Kajian Bisnis Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Widya Wiwaha 27, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.32477/jkb.v27i2.62.

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This research use relationship marketing teory which applied 4 factor of input process understanding customer expectations, building service partnerships,empowiring employers, and total quality management, and output relationship marketing process: customer satisfaction and customer layalty. The objective of this research is to find out wich factors of input process that has more impact on the output process in relationship marketing. There are 60 trusted correspondencea from Grand Inna Malioboro Hotel customer whom at least have been stayed at the hotel three times. The method of collecting data in these research use questioners and Likert scale measuring instrument 5 points that will be tested by the instrument and analyzed by using regressision analysi the simultaneous test of variabel for the relationship marketing input s. The result of the instrument shows the items used are valid and reliable. It displays the outpout process passed the assumtions test, while the signifikacant relationship marketingto the output of relationtionship marketing, For the passive test of vareable input process relationship marketing with the ouput process relationship marketing shows all significant variables unless vareabel understands customer expectations does not have a significant effect on the process of output relationship marketing.

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5

Behrens, Heike. "The input–output relationship in first language acquisition." Language and Cognitive Processes 21, no. 1-3 (January 2006): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960400001721.

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6

Zhang, Sheng, Ming Bao, and Masahiko Yamaguchi. "Thermal Input/Concentration Output Systems Processed by Chemical Reactions of Helicene Oligomers." Reactions 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3010008.

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This article describes thermal input/concentration output systems processed by chemical reactions. Various sophisticated thermal inputs can be converted into concentration outputs through the double-helix formation of helicene oligomers exhibiting thermal hysteresis. The inputs include high or low temperature, cooling or heating state, slow or fast cooling state, heating state, and cooling history. The chemical basis for the properties of the chemical reactions includes the reversibility out of chemical equilibrium, sigmoidal relationship and kinetics, bistability involving metastable states, positive feedback by self-catalytic chemical reactions, competitive chemical reactions, and fine tunability for parallel processing. The interfacing of concentration outputs in other systems is considered, and biological cells are considered to have been utilizing such input/output systems processed by chemical reactions.

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7

Morita, Kenji, Kunichika Tsumoto, and Kazuyuki Aihara. "Possible Effects of Depolarizing GABAA Conductance on the Neuronal Input–Output Relationship: A Modeling Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3504–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00988.2004.

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Recent in vitro experiments revealed that the GABAA reversal potential is about 10 mV higher than the resting potential in mature mammalian neocortical pyramidal cells; thus GABAergic inputs could have facilitatory, rather than inhibitory, effects on action potential generation under certain conditions. However, how the relationship between excitatory input conductances and the output firing rate is modulated by such depolarizing GABAergic inputs under in vivo circumstances has not yet been understood. We examine herewith the input–output relationship in a simple conductance-based model of cortical neurons with the depolarized GABAA reversal potential, and show that a tonic depolarizing GABAergic conductance up to a certain amount does not change the relationship between a tonic glutamatergic driving conductance and the output firing rate, whereas a higher GABAergic conductance prevents spike generation. When the tonic glutamatergic and GABAergic conductances are replaced by in vivo–like highly fluctuating inputs, on the other hand, the effect of depolarizing GABAergic inputs on the input–output relationship critically depends on the degree of coincidence between glutamatergic input events and GABAergic ones. Although a wide range of depolarizing GABAergic inputs hardly changes the firing rate of a neuron driven by noncoincident glutamatergic inputs, a certain range of these inputs considerably decreases the firing rate if a large number of driving glutamatergic inputs are coincident with them. These results raise the possibility that the depolarized GABAA reversal potential is not a paradoxical mystery, but is instead a sophisticated device for discriminative firing rate modulation.

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8

Brown, David A. "The Bewildering Relationship Between Sensory Input and Motor Output." Neurology Report 18, no. 1 (1994): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01253086-199418010-00018.

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9

Sato, Masayuki J., Michihito Ueda, Hiroaki Takagi, Tomonobu M. Watanabe, Toshio Yanagida, and Masahiro Ueda. "Input–output relationship in galvanotactic response of Dictyostelium cells." Biosystems 88, no. 3 (April 2007): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.06.008.

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10

Gielow, Matthew R., and Laszlo Zaborszky. "The Input-Output Relationship of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain." Cell Reports 18, no. 7 (February 2017): 1817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.060.

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11

Bearup, Daniel J., Neil D. Evans, and Michael J. Chappell. "The input–output relationship approach to structural identifiability analysis." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 109, no. 2 (February 2013): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.10.012.

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12

Philipona, D., J. K. O'Regan, and J. P. Nadal. "Is There Something Out There? Inferring Space from Sensorimotor Dependencies." Neural Computation 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 2029–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976603322297278.

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This letter suggests that in biological organisms, the perceived structure of reality, in particular the notions of body, environment, space, object, and attribute, could be a consequence of an effort on the part of brains to account for the dependency between their inputs and their outputs in terms of a small number of parameters. To validate this idea, a procedure is demonstrated whereby the brain of a (simulated) organism with arbitrary input and output connectivity can deduce the dimensionality of the rigid group of the space underlying its input-output relationship, that is, the dimension of what the organism will call physical space.

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13

Penikas, Henry I., and Ekaterina E. Vasilyeva. "Measuring climate-credit risk relationship using world input-output tables." Russian Journal of Economics 9, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.9.83891.

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The Basel Committee recommended the use of input-output tables to properly measure climate risks. However, the majority of previous studies only limits the use of input-output tables to carbon emissions and this is not applied in climate risk ratings. The existing climate (E) risk ratings (scores) was modified or transformed from Sustainalytics to the full climate risk scores using input-output tables. Positive relationship between credit risks and the full climate risk estimates at the industry level was identified, and this justifies the interest rate discount granted to firms in the green industries. Thus, for the purpose of lending the full degree of greenness derived from input-output tables should be considered, not substituting this by the easily observable and publicly available marginal climate risk ratings like those provided by Sustainalytics.

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14

B L, MANJUNATH, and ITNAL C J. "Energy input and output relationship in rice based cropping systems." Madras Agricultural Journal 92, March (2005): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00014.

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A field experiment was conducted in ICAR Research Complex at Goa, during 1999-2002 to study the energy input-output relationships of different rice based cropping systems with recycled manurial resources in a split-plot design with three replications. Among the cropping systems tried, rice- brinjal system received relatively higher energy input (23,135 MJ ha) that too from the non-renewable energy sources (14,909 MJ ha-1). However, the treatment could also yield substantially higher energy output (1,57,269 MJ ha). The use of recycled manures particularly paddy straw with mushroom spent substrate accounted for higher energy output although it recorded higher energy input (21,062 MJ ha). Rice-brinjal cropping system recorded better energy efficiency with additional input of energy in terms of irrigation which was mainly due to the higher productivity of the cropping system. In contrast, rice-sunnhemp and rice-fallow systems revealed lower energy input but ultimately their energy output was also lower.

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15

Zhang, Li Ping, Zhi Yuan Jin, Gui Bing Pang, and Mao Jun Zhou. "Automated Design of Mechanical System for Generating Alternate Mechanism Concepts." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2642.

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An automated design approach for combined mechanical system is presented in this paper. The mechanical system can be generated by combining mechanical units, in particularly, generate alternate mechanism concepts. Beginning with kinematic functions as the input and output of mechanism unit, which are presented as the input and output vectors. And then, equations are defined according to the input and output functional characteristic vectors. Meanwhile, the functional transition can also be established by motion relationship between the inputs and the outputs of combined system. And then, the combination models (series and parallel combined patterns) are provided from the different combination patterns. Additionally, the properties of the different combination are intensively researched and the decomposition rules. By manipulating the matrices and the vectors, a given task can be decomposed into sub-functions. An example is given to show the application of the concept.

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16

Bolshanyn, G. A. "EQUIVALENTS OF THE PASSIVE EIGHT-EARTH POLAR WITH THREE INPUT AND FIVE OUTPUT CONCLUSIONS." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 20, no. 9-10 (January 24, 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2018-20-9-10-109-119.

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Eight-poles of various designs, including an eight-terminal network with three input and five output terminals, are needed to replace some power objects. Especially when only the input and output characteristics of electrical energy are of interest. The paper presents the eightterminal network equations with three input and five output terminals, establishing a connection between these characteristics. Equations of the A-form establish a connection between the input and output voltages and currents; the B-form equations establish a connection between the output and input voltages and currents; G-form equations establish a connection between the input current, output voltages and output voltage, output currents; H-form equations establish the relationship between the input voltage, output currents and output current, output voltages; the Yform equations establish a connection between the input and output currents and the input and output voltages; The Z-form equations establish the relationship between the input and output voltages and the input and output currents. When implementing these equations, attention should be paid to the difference in the directions of the currents in each individual case.

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17

Cook, Erik P., Jennifer A. Guest, Yong Liang, Nicolas Y. Masse, and Costa M. Colbert. "Dendrite-to-Soma Input/Output Function of Continuous Time-Varying Signals in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 5 (November 2007): 2943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00414.2007.

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We examined how hippocamal CA1 neurons process complex time-varying inputs that dendrites are likely to receive in vivo. We propose a functional model of the dendrite-to-soma input/output relationship that combines temporal integration and static-gain control mechanisms. Using simultaneous dual whole cell recordings, we injected 50 s of subthreshold and suprathreshold zero-mean white-noise current into the primary dendritic trunk along the proximal 2/3 of stratum radiatum and measured the membrane potential at the soma. Applying a nonlinear system-identification analysis, we found that a cascade of a linear filter followed by an adapting static-gain term fully accounted for the nonspiking input/output relationship between the dendrite and soma. The estimated filters contained a prominent band-pass region in the 1- to 10-Hz frequency range that remained constant as a function of stimulus variance. The gain of the dendrite-to-soma input/output relationship, in contrast, varied as a function of stimulus variance. When the contribution of the voltage-dependent current Ih was eliminated, the estimated filters lost their band-pass properties and the gain regulation was substantially altered. Our findings suggest that the dendrite-to-soma input/output relationship for proximal apical inputs to CA1 pyramidal neurons is well described as a band-pass filter in the theta frequency range followed by a gain-control nonlinearity that dynamically adapts to the statistics of the input signal.

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18

Burkitt, A. N., and G. M. Clark. "Synchronization of the Neural Response to Noisy Periodic Synaptic Input." Neural Computation 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2639–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976601317098475.

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The timing information contained in the response of a neuron to noisy periodic synaptic input is analyzed for the leaky integrate-and-fire neural model. We address the question of the relationship between the timing of the synaptic inputs and the output spikes. This requires an analysis of the interspike interval distribution of the output spikes, which is obtained in the gaussian approximation. The conditional output spike density in response to noisy periodic input is evaluated as a function of the initial phase of the inputs. This enables the phase transition matrix to be calculated, which relates the phase at which the output spike is generated to the initial phase of the inputs. The interspike interval histogram and the period histogram for the neural response to ongoing periodic input are then evaluated by using the leading eigenvector of this phase transition matrix. The synchronization index of the output spikes is found to increase sharply as the inputs become synchronized. This enhancement of synchronization is most pronounced for large numbers of inputs and lower frequencies of modulation and also for rates of input near the critical input rate. However, the mutual information between the input phase of the stimulus and the timing of output spikes is found to decrease at low input rates as the number of inputs increases. The results show close agreement with those obtained from numerical simulations for large numbers of inputs.

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19

Burkitt, Anthony N., Hamish Meffin, and David B. Grayden. "Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: The Relationship to Rate-Based Learning for Models with Weight Dynamics Determined by a Stable Fixed Point." Neural Computation 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 885–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976604773135041.

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Experimental evidence indicates that synaptic modification depends on the timing relationship between the presynaptic inputs and the output spikes that they generate. In this letter, results are presented for models of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) whose weight dynamics is determined by a stable fixed point. Four classes of STDP are identified on the basis of the time extent of their input-output interactions. The effect on the potentiation of synapses with different rates of input is investigated to elucidate the relationship of STDP with classical studies of long-term potentiation and depression and rate-based Hebbian learning. The selective potentiation of higher-rate synaptic inputs is found only for models where the time extent of the input-output interactions is input restricted (i.e., restricted to time domains delimited by adjacent synaptic inputs) and that have a time-asymmetric learning window with a longer time constant for depression than for potentiation. The analysis provides an account of learning dynamics determined by an input-selective stable fixed point. The effect of suppressive interspike interactions on STDP is also analyzed and shown to modify the synaptic dynamics.

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20

Pokrovskii, Alexei, and Dmitrii Rachinskii. "Effect of positive feedback on Devil's staircase input-output relationship." Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - Series S 6, no. 4 (December 2012): 1095–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcdss.2013.6.1095.

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21

SAKAMOTO, KIYOSHI. "2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INPUT AND OUTPUT IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 47, no. 6 (1991): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003323647.

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22

Yates, G. K. "Dynamic effects in the input/output relationship of auditory nerve." Hearing Research 27, no. 3 (January 1987): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(87)90003-7.

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23

Kijek, Arkadiusz, and Tomasz Kijek. "The analysis of innovation input - output relationships in EU member states." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 3 (December 16, 2010): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0040-5.

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This article presents some findings of an analysis of innovation input - output relationship in EU member states. The first section of the paper considers the role of innovation in economic growth with particular attention to the new endogenous growth models. In the second part, the dichotomous approach to innovation and its measures is presented. The last section contains the methodology and outcome of research. The results of the study show that R&D expenditures, ICT and human capital are the key innovation inputs that affect such innovation outputs as innovation and patent propensity and new-to-market sales.

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24

Westwick, David T., Eric A. Pohlmeyer, Sara A. Solla, Lee E. Miller, and Eric J. Perreault. "Identification of Multiple-Input Systems with Highly Coupled Inputs: Application to EMG Prediction from Multiple Intracortical Electrodes." Neural Computation 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976606775093855.

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A robust identification algorithm has been developed for linear, time-invariant, multiple-input single-output systems, with an emphasis on how this algorithm can be used to estimate the dynamic relationship between a set of neural recordings and related physiological signals. The identification algorithm provides a decomposition of the system output such that each component is uniquely attributable to a specific input signal, and then reduces the complexity of the estimation problem by discarding those input signals that are deemed to be insignificant. Numerical difficulties due to limited input bandwidth and correlations among the inputs are addressed using a robust estimation technique based on singular value decomposition. The algorithm has been evaluated on both simulated and experimental data. The latter involved estimating the relationship between up to 40 simultaneously recorded motor cortical signals and peripheral electromyograms (EMGs) from four upper limb muscles in a freely moving primate.The algorithm performed well in both cases:it provided reliable estimates of the system output and significantly reduced the number of inputs needed for output prediction. For example, although physiological recordings from up to 40 different neuronal signals were available, the input selection algorithm reduced this to 10 neuronal signals that made signicant contributions to the recorded EMGs.

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25

Ozment, John, and Edward A. Morash. "Assessment of the Relationship Between Productivity and Performance Quality in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1622, no. 1 (January 1998): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1622-04.

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Output quality in the context of transportation productivity is investigated. The major findings relate to two distinctions: network density versus capacity utilization and productivity versus input cost efficiency. It was found that greater transportation network density is associated with increased productivity, lower output costs, and most interestingly, improved output quality. In contrast, increased capacity utilization is not associated with lower output costs or with improved quality. For the productivity versus efficiency distinction, increased productivity is associated with lower total output costs and greater output quality yet higher input costs. Thus, higher factor input costs can be justified on the basis of output costs and quality advantages. Implications for governmental policy and managerial decision making are that improvements in network density and productivity are more likely to have lasting benefits than are increases in capacity utilization or input efficiency.

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26

Lee, Jie-Min, Sheng-Hung Chen, Yi-Chung Lee, Jung-Fu Huang, Christian Schafferer, Chun-Yuan Yeh, and Ti-Wan Kung. "Optimizing Hard Clam Production in Taiwan by Accounting for Nonlinear Effects of Stocking Density and Feed Costs on Farm Output of Clams." Fishes 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040160.

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Despite mass mortality, hard clams remain among the main cultured shellfish in Taiwan. Using cross-sectional data, this study applies threshold regression modeling with stocking density and feed costs as the threshold variables to explore the nonlinear relationship between input and output factors. The findings show that the production output levels may be increased by different combinations of factor inputs and variations in input factors. More specifically, the higher output levels may be achieved by increasing labor input while reducing capital input factors in farming households with a higher stocking density (HSD > 1,087,870 inds/ha) or higher feed cost (HFC > 13,889 NTD/ha). Farming households with a lower stocking density (LSD ≤ 1,087,870 inds/ha) may enhance production output levels by increasing feed input while reducing capital inputs. Moreover, the maximum output level of HSD and HFC farming households was estimated to reach 9255 kg/ha and 9807 kg/ha, respectively. Results of the production output simulation suggest that the feeding cost per hectare in LSD households should not exceed 25,119 NTD to avoid overfeeding, which may cause culture deterioration and lower survival rates. As such, farmers are advised to adjust their feed costs according to the stocking density to maximize production output.

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27

Huang, C. S., H. Hiraba, and B. J. Sessle. "Input-output relationships of the primary face motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)." Journal of Neurophysiology 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.350.

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1. Somatosensory afferent input and its relationship with efferent output were examined in the primary face motor cortex (MI) and adjacent cerebral cortical areas. Excitatory afferent inputs were tested in a total of 1,654 single neurons recorded in awake or anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and output was characterized in these same monkeys by the movement and EMG responses evoked by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) at the neuronal recording sites. 2. Most neurons in the MI area responded to light tactile stimulation of the orofacial region, especially the upper lip, lower lip, and tongue. Although contralateral afferent inputs predominated, 21% of the neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial inputs. The afferent input evoked by tactile stimulation of the upper and lower lips was represented especially at the medial border and the input from the tongue at the lateral border of MI. However, in most regions of MI between the medial and lateral borders, an intermingling of tactile inputs from different orofacial areas occurred. Multiple representation of tactile input from the same orofacial area was found in several, often quite separate, intracortical sites in MI. 3. Only a small proportion of the MI neurons could be activated by the deep stimuli used (e.g., stretch and pressure applied to muscle, passive jaw movement, low-intensity stimulation of hypoglossal nerve) from the orofacial region. Those neurons which did respond to these low-threshold deep inputs were not clearly segregated from those which responded to tactile input, although most of the neurons receiving deep input were located in the rostral part of MI. 4. A somatotopic pattern of representation of orofacial tactile input was more obvious in the primary face somatosensory cortex (SI). At the medial border of SI, the periorbital area was represented, then followed laterally in sequence the tactile representation of the upper lip, lower lip, and intraoral area. Contralateral afferent inputs predominated, but as in MI, a considerable proportion of SI neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial inputs. Few neurons in the region explored (areas 3b, 1, and 2) responded to deep orofacial stimuli. 5. Tactile input also dominated the input patterns of neurons in the premotor cortex (PM). Most neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial afferent inputs and no clear somatotopic pattern was noted. Several PM neurons were also activated by visual stimuli. 6. Muscle twitches evoked by ICMS were limited to MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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28

Sugano, Naotoshi. "Fuzzy Set Theoretical Approach to the Tone Triangle System." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no. 3 (July 2013): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013070103.

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The present study considers a fuzzy color system in which three fuzzy sets are constructed on the tone triangle. This system processes a fuzzy input and outputs a color on the color triangle system. Two fuzzy sets (not black and white) are applied to the tone triangle relationship. By evaluating the attributes of chromaticness, whiteness, and blackness on the tone triangle, a target color can be easily obtained as the center of gravity of the resulting fuzzy set. The output of the system is a tone triangle, which includes a compound vector with three weights (scalars) in color space. The differences between a fuzzy input and the resulting inference output is shown by the input-output characteristic (linear shape and right triangle shape) between the chromaticness, the whiteness, and the blackness of the input and the chromaticness of the output.

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29

Anderson, Robert, Zhou Wei, Ian Cox, Malcolm Moore, and Florence Kussener. "Monte Carlo Simulation Experiments for Engineering Optimisation." Studies in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v2i1.901.

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Design of Experiments (DoE) is widely used in design, manufacturing and quality management. The resulting data is usually analysed with multiple linear regression to generate polynomial equations that describe the relationship between process inputs and outputs. These equations enable us to understand how input values affect the predicted value of one or more outputs and find good set points for the inputs. However, to develop robust manufacturing processes, we also need to understand how variation in these inputs appears as variation in the output. This understanding allows us to define set points and control tolerances for the inputs that will keep the outputs within their required specification windows. Tolerance analysis provides a powerful way of finding input settings and ranges that minimise output variation to produce a process that is robust. In many practical applications, tolerance analysis exploits Monte Carlo simulation of the polynomial model generated from DoE’s. This paper briefly describes tolerance analysis and then shows how Monte Carlo simulation experiments using space-filling designs can be used to find the input settings that result in a robust process. Using this approach, engineers can quickly and easily identify the key inputs responsible for transferring undesired variation to their process outputs and identify the set points and ranges that make their process as robust as possible. If the process is not sufficiently robust, they can rationally investigate different strategies to improve it. A case study approach is used to aid explanation and understanding.

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Li, Xiaoshen, and Giorgio A. Ascoli. "Computational simulation of the input-output relationship in hippocampal pyramidal cells." Journal of Computational Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (July 25, 2006): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-006-8797-z.

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31

Li, Fei-Yan, Qi Zhang, Xue Li, Xiao-Ting He, and Jun-Yi Sun. "Polymer Conductive Membrane-Based Non-Touch Mode Circular Capacitive Pressure Sensors: An Analytical Solution-Based Method for Design and Numerical Calibration." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153087.

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In this paper, an analytical solution-based method for the design and numerical calibration of polymer conductive membrane-based non-touch mode circular capacitive pressure sensors is presented. The accurate analytical relationship between the capacitance and applied pressure of the sensors is derived by using the analytical solution for the elastic behavior of the circular polymer conductive membranes under pressure. Based on numerical calculations using the accurate analytical relationship and the analytical solution, the analytical relationship between the pressure as output and the capacitance as input, which is necessary to achieve the capacitive pressure sensor mechanism of detecting pressure by measuring capacitance, is accurately established by least-squares data fitting. An example of how to arrive at the design and numerical calibration of a non-touch mode circular capacitive pressure sensor is first given. Then, the influence of changing design parameters such as membrane thickness and Young’s modulus of elasticity on input–output relationships is investigated, thus clarifying the direction of approaching the desired input–output relationships by changing design parameters.

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Plate, Tony A., Joel Bert, John Grace, and Pierre Band. "Visualizing the Function Computed by a Feedforward Neural Network." Neural Computation 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976600300015394.

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A method for visualizing the function computed by a feedforward neural network is presented. It is most suitable for models with continuous inputs and a small number of outputs, where the output function is reasonably smooth, as in regression and probabilistic classification tasks. The visualization makes readily apparent the effects of each input and the way in which the functions deviate from a linear function. The visualization can also assist in identifying interactions in the fitted model. The method uses only the input-output relationship and thus can be applied to any predictive statistical model, including bagged and committee models, which are otherwise difficult to interpret. The visualization method is demonstrated on a neural network model of how the risk of lung cancer is affected by smoking and drinking.

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Kim, Hyojin, and Byung-Gook Kim. "Economic impacts of the hotel industry: an input-output analysis." Tourism Review 70, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-11-2014-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to be limited to provide an overall economic structure linked with a particular hospitality industry by identifying the economic structure of relations between the two hotel industries and other industries within a particular state in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The analyses of output, labor income and employment multipliers from the input–output system were performed using the IMPLAN 3.0 software. The study attempted to compare the hotel/motel industry (industry code 411) and the accommodations industry (industry code 412) with the top ten industries and averages of each set of multipliers to estimate the relative importance and contribution of the two hotel industries to the economy of Texas. After this comparison, the aggregated input–output tables and multipliers were prepared to determine the economic inter-relationship between the two combined hotel industries (industry code 411 plus industry code 412) and the non-hotel industries, using the criteria of the NAICS (North American Industry Classification System). Findings – The three findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, the two hotel industries impacted the state economy due to a high induced effect from output and a considerable direct, indirect and induced effect from labor income and employment, despite their relatively lower multipliers and the economic downturn in the state. Second, the hotel-related industry had a strong inter-dependent relationship with the finance and insurance-related industries. Finally, while the hotel industry generated more labor income and employment than did the other accommodations industry, it is interesting that the other accommodations industry created more output than did the hotel industry. Research limitations/implications – Other than limitations pertaining to assumptions of input-output model, an input-output analysis alone cannot become the best analytical method for decision-making. The study was a cross-sectional study with 2009 data and did not incorporate a time-series flow of the state economic structure over several decades. A study of the inter-relationship among varied states bordering the state could be worthwhile to identify the flow of inputs and outputs. Originality/value – Despite a considerable number of research in measuring the economic impacts, this paper was of great significance, in that the economic impact of the hotel industry that has never been performed in a particular state of the USA was analyzed. Additionally, these quantified economic data and results should be helpful to future plans and policies associated with the hotel industry.

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Hara, Takuya. "Comprehensive Comparison between Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Using a Multi-Dimensional Techno-Economic Assessment Diagram: Concept and Application." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9030041.

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This paper presents a visualization methodology, in the form of a multi-dimensional techno-economic assessment diagram, to comprehensively illustrate the relationship between assumptions (sets of input parameters) and results (corresponding output variables). This methodology is applied to analyze the lifecycle costs and CO2 emissions of hybrid vehicles (HVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). This paper then develops an eight-dimensional interactive diagram showing the relative advantages of HVs or EVs in the input space consisting of the following parameters: HV fuel efficiency; EV energy efficiency, total mileage travelled gasoline price, electricity price, battery price, gasoline CO2 intensity, and electricity CO2 intensity. This methodology provides a map illustrating the comprehensive relationship between the inputs and outputs in the model used, where specific scenarios (specific sets of inputs and their outputs) are represented by points plotted on the map. This methodology can be used in systematic comparisons of electric vehicles and related uncertainty analyses.

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Xiping, He, and Zhang Haidao. "A Directional Converter of Longitudinal Vibration with One Input and Multiple Outputs." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919355.

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Traditional power ultrasonic vibration systems can process one object at one time and only have one output. A directional converter of longitudinal vibration with multiple outputs composed of an input rod, a hemispherical vibrator, and three output rods is presented. The frequency equation used in the design is derived with free edges at the input and output ends of the converter, as well as the continuity of displacements, forces, and angles of rotation at each component junction. The resonant frequencies of three fabricated converters designed using the proposed method are in good agreement with those from the finite element method and also with tested values. With the input end of the converter joined with a piezoelectric transducer with a resonant frequency of 19.8 kHz, the longitudinal vibration modes and displacement amplitudes of the output ends of the three converters at their resonant frequencies are tested. The results show that longitudinal vibration can be transferred from the input end to the multi-output ends through the converter. Furthermore, there exists a linear relationship between the excitation voltage and the displacements of each output of the converter.

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Ye, Tao, and Zhou Qing. "An Analysis on the Relationship between R&D Input and Patent Output in Chinese Software Firms." Key Engineering Materials 439-440 (June 2010): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.439-440.788.

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The relation between R&D input and patent output in Chinese software firms is empirically analyzed. Estimations from both time series data and cross-section data show that there is a significantly causal and quantitative relation between the R&D input and the patent output in Chinese software firms, and the R&D input has leg effects on the patent output. By calculating the output elasticity it is found that Chinese software firms have stepped into the era of knowledge economy, but their human capital remains homogenous. From the composition of the source of R&D capital input it is inferred that in the macro level market-demand has become a major source of these firms’ technological innovations.

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Yi, Xie, and Ran Rong. "An International Comparative Study of the Input—output Efficiency of Human Resources of Science and Technology." Acta Oeconomica 65, s2 (December 2015): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.65.2015.s2.15.

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By using the input—output method and principal component analysis, this paper did a comparative research on the input—output efficiency of human resources of science and technology among the world’s leading countries, and revealed the actual situation of the input—output efficiency of human resources of science and technology in our country. Among all these seven countries, the input—output efficiency of human resources of science and technology in Japan is the highest, and in China the lowest. There is a significant linear relationship between input and output. And finally, it put forward the thoughts and suggestions about improving the input and output efficiency of human resources of science and technology.

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Colonescu, Constantin. "Price Markups and Upstreamness in World Input-Output Data." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Economics and Business 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseb-2021-0004.

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Abstract This research uses the publicly available World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to investigate the relationship between an industry’s markup and its upstreamness, the industry’s position in the vertical chain of production; the research also identifies common attributes among high-markup industrial sectors: higher-markup industries display a higher level of capital compensation and a lower share of labour and other inputs in the value of output. Finally, it is found that upstream industries, those producing mostly raw materials and intermediate products enjoy higher market power than their downstream counterparts. This result could be among the first in the literature to find evidence of double marginalization at an industry level of aggregation. It also suggests that virtually all final product prices may incorporate substantial markups through their inputs.

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Yang, Zhenshan, Jianming Cai, Michael Dunford, and Douglas Webster. "RETHINKING OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND THE “URBAN” ECONOMY IN BEIJING: AN INPUT-OUTPUT APPROACH." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 20, no. 4 (January 28, 2014): 624–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.871661.

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Despite the irresistible drive of urban growth, the questions as to whether and how agriculture is restructured and repositioned in relation to urban development have received little attention. Based on the method of hypothetical extraction from input-output tables, and on the Beijing case, this paper puts forward an approach to assess the dependence of the agro-economy on urban sectors. The research shows that in Beijing in the period from 1982 to 2007 the relationship between agriculture and the urban economy has gone through three phases. At the start of the economic reform, the relationship was weak, characterised by intensive inputs of agricultural productive materials and policy orders. What followed was a phase of disconnection characterised by fast urban growth and low competitive status of agriculture. The third was a period of increasingly integrated development with technological inputs and upgrading of the management of agriculture. The current strong relationship indicates that agriculture can be tuned to meet the preferences of urban consumers. Key associated urban sectors are screened out to verify this relationship. The approach is valuable for quantifying the structural relationship between agriculture and urban sectors, for further analysing rural-urban economic relationships to support development policy design and programming.

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Petrescu, Florian Ion, and Relly Victoria Petrescu. "Presenting a Railbound Forging Manipulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 762 (May 2015): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.762.219.

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Heavy payload forging manipulators are mainly characterized by large load output and large capacitive load input. The relationships between outputs and inputs have greatly influence about the control and the reliability. Forging manipulators have become more prevalent in the industry today. They are used to manipulate objects to be forged. The most common forging manipulators are moving on a railway to have a greater precision and stability. They have been called the railbound forging manipulators. In this paper one presents the general aspects of a railbound forging manipulator, like geometry, structure, general kinematics and forces of the main mechanism from such manipulator. Kinematic scheme shows a typical forging manipulator, with the basic motions in operation process: walking, motion of the tong and buffering. The lifting mechanism consists of several parts including linkages, hydraulic drives and motion pairs. An idea of establishing the incidence relationship between output characteristics and actuator inputs is proposed.

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Fukuda, Toshio, Yasuhisa Hasegawa, and Koji Shimojima. "Structure Organization of Hierarchical Fuzzy Model Using Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 1 (February 20, 1995): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0029.

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This paper proposes a method to organize the hierarchical structure of fuzzy model using the Genetic Algorithm and back-propagation method. The number of fuzzy rules increases exponentially with the number of input variables. Thus, a fuzzy system with many input variables has an extremely large number of fuzzy rules. Hierarchical structure of fuzzy reasoning is one of the methods to reduce the number of fuzzy rules and membership functions. However, it is very difficult to organize the hierarchical structure because the hierarchical structure cannot be constructed without considering the relationship among input and output variables. The proposed method can organize the suitable hierarchical structure for the relationship among input and output variables in teaching numerical data. It is based on the Genetic Algorithm with an evaluation function as a strategy that adopts a system with fewer fuzzy rules and more accurate outputs. The proposed method is applied to the approximation problems of multi-dimensional nonlinear functions in order to demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Budgell, Phil. "Key Performance Indicators – Input, Intervening and Output Variables." Vocational Education 25, no. 2 (April 21, 2023): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/voc23-211keyp.

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In this article, the author argues for an open and transparent use of data that already exists but is not collected, collated and analysed within the education system in Bulgaria. This data needs to become Key Performance Indicators that will drive up: – the Quality of Education; and – the Standards of Achievement. The author focusses on the relationship between: – Input Variables (Prior Attainment and Delegated Financial Resources); – Intervening Variables (Patterns of Expenditure) and – Output Variable (Attendance, Standards of Attainment and Post-school Participation). With one exception, real data is collated, analysed and presented using a range of algebraic and graphical approaches. Finally, the author concludes that with greater subsidiarity (i.e., greater delegation of responsibility, authority and accountability); the greater the need for reliable and valid assessment data to hold the education system to account at school, regional and national level.

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KURYSHEV, Nikolai I. "The problem of measuring the quantity of output in the input–output model by W. Leontief in modeling the trends in economic reproduction of nations and regions." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 19, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1568–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.19.8.1568.

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Subject. This article deals with the problem of constructing a Leontief's input–output matrix. Objectives. The article aims to determine the rules for constructing a Leontief's input–output matrix on the basis of data on production time and quantity of product output. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical and mathematical analyses. Results. The article formulates the rules for constructing a Leontief's input–output matrix, taking into account differences in the time of production, quantity of output, as well as the conditions for the reproduction of the resources expended. It summarizes these rules for the J. von Neumann model. Conclusions. The proposed approach to the analysis of the material mechanism of economic reproduction defines the relationship between the quantitative and cost characteristics of the production and consumption of products and resources. This relationship opens up new opportunities for the application of input–output models to create simple and accurate algorithms for identifying and predicting the macroeconomic trends.

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Huang, Weilung, Si Chen, Xiaomei Zhang, and Xuemeng Zhao. "The Sustainable Development of Forest Food." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 13092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013092.

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This paper aims to study the sustainable development of forest food by exploring the input–output relationship of forest food value chains (FFVC) and its mediating effect on the integrity and agglomeration of FFVC. Through a literature review and interviews with experts, this paper included measurement variables, such as FFVC’s input, output, integrity, and agglomeration, and used PLS-SEM to study their relationships and the mediating effects of Chinese FFVC. The results showed that first, the measurement of FFVC’s integrity and agglomeration focused on FFVC’s rationality, development, comparative advantages, scale, space, network, and innovation; second, there was evidence of a significant input–output relationship of FFVC; third, there was a significant mediating effect of integrity and agglomeration of FFVC, which should be included in the government’s policies to promote FFVC; forth, Chinese FFVC is still at its infancy, and the government must implement FFVC sustainable development policies to promote the rationalization, upgrading, and spatial coupling of integrity and agglomeration of FFVC.

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Jin, Liang, Peter N. Nikiforuk, and Madan M. Gupta. "Dynamic Recurrent Neural Networks for Control of Unknown Nonlinear Systems." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899254.

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A scheme of dynamic recurrent neural networks (DRNNs) is discussed in this paper, which provides the potential for the learning and control of a general class of unknown discrete-time nonlinear systems which are treated as “black boxes” with multi-inputs and multi-outputs (MIMO). A model of the DRNNs is described by a set of nonlinear difference equations, and a suitable analysis for the input-output dynamics of the model is performed to obtain the inverse dynamics. The ability of a DRNN structure to model arbitrary dynamic nonlinear systems is incorporated to approximate the unknown nonlinear input-output relationship using a dynamic back propagation (DBP) learning algorithm. An equivalent control concept is introduced to develop a model based learning control architecture with simultaneous on-line identification and control for unknown nonlinear plants. The potentials of the proposed methods are demonstrated by simulation results.

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Chu, X., F. Gao, W. Guo, and C. Yan. "Complexity of Heavy-Payload Forging Manipulator Based on Input/Output Velocity Relationship." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 11 (May 14, 2010): 2468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2268.

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There are different definitions of complexity in many areas. For a heavy-payload manipulator, the kinematic coupling degree problem, which has much influence on its control and reliability, is very important. This paper proposes a definition of complexity to measure the kinematic coupling degree of a manipulator. After the manipulator's desired output motions in the workshop are obtained, the matrix relating the velocities of actuated joints to the velocities of all basic output motions is calculated. Based on the preceding matrix, the definition of complexity is presented. To illustrate the methods introduced in this paper, four types of heavy-payload forging manipulators (FMs) are analysed, and the type of FM with the smallest complexity is chosen as our prototype.

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Zhao, Xiaofan. "Relationship Between Construction Land Input and GDP Output Based on Decoupling Rule." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 2512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.4610.

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Bekhti, Rachid, Vincent Duchaine, and Philippe Cardou. "STRUCTURAL OPTIMISATION OF A FORCE-TORQUE SENSOR THROUGH ITS INPUT-OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 38, no. 2 (June 2014): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2014-0014.

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Datta, S., and M. K. Banerjee. "Mapping the input–output relationship in HSLA steels through expert neural network." Materials Science and Engineering: A 420, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.01.037.

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Zhang, Guangying, and Alexander Lanzon. "Relationship between poles and zeros of input–output and chain-scattering systems." Systems & Control Letters 55, no. 4 (April 2006): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2005.08.007.

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