Готові списки джерел за темами / Injector setup

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Injector setup"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Injector setup"

Ommi, Fathollah, Koros Nekofar, Amir Kargar, and Ehsan Movahed. "Experimental investigation of characteristics of a double-base swirl injector in a liquid rocket propellant engine." Thermal Science 14, no. 2 (2010): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1002479o.

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In this work the fundamentals of swirl injector calculation is investigated and new design procedure is proposed. The design method for double-base liquid-liquid injectors is presented based on this theory and experimental results. Then special conditions related to double based liquid-liquid injectors are studied and the corresponding results are applied in design manipulation. The behavior of injector in various performing conditions is studied, and the design procedure is presented based on obtained results. A computer code for designing the injector is proposed. Based on this code, four injectors are manufactured. A specialized laboratory was setup for the measurement of macroscopic spray characteristics under different pressure such as homogeneous droplet distribution, spray angle, and swirl effect. Finally, through phase Doppler analyzer cold test, the microscopic characteristics of injectors spray are also obtained and measured. The results which will be explained in detail are satisfactory.

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Panasenkov, A. A., S. S. Ananyev, E. D. Dlougach, and B. V. Kuteev. "ANALYSIS OF THE SETUP AND PARAMETERS OF THE FNS-ST TOKAMAK FAST ATOM INJECTOR." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 44, no. 2 (2021): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2021-44-2-86-99.

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Kubo, Minoru, Eriko Nango, Kensuke Tono, Tetsunari Kimura, Shigeki Owada, Changyong Song, Fumitaka Mafuné, et al. "Nanosecond pump–probe device for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography developed at SACLA." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): 1086–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751701030x.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have opened new opportunities for time-resolved X-ray crystallography. Here a nanosecond optical-pump XFEL-probe device developed for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) studies of photo-induced reactions in proteins at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) is reported. The optical-fiber-based system is a good choice for a quick setup in a limited beam time and allows pump illumination from two directions to achieve high excitation efficiency of protein microcrystals. Two types of injectors are used: one for extruding highly viscous samples such as lipidic cubic phase (LCP) and the other for pulsed liquid droplets. Under standard sample flow conditions from the viscous-sample injector, delay times from nanoseconds to tens of milliseconds are accessible, typical time scales required to study large protein conformational changes. A first demonstration of a TR-SFX experiment on bacteriorhodopsin in bicelle using a setup with a droplet-type injector is also presented.

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KRASILNIKOV, MIKHAIL. "BEAM DYNAMICS OPTIMIZATION FOR THE XFEL PHOTO INJECTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 05 (February 20, 2009): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0904436x.

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The main challenge for the European XFEL photo injector is the production of 1 nC electron beams with a normalized transverse emittance of 0.9 mm mrad. The photo injector setup consists of a 1.5-cell L-band rf gun cavity supplied with solenoids for beam focusing and emittance compensation and the first accelerating section with 8 TESLA superconducting cavities. The first 4 cavities are used as a booster to provide by proper choice of its position, gradient and phase matching conditions for the emittance conservation. For optimization of the beam dynamics in the photo injector, a staged algorithm, based on ASTRA simulations, has been developed. The first stage considers the emission of electrons from a photo cathode. The cathode laser energy and its transverse parameters are adjusted to produce a bunch charge of 1 nC in presence of space charge forces (including image charge at the cathode) and Schottky-like effects. The second stage contains rf gun cavity and solenoid optimization. The booster position, gradient and initial phase are optimized at the third stage yielding the minimum emittance at the photo injector exit. Results of the XFEL photo injector optimization will be presented. Besides simulations experimental studies towards XFEL photo injector are carried out. The photo injector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops photo injectors for FELs, including FLASH and the European XFEL. A thorough comparison of measured data with results of beam dynamics simulations is one of the main PITZ goals. Detailed experimental studies on photo emission processes, thermal emittance, transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam are being performed together with beam dynamics simulations. This aims to result in better understanding of beam dynamics in high brightness photo injectors. Experimentally obtained photo injector characteristics (like thermal emittance) have to be used in an additional optimization of the photo injector resulting in more realistic beam dynamics simulations. Results of these studies will be reported as well.

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Horchler, Tim. "Selection Rules for Resonant Longitudinal Injector-Coupling in Experimental Rocket Combustors." Aerospace 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9110669.

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This paper investigates different types of longitudinal mode coupling in subscale rocket combustion chambers using experimental data and numerical simulations. Based on a one-dimensional planar wave acoustic model of coupled cavity resonators with two acoustic inlet boundary conditions, mode selection rules are derived, providing a simple way of predicting which injector and combustion chamber modes have matching frequencies. Longitudinal mode coupling of an injector with an acoustically open inlet boundary condition has been reported in the literature for the start-up transient of a research combustor experiment. In this experiment, every third injector mode couples to a corresponding chamber longitudinal mode, which is explained in terms of the selection rules derived in this paper. Numerical simulation results for a different combustor experiment show an unexpected mode coupling behavior when an acoustically closed injector inlet is used. Theoretical analysis by using the one-dimensional wave model and applying the derived selection rules shows that in this setup, the injector acoustic mode can accommodate two different acoustic boundary conditions at the injector-chamber interface simultaneously. This results in different acoustic mode shapes in the injector, explaining the unexpected behavior for the resonant coupling with an acoustically closed injector inlet.

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Tao, Xi Cheng, Zhi Xia He, Peng Zhao, Wen Jun Zhong, and Gen Miao Guo. "An Experimental Investigation of Cavitating Flow in Diesel Injector Nozzle under Different Back Pressures." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1446.

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A study was carried out on the influence of different back pressures on internal flow of diesel injector nozzles. For this study, a flow visualization experimental system equipped with a pressurized chamber was setup. Experimental results show that, with the injection pressure remain constant and increase back pressure leading to the cavitation area diminished gradually and even disappeared. With a same pressure difference, higher back pressure test condition promoted the outlet mean velocity and inhibited the occurrence of cavitation inception, which demanded a larger pressure difference to make it happen. Moreover, it also resulted in a relatively large flow losses to the single phase flow compared to the cavitating flow.

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Bergmann, Peter, Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger, Dana Kiessling, Carsten Rücker, Tim Labitzke, Jan Henninges, Gunther Baumann, and Hartmut Schütt. "Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography applied to monitoring of CO2 storage at Ketzin, Germany." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): B253—B267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0515.1.

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Surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography (SD-ERT) surveys were repeatedly carried out to image [Formula: see text] injected at the pilot storage Ketzin, Germany. The experimental setup combines surface with downhole measurements by using a permanent electrode array that has been deployed in three wells. Two baseline experiments were performed during the site startup and three repeat experiments were performed during the first year of CO2 injection. By the time of the third repeat, approximately 13,500 tons of [Formula: see text] had been injected into the reservoir sandstones at about 650 m depth. Field data and inverted resistivity models showed a resistivity increase over time at the [Formula: see text] injector. The lateral extent of the related resistivity signature indicated a preferential [Formula: see text] migration toward the northwest. Using an experimental resistivity-saturation relationship, we mapped [Formula: see text] saturations by means of the resistivity index method. For the latest repeat, [Formula: see text] saturations show values of up to 70% near the injection well, which matches well with [Formula: see text] saturations determined from pulsed neutron-gamma logging. The presence of environmental noise, reservoir heterogeneities, and irregularities in the well completions are the main sources of uncertainty for the interpretations. The degradation of the permanently installed downhole components is monitored by means of frequently performed resistance checks. In consistency with the SD-ERT data, these resistance checks indicate a long-term resistivity increase near the [Formula: see text] injector. In conclusion, the investigations demonstrate the capability of surface-downhole electrical resistivity tomography to image geologically stored [Formula: see text] at the Ketzin site.

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Ferrari, Alessandro, and Tantan Zhang. "Influence of the injector setup on digital and continuous injection rate-shaping performance in diesel engine passenger cars." Energy Conversion and Management 205 (February 2020): 112259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112259.

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Natarajan, S., N. V. Mahalakshmi, and S. Sundarraj. "Experimental Investigation of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine of Ethanol and Diesel Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.254.

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This paper deals with the experimental investigation of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine system. The main objective of this research work is to study the effects of a premixed fuel ratio on the performance, combustion characteristics and reduction of oxides of nitrogen and smoke intensity, using the HCCI concept. The engine used for the experiments was of a Kirloskar TAF-I series. The engine is a four stroke, single cylinder air cooled diesel engine, of a rated power of 4.4 kW loaded with an electrical dynamometer. An electronic fuel injection circuit was developed to control the ignition timing and duration of the premixed charge. Ethanol was premixed, and a part injected before ignition, whereas the diesel fuel was injected by the conventional injector directly into the cylinder. The part injected ethanol and direct injected diesel were tested in various proportions, to optimize the operating range, and the same setup was tested with various % of EGR.The obtained results include data plots illustrating the performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The results indicate that the concentration of the oxides of nitrogen species rapidly decreased, and the smoke emissions were reduced simultaneously at 20% Rp and 20% EGR in 75% load and full load conditions.

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Rocha, Emilia Fernandes de Medeiros, Osvair Vidal, Erika Tomie Koroishi, Janeth Alina Vidal Vargas, and Luis Fernando Lamas de Oliveira. "Porosity Alteration of Carbonates by CO₂-Enriched Brine Injection." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.69.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered one of the main gases that cause global warming. In this perspective, its injection in aquifers and oil and gas reservoirs has been a possible alternative to reduce its emission in the atmosphere. An alternative strategy in which CO2 is used efficiently in the Oil Industry is the Carbonated Water Injection (CWI), where the carbon dioxide is injected through the reservoir dissolved in the brine, eliminating problems of gravitational segregation and low sweeping efficiency present in other gas injection methods. Once injected, the fluid may react with the carbonate rock and inducing their dissolution, causing changes in the petrophysical properties of the rock. This work investigated changes in the average porosity of carbonate samples from Brazilian reservoir through a dynamic flow test with enriched brine with 100% CO2 injection under high pressure and high temperature conditions and simulating a region around the face of the injector well, with an injection pressure of 8,500 psi, a temperature of 70 °C and a flow rate of 2cm3/min. The core-flooding experimental setup includes two coreholders arranged in series with samples confined in its interior, which are swept by X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), taking measurements of average porosity data. The results showed that there was dissolution in the sample assembled in the first coreholder since the porosity had increased, while in the second, no significant alterations of the porosity were observed (around 8.5% of its initial value). This observation can still be confirmed by the analysis of the dissolved moles, which exhibit behavior similar to the porosity, indicating that some minerals actually suffered dissolution from the injection of carbonated brine.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Injector setup"

Vieira, Rafaela Seabra. "Redução dos Tempos de Setup num Processo de Fabrico de Componentes em Borracha por Injeção: Caso de Estudo AHenriques." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86068.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
This dissertation was based on the analysis performed on the tool change process during an internship at AHenriques, more specifically, the exchange of molds in rubber injection machines. Right away it was understood that the objective was the reduction of the duration of the whole process in order to streamline the production of a new reference. With a study of the Lean philosophy it was possible to identify that the most appropriate tool for the case study was the SMED methodology. In order to implement it, first it was necessary to study the whole production process in order to understand its operation and crucial points. The most important thing was to know the whole process of tool change in order to understand the objective of each one of the tasks. Only after knowing the whole process it was possible to start the planning and implementation of improvement actions. Throughout the implementation of this methodology, it was possible to identify the obstacles that didn’t allow to speed up the process and, due to them, at the internship completion date, it wasn’t possible to present results that quantified a reduction of setup time. Despite this, it is believed that positive results will manifest soon, since there’s work in progress in the continuous implementation of the improvement actions already implemented and in actions to be implemented in the future. The actions already planned for implementation in the near future aim to overcame the obstacles encountered that haven’t allowed a reduction of setup time.
A presente dissertação tem como base a análise realizada ao processo de mudança de ferramenta durante um estágio realizado na AHenriques, mais concretamente, a troca de moldes em máquinas de injeção de borracha. Compreendeu-se desde logo que o foco do caso de estudo se tratava de uma redução da duração de todo o processo de setup, de forma a agilizar o início da produção de uma nova referência. Com um estudo da filosofia Lean foi possível identificar que a ferramenta mais adequada para o caso de estudo se tratava da metodologia SMED. Para implementar a mesma, primeiro foi necessário estudar todo o processo produtivo, de forma a entender o seu funcionamento e pontos cruciais, sendo que o mais importante foi conhecer todo o processo de mudança de ferramenta de forma a entender o objetivo da realização de cada uma das tarefas da mudança de ferramenta. Só depois de conhecer bem todo o processo se passou para o planeamento e implementação de ações de melhoria. Ao longo da implementação desta metodologia, foi possível identificar os obstáculos que não permitiam agilizar o processo e, devido a esses mesmos, à data de conclusão do estágio não foi possível apresentar resultados que quantificassem uma redução do tempo de setup. Apesar disto, acredita-se que resultados positivos se comecem a sentir em breve, uma vez que, se continua a trabalhar na continua implementação das ações de melhoria já implementadas e em ações para se implementarem futuramente. As ações já planeadas para implementação num futuro próximo têm como objetivo ultrapassar os obstáculos encontrados que não permitiram até então uma redução do tempo de setup.

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Частини книг з теми "Injector setup"

Lilleaas, August. "Setup, Teardown, and Dependency Injection with Spring Context." In Pro Kotlin Web Apps from Scratch, 251–59. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9057-6_13.

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Colombier, Brice, Paul Grandamme, Julien Vernay, Émilie Chanavat, Lilian Bossuet, Lucie de Laulanié, and Bruno Chassagne. "Multi-Spot Laser Fault Injection Setup: New Possibilities for Fault Injection Attacks." In Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications, 151–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97348-3_9.

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Guillen, Oscar M., Michael Gruber, and Fabrizio De Santis. "Low-Cost Setup for Localized Semi-invasive Optical Fault Injection Attacks." In Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design, 207–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64647-3_13.

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Chang, Lynne, and Joseph G. LoBiondo. "Setup of Micromanipulator for Sperm Selection and Injection for IMSI: Configuring the Microscope for Intracytoplasmic Morphology-Selected Sperm Injection (IMSI)." In Non-Invasive Sperm Selection for In Vitro Fertilization, 91–103. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1411-1_9.

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"Mold setup and installation." In Practical Guide To Injection Blow Molding, 121–32. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420014815-11.

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Haberland, Ulrike, Thomas Allmendinger, and Francesca Pugliese. "Scanner setup, cardiac protocols, and contrast injection." In EACVI Handbook of Cardiovascular CT, edited by Oliver Gaemperli, Pal Maurovich-Horvat, Koen Nieman, Gianluca Pontone, and Francesca Pugliese, 33–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192884459.003.0005.

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Abstract Coronary CT angiography uses two primary acquisition techniques: the prospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered sequential mode (step-and-shoot or axial scanning), and the retrospectively ECG-gated spiral or helical mode. The term ‘mode’ refers to the axial/sequential or spiral/helical approaches for CT data acquisition. The term ‘protocol’ indicates the scan mode associated with the specific algorithm for data synchronization (i.e. prospectively ECG-triggered or retrospectively ECG-gated acquisition). Wide-detector CT systems can provide coverage of the entire heart in a single cardiac cycle without movement of the scanner table. Dual-source CT systems offer a prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral protocol with fast table movement. Motion-free imaging depends on the scanner’s temporal resolution, on the heart rate, and on the cardiac ‘phase(s)’ selected for image acquisition. Appropriate intracoronary contrast enhancement practically means achieving an intracoronary attenuation of at least 250 HU or (ideally) higher. This can be achieved by adjusting the contrast injection rate based on the iodine concentration of the contrast medium, in order to achieve a desired iodine delivery rate of 1.6–2.0 g/s (e.g. for an iodine delivery rate of 2.0 g/s, use a 5 ml/s injection rate of a 400 mg/ml concentration contrast material).

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Wang, Enhua, Chenyao Wang, Fujun Zhang, Huasheng Cui, Chuncun Yu, Bolan Liu, Zhenfeng Zhao, and Changlu Zhao. "Knock Suppression of a Spark-Ignition Aviation Piston Engine Fuelled with Kerosene." In Numerical and Experimental Studies on Combustion Engines and Vehicles. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91938.

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Spark-ignition (SI) engine has a high power density, making it suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles. Normally, gasoline fuel with a high octane number (ON) is used for a spark-ignition engine. However, gasoline fuel is easy to be evaporated and has a low flash point which is unsafe for aviation engines. Kerosene with a high flash point is safer than gasoline. In this chapter, the combustion characteristics of kerosene for a spark-ignition aviation piston engine are analyzed. A three-dimensional (3D) model is setup, and the combustion process of the engine fuelled with kerosene is simulated. Later, the knock limit extension by water injection is evaluated experimentally. The results indicate that water injection can suppress the knock of SI engine with kerosene in some extent and the output power can be improved significantly.

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Arriola, Almir Villaro, Jon Mendizabal Samper, and Juan Meléndez Lagunilla. "Fault Injection for On-Board ERTMS/ETCS Safety Assessment." In Railway Safety, Reliability, and Security, 128–50. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1643-1.ch006.

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On-Board ERTMS/ETCS equipment performs safety related functions where the tolerable hazard rate is kept below 10-9 f/h. Safety standards such as EN50129 or IEC61508 impose requirements on the architecture used to fulfill this safety figure and the associated Safety Integrity Level (SIL). From these standards, the mandatory use of redundancy and physical independence can be derived. Due to the introduction of these requirements, a new functionality is added at the system level (e.g. majority voting processes among redundant lines). Unfortunately, neither the safety nor the interoperability standards provide technical specification that defines how to test the performance of the complete system when internal malfunction has occurred in safety related components. This chapter proposes the use of fault injection techniques to facilitate safety assessment. By means of communication saboteurs, it is possible to excite and test the associated internal functionality in systems performing safety related functions. The chapter also contributes to the definition of the test setup and test procedure of the architecture-associated safety-related internal functionality of the SIL4 odometer and Balise Transmission Module (BTM) subsystems within the on-board European Railway Traffic Management System/ European Train Control System (ERTMS/ETCS).

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Hanawa, Toshihiro, and Mitsuhisa Sato. "D-Cloud." In Cloud Technology, 2307–22. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6539-2.ch110.

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Various information systems are widely used in the information society era, and the demand for highly dependable system is increasing year after year. However, software testing for such a system becomes more difficult due to the enlargement and the complexity of the system. In particular, it is often difficult to test parallel and distributed systems in the real world after deployment, although reliable systems, such as high-availability servers, are parallel and distributed systems. To solve these problems, the authors propose a software testing environment for dependable parallel and distributed system using the cloud computing technology, named D-Cloud. D-Cloud consists of the cloud management software as the role of the resource management, and a lot of virtual machine monitors with fault injection facility in order to simulate hardware faults. In addition, D-Cloud introduces the scenario manager, and it makes a number of different tests perform automatically. Currently, D-Cloud is realized by the use of Eucalyptus as the cloud management software. Furthermore, the authors introduce FaultVM based on QEMU as the virtualization software, and D-Cloud frontend that interprets test scenario, constructs test environment, and dispatches commands. D-Cloud enables automating the system configuration and the test procedure as well as performing a number of test cases simultaneously and emulating hardware faults flexibly. This chapter presents the concept and design of D-Cloud, and describes how to specify the system configuration and the test scenario. Furthermore, the preliminary test example as the software testing using D-Cloud is presented. As the result, the authors show that D-Cloud allows easy setup of the environment, and to test the software testing for the distributed system.

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"Conclusion." In The Quantum Classical Theory, edited by Gert D. Billing. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146196.003.0010.

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In this book, we have discussed the problems concerning mixing of classical and quantum mechanics, and we have given several possible solutions to the problem and a number of suggestions for the setup of working computational schemes. In the present chapter, we give some recommendations as to which methods one should use for a given type of system and problem. As can be seen from the tables and what is apparent from the discussion in the previous chapters, the quantum-classical method has been and is used for solving many different molecular dynamics problems. Recommendations, as far as molecule surface or processes in solution are concerned, have not been incorporated, the reason being that the methods here are still to some extent under development. We have seen that the quantum-classical approach can be derived in two different fashions. In one method the classical limit ħ→ 0 is taken in some degrees of freedom. In the other approach the quantum mechanical equations are parameterized in such a fashion that classical equations of motions are either pulled out of or injected into the quantum mechanical. Thus the first method involves and introduces the classical picture in certain particular degrees of freedom—in the second method the classical picture is in principle not introduced—it is just a reformulation of quantum mechanics. This reformulation has the exact dynamics as the limit. However, if exact calculations are to be performed, the reformulation may not be advantageous from a computational point of view, and, hence, standard methods are often more conveniently applied. We prefer the second approach for introducing the quantum-classical scheme because, as mentioned, it automatically has the exact formulation as the limit. The approach is most conveniently implemented through the trajectory driven DVR, or the so-called TDGH-DVR method, which gives the systematic way of approaching the quantum mechanical limit from the classical one. Thus, the method interpolates continuously between the classical and the quantum limit—a property it shares with, for instance, the FMS method and the Bohm formulation.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Injector setup"

Marquez Macias, Fabian, Christoph Hirsch, Thomas Sattelmayer, Michael Huth, and Jürgen Meisl. "Investigating the Mixture Quality in Multi-Injector Burner Systems, Part I: Experimental Setup." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82157.

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Abstract A new approach to calculate the mixture statistics in multi-injector burner systems from a single injector data base is presented in the paper. In such systems, the mixture quality is highly sensitive to the flow rate and the skewness of the inflow velocity profile. To determine the mixture fraction statistics from these two parameters for a particular injector in a multi-injector configuration, O-POD is suggested using results from RANS-CFD as the observable. The O-POD mixing database is determined experimentally from two setups: First the mixture quality in a single injector at ideal inflow conditions is studied. Then the same injector type is investigated in a generic multi-injector burner system (MIB). To characterise the mixture quality, the mixing probability mass function (PMF) at the injector exit is measured by means of LIF and high speed imaging. The data obtained for both the single injector under ideal inflow and the MIB are presented. These studies of the mixture behaviour reveal that an asymmetric inflow velocity profile leads to a significant increase of unmixedness, which is seen as a negative skewness of the mixing PMFs. This effect becomes stronger at higher momentum flux density ratios due to the higher penetration depth of the fuel jets. The application of the O-POD to the database shows that the PMF can be accurately modeled with only 3 modes.

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Lacarelle, Arnaud, and Christian O. Paschereit. "Increasing the Passive Scalar Mixing Quality of Jets in Crossflow With Fluidics Actuators." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45583.

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Jets in crossflow are widely used in the industry for homogenization or cooling tasks. Recently, pulsating jets have been investigated as a mean to increase the scalar mixing efficiency of such configurations, whether for a single jet or for an array of jets. To avoid the disadvantages of mechanically actuated flows (costs, maintenance), a new injector based on a fluidics oscillator has been designed. Four injectors have been implemented in a generical jet in crossflow configuration and the mixing efficiency of the setup was compared with the one of the same setup equiped with standard non oscillating jets. With help of high-speed concentration measurement technique, the scalar mixing quality of both setups was measured at three positions downstream of the injection plane. In all the cases tested, the fluidics injectors present a better temporal homogenization, characterized with the Danckwerts unmixedness criterion, than the standard jets. For a defined mixing quality, a decrease of the mixing length by approximately 50% can be achieved with the fluidics injectors. Furthermore, the new injectors exhibit a mixing quality which is less sensitive to variations of the jet to crossflow momentum. The flapping motion of the fluidics injectors induces a wider azimuthal spreading of the fluidics jets immediately downstream of the injection location. This increases the macro- and micromixing phenomea which lead then to the high gains in mixing quality. It is thus demonstrated that fluidics oscillators present a strong potential to improve the passive scalar homogenization of jet in crossflow configurations.

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Lauck, Felix, Jan Witte, Michele Negri, Dominic Freudenmann, and Stefan Schlechtriem. "Design and first results of an injector test setup for green hypergolic propellants." In AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-4279.

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Moreira, Pedro, and Francisco Brójo. "Influence of Injection Angle on Pollutant Emissions and Combustion Temperature on a CFM56-3 Engine." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87353.

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Air traffic increases and growing concerns about the environment raised interests in the study of ways to reduce pollutants emissions. One reason for combustor and downstream components damage is non-uniform distribution of fuel due to dirtiness or injector damage, increasing NOx and CO emissions due to higher and lower temperature zones. Hot spots also reduce components live. Fuel injection angle change with injector life and combustion behaviors also change with this parameter. Present work report CFD simulations of combustion in the combustion chamber of a CMF56-3 gas turbine engine, to evaluate influence of injection angle on pollutant emissions and combustion temperature. Concerning engine power setup, International Civil Aviation Organization Landing and Take-Off cycle (100%, 85%, 30% and 7% engine power) were used. From the studied injection angles, lowest temperature is for 58° and that angle also produced the lowest NOx for power setups lower than 85%. 70° produced higher NOx emissions. For CO, 58° had higher emissions and 70° lower. CO2 reduces for lower injection angles, opposite to UHC. Lower angles had better results, having 3% reduction in NOx with a reduction of 10° of the injection angle. Temperature also reduces 4% with a 10° injection angle reduction.

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Ahrens, L., J. Alessi, J. Benjamin, M. Blaskiewicz, J. M. Brennan, K. A. Brown, C. Carlson, et al. "Setup and performance of the RHIC injector accelerators for the 2007 run with gold ions." In 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pac.2007.4440923.

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He, Zhixia, Jing Bai, Qian Wang, Qingmu Mu, and Yunlong Huang. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Cavitating Flow in a Vertical Multi-Hole Injector Nozzle." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30504.

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The presence of cavitation and turbulence in a diesel injector nozzle has significant effect on the subsequent spray characteristics. However, the mechanism of the cavitating flow and its effect on the subsequent spray is unclear because of the complexities of the nozzle flow, such as the cavitation phenomena and turbulence. A flow visualization experiment system with a transparent scaled-up vertical multi-hole injector nozzle tip was setup for getting the experimental data to make a comparison to validate the calculated results from the three dimensional numerical simulation of cavitating flow in the nozzle with mixture multi-phase cavitating flow model and good qualitative agreement was seen between the two sets of data. The critical conditions for cavitation inception were derived as well as the relationship between the discharge coefficient and non-dimensional cavitation parameter. After wards, the testified numerical models were used to analyze the effects of injection pressure, back pressure, cavitation parameter, Reynolds number, injector needle lift and needle eccentricity on the cavitating flow inside the nozzle. Combined with visual experimental results, numerical simulation results can clearly reveal the three-dimensional nature of the nozzle flow and the location and shape of the cavitation induced vapor distribution, which can help understand the nozzle flow better and eventually put forward the optimization ideas of diesel injectors.

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Schuckert, Sebastian, and Georg Wachtmeister. "Characteristics of Control Piston Motion and Pressure Inside of a Common Rail Diesel Injector." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.6454.

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In this paper the experimental setup of a commercial third generation common rail solenoid injector with advancedmeasurement is discussed. The motion of the control piston is measured while performing injection rate investigations using a purpose-built injection rate analyzer of the Bosch type. At the same time fuel pressure in the feed line of the nozzle is gauged and contrasted to fuel pressure before the inlet connector.In contrast to the steady rise observed in a similar study, the motion of the control piston in this case is characterized by a changing gradient in the upward movement. The magnitude of the negative displacement of the upper part of the control piston due to the fuel pressure in the control volume corresponds to simulation results of the elastic deformation.Pressure before the inlet connector and pressure in the feed line exhibit a similar course with a difference in magnitude that is rising with higher rail pressures. Precisely with the end of injection the pressure in the feed line surpasses the pressure before the inlet connector for a short moment. The measurement results of control piston motion and pressure inside the injector are of particular interest because these parameters are to serve as indicatorsfor changes in the injection rate caused by phenomena like wear and coking amongst others.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.6454

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Bornschlegel, Sebastian, Chris Conrad, Lisa Eichhorn, and Michael Wensing. "Flashboiling atomization in nozzles for GDI engines." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4750.

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Flashboiling denotes the phenomenon of rapid evaporation and atomization at nozzles, which occurs when fluidsare injected into ambient pressure below their own vapor pressure. It happens in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines at low loads, when the cylinder pressure is low during injection due to the closed throttle valve. The fuel temperature at the same time approaches cylinder head coolant temperature due to the longer dwell time of the fuel inside the injector. Flash boiling is mainly beneficial for atomization quality, since it produces small droplet sizes and relative broad and homogenous droplet distributions within the spray. Coherently, the penetration depth normally decreases due to the increased aerodynamic drag. Therefore the thermal properties of injectors are often designed to reach flash boiling conditions as early as possible. At the same time, flash boiling significantly increases the risk of undesired spray collapsing. In this case, neighbouring jets converge and form a single jet. Due to the now concentrated mass, penetration depth is enhanced again and can lead to liner or piston wetting in addition to the overall diminished mixture formation.In order to understand the underlying physics, it is important to study the occurring phenomena flashboiling and jet-to-jet interacting i.e. spray collapsing separately. To this end, single hole injectors are built up to allow for an isolated investigation of flashboiling. The rapid expansion at the nozzle outlet is visualized with a microscopic high speed setup and the forces that lead to the characteristic spray expansion are discussed. Moreover, the results on the macroscopic spray in terms of penetration, cone angles and vapor phase are shown with a high speed Schlieren setup. Resulting droplet diameters and velocities are measured using LDA/PDA.As a result, we find a comprehensive picture of flash boiling. The underlying physics can be described and discussed for the specific case of high pressure injection at engine relevant nozzle geometries and conditions, but independently from neighbouring jets. These findings provide the basis to understand and investigate flashboilingand jet-to-jet interaction as distinct, but interacting subjects rather than a combined phenomenon.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4750

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Rajendram Soundararajan, Preethi, Daniel Durox, Guillaume Vignat, Antoine Renaud, Jérôme Beaunier, and Sébastien Candel. "Comparison of Flame Describing Functions Measured in Single and Multiple Injector Configurations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80577.

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Abstract Recent investigations of combustion instabilities in annular systems indicate that considerable insight may be gained by using information gathered in single-sector experiments. Such experiments are, for example, employed to measure flame describing functions (FDFs), which represent the flame response to incident perturbations. These data may be used in combination with low-order models to interpret instabilities in multiple injector annular systems. It is known, however, that the structure and dynamical behavior of an isolated flame do not necessarily coincide with those of a flame placed in an annular environment with neighboring side flames. It is then worth analyzing effects that may be induced by the difference in lateral boundary conditions and specifically examining the extent to which the FDF data from single-segment experiments portrays the dynamical response of the flame in the annular environment. These issues are investigated with a new setup, named TICCA-Spray, that comprises a linear arrangement of three injectors. The central flame is surrounded by two identical side flames in a rectangular geometry with key dimensions, side-wall separation, and spacing between injectors identical to those of the annular system MICCA-Spray. The describing function of the central flame is determined with techniques recently developed in single sector experiments (SICCA-Spray). The FDFs obtained in the two configurations are compared for two swirler types having different swirl numbers and pressure drops. The effect of the swirl direction of the neighboring injectors is also explored by operating with co- and counter-swirl combinations. Differences between FDFs determined in the two test facilities, sometimes modest and in other cases less negligible, are found to depend on the flames’ spatial extension and interactions. The general inference is that the FDFs measured in a single-injector combustor are better suited if the flame-wall interaction is weak, and provided that the area is equivalent to that of a single sector of an annular combustor. Nonetheless, using a multi-injector system would be more appropriate for a more precise FDF determination.

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Ishii, Eiji, Kazuki Yoshimura, and Tomoyuki Hosaka. "Effects of Valve Strokes on Spray Shapes for GDI Injector." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7133.

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Abstract The effects of valve strokes on the spray shapes of a GDI injector with six holes were studied. Two kinds of strokes that change the shapes to be either cone-shaped or bell-shaped were selected to investigate the flow characteristics that caused the shapes to change. Fuel-spray behaviors were first observed with an experimental setup; strokes of 100 percent (full stroke) and 26 percent were selected assuming the multiple injection of fuel. The 26 percent stoke was selected as a representative example of narrow stroke. To investigate the flow characteristics that caused the cone and bell shapes, computational fluid simulation was applied to study the fluid flows around the holes and sprays in the air region. It was found that the stroke of 26 percent formed a narrow space upstream of the hole inlets, so the velocity component in the radial direction at the hole inlets increased. The velocity component in the radial direction also increased at the hole outlets, so each spray plume became wider and the spaces between the plumes narrower. Due to the narrower spaces, the mixture of the plumes caused the spray to become bell-shaped. The velocity component in the radial direction at the hole outlets was an important factor that determined the spray shape in the air region.

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