Статті в журналах: "Inoculation material"

1

Anderson, N. R., J. D. Ravellette, and K. A. Wise. "Improved Method for Injecting Fungal Inoculum into Corn Ears." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 3 (January 2016): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-16-0031.

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Corn (Zea mays L.) ear rot pathogens reduce yield and grain quality annually, and research on these pathogens and their interactions with the host can require inoculation of fungal material into the ears. A new system of mechanically inoculating corn ears was designed using a hydration backpack and auto-filling vaccinator with a needle attached. The efficiency of the new system was compared to a previously established inoculation method using a manual syringe method with an 18-gauge blunt end needle attached to a 60-ml syringe, with inoculum carried in a plastic beaker. Inoculation methods were tested by comparing the time to inoculate 100 corn ears with separate conidial suspensions of Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum in a replicated field trial. The new mechanical inoculation system reduced inoculation time by 42% (P = 0.0015) when compared to the manual syringe and needle method. Additional benefits of the new method include reduced risk of inoculum contamination, consistent inoculum volume per ear, and increased safety for personnel doing the inoculations. Accepted for publication 25 June 2016. Published 21 July 2016.

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2

Griffiths, Phillip D., and Cathy Roe. "Response of Brassica oleracea var. capitata to Wound and Spray Inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris." HortScience 40, no. 1 (February 2005): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.47.

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Eighteen cabbage breeding lines and cultivars were evaluated for resistance to black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris following wound and spray inoculations at the juvenile and mature stages. Plants were evaluated using four inoculation procedures (juvenile wound, juvenile spray, mature wound, and mature spray) in replicated greenhouse and field experiments. The breeding lines Badger #16, Cornell 101, Cornell 102, NY 4002 and accession PI 426606 exhibited high levels of resistance following all inoculation procedures. `Silver Dynasty' was the most resistant commercial cultivar based on the four tests, yet ranked 12th following the juvenile wound inoculation. The juvenile spray inoculation had a high correlation with both wound and spray inoculations in field experiments (0.89 and 0.86, respectively); however, the juvenile wound inoculation did not correlate well with mature wound and spray inoculations (0.58 and 0.51, respectively). The results indicate that the juvenile wound inoculation is not the most appropriate approach for determining field resistance in Brassica oleracea, and that resistant material could be selected against using this approach. A high correlation between juvenile spray inoculation disease severity ratings and mature plant resistance indicates that plants can be evaluated effectively at the juvenile stage for mature plant resistance to black rot.

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3

Bruns, H. Arnold, and Hamed K. Abbas. "Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn Differs Among Inoculation Techniques." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0601-01-rs.

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Aflatoxin research in corn (Zea mays L.) usually requires application of inoculum of Aspergillus flavus to soil or plant ears. The pin-bar vs. side-needle or spray vs. solid material inoculations using A. flavus isolate F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared in 2004, 2006, and 2007 using three hybrids in two irrigated experiments each year at Stoneville, MS. Both were planted on a silty clay soil in randomized complete block designs with four replications of treatments. Mature ears inoculated by the pin-bar, side-needle, or spray methods were analyzed for aflatoxin. Ears from controls and solid material inoculum treatments were sampled for analysis at plot harvest. Pin-bar inoculation had more aflatoxin in 2004 (551.9 ng/g) and 2006 (305.8 ng/g) than side-needle inoculation (342.2 ng/g and 151.1 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively), which was greater than controls (76.8 ng/g and 21.6 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively). Solid material inoculation did not differ in aflatoxin from controls. Spraying produced the most aflatoxin (344.1 ng/g) only in 2004. Aflatoxin was low in 2007 when timely rainfall, irrigation, and no temperatures ≥ 35°C resulted in only the pin-bar (20.8 ng/g) and solid material (20.6 ng/g) treatments having > 2.0 ng/g of aflatoxin. Accepted for publication 26 March 2010. Published 1 June 2010.

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4

Driskel, Barbara A., Robert M. Hunger, Mark E. Payton, and Jeanmarie Verchot-Lubicz. "Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus Using Novel Inoculation Methods." Phytopathology® 92, no. 4 (April 2002): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.4.347.

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Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is an agronomically important pathogen of wheat that is transmitted by the soilborne plasmodiophorid vector Polymyxa graminis. In the laboratory, attempts to generate SBWMV-infected plants are often hampered by poor infectivity of the virus. To analyze the mechanism for virus resistance in wheat cultivars, we developed novel inoculation techniques. A new technique for foliar inoculation of SBWMV was developed that eliminated wound-induced necrosis normally associated with rub inoculating virus to wheat leaves. This new technique is important because we can now uniformly inoculate plants in the laboratory for studies of host resistance mechanisms in the inoculated leaf. Additionally, wheat plants were grown hydroponically in seed germination pouches and their roots were inoculated with SBWMV either by placing P. graminis-infested root material in the pouch or by mechanically inoculating the roots with purified virus. The susceptibility of one SBWMV susceptible and three field resistant wheat cultivars were analyzed following inoculation of plants using these novel inoculation techniques or the conventional inoculation technique of growing plants in P. graminis-infested soil. The results presented in this study suggest that virus resistance in wheat likely functions in the roots to block virus infection.

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5

Borowiak, Daniel, Katarzyna Pstrowska, Maciej Wiśniewski, and Michał Grzebyk. "Propagation of Inoculum for Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Scale-Up Photobioreactor Cultivation System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 6283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186283.

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An increasing number of microalgae strains are used for commercial production of metabolites. When conducting research, the moment of the process scaling tends to be very difficult. One of the most complex issues is related to planning and designing an efficient system for propagation of appropriately high amounts of inoculum required for inoculating cultures on a semi-technical and industrial scale. The following paper aimed at designing an automated station for the preparation of microalgae inoculation material intended for inoculation of the system, comprising of six 90 dm3 volume photobioreactors. The system, comprised of eight airlift photobioreactors of 12 dm3 volume each, installed in mobile storage units connected to the control system in the form of a docking station. Each of the photobioreactors had a separate system used for monitoring temperature and pH, mixing, and LED lighting. The station constituted the last stage of preparing the inoculation material for inoculating technical-scale photobioreactors, used for conducting experiments with Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. Achieved results, repeatability of the processes, and the ergonomics of the station increased the productivity and quality of the research and development processes.

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6

Huang, Zhao Lin, Ping Ning, and Zhang Liu. "Microbial Inoculants of Environmental Material in the Compost Application Research Progress." Advanced Materials Research 534 (June 2012): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.534.230.

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composting is a process of organic matter degradation and transformation achieved by microorganism, which plays a leading role during composting processes. Inoculation with proper microorganisms can raise the temperature rapidly, shorten the time of the composting, increase the degradation of organic matter and improve the quality of compost. This paper summarized the functions of microorganism inoculum and suggested that in order to solve the problems: to become the dominant strain(s) for the microorganism inoculated in the composting process; to choose the species of microorganism inoculum，the optimal inoculation quantity and the time of inoculation should be studied.

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7

Guo, Yonghong, Richard T. Olsen, Matthew Kramer, and Margaret Pooler. "Effective Bioassays for Evaluating Boxwood Blight Susceptibility Using Detached Stem Inoculations." HortScience 50, no. 2 (February 2015): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.268.

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Two simple and rapid in vitro bioassays using detached stems were developed for evaluating the susceptibility of boxwood genotypes to the blight disease caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Crous et al.) L. Lombard et al. Individual leaves were inoculated on detached stems or entire detached stems were sprayed to assess susceptibility. Both assay systems were optimized for inoculum concentration and disease rating time. The assay methods described here require minimal plant material and inoculum, especially the leaf inoculation assay, which uses as few as six leaves per stem and 500 spores per leaf for inoculation. The stem spray inoculation produced less variable results and was easier for quantifying susceptibility but required more inoculum than the leaf inoculation assay. No differences between the assays were found for the cultivars tested. The leaf inoculation assay is best used when limited plant material or inoculum is available; the spray inoculation of detached stems is suitable when larger plants are available.

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8

Achinas, Spyridon, and Gerrit Euverink. "Effect of Combined Inoculation on Biogas Production from Hardly Degradable Material." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020217.

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The goal of this research was to appraise the effect of combined inoculation on the performance of anaerobic digesters treating hardly degradable material, and particularly the pressed fine sieved fraction (PFSF) derived from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Batch tests were conducted in mesophilic conditions in order to examine the optimal mixing ratio of inoculums. Mixing ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 of three different inoculums were applied in the batch tests. The findings indicated that the inoculation of digested activated sludge with digested organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the ratio 25:75 resulted in a higher PFSF degradation and a higher biogas yield. The results from the kinetic analysis fit well with the results from the batch experiment.

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9

Nghĩa, Nguyễn Khởi, and Nguyễn Thị Kiều Oanh. "Selecion of carrier material and substrate for biofertilizer by-product containing three halophilic plant growth promoting bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia BL1-10, Bacillus megaterium ST2-9 and Bacillus aquimaris KG6-3)." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/2/12356.

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In biofertilizer production, carriers and substrates have an important role in maintaining an efficacy of the commercial biofertilizer by-product. The aim of this study was to select the best carrier material and substrate and as well substrate’s moisture to sustainably store biofertilizer by-product containing three halophilic plant growth promoting bacterial strains. They are Bacillus aquimaris KG6-3 (KG6-1), Burkholderia sp. BL1-10 (BL1-10) and Bacillus megaterium ST2-9 (ST2-9) with a function of non-symbiosic nitrogen fixer, phosphorous solubilizing bacteria and IAA producing bacteria, respectively. All the experiments in this study were conducted under the laboratory conditions. Spent coffee ground and domestic coal ash were used as carrier materials. Besides that, rice bran, banana peel, banana flesh, cocopeat and brown sugar were used as substrate materials. The results showed that the domestic coal ash was able to sustain the highest viable cell number of ST2-9 and KG6-3 strains after 16 incubation hours whilst BL1-10 was found to be highest viable cell number in carrier material of spent coffee ground and the viable cell number of mixed inoculum including three bacterial strains was shown to be not significantly different among the three tested carrier materials. Moreover, the viable cell number of all three bacterial strains regardless of single or mixed inoculation was found to be highest during 15 weeks in rice bran substrate with 50% of moisture content. The mixed viable cell number of bacterial consortium achieved highest in the substrate containing rice bran + brown sugar (15:1, w/w) and when taking into account a comparion between two inoculation means, it was shown that the viable cell number in treatments with bacteria immobilized in domestic coal ash was always higher than that in treatments with free cell bacteria inoculation method. Thus, it was concluded that domestic coal ash and rice bran + brown sugar mixture (15:1) was the best carrier material type and substrate for biofertilizer by-product containing the three holophilic plant growth promoting bacteria and the immobilization technique to inoculate bacteria via carrier material was the best option for microbial inoculation.

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10

Jarecki, Wacław. "Reaction of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 5 (May 25, 2020): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/201/2020-pse.

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The aim of the study was to assess soybean response to sowing material inoculation with HiStick® Soy preparation, containing Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the inoculation significantly increased the number and dry weight of nodules on soybean roots compared to control. The bacterial preparation significantly increased the number of pods per plant. As a result, a significant increase in seed yield (0.58 t/ha) was obtained compared to control. HiStick® Soy increased total protein content in seeds. Protein and fat yield was higher after seed inoculation by 318 kg/ha and 101 kg/ha, respectively, compared to control.

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11

Shakurova, О. V., S. A. Nurieva, A. Z. Tutik, S. E. Kukarkin, and L. P. Erokhova. "Tuberculosis bacteriologic diagnosis in conditions of the interdistrict antituberculosis centre." Kazan medical journal 77, no. 2 (April 15, 1996): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104278.

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The state of tuberculosis bacteriologic diagnosis for 19851994 in conditions of the inter-district antituberculosis centre is studied. It is shown that the number of inoculations to one patient with active tuberculosis as well as microbacteria inoculation depend on the volume of bacteriologic investigations and the quality of pathologic material. The growth of bacillar patient number is stated showing the change for the worse of tuberculosis epidemiologic situation. The high efficacy of the cultural diagnosis method particularly of pulmonary tuberculosis among persons of heightened risk of the disease in comparison with fluorographic examination is noted.

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12

Lee, Sang Don, Shawn P. Ryan, and Emily Gibb Snyder. "Development of an Aerosol Surface Inoculation Method forBacillusSpores." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 5 (December 30, 2010): 1638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02237-10.

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ABSTRACTA method was developed to depositBacillus subtilisspores via aerosolization onto various surface materials for biological agent decontamination and detection studies. This new method uses an apparatus coupled with a metered dose inhaler to reproducibly deposit spores onto various surfaces. A metered dose inhaler was loaded withBacillus subtilisspores, a surrogate forBacillus anthracis. Five different material surfaces (aluminum, galvanized steel, wood, carpet, and painted wallboard paper) were tested using this spore deposition method. This aerosolization method deposited spores at a concentration of more than 107CFU per coupon (18-mm diameter) with less than a 50% coefficient of variation, showing that the aerosolization method developed in this study can deposit reproducible numbers of spores onto various surface coupons. Scanning electron microscopy was used to probe the spore deposition patterns on test coupons. The deposition patterns observed following aerosol impaction were compared to those of liquid inoculation. A physical difference in the spore deposition patterns was observed to result from the two different methods. The spore deposition method developed in this study will help prepare spore coupons via aerosolization fast and reproducibly for bench top decontamination and detection studies.

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13

Jasper, DA, AD Robson, and LK Abbott. "Revegetation in an iron ore mine - Nutrient requirements for plant growth and the potential role of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880497.

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Revegetation after iron-ore mining in the Pilbara region of Australia is difficult because of the harsh climate and because the material to be revegetated is likely to have poor fertility and low microbial activity. In this work we defined the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in local soils and mine materials, and then the nutrient requirements for adequate plant growth in low-grade ore. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that addition of phosphorus to low-grade ore, and inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi, increases the growth of Acacia pyrijolia. The VA mycorrhizas were formed only in soil collected from sites dominated by Triodia pungens. A. pyrifolia nodulated only in soil from sites dominated by A. aneura. In low-grade ore, phosphorus deficiency was the major limitation to plant growth. Inoculation with a Glomus sp. resulted in up to 70% increases in dry matter production at low rates of phosphorus. The response to phosphorus or inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi was limited by nitrogen deficiency.

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14

Kholis, Nur, Dyah Laksito Rukmi, and Yuni Mariani. "Penggunaan Bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum pada Silase Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L) Sebagai Pakan Ternak." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v1i2.891.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the use of Lactobacillus plantarum on the banana kepok silage quality. The experimental design used in this study was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was silage without inoculation L. plantarum (T1), inoculation 104 CFU/ml (T2), 105 CFU/ml (T3), and 106 CFU/ml (T4). The results showed that the dry material of kepok banana peels silage was not different between treatments. The inoculation treatment of L. plantarum was able to increase (P<0.05) of crude protein and crude fat content, but decrease (P<0.05) crude fiber content and pH silage. The addition of L. plantarum inoculation to kepok banana peels could improve the quality of silage as an alternative ruminant feed.

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15

Piñuela, Yasmine, Josu G. Alday, Daniel Oliach, Francesc Bolaño, Carlos Colinas, and José Antonio Bonet. "Use of Inoculator Bacteria to Promote Tuber melanosporum Root Colonization and Growth on Quercus faginea Saplings." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080792.

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Research Highlights: Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) promote mycorrhization processes and are commonly found in the mycorrhizosphere of fungi, such as the edible hypogeous fungus Tuber melanosporum Vittad. Background and Objectives: The effectiveness of MHB in promoting the mycorrhization process and the root development of Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) seedlings destined for truffle plantations has not been determined. The main aim of this study was to shed light on the effect of bacterial inoculation on fungal root tip colonization and seedling root traits. Material and methods: We performed a co-inoculation trial using three bacteria naturally present in the T. melanosporum niche (i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and two different bacterial inoculation times (one month and nine months after fungal inoculation) under glasshouse conditions. Results: Only P. fluorescens had a significant mycorrhizal promoter effect, increasing the truffle inoculation rates of root tips by more than 10% compared with seedlings that received non-bacterial inoculation treatments. Simultaneously, the co-inoculation of P. fluorescens with T. melanosporum improved seedling root growth parameters compared with those of seedlings that received non-bacterial inoculation treatments. The different bacterial inoculation times and applications of uninoculated bacterial growth media did not affect the root traits analyzed or the root mycorrhization rates. Conclusions: These results suggest that P. fluorescens bacteria have a potential commercial application as a treatment for truffle-inoculated seedlings to improve both seedling quality and mycorrhizal colonization under nursery conditions.

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16

Turra, Camila, Erlei M. Reis, and Amarilis L. Barcellos. "Reaction of wheat cultivars and differential lines to Puccinia triticina races in detached leaves." Summa Phytopathologica 40, no. 4 (December 2014): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/1993.

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The method of preserving detached wheat leaves in Petri dish was used for the inoculation and development of the fungus Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. The reaction of 26 wheat cultivars was compared by using seedlings cultivated in pots (in vivo) and detached leaves (in vitro) inoculated with four physiological races of the pathogen. After inoculation, the material was kept in a growth chamber for 15 days. The reaction was evaluated on the 15th day after inoculation. Results for each race in the evaluated genotypes confirmed the efficiency of the detached leaf method in assessing the reaction of wheat cultivars.

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17

Moreira, Sandro Lucio Silva, Paulo Prates Júnior, Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes, Ana Catarina Monteiro Mori da Cunha, and André Narvaes da Rocha Campos. "Growth and nutrients uptake in Euterpe edulis Martius inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 2 (June 2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4639547.

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ABSTRACT Euterpe edulis Martius is one of the endangered species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest which presents low germination rate and slow seedling growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known by their symbiosis with plants, promoting an increase of water and nutrientes uptake. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of AMF inoculation on the initial growth (6 months) and nutrients uptake in E. edulis seedlings. Treatments consisted of the inoculation of pre-germinated seeds with AMF spores collected from three sites (forest, Juçara and crop), as well as a control with no inoculation. Seedlings growth, number of AMF spores in the substrate and uptake of the N, P, K, Ca and Mg macronutrients in plant tissues were analyzed. Inoculation with AMF improved the initial growth of seedlings, regardless of the source of inoculum used in the experiment, and the inoculation with material collected from rhizosphere increased the shoot and root dry biomass of seedlings by 43 % and 61 %, respectively. Inoculation with AMF provided a greater accumulation of all nutrients assessed in the shoot and root of seedlings, especially when spores were collected at the Juçara site. Inoculation with AMF is a promising strategy to improve the spread of this species.

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18

Djordjevic, Nenad, Goran Grubic, Bojan Stojanovic, and Aleksa Bozickovic. "The influence of compression level and inoculation on biochemical changes in lucerne silages." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 56, no. 1 (2011): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1101015d.

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The effect of different levels of compression (A1 = 420 gdm-1, A2 = 560 gdm-1) and inoculation (B1 = no inoculant, B2 = with inoculant) on changes in chemical composition, proteolysis and quality of lucerne silage was investigated in this paper. Based on the results of chemical analysis we found that in silages with more compressed material there was a reduction in the amount of ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and acetic acid, and increased content of protein nitrogen (?true?protein) and production of lactic acid (p<0.05). With the inoculation of the ensiling material the production of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid was reduced but the content of lactic acid and acidity was increased (p<0.05). The interaction of both investigated factors (A?B) induced a decrease in the proteolysis degree, increase of lactic acid production and decrease in acetic acid production, and decrease in pH values (p<0.001) in investigated silages. The investigated factors had less influence on the chemical composition of lucerne material, and the significant variations were observed in fat and NFE contents. On the basis of this investigation the degree of compression is the most important parameter in ensiling technology. With the adequate compression and reduction of air in the starting material, the aerobic phase is reduced and the activity of proeolytic enzymes is decreased. In practice the special attention should be given to factors on which directly or indirectly the level of compression of ensiled material depends: wilting, cutting, object selection and/or selection of machines used for compression.

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19

Trisnaningsih, Trisnaningsih, and Arifin Kartohardjono. "Pengujian Bahan Formulasi MsNPV ( Mythimna separata Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) terhadap Ulat Grayak Padi, Mythimna separata Walker di Lapangan." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.6.1.15.

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The objective of these studies were to observe efficiency material formulations of MsNPV and the influence to rice plantation on different locations (Indramayu (3 m above sea level), Sukabumi (400m above sea level) and Bogor (250 m above sea level) to larvae of rice army worm. This study used randomized block design with 4 treatments consisted of 3 formulation materials (talc, kaolin and gypsum) and control in five replications. Observations were done to life and death larvae on 5, 10, 15 days after inoculation and leaf damaged. Data were analysed with DMRT. Results from this study indicated that material talc formulation was more effective because all the material was dissolve as compare to material kaolin and gypsum formulations while the material were precipitated. Utilize these three material formulations on three different locations above sea level gave the same impact to the mortality army worm larvae and also to the plant damage.

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20

Cofiño-Villar, Alberto, Jose Alvarez-Antolin, and Juan Asensio-Lozano. "Enhanced Fracture Strength in the Working Layer of Rolls Manufactured in Ni-Hard Cast Iron Alloyed with Mo, Nb and Mg." Metals 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090725.

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One of the main in-service failure mechanisms of the work-rolls used in hot strip mill finishing stands is surface spalling. The indefinite chill double-poured rolls usually comprise of a peripheral working layer made of crushed Ni-hard cast iron and a grey cast iron core, mostly pearlitic matrix with spheroidal graphite. To enhance its wear resistance, the working layer can be alloyed with Mo and Nb. The possible cracking and spalling of the surfaces of these work-rolls is strongly influenced by the presence of carbides and the continuity of their network. The flexural and impact toughness tests are reliable testing methods to assess these properties. The aim of this paper is to identify those manufacturing factors that have a significant effect on the flexural strength and toughness of this material, correlating the results with the volume fraction of precipitated carbides. It is worth highlighting, among the analysed factors are the liquidus temperature, the %Si, the use of an inoculant with traces of Lanthanum, and inoculation with different amounts of FeB, SiCa and Mg. Inoculation with SiCa is found to have a positive effect on the toughness of the material, breaking up the continuity of the carbide network, while FeB is found to act as a heterogeneous nucleant for NbC precipitation. However, high FeB contents reduce flexural strength and do not have a significant effect on the hardness of the material. To enhance the fracture toughness of the working layer, a liquidus temperature in the 1270–1275 °C range is recommended, as well as inoculating the ladle with Mg, 3 kg/T FeB and 0.6 kg/T SiCa.

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21

Liu, Yu De, Yu Jing Lan, Yi Jian Sheng, Wen Tian Shi, Yuan Zhang, Yang Liu, and Yan Ping Cao. "Study on Technology of Food Waste Biological Aerobic Composting." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3712.

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The compositions of food waste were complex, and the content of organic matter was high, so food waste was suitable for being disposed with aerobic composting manner. Degradation time, strains inoculation quantity, waste moisture content and temperature of degradation were the main factors of affecting the food waste treatment effect and through the regulation of these factors can change the organic matter degradation ratio of biological degradation. Make use of existing food waste processing equipment to dispose food waste, the inoculation amount of food waste was in accordance with the ratio that auxiliary material (including bacteria strains): food waste =4:3, meanwhile, the degradation temperature was adjusted to 40°C, and the moisture content was changed to 40%. After 7 days, the output materials of food waste degradation would be used in the cultivation of vegetables as organic fertilizer.

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22

Brun, H., S. Levivier, I. Somda, D. Ruer, M. Renard, and A. M. Chèvre. "A Field Method for Evaluating the Potential Durability of New Resistance Sources: Application to the Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus Pathosystem." Phytopathology® 90, no. 9 (September 2000): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.961.

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To increase the longevity of new resistance genes by avoiding a rapid change in pathogen populations, we established a new field method to determine, before the release of a resistant cultivar, whether and how rapidly the pathogen population is capable of responding to the selective pressure we impose. This method was applied to the Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus pathosystem. The potential durability of two new major resistance genes introgressed into B. napus from the Brassica B genome was tested separately for each gene under field conditions for 4 years. Successive inoculations with residues of the resistant lines mixed with susceptible contaminated plant material recovered at harvest the previous year were performed in autumn. The Jlm1 resistance gene originating from B. juncea conferred complete resistance on the B. napus-B. juncea recombinant lines MX and MXS to inoculation of the cotyledons with a large diversity of L. maculans isolates. It also gave a high level of stem canker resistance in the field against natural populations of the pathogen. A similar level of resistance was obtained in the B. napus-B. nigra addition line LA4+, containing B. nigra chromosome 4 in a B. napus background. In the second year of the field experiment (i.e., the first in which residues from the resistant lines were included in the inoculation material), both MX and LA4+ maintained a high level of resistance. In the third and fourth years of the field experiment, the resistance of MX and MXS exposed to inoculum produced from their own residues broke down, but against fungal populations from susceptible B. napus or resistant B. nigra material remained effective. In contrast, LA4+ remained highly resistant to all sources of inoculum for the 4-year experiment.

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Sadovaya, E. A., O. B. Litvinov, and A. I. Laishevtsev. "The determination of species variety of bacterium genus Staphylococcus sp., taken from poultry having different clinicalmorphological disease symptoms." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 7 (2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202107004.

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The article presents the results of determination of species variety of staphylococcus agents taken from poultry by the last few years. The laboratory diagnostic research was done in the Laboratory of diagnostics and control of antibiotic resistance of mostly clinical important agents of infectious animal diseases of Federal Scientific Center – All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after K.I.Skryabin and Ya. R. Kovalenko of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Pathologic material from broiler chickens and turkey of different age groups (from 1 to 70 days old) was analyzed by the scheme of laboratory diagnostic research used in the Laboratory. The bacterial inoculation from different organs to blood agar was done, then we chose pure cultures by inoculating on sectors, after this we washed the culture to test-tubes and sent them for species determination by using the method of MALDI-TOF MS. Selected staphylococci cultures were analyzed for antibiotic resistance. The pathogenicity of the selected Staphylococcus epidermidis culture was by doing the bioassay on laboratory mice. Necropsy of mice, in smears-prints and inoculations of cultures of typical growth for staphylococci were not found, which suggests that the culture of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from poultry is non-pathogenic.

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Grégoire Taillefer, Amélie, and Terry A. Wheeler. "Animal Colonization of Restored Peatlands: Inoculation of Plant Material as a Source of Insects." Restoration Ecology 21, no. 1 (July 5, 2012): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2012.00867.x.

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25

RODRIGUES, OSMAR, AGOSTINHO DIRCEU DIDONET, JORGE A. GOUVEIA, and RITA DE CÁSSIA SOARES. "Nitrogen translocation in wheat inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilized with nitrogen." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 35, no. 7 (July 2000): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2000000700023.

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The productivity and the translocation of assimilates and nitrogen (N) were compared after inoculation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. BR-23) seeds with two strains of Azospirillum brasilense (strains 245 and JA 04) under field conditions. The inoculation of wheat seeds was done with a peat inoculant at sowing time. Plant material for evaluations were collected at anthesis and maturity. No differences in grain yield and in the translocation of assimilates resulting from inoculation were detected. Differences were observed in relation to N rates (0, 15, and 60 kg ha-1). N content in the grain increased significantly in the bacteria-inoculated treatments in which N was not added. This increase in N content in the grain with inoculation was probably due to higher N uptake after anthesis without any significant contribution on the grain yield. Such increment was of 8.4 kg ha-1 of N representing 66% more N than in no inoculated treatment. Regardless of the inoculation and the rate of N applied, it was observed that about 70% of the N accumulated at anthesis was translocated from vegetative parts to the grain.

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Franzen, Daniel, Konrad Weiß, Joachim Gundlach, and Andreas Bührig-Polaczek. "Application of Surface Layer Inoculation Processes to Solid Solution-Strengthened Ductile Cast Iron." International Journal of Metalcasting 14, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 1041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00406-5.

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Abstract Within the present investigations, an in-mould inoculation method for ductile cast iron with elevated silicon contents was developed. The inoculation process takes place at the interface between the mould’s surface and the melt. The application of a mould wall inoculation process allows inoculation at the latest possible point in time, which means high efficiency due to reduced fading effects. For this purpose, various inoculant suspensions are produced, containing inoculants in different amounts and grain fractions. The inoculant is applied to the surface of a PEP SET™-bonded moulding material by means of an air-pressurized spraying pistol. The specimen geometry used in the tests is a 5-stepped wedge, which represents wall thicknesses in the range of 5–40 mm. For a total of 8 castings, inoculant fractions in the spectrum of 0–25 and 0–45 μm are used to produce the solid solution-strengthened grade EN-GJS-500-14 that is specified in the European standard EN 1563. Metallographic investigations show that a complete solidification according to the stable system can be adjusted in the investigated wall thicknesses by inoculation with grain fractions of 0–25 μm.

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27

Han, H. S., Supanjani, and K. D. Lee. "Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptáme and growth of pepper and cucumber." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 3 (November 15, 2011): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3356-pse.

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Анотація:

Biofertilizers have been used as sources to improve plant nutrients in sustainable agriculture. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) Bacillus mucilaginosus inoculated in nutrient limited soil planted with pepper and cucumber. Results showed that rock P and K applied either singly or in combination did not significantly enhance soil availability of P and K, indicating their unsuitability for direct application. PSB was a more potent P-solubilizer than KSB, and co-inoculation of PSB and KSB resulted in consistently higher P and K availability than in the control without bacterial inoculum and without rock material fertilizer. Integrated rock P with inoculation of PSB increased the availability of P and K in soil, the uptake of N, P and K by shoot and root, and the growth of pepper and cucumber. Similar but less pronounced results were obtained when rock K and KSB were added concomitantly. Combined together, rock materials and both bacterial strains consistently increased further mineral availability, uptake and plant growth of pepper and cucumber, suggesting its potential use as fertilizer.

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Shafeev, M. S., L. M. Zorina, F. B. Kolpachikhin, D. G. Sadykova, I. F. Yakupov, Z. M. Ismagilova, R. R. Yamaleev, et al. "On antidiphtheria immunity in uninoculated inhabitants of tatarstan republic." Kazan medical journal 80, no. 1 (January 15, 1999): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj65175.

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Tension of antidi phtheria immunity among uninoculated persons in various indicatory groups of population of Tatarstan Republic in the presence of epidemic process intensification is studied. It is revealed that in 44,576,5% of uninoculated inhabitants in various indicatory groups and classes of population the titers were lower than protective. Taking into account a large percent of unprotected persons and absence of financial and material possibilities of determining the immunity level before inoculation the practice of performing thrice-repeated inoculation of adults older than 30 is justified.

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Kshnikatkin, S. A., P. G. Alenin, I. A. Voronova, and T. A. Kiryukhina. "Methods for pre-sowing treatment of legume grass seeds to improve their sowing properties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 953, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/953/1/012032.

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Abstract In recent years, more and more areas of agricultural land have been cultivated with the valuable non-traditional fodder crop galega, which perfectly combines high productivity with excellent fodder values and sustainable seed production, rationally uses agro-climatic conditions of the zone and increases soil fertility, and is valuable as a forecrop and a honey-bearing plant. The sowing material of the Eastern galega contains 50…95% of seeds with a hard shell. Seed hardness is explained by impermeability of seed shells to water and air. To increase the germinating capacity of seeds and reduce the norm of galega seeds sowing to 2.0 million/ha the sowing material of perennial leguminous fodder crop - Eastern galega should undergo pre-sowing treatment - scarification and seed inoculation. The construction and working principle of the developed technical means are presented: a scarifier SS-0,5 and an inoculator IS-1,0. The developed scarifier and inoculator of seeds of leguminous crops qualitatively perform the technological process of pre-sowing treatment of Eastern galega seeds. At optimum feed of 0.5 t/h and 1.0 t/h, the quality indicator of Eastern galega seed scarifying reaches 98.8 %, the completeness of inoculator treatment reaches 99.8 %, without seed damage that meets the agrotechnical requirements.

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Sun, Rui-Ting, Ze-Zhi Zhang, Xiang-Cao Feng, Nong Zhou, Hai-Dong Feng, Yi-Mei Liu, Wiwiek Harsonowati, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, and Qiang-Sheng Wu. "Endophytic Fungi Accelerate Leaf Physiological Activity and Resveratrol Accumulation in Polygonum cuspidatum by Up-Regulating Expression of Associated Genes." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051220.

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Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is a major raw material for the extraction of drugs such as resveratrol, while the over-exploitation of P. cuspidatum decreases the yield and drug components. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of inoculation with root endophytic fungi Funneliformis mosseae and Piriformospora indica singly or in combination in biomass production, physiological activities (e.g., chlorophyll, soluble protein, and gas exchange) and main medicinal ingredients of P. cuspidatum, accompanied by the expression levels of associated genes in resveratrol biosynthesis. Single and co-inoculation with P. indica significantly improved shoot and root biomass production, and single and co-inoculation with F. mosseae and P. indica, especially single P. indica, significantly promoted leaf chlorophyll and soluble-protein concentrations and improved leaf gas exchange, including photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration. The application of endophytic fungi increased resveratrol and polydatin concentrations, while it affected chrysophanol, emodin, and physcion concentrations in a complex manner. In addition, F. mosseae inoculation and co-inoculation induced the expression of PcCRS1, PcRS11, PcRS, and PcSTS, and only single F. mosseae and P. indica inoculation up-regulated the expression of PcCHS1 and PcCHS2. It was concluded that endophytic fungi accelerated biomass production, leaf physiological activity, and resveratrol accumulation in P. cuspidatum, which was associated with the up-regulation of related gene expression in resveratrol biosynthesis.

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Suryatmana, Pujawati, Muhammad Amir Solihin, Rina Devnita, Fajri Syahid Nurhakim, Apong Sandrawati, and Mahfud Arifin. "Dynamic of Chemical and Biological Properties of Inceptisols Cilembu due to Phosphate Rock Nanoparticle Amendment and Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi Inoculation." Materials Science Forum 1044 (August 27, 2021): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1044.121.

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Cilembu's Inceptisols have great potential for agriculture. However, land management has several limiting factors: the available phosphate content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and low population of functional soil organisms. Rock phosphate is a natural material that can increase the availability of P nutrient. Application of rock phosphate as an ameliorant in nanoparticle size and inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) is a strategy that can be implemented to address the Inceptisols constraints. However, the dynamic of chemical and biological characteristics of Cilembu Inceptisols due to amendment of phosphate rock nanoparticle (PRNp) and phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) inoculation is not yet understood clearly. To know the dynamics of the chemical and biological properties of the soil due to the treatment of these materials is an essential aspect for strategy and planning in its proper application to improve the properties of Inceptisols. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study, with a factorial pattern, consisting of the first factor being the amendment of rock phosphate nanoparticle and the second factor being the PSF inoculation. The observation was carried out in a month interval, with a three-month incubation. The result showed there was no interaction between phosphate rock nanoparticle amendment and PSF inoculation on pH-H2O, available P, CEC, and abundance of PSF population. The independent effect showed that a characteristic pattern of pH and available P values during two months of observation was increasing by PRNp amendment. Meanwhile, inoculation of PSF did not increase soil pH and P-available. The value of CEC and the population of PSF did not increase significantly during the three-month incubation. The dose of phosphate rock nanoparticle 2% (wt/wt) increased the highest available P.

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Маковский, Спартак Геннадьевич, Владимир Васильевич Лукинов, Владимир Валерьевич Клочихин, Вадим Анатольевич Шаломеев та Сергей Петрович Шейко. "МОДИФИЦИРОВАНИЕ МАГНИЕВОГО СПЛАВА МЛ5 НАНОПОРОШКОМ УГЛЕРОДА". Aerospace technic and technology, № 8 (31 серпня 2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.8.17.

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The development of contemporary aerospace engineering requires consistent improvement of operating characteristics, therefore, the use of advanced light materials becomes more and more urgent. As magnesium alloys are one of the lightest structural materials, their utilization in power plants allows for enhancement of performance characteristics, such as specific power and fuel efficiency. Especially topical is the improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the magnesium alloys (Mg-Al-Zn system) by controlling their structural characteristics through inoculation. An efficient low-cost grain refinement technique for ML5 magnesium alloy with micro additions of commercially pure carbon nanopowder has been suggested. A comparative metallographic examination of the specimens material with incremental additions of the carbon nanopowder (0.001 %, 0.005 %, 0.01 % 0.05 %, 0.1 % wt.). It has been shown that an optimum addition of the nanopowder in the quantity of 0.005 % wt. contributes to the refinement of the macro- and microstructure and increases a full set of mechanical properties. The addition of the carbon nanosized grain refining agent has also contributed to the refinement of the eutectoid. [δ+γ] phase and the macro grain size have decreased approximately by a factor of 1.5. It has been found that the inoculation of the metal structure is effective within a narrow range of the inoculant concentration in the melt. In particular, the addition of the carbon nanopowder in the quantity of 0.1 % wt. and above led to the formation of internal flaws in the metal – microporosity and film inclusions. The additions of the carbon nanopowder in ML5 alloy have also contributed to the improvement of the ductility properties. In so doing, the addition of 0.005…0.01 % wt. provided for the maximum (approximately two times) increase of the ductility properties and to was some extent beneficial for the tensile strength of the alloy. Further increase of the inoculating agent concentration led to some deterioration of the mechanical properties of the alloy. Thus, the inoculation of the magnesium alloys of Mg-Al-Zn system with micro additions of the carbon nanoparticles is a promising method of improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of cast parts for critical aerospace applications.

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Afzal, Muhammad Usman. "Synergism of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb.) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides plays a major role in citrus dieback." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 04 (September 1, 2021): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.399.

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Citrus is known as a major fruit due to its high nutritional value and adaptability in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Among diseases, citrus dieback is one of the most threatening diseases in which overall plant growth is reduced. Major causes are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) with 15-35% losses all over the world. Plant material was established adopting sanitary measures in earthen pots (12-inch diameter). Fresh culture of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was prepared for the inoculation by following the standard procedures. In the first set, rootstocks were inoculated with 200mL of water having spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides while in in the second set, inoculation of T. semipenetrans was done by using 45 mL of water suspension having 2000 freshly hatched juveniles per pot, while at the rate of 1 × 107 spores/mL per plant. In the third set, the interaction of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was studied by inoculating selected citrus rootstocks by both pathogens. After four months of inoculation, data were recorded on plant disease index (PDI) along with plant growth parameters (root weight, shoot weight, shoot weight, shoot length and number of leaves). Trifoliate orange and cox mandarin hybrid showed resistance against the development of T. semipenetrans while rough lemon, C-35 Citrange and sour orange were found susceptible. There was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 8.98g and 11.53g, while root length and shoot length decreased by 7.29cm and 13.5cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Per cent Branch Infection (PBI) and per cent Disease Index (PDI) were maximum (71.52, 37) per cent on rough lemon respectively. Results regarding combined inoculation of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans showed that there was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. In rough lemon, Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 13.86 and 20.57g respectively in diseased and healthy plants. Root length and shoot length decreased by 8.37 and 20.04cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Overall results depicted that inoculation of both pathogens reduced plant growth more severely as compared to their individual application.

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Sotiriadou, I., and P. Karanis. "The course of giardiasis in Mongolian gerbils and SCID mice infected with new strains of Giardia lamblia." Water Supply 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0029.

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The infectivity of Giardia isolates in Mongolian gerbils and in SCID mice inoculated with a newly established G. intestinalis strains of human origin (ISO/90/1, ISO/90/2) and a reference strain ATCC 30888 has been investigated. Inoculation of Mongolian gerbils with trophozoites resulted in an acute and reproducible pattern of infection. 36% of inoculated gerbils showed symptoms of infection after a first inoculation, whereas the second inoculation resulted in infection of 85% of the same gerbils. The group of SCID mice infected with ISO/90/2 failed to release cysts in the fecal material, while the second inoculated group infected with ISO/90/1 showed a low number of cysts at 13 days post inoculation. Cyst excretion was intermittent, mostly released during the second and the third week of infection. Mongolian gerbils are a useful animal model, whereas SCID mice are not, to assess viability and infectivity of parasites from various sources. Strain differences may contribute to the development of different pattern of infections, which lead to clinical consequences in the diagnosis of giardiasis.

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Slocombe, R. F., M. G. Evans, and F. J. Derksen. "Histopathologic Findings and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic Analysis of Experimentally Induced Foreign-body Pneumonias in Rats." Veterinary Pathology 26, no. 6 (November 1989): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588902600604.

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Анотація:

To document the diagnostic features of foreign-body pneumonias, four commonly used orally administered medicaments were instilled into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats in each group received a single 0.4 ml dose of either barium sulfate suspension (BaSO4), mineral oil, Pepto-bismol®, or Kaopectate® inoculated into a lung via a mainstem bronchus. The other lung served as a non-inoculated control. Rats were euthanatized on post-inoculation day 2 or 7 in order to document fully-developed, acute pulmonary lesions and developing, chronic pulmonary lesions, respectively. Light microscopic features of BaSO4-inoculated lungs were distinctive from changes in mineral oil-inoculated lungs at both post-inoculation days. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with BaSO4 had pneumonia characterized by large numbers of alveolar macrophages containing green-to-brown granular material. There was minimal interstitial involvement. On post-inoculation day 2, mineral oil caused pneumonia characterized by giant cells and alveolar macrophages that had cytoplasms distended with variably-sized clear vacuoles. Lungs inoculated with BaSO4 or mineral oil had changed little on post-inoculation day 7 compared to the light microscopic features observed on day 2. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with either Pepto-bismol® or Kaopectate® had broncho-interstitial pneumonia with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. On post-inoculation day 7, lungs inoculated with Pepto-bismol® or Kaopectate® had extensive fibrosis within alveolar lumens. Energy dispersive spectroscopy performed on sections of lung from rats given BaSO4, Pepto-bismol®, and Kaopectate® yielded a unique elemental spectrum for each compound in situ on post-inoculation days 2 and 7. We conclude that pulmonary responses differ among these compounds and that energy dispersive spectroscopy is a useful diagnostic adjunct for the definitive identification of elements comprising BaSO4, Pepto-bismol®, and Kaopectate® in situ in affected lungs.

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Martínez-Bilbao, Alejandro, Amaya Ortiz-Barredo, Emilio Montesinos, and Jesús Murillo. "Evaluation of a Cider Apple Germplasm Collection of Local Cultivars from Spain for Resistance to Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) Using a Combination of Inoculation Assays on Leaves and Shoots." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1223.

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Анотація:

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is among the three most important diseases of apple. A major effective method for its integrated management is the reduction of the susceptibility of the host. Cider apple production in Spain is based on local apple cultivars with minimum crop management and phytosanitary control. After the entry of fire blight in Spain, the selection and planting of cultivars with low susceptibility to this disease has thus become of paramount importance. In consequence, and as part of a wider characterization effort, we undertook the evaluation of an apple germplasm collection of local apple cultivars from Spain for susceptibility to fire blight. Because of the quarantine status of E. amylovora in Europe, we evaluated the use of a detached leaf inoculation assay in combination with a traditional shoot inoculation assay to reduce the amount of plant material to evaluate and to minimize pathogen manipulation. Comparison of the susceptibility values for 78 apple cultivars indicated a low but significant correlation (r = 0.56; α = 0.01) between the leaf and shoot inoculation methods. Although the detached leaf assay was not reliable for the direct selection of cultivars with low susceptibility, it was useful to optimize resources and limit the potential dispersal of the pathogen by allowing the exclusion of medium and highly susceptible cultivars from further evaluation. Shoot inoculation of 103 apple cultivars allowed the identification of 48 cultivars with high levels of resistance to fire blight, which could serve as starting material both for apple production and for breeding programs.

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Porto, Lis Natali Rodrigues, and Alfredo Seiiti Urashima. "Development of a single uredinium inoculation method for Puccinia kuehnii, the causal agent of sugarcane orange rust." Summa Phytopathologica 44, no. 4 (December 2018): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/181427.

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Анотація:

ABSTRACT The use of resistant varieties is the ideal method to control rusts. Nevertheless, knowing the pathogen’s diversity is fundamental to the success of this measure. Diversity can be analyzed phenotypically and/or genotypically. For phenotypic diversity, the reaction of genotypes is assessed by means of inoculations of the pathogen generally obtained from several uredinia. One handicap of this technique is its impossibility to detect diversity among these uredinia, assuming that they are all homogenous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a single uredinium technique for Puccinia kuehnii to be used in studies of rust diversity in sugarcane. The comparison between the two inoculation methods was done by employing urediniospores from SP89-1115 on the varieties SP89-1115 (susceptible) and RB975201 (resistant). The adopted design was completely randomized with five and seven replicates, respectively, examining incubation, latency, disease score, and injured area at 14 and 21 days. The two inoculation techniques were significantly equal for the susceptible variety, considering all evaluated parameters. For the resistant genotype, a significant difference was identified in the injured area and such difference did not interfere in the classification of the reaction of the material since values were below 1%. The single uredinium technique developed in this study showed to be reliable since the genotypic profile of the inoculated fungus was similar to that of pathogens from the produced lesions.

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Kamili, Saleem, Kris Krawczynski, Karen McCaustland, Xiaofang Li, and Miriam J. Alter. "Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus in Plasma After Drying and Storing at Room Temperature." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 05 (May 2007): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513727.

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Анотація:

Objective.To determine effect of environmental exposure on the survival and infectivity of hepatitis C virus (HCV).Methods.Three aliquots of chimpanzee plasma containing HCV and proven infectious HCV inoculum were dried and stored at room temperature, 1 aliquot for 16 hours, 1 for 4 days, and 1 for 7 days. A chimpanzee (CH247) was sequentially inoculated intravenously with each of these experimental inocula, beginning with the material stored for 7 days. Each inoculation was separated by at least 18 weeks of follow-up to monitor for infection. The concentration of HCV RNA was measured and quasi species were sequenced for each experimental inoculum and in serum samples from CH247.Results.Evidence of HCV infection developed in CH247 only after inoculation with the material stored for 16 hours. No infection occurred after inoculation with the material stored for 7 days or 4 days. Compared with the original infectious chimpanzee plasma, the concentration of HCV RNA was 1 log lower in all 3 experimental inocula. The same predominant sequences were found in similar proportions in the original chimpanzee plasma and in the experimental inocula, as well as in serum samples from CH247.Conclusion.HCV in plasma can survive drying and environmental exposure to room temperature for at least 16 hours, which supports the results of recent epidemiologic investigations that implicated blood-contaminated inanimate surfaces, objects, and/or devices as reservoirs for patient-to-patient transmission of HCV. Healthcare professionals in all settings should review their aseptic techniques and infection control practices to ensure that they are being performed in a manner that prevents cross-contamination from such reservoirs.

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Engelthaler, David M., Kenneth L. Gage, John A. Montenieri, May Chu, and Leon G. Carter. "PCR Detection of Yersinia pestis in Fleas: Comparison with Mouse Inoculation." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 6 (1999): 1980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.6.1980-1984.1999.

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Анотація:

The “gold standard” for identifying Yersinia pestis-infected fleas has been inoculation of mice with pooled flea material. Inoculated mice are monitored for 21 days, and those that die are further analyzed for Y. pestis infection by fluorescent-antibody assay and/or culture. PCR may provide a more rapid and sensitive alternative for identifying Y. pestis in fleas. To compare these assays, samples were prepared from 381 field-collected fleas. Each flea was analyzed individually by both PCR and mouse inoculation. Sixty of the 381 flea samples were positive forY. pestis by PCR; 48 of these PCR-positive samples caused death in mice (80.0% agreement). None of the 321 PCR-negative samples caused death. Among the 12 mice that survived inoculation with PCR-positive samples, 10 were later demonstrated by serology or culture to have been infected with Y. pestis. This suggests that death of inoculated mice is less reliable than PCR as an indicator of the presence of Y. pestis in flea samples. Mouse inoculation assays produce results that are comparable to PCR only when surviving as well as dead mice are analyzed for infection. The rapidity and sensitivity (10 to 100 CFU of Y. pestis) of PCR suggest that it could serve as a useful alternative to mouse inoculation for routine plague surveillance and outbreak investigations.

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40

Henny Helmi and Eni Karsiningsih. "Pendampingan Petani Gaharu melalui Program Diversifikasi Produk Gaharu sebagai Usaha Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Gaharu di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah." Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/engagement.v2i1.22.

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Agarwood is a kind of fragrant wood which used as raw material in parfume industry, cosmetics, and medicine. Agarwood was formed by infected of fungy to several species from plant of genus Acquillaria. Farmer groups (Gapoktan Alam Jaya Lestari and Poktan Air Pasir Maju) are partners involved in this program. Both of these farmers groups had problems in availability of inoculant and the expensive price of inoculant. Besides, group farmers havenot known well of inoculatuion techniques. This program was conducted by Participation Action Researh (PAR). Fungi inoculant propagation were practiced in a simple way using potato and sugar as raw materials. Both of partners were very passionate on inoculant training activities, even farmers wanted to try to make inoculants of various materials which avalaible at their sourrounding. On the inoculation techniques, spiral method using both liquid and powders inoculants were injected to gaharu plant. Farmers were trained drafting technique as alternative product of agarwood such as tasbeeh. In addition, farmers trained to calculate a profit of agarwood product. To be independent farmer group, Poktan Air Pasir Maju still needs to be trained further because of their strong willingness to develop agarwood but still lacking skill.

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41

Weiss, Robin A., and José Esparza. "The prevention and eradication of smallpox: a commentary on Sloane (1755) ‘An account of inoculation’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0378.

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Sir Hans Sloane's account of inoculation as a means to protect against smallpox followed several earlier articles published in Philosophical Transactions on this procedure. Inoculation (also called ‘variolation’) involved the introduction of small amounts of infectious material from smallpox vesicles into the skin of healthy subjects, with the goal of inducing mild symptoms that would result in protection against the more severe naturally acquired disease. It began to be practised in England in 1721 thanks to the efforts of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu who influenced Sloane to promote its use, including the inoculation of the royal family's children. When Edward Jenner's inoculation with the cow pox (‘vaccination’) followed 75 years later as a safer yet equally effective procedure, the scene was set for the eventual control of smallpox epidemics culminating in the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1977, officially proclaimed by WHO in 1980. Here, we discuss the significance of variolation and vaccination with respect to scientific, public health and ethical controversies concerning these ‘weapons of mass protection’. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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42

Kathalia, Mita, Taryono Taryono, and Rahmi Sri Sayekti. "The Response of Some Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis) Accessions to Bradyrhizobium Inoculation." Agrotechnology Innovation (Agrinova) 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/a.58347.

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Yardlong bean (Vigna Unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis) is very potential commodity to be developed in Indonesia and Rhizobium has played an important role to increase pod production through free nitrogen ixation. Bradyrhizobium is a species of Rhizobium that is commonly found in vigna. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of twenty accessions of yardlong beans to Bradyrhizobiuminoculation and determine effective accessions with Bradyrhizobium inoculation. This research was conducted at AIC-UGM from March to July 2019. The planting material was 20 accessions of yardlong beans from AIC-UGM collection using seed inoculation methods. The result after inoculation of Bradyrhizobium treatment showed that the innoculation enhances plant height, number of leaves, root volume, root area, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, pod fresh weight, number of pods, number of effective root nodules, amount of root nodules and accelerate the age of lowering and harvest age in most accessions. Considering its response to the Bradyrhizobium inoculation, accessions of yardlong bean that have the potential to be developed for superior varieties are FBKP 143, FBKP 146, FBKP 147, FBKP 150, FBKP 152, FBKP 161 and FBKP 162.

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43

Wang, Yun, Peng Zhi Hong, Ping Yang, Huan Ming Liu, Wei Hong, and Pei Heng Wu. "The Effects of Strains Inoculation Amount on the Degree of Hydrolysis of Fermented Tilapia Scraps Mixed with Soybean Meal." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.711.

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Mixed strains were used to increase the hydrolysis degree of materials during fermenting. Tilapia scraps and soybean meal were mixed by 1:1 and Bacillus subtilis, yeast and lactic acid bacteria were added. The optimal quantity of strains was determined by hydrolysis degree through single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. After all, The molecular weight distribution of raw material and products was analyzed by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results showed that the optimum conditions were as follows: the inoculation amount of Bacillus subtilis, the yeast and the lactic acid bacteria was 0.6‰, 0.06‰ and 0.0015‰, respectively. And the hydrolysis degree of materials increased from 10.3% to 27.3%. The hydrolysis degree of materials increased markedly by adding mixed strains.

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44

Melo, Alan L., Leógenes H. Pereira, and Conceição R. S. Machado. "Schistosoma mansoni: host cell adhesion to the different stages of the parasite, in vivo." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 34, no. 3 (June 1992): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651992000300004.

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The peritoneal cavity of laboratory mice was used to study the phenomenon of host cell adhesion to different evolutive stages of the Schistosoma mansoni (cercaria, adult worm, developing and mature eggs, miracidium, young and mature daughter sporocysts). Material recovered from the peritoneal cavity 30 and 180 min after the inoculation of each evolutive form was examined with the help of a stereomicroscope. The free swimming larvae (cercaria and miracidium), and the evolutive forms producing such larvae (mature egg and mature daughter sporocyst) elicited the host cell adhesion phenomenon. In all forms but cercariae the adherent cells remained as so till 180 minutes after inoculation

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Liu, Yuxin, Mengji Qiao, Yunlin Fu, Penglian Wei, Yingjian Li, and Zhigao Liu. "Tissue Structure Changes of Aquilaria sinensis Xylem after Fungus Induction." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010043.

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In this study, we analyzed the mechanism and the process of fungal-induced agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis and studied the functional changes in the xylem structure after the process. The microscopic structure of the white zone, transition zone, agarwood zone, and decay zone of 12-and 18-months of inoculation A. sinensis xylem was studied. The distribution of nuclei, starch grains, soluble sugars, sesquiterpenes, fungal propagules, and mycelium in xylem tissues was investigated by histochemical analysis. The results show that the process of agarwood formation was accompanied by apoptosis of parenchyma cells such as interxylary phloem, xylem rays, and axial parenchyma. Regular changes in the conversion of starch grains to soluble sugars, the production of sesquiterpenoids, and other characteristic components of agarwood in various types of parenchyma cells were also observed. The material transformation was concentrated in the interxylary phloem, providing a structural and material basis for the formation of agarwood. It is the core part of the production of sesquiterpenoids and other characteristic products of agarwood. Compared with the A. sinensis inoculated for 12 months, the xylem of the A. sinensis inoculated for 18 months was more vigorous. There were no significant differences between the 12 and 18 months of inoculation in terms of sugars and agarwood characteristic products. In production, harvesting after 12 months of inoculation can improve harvesting efficiency.

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46

Choi, Ji Eun, Jae-Hun Lee, So-Young Chang, Min Young Lee, and Jae Yun Jung. "Clinical Implications of Poloxamer 407 as Packing Material in an Animal Model." Audiology and Neurotology 24, no. 2 (2019): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500661.

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Background: Endoscopic ear surgery has recently increased, but it is still inconvenient and time-consuming to place packing material in the middle ear with one hand. Poloxamer 407 (P407) is a thermo-reversible gel that can be easily administered with one hand into the middle ear cavity in liquid form. Upon warming to body temperature, the gel form of P407 can support the graft in the target position and is known to prevent postsurgical tissue adhesion. Objectives: We aim to investigate the feasibility of P407 as packing material in an animal model. Male Hartley guinea pigs (350 and 400 g) were utilized in this study. Method: The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the packing material: the control group, the P407 group, and the gelatin group. To assess the role of packing material on bacterial colonization, left ears were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae through the tympanic membrane using a 0° endoscope. Five days after inoculation, the middle ear cavity was packed through a transbullar approach using 18% P407 or gelatin in both ears. In the control group, no ear pack was inserted. The tympanic membrane was examined every week using a 0° 1.9-mm endoscope until 6 weeks. Half of the animals in each group were sacrificed 6 weeks after placement of the packing materials. Results: Compared with the absorbable gelatin sponge, the P407 group showed little inflammation or fibrosis in the tympanic membrane and middle ear mucosa regardless of bacterial inoculation. The gelatin group showed severe otorrhea or perforation until 2 weeks in the right ear (2 of 4) and the left ear (1 of 4). Even though the endoscopic findings were similar between both packing groups at 6 weeks, histological analysis showed persistent packing material, inflammatory cells, and fibrosis in the gelatin group compared to the P407 group. Conclusions: This study suggested that P407 is feasible as a packing material to handle with one hand and to prevent adhesion, especially in infected middle ear mucosa. Although there is a lack of data on how well P407 supports grafts, we suggest that P407 could be a candidate for packing material in endoscopic ear surgery.

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Choi, Jeongyun, Aritra Roy Choudhury, Song-yi Park, Myung Min Oh, and Tongmin Sa. "Inoculation of ACC Deaminase-Producing Brevibacterium linens RS16 Enhances Tolerance against Combined UV-B Radiation and Heat Stresses in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 10013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810013.

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UV-B radiation and high temperature have detrimental effects on plant physiological and biochemical processes. The use of bacterial inoculants for stress alleviation has been regarded as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the ability of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-caboxylate (ACC) deaminase-producing Brevibacterium linens RS16 in enhancing stress tolerance in rice against combined UV-B radiation and heat stresses. A combination of 0.5 Wm−2 UV-B radiation and 40 °C of temperature were imposed on rice plants for 5 days. The plants imposed with combined stress had shown significantly higher ethylene emissions compared to the plants grown under normal conditions. In addition, the stress imposition had shown negative effects on the photosynthetic traits, biomass, and genetic material of rice plants. The inoculation of bacteria had shown a 26.5% and 31.8% decrease in ethylene emissions at 3 and 4 days of stress imposition compared to the non-inoculated plants. Additionally, bacterial inoculation had also enhanced plant biomass and photosynthetic traits, and had proved to be effective in restricting DNA damage under stress conditions. Taken together, the current study has shown the effective strategy of enhancing stress tolerance against the interactive effects of UV-B radiation and heat stresses by regulation of ethylene emissions through inoculating ACC deaminase-producing bacteria.

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Siekaniec, D., D. Kopyciński, A. Szczęsny, E. Guzik, E. Tyrała, and A. Nowak. "Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0146.

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Abstract The present investigation focuses on the study of the influence of titanium inoculation on tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron. Studies of tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron, in particularly the wear resistance are important because of the special application of this material. High Chromium Cast Iron is widely used for parts that require high wear resistance for example the slurry pumps, brick dies, several pieces of mine drilling equipment, rock machining equipment, and similar ones. Presented research described the effects of various amounts of Fe-Ti as an inoculant for wear resistance. The results of wear resistance were collated with microstructural analysis. The melts were conducted in industrial conditions. The inoculation was carried out on the stream of liquid metal. The following amount of inoculants have been used; 0.17% Fe-Ti, 0.33% Fe-Ti and 0.66% Fe-Ti. The tests were performed on the machine type MAN. The assessment of wear resistance was made on the basis of the weight loss. The experimental results indicate that inoculation improve the wear resistance. In every sample after inoculation the wear resistance was at least 20% higher than the reference sample. The best result, thus the smallest wear loss was achieved for inoculation by 0.66% Fe-Ti. There is the correlation between the changing in microstructure and wear resistance. With greater amount of titanium the microstructure is finer. More fine carbides do not crumbling so quickly from the matrix, improving the wear resistance.

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Few, Martha. "Epidemics, indigenous communities, and public health in the COVID-19 era: views from smallpox inoculation campaigns in colonial Guatemala." Journal of Global History 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000297.

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AbstractThis article explores the tensions between well-intentioned humanitarianism and coercive colonialism during smallpox outbreaks in eighteenth-century Guatemala, when the state extended inoculation programmes to its predominant, culturally diverse Maya communities. Evidence from anti-epidemic campaigns shows public debates broadly comparable to the current COVID-19 crisis: debates about the measurably higher mortality rates for indigenous people and other marginalized groups; debates about the extent of the state’s responsibility for the health of its peoples; and debates on whether or not coercion and violence should be used to ensure compliance with quarantines and public health campaigns. While inoculations provided medical assistance and material help to Maya communities, and resulted in demonstrably lower mortality rates from smallpox, at the same time they functioned as avenues for the expansion of colonial power to intervene in the daily lives of people in those communities, characterized by colonial actors as necessary for their own good, and for the broader public good.

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Zambino, Paul J. "Evaluating White Pine Blister Rust Resistance in Ribes after Artificial Inoculation." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.544.

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Artificially inoculated single-leaf cuttings and small plants consistently differentiated european black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars susceptible to white pine blister rust (WPBR; Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) from immune cultivars carrying the Cr resistance gene. Black currant cultivars Consort, Crusader, and Titania showed no signs of infection with any of 21 strains of WPBR, suggesting that strains able to overcome immunity conferred by the Cr resistance gene, if they exist, are uncommon in North America. However, in red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), two sources of material presumed to represent the immune cultivar Viking showed no resistance to infection. All rust strains infected and sporulated as if the cultivar were fully susceptible, casting doubt on the true identity of available sources of `Viking'.

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