Статті в журналах: "Injectable Cement"

1

Medvecky, Lubomir, Radoslava Štulajterová, Maria Giretova, Lenka Luptakova, and Tibor Sopčák. "Injectable Enzymatically Hardened Calcium Phosphate Biocement." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040074.

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(1) Background: The preparation and characterization of novel fully injectable enzymatically hardened tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cements (CXI cements) using phytic acid/phytase (PHYT/F3P) hardening liquid with a small addition of polyacrylic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose anionic polyelectrolyte (PAA/CMC) and enhanced bioactivity. (2) Methods: Composite cements were prepared by mixing of calcium phosphate powder mixture with hardening liquid containing anionic polyelectrolyte. Phase and microstructural analysis, compressive strength, release of ions and in vitro testing were used for the evaluation of cement properties. (3) Results: The simple possibility to control the setting time of self-setting CXI cements was shown (7–28 min) by the change in P/L ratio or PHYT/F3P reaction time. The wet compressive strength of cements (up to 15 MPa) was close to cancellous bone. The increase in PAA content to 1 wt% caused refinement and change in the morphology of hydroxyapatite particles. Cement pastes had a high resistance to wash-out in a short time after cement mixing. The noncytotoxic character of CX cement extracts was verified. Moreover, PHYT supported the formation of Ca deposits, and the additional synergistic effect of PAA and CMC on enhanced ALP activity was found, along with the strong up-regulation of osteogenic gene expressions for osteopontin, osteocalcin and IGF1 growth factor evaluated by the RT-qPCR analysis in osteogenic αMEM 50% CXI extracts. (4) Conclusions: The fully injectable composite calcium phosphate bicements with anionic polyelectrolyte addition showed good mechanical and physico-chemical properties and enhanced osteogenic bioactivity which is a promising assumption for their application in bone defect regeneration.

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2

Faris, Adam, Hakan Engqvist, Jesper Lööf, Mikael Ottosson, and Leif Hermansson. "In Vitro Bioactivity of Injectable Ceramic Orthopaedic Cements." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.833.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate and compare the in vitro bioactivity of three injectable cements for orthopaedic applications. The cements were all based on chemically bonded ceramics technology; calcium phosphate (Norian SRS), and experimental versions of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate cements. The cements were mixed with their respective liquids and were after setting stored in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C for time periods of 1h, 24 h, 7 days and 30 days. After storage the samples were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thin film X-Ray diffraction (TF-XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for the presence of possible apatite on the sample surface. The SEM and EDX analyses showed that surface films containing Ca and P (along with the other atoms present in the materials) were formed on all materials. Thus reactions with the storage medium had occurred. The TF-XRD analysis confirmed the presence of apatite for the calcium phosphate cement and the calcium aluminate cement. On the calcium silicate cement most of the surface zone seemed to be amorphous with only broad peaks corresponding to apatite. Thus all the tested materials showed signs of in vitro bioactivity.

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3

Mao, Ke Zheng, Ke Ya Mao, Zi Shen Cheng, Peng Li, Zong Gang Chen, Xu Mei Wang, and Fu Zai Cui. "Performance of Composite Cements in the Repair of Porcine Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture In Vitro." Materials Science Forum 745-746 (February 2013): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.745-746.13.

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An ideal injectable bone cement should be able to fill fully the fractures gap and provide good mechanical support. In the present work, the mineralized collagen and calcium sulphate dehydrate (CSD) was incorporated into α-calcium sulphate hemihydrates (α-CSH) to explore an injectable composite cement. The injectability, the setting time and the biomechanics properties were investigated. A porcine thoracolumbar burst fracture model was used to evaluate the biomechanical performance of composite cements. The porcine thoracolumbar burst fracture models in vitro were prepared. A half of models was made by the vertebroplasty of the composite cements, the other half of models was used as control. Imaging analysis showed the composite cements distributed uniformly and solidified well. Biomechanical test showed the ability of the composite cements to repair spinal burst fractures was significant.

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4

Konishi, Toshiisa, Michiyo Honda, Masaki Nagaya, Hiroshi Nagashima, Eng San Thian, and Mamoru Aizawa. "Injectable chelate-setting hydroxyapatite cement prepared by using chitosan solution: Fabrication, material properties, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 31, no. 10 (May 2017): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328217704060.

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An injectable chelate-setting hydroxyapatite cement (IP6-HAp), formed by chelate-bonding capability of inositol phosphate (IP6), was developed. The effects of ball-milling duration of starting HAp powder and IP6 concentration on the material properties such as injectability and mechanical strength of the cement were examined. The cement powder was prepared by ball-milling the as-synthesized HAp powder for 5 min using ZrO2 beads with a diameter of 10 mm, followed by another 60 min with ZrO2 beads with a diameter of 2 mm, and thereafter surface-modified with 5000 ppm of IP6 solution. Injectable cement was then fabricated with this HAp powder and 2.5 mass% chitosan as a mixing solution, with a setting time of 36.3 ± 4.7 min and a compressive strength of 19.0 ± 2.1 MPa. The IP6-HAp cements prepared with chitosan showed favorable biocompatibility in vitro using an osteoblast cell model, and osteoconductivity in vivo using a pig tibia model.

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5

Chen, Ling, Hong Xiang, Xiao Xi Li, Jian Dong Ye, Xiu Peng Wang, Lin Li, and Xi Mei Zhang. "Development of a New Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement That Contains Modified Starch." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.843.

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In this study modified starch were used as anti-washout promoters of injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and the effects of the modified starch on the injectability, anti-washout performance, setting time, compressive strength, phase evolution and microstructure of this cement were investigated. The injectability of the cement was improved by adding the modified starch (0.5-2.0%). After mixing with modified starch (0.5-2.0%), the cement showed better anti-washout performance than that without modified starch after immersed and shaken in SBF. Especially, when the content of the modified starch was 1.0%, the remaining percentage of the cement was reached to 92.6%, but only 5.9% of the CPC paste remained and set for the sample without modified starch after shaken for 2 hrs. The compressive strength of cements significantly increased from 44 MPa to 54 MPa when 0.5% of modified starch was added. And a slight increase on the mechanical strength can be observed for other concentrations. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no significant difference for the conversion of the cement to hydroxyapatite for any concentrations of modified starches. The influence of the modified starch on the microstructure of the set cement was also studied. The results showed the modified starch would reduce the acicular crystal size of hydroxyapatite accompanied with little flaky crystals generation and made a compact structure. It is concluded that modified starch, a suitable anti-washout promoter, improved the performance of CPC.

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6

Gonçalves, S., A. Brouchet, M. Frèche, F. Rodriguez, B. Delisle, and J. L. Lacout. "Formulation of an Injectable Phosphocalcium Cement." Key Engineering Materials 192-195 (September 2000): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.192-195.789.

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7

Yousefi, Azizeh-Mitra. "A review of calcium phosphate cements and acrylic bone cements as injectable materials for bone repair and implant fixation." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 17, no. 4 (October 2019): 228080001987259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800019872594.

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Treatment of bone defects caused by trauma or disease is a major burden on human healthcare systems. Although autologous bone grafts are considered as the gold standard, they are limited in availability and are associated with post-operative complications. Minimally invasive alternatives using injectable bone cements are currently used in certain clinical procedures, such as vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty. Nevertheless, given the high incidence of fractures and pathologies that result in bone voids, there is an unmet need for injectable materials with desired properties for minimally invasive procedures. This paper provides an overview of the most common injectable bone cement materials for clinical use. The emphasis has been placed on calcium phosphate cements and acrylic bone cements, while enabling the readers to compare the opportunities and challenges for these two classes of bone cements. This paper also briefly reviews antibiotic-loaded bone cements used in bone repair and implant fixation, including their efficacy and cost for healthcare systems. A summary of the current challenges and recommendations for future directions has been brought in the concluding section of this paper.

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8

Koju, Naresh, Prabaha Sikder, Bipin Gaihre, and Sarit B. Bhaduri. "Smart Injectable Self-Setting Monetite Based Bioceramics for Orthopedic Applications." Materials 11, no. 7 (July 22, 2018): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071258.

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The present study is the first of its kind dealing with the development of a specific bioceramic which qualifies as a potential material in hard-tissue replacements. Specifically, we report the synthesis and evaluation of smart injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) which we believe will be suitable for various kinds of orthopedic and spinal-fusion applications. The smart nature of this next generation orthopedic implant is attained by incorporating piezoelectric barium titanate (BT) particles into monetite-based (dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, DCPA) CPC composition. The main goal is to take advantage of the piezoelectric properties of BT, as electromechanical effect plays a vital role in fracture healing at the defect site and bone integration with the implant. Furthermore, radiopacity of BT would help in easy detection of the CPC presence at the fracture site during surgery. Results reveal that BT addition favors important properties of bone cement such as good compressive strength, injectability, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and even washout resistance. Most importantly, the self-setting nature of the bone cements are not compromised with BT incorporation. The in vitro results confirm that the developed bone-cement abides by the standard orthopedic requirements making it apt for real-time prosthetic materials.

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9

Wu, Karl, Yu-Chun Chen, Shang M. Lin, and Chih-Hung Chang. "In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of a novel injectable calcitonin-loaded collagen/ceramic bone substitute." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 10 (January 31, 2021): 1355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328221989984.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel calcitonin-loaded calcium phosphate composite bone cement in vitro and in vivo. The novel composite bone cements were composed of NuROs injectable bone graft substitute, type I collagen, and/or salmon calcitonin. The setting time, porosity, wettability, compressive strength, compressive modulus, and crystallographic structures of cement specimens were determined. Degradation rate, calcitonin release rate, and osteoinductivity were assessed in vitro. In addition, osteogenic effect was examined in a rabbit model of femoral defect. The results revealed that addition of collagen/calcitonin did not substantially alter physical properties and degradation rate of bone cement specimens. Calcitonin was released into culture medium in a two-phase manner. Osteogenic effect of conditioned medium derived from calcitonin containing bone cement was observed. Finally, de novo bone growth and bone mineralization across the bone defect area were observed in rabbits after implantation of composite bone cement specimens. In conclusion, this novel calcitonin-loaded composite calcium phosphate bone cement exhibits biocompatibility, bioresorbability, osteoinductivity, and osteoconductivity, which may be suitable for clinical use.

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10

Krokhicheva, P. A., M. A. Goldberg, D. R. Khairutdinova, A. S. Fomin, A. V. Kondratiev, A. S. Baikin, A. V. Leonov, et al. "Cementing materials based on magnesium and calcium phosphates with sodium hyaluronate." Perspektivnye Materialy 9 (2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2022-9-45-55.

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In the recent years, a magnesium-calcium phosphate materials are considered as an alternative to materials based on the calcium phosphates in the reconstructive surgery. The injectable bone cements have been particular interest for the minimally invasive surgical approaches. The aim of this work is considered to the creating and studying of the structural-phase state of cement materials based on the Newberite phase (MgHPO4·3H2O). The addition of a polymer - sodium hyaluronate in the cement fluid, based on a sodium phosphate solution, leeds to the increasing of the viscosity of the system, thereby increasing the cohesion of cement materials. The effect of addition sodium hyaluronate in the various concentrations on the phase composition, setting time, pH value, microstructure, injectability and strength properties of cement materials has been studied.

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11

Xu, Hockin H. K., Michael D. Weir, Elena F. Burguera, and Alexis M. Fraser. "Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold." Biomaterials 27, no. 24 (August 2006): 4279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.001.

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12

Liu, Xi, Xiu-Mei Wang, Zonggang Chen, Fu-Zhai Cui, Huan-Ye Liu, Keya Mao, and Yan Wang. "Injectable bone cement based on mineralized collagen." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 9999B (2010): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31625.

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13

Rabiee, Seyed Mahmud, and Hamid Baseri. "Prediction of the Setting Properties of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/809235.

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Setting properties of bone substitutes are improved using an injectable system. The injectable bone graft substitutes can be molded to the shape of the bone cavity and set in situ when injected. Such system is useful for surgical operation. The powder part of the injectable bone cement is included ofβ-tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and dicalcium phosphate and the liquid part contains poly ethylene glycol solution with different concentrations. In this way, prediction of the mechanical properties, setting times, and injectability helps to optimize the calcium phosphate bone cement properties. The objective of this study is development of three different adaptive neurofuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) for estimation of compression strength, setting time, and injectability using the data generated based on experimental observations. The input parameters of models are polyethylene glycol percent and liquid/powder ratio. Comparison of the predicted values and measured data indicates that the ANFIS model has an acceptable performance to the estimation of calcium phosphate bone cement properties.

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14

Cahyanto, Arief, Atina Ghina Imaniyyah, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria, and Zulia Hasratiningsih. "Mechanical Strength Properties of Injectable Carbonate Apatite Cement with Various Concentration of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose." Key Engineering Materials 758 (November 2017): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.758.56.

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Mechanical strength is one of the key factors for clinical application of injectable carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) cement. Incorporation of polymeric additives into the mixing liquid of injectable bone cement has been known to improve cement injectability. The aim of this study is to determine whether incorporation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC) into the mixing liquid would affect the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of injectable CO3Ap cement. In the present study, Na CMC, a polymeric additive and a cellulose derivative, was used to promote the injectability of CO3Ap cement. Three groups of CO3Ap cement samples consist of CaCO3 and CaHPO4 powder in each group were mixed with 0.5 %, 1%, and 2% Na CMC solution incorporated to 0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4 solution. As a control, powder mixed with 0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4 solution was used. Samples were kept in an incubator (37°C, 100% relative humidity, 24 hours). The mechanical strength properties were evaluated by diametral tensile strength (DTS). The average DTS of samples containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% Na CMC were 3.19 MPa, 3.57 MPa, and 3.06 MPa, respectively. While the average DTS of the control group was 3.29 MPa. The groups containing Na CMC in all concentrations showed no statistical difference (p>0.05) on DTS compared to the control group. The injectability improved as the concentration of Na CMC increased. In conclusion, revealed that Na CMC does not affect the mechanical strength of CO3Ap cement. Therefore, it may be considered as an effective material to promote cement injectability. Further study of additives that can be used to promote the injectability of CO3Ap cement and enhance the mechanical strength awaits based on this initial finding.

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15

Puska, Mervi, Joni Korventausta, Sufyan Garoushi, Jukka Seppälä, Pekka K. Vallittu, and Allan Aho. "Preliminary In Vitro Biocompatibility of Injectable Calcium Ceramic-Polymer Composite Bone Cement." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.273.

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In the coming decades, the need for reconstructive surgery of bones is predicted to increase with the ageing of the population as well as the increase of injuries needing traumatologic treatments. Therefore, there is still a constant search for tissue engineering and bone substitute materials. Xenografts, synthetic hydroxyapatitite, bioactive glasses and other bone substitutes have widely been studied. When bone defects are filled using bioceramics in granules, their utilization is limited to small size defects, because the injected granules do not give immediate support against the biomechanical loading of the bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary biomineralization and the compression strength of experimental injectable bone cements modified with calcium ceramics. Our studies have focused on the development of injectable composites of bone cements, i.e. in situ curable resin systems containing impregnated Ca ceramics. The polymerized bone cement composites aspire to simulate as closely as possible the mechanical and structural properties properties of bone. The present compressive strength of our inorganic-organic bone cements are >65 up to ~180 MPa. These cements are slightly porous from their outermost surface and showed preliminarily osteoconductivity of some degree.

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16

Esnaashary, Mohammad Hossein, Hamid Reza Rezaie, Alireza Khavandi, and Jafar Javadpour. "Evaluation of setting time and compressive strength of a new bone cement precursor powder containing Mg–Na–Ca." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 10 (September 7, 2018): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918796048.

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Taking the advantage of a novel magnesium phosphate precursor containing Na and Ca, the cementation rate of the cement, including only Mg/Mg–Na–Ca, was studied. Besides, two effective parameters, that is, calcination temperature, 650 °C and 800 °C, and powder-to-cement liquid ratio, 1 and 1.5 g/mL, were assessed. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ion chromatography, particle size analyser, Vicat needle and compression test were used to characterize the powders and obtained cements. The sample containing Mg–Na–Ca, calcined at 800 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5, obtained the highest compressive strength, 20 MPa, but set fast. To control the kinetics of cementation, the powder containing Mg–Na–Ca calcined at 950 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5 and 2 g/mL was assessed and the one with 2 g/mL set in 9 min possessing 22 MPa compressive strength was selected as optimal condition to be used as a candidate, injectable bone cement.

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17

Vitale-Brovarone, Chiara, Lucia Pontiroli, Giorgia Novajra, Ion Tcacencu, J. C. Reis, and Antonio Manca. "Spine-Ghost: A New Bioactive Cement for Vertebroplasty." Key Engineering Materials 631 (November 2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.631.43.

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An innovative, resorbable and injectable composite cement (Spine-Ghost) to be used for augmentation and restoration of fractured vertebrae was developed. Type III α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) was selected as the bioresorbable matrix, while spray-dried mesoporous bioactive particles (SD-MBP, composition 80/20% mol SiO2/CaO), were added to impart high bioactive properties to the cement; a glass-ceramic containing zirconia was chosen as a second dispersed phase, in order to increase the radiopacity of the material. After mixing with water, an injectable paste was obtained. The developed cement proved to be mechanically compatible with healthy cancellous bone, resorbable and bioactive by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF), cytocompatible through in-vitro cell cultures and it could be injected in ex-vivo sheep vertebra. Comparisons with a commercial control were carried out.

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18

Vásquez Niño, Andrés Felipe, та Luis Alberto Loureiro dos Santos. "Preparation of an Injectable Macroporous α-TCP Cement". Materials Research 19, № 4 (18 липня 2016): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0229.

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19

Jansen, John A., Joop G. C. Wolke, and E. M. Ooms. "Biological Behaviour of Injectable Calcium Phosphate (CaP) Cement." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 3085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.3085.

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20

Hablee, Sufiamie, Nurul Razali, Asep Alqap, and Iis Sopyan. "Recent Developments on Injectable Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement." Recent Patents on Materials Science 9, no. 2 (January 16, 2017): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874464809666160802145629.

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21

Hesaraki, Saeed, and Roghayeh Nemati. "Cephalexin-loaded injectable macroporous calcium phosphate bone cement." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 89B, no. 2 (May 2009): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31222.

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22

de Lacerda Schickert, Sónia, João Castro Pinto, John Jansen, Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh, and Jeroen J. J. P. van den Beucken. "Tough and injectable fiber reinforced calcium phosphate cement as an alternative to polymethylmethacrylate cement for vertebral augmentation: a biomechanical study." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 15 (2020): 4239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00413h.

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A novel injectable calcium phosphate cement, reinforced with poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers has been developed and demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo bio-mechanical suitability for vertebral augmentation procedures.

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23

Dadkhah, Mehran, Lucia Pontiroli, Sonia Fiorilli, Antonio Manca, Francesca Tallia, Ion Tcacencu, and Chiara Vitale-Brovarone. "Preparation and characterisation of an innovative injectable calcium sulphate based bone cement for vertebroplasty application." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 1 (2017): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb02139e.

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24

Breding, Karin, and Hakan Engqvist. "Strength and Chemical Stability Due to Aging of Two Bone Void Filler Materials." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.315.

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Injectable resorbable bone cements for bone void fillings are gaining in interest. The materials resorb in vivo with loss of void filling capacity and strength as a consequence. The objective with this study is to qualitative determining the dissolution behaviour for a calcium sulphate and a calcium phosphate cement as function of storage time in different storage medium and correlate to their strength development. Experiments were performed on a calcium phosphate based cement, Norian SRS, and a calcium sulphate based cement, MIIG X3. In the resorbtion study, the materials dissolution at different pH (3, 5 and 7) was compared over a period of 11 weeks. The materials compressive and biaxial flexural strength was measured after aging in phosphate buffer saline for up to 12 weeks. The proposed qualitative method to study dissolution behaviour of injectable biomaterials as function of time and medium were evaluated and proved to be useful. Both materials were dissolved after 3 weeks of storage in pH 3. MIIG X3 dissolved faster than Norian SRS at pH 5. At pH 7 both materials were stable over the test period of 11 weeks. For both materials the strength decreases with storage time. Norian had a higher compressive strength than MIIG X3 for the first week, after the first week the compressive strength was similar for the two materials. MIIG X3 showed a higher flexural strength than Norian during the full test period.

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25

Schmidt, Luis Eduardo, Henrique Hadad, Igor Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, Luara Teixeira Colombo, Rodrigo Capalbo da Silva, Ana Flavia Piquera Santos, Lara Cristina Cunha Cervantes, et al. "Critical Defect Healing Assessment in Rat Calvaria Filled with Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 10, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb10020021.

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(1) Background: The tissue engineering field has been working to find biomaterials that mimic the biological properties of autogenous bone grafts. (2) Aim: To evaluate the osteoconduction potential of injectable calcium phosphate cement implanted in critical defects in rat calvaria. (3) Methods: In the calvarial bone of 36 rats, 7-mm diameter critical size defects were performed. Afterwards, the animals were randomly divided into three groups according to filler material: a blood clot group (BC), blood clot membrane group (BCM), and an injectable β-tricalcium phosphate group (HBS) cement group. After periods of 30 and 60 days, the animals were euthanized, the calvaria was isolated, and submitted to a decalcification process for later blades confection. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the neoformed bone tissue were conducted, and histometric data were statistically analyzed. (4) Results: Sixty days post-surgery, the percentages of neoformed bone were 10.67 ± 5.57 in group BC, 16.71 ± 5.0 in group BCM, and 55.11 ± 13.20 in group HBS. The bone formation values in group HBS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in groups BC and BCM. (5) Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that injectable calcium phosphate cement is an osteoconductive material that can be used to fill bone cavities.

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26

Delgado, J. A., I. Harr, Amisel Almirall, Sergio del Valle, Josep A. Planell, and M. P. Ginebra. "Injectability of a Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cement." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.157.

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In this work an injectable and self setting calcium phosphate/albumen foam is developed. The effect of both the amount of albumen and the particle size of the starting a-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) powder on the injectability of the cement paste is studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) analysis of the samples reveal that the hydrolysis of a-TCP to calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) is not affected by the addition of albumen. A foamed structure formed by spherical pores with diameters between 100 and 500 µm is observed by SEM. This porous structure is maintained after injection of the paste, although some deformation of the pores is produced due to the extrusion process. The injectability of the cements is increased by the presence of albumen as compared with cements prepared in the same conditions but without foaming agent.

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27

Sariibrahimoglu, Kemal, Joop G. C. Wolke, Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh та John A. Jansen. "Characterization of α/β-TCP Based Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement as a Potential Bone Substitute". Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (листопад 2012): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.157.

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Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) can be a suitable scaffold material for bone tissue engineering because of their osteoconductivity and perfect fit with the surrounding tissue when injected in situ. However, the main disadvantage of hydroxyapatite (HA) forming CPC is its slow degradation rate, which hinders complete bone regeneration. A new approach is to use hydraulic apatite cement with mainly α/β-tricalciumphosphate (TCP) instead of α-TCP. After hydrolysis the α/β-TCP transforms in a partially non-absorbable HA and a completely resorbable β-TCP phase. Therefore, α-TCP material was thermally treated at several temperatures and times resulting in different α/β-TCP ratios. In this experiment, we developed and evaluated injectable biphasic calcium phosphate cements (BCPC) in vitro. Biphasic α/β-TCP powder was produced by heating α-TCP ranging from 1000-11250°C. Setting time and compressive strength of the CPCs were analyzed after soaking in PBS for 6 weeks. Results demonstrated that the phase composition can be controlled by the sintering temperature. Heat treatment of α-TCP, resulted in 100%, 75% and 25% of α-to β-TCP transformation, respectively. Incorporation of these sintered BCP powder into the cement formulation increased the setting time of the CPC paste. Compressive strength decreased with increasing β-TCP content. In this study, biphasic CPCs were produced and characterized in vitro. This injectable biphasic CPC presented comparable properties to an apatitic CPC.

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Åberg, Jonas, Eszter Pankotai, Gry Hulsart Billström, Miklós Weszl, Sune Larsson, Csaba Forster-Horváth, Zsombor Lacza, and Håkan Engqvist. "In VivoEvaluation of an Injectable Premixed Radiopaque Calcium Phosphate Cement." International Journal of Biomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/232574.

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In this work a radiopaque premixed calcium phosphate cement (pCPC) has been developed and evaluatedin vivo. Radiopacity was obtained by adding 0–40 % zirconia to the cement paste. The effects of zirconia on setting time, strength and radiopacity were evaluated. In thein vivostudy a 2 by 3.5 mm cylindrical defect in a rat vertebrae was filled with either the pCPC, PMMA or bone chips. Nano-SPECT CT analysis was used to monitor osteoblast activity during bone regeneration. The study showed that by adding zirconia to the cement the setting time becomes longer and the compressive strength is reduced. All materials evaluated in thein vivostudy filled the bone defect and there was a strong osteoblast activity at the injury site. In spite of the osteoblast activity, PMMA blocked bone healing and the bone chips group showed minimal new bone formation. At 12 weeks the pCPC was partially resorbed and replaced by new bone with good bone ingrowth. The radiopaque pCPC may be considered to be used for minimal invasive treatment of vertebral fractures since it has good handling, radiopacity and allows healing of cancellous bone in parallel with the resorption of the cement.

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Cahyanto, Arief, Indah Permatasari, and Renny Febrida. "Setting time evaluation of injectable carbonate apatite cement using various sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC) concentration." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 30, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol30no2.18321.

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Introduction: The injectable calcium phosphate cement has the advantage to be used in the bone defect with the limited access which supports a minimally invasive surgical technique. These Injectability properties of calcium phosphate cement can be modified by adding a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC). The aim of this present study is to investigate the setting time of injectable bone cement based on CO3Ap using various Na CMC concentration. Methods: Vaterite (a polymorph of CaCO3) and Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous (DCPA) as powder phase mixed with 0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4 solution containing 1% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and various concentration of Na CMC as followed 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, respectively. Each concentration groups was consisting of 5 samples from total 20 samples. Powder and liquid phase was mixed with a spatula at a liquid to powder (L/P) ratio of 0.4. The setting time of CO3Ap cement was evaluated according to the modification method standardized by ISO 1566 for dental zinc phosphate cement using a custom fabricated Vicat needle apparatus. The cement was maintained at 37ºC and 100% relative humidity as a standard requirement. Results: The mean value of setting time cement was as followed 0.5% Na CMC 35:06 minutes, 1% Na CMC 38:48 minutes, 1.5% Na CMC 40:06 minutes, and 2% Na CMC 41:30 minutes. The result is statistically significant (p<0.05) with the group of 0.5% Na CMC compared to others group. Conclusion: Increasing the concentration of Na CMC could prolong the setting time of CO3Ap cement.

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McNally, Alex, Kurt Sly, Steve Lin, Xavier Bourges, and G. Daculsi. "Release of Antibiotics from Macroporous Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 359–962. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.359.

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Liu, Hua, Chang Ren Zhou, Hong Li, and Zhi Zhong Li. "Study on Osteoinductivity of Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffold." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1201.

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32

Wu, Fan, Jiacan Su, Jie Wei, Han Guo, and Changsheng Liu. "Injectable bioactive calcium–magnesium phosphate cement for bone regeneration." Biomedical Materials 3, no. 4 (November 25, 2008): 044105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/3/4/044105.

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Chen, Fangping, Yuhao Mao, and Changsheng Liu. "Premixed injectable calcium phosphate cement with excellent suspension stability." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 24, no. 7 (April 6, 2013): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-4920-7.

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34

Wynn‐Jones, Gareth, Richard M. Shelton, and Michael P. Hofmann. "Injectable citrate‐modified Portland cement for use in vertebroplasty." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 102, no. 8 (April 8, 2014): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33160.

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35

Liu, Huiling, Ying Guan, Donglei Wei, Chunxia Gao, Huilin Yang, and Lei Yang. "Reinforcement of injectable calcium phosphate cement by gelatinized starches." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 104, no. 3 (May 7, 2015): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33434.

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36

Wu, Feipeng, Hongxia Zhao, Jiahui Shi, Lang Long, Zhiqiang Yang, Hua Jin, and Xuedan Hou. "Preparation and evaluation of an injectable curcumin loaded chitosan/hydroxyapatite cement." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 10 (February 9, 2021): 1372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328221991946.

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Curcumin (Cur) is an active ingredient of Curcuma longa. Cur has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anticoagulation, hypolipidemic, anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer. An injectable curcumin loaded chitosan/hydroxyapatite bone cement (Cur-CS/HA) was prepared as a bone scaffold and drug delivery. Tween 20, a nonionic surfactant, was incorporated into the cement to improve the solubility of curcumin. Four types of Cur-CS/HA (Group0, Group1, Group5 and Group10) were prepared with different Tween 20 ratios (0, 1, 5 and 10%, respectively). The samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compression tests were carried out to evaluate the strength of the scaffolds. In addition, the inhibition assay was carried out on MG63 cells with the extracts of drug loaded materials. The results showed that Cur had an effect on the setting time (p < 0.05). Cur reduced the compressive strength of the CS/HA cement (p < 0.05). The release studies showed that Tween 20 could effectively improve the solubility of curcumin. When the Tween 20 content in cement increased from 0 to 10%, the cumulative release (30 d) of Cur increased from 5.5 to 10.6%. Moreover, the cement had good injectability, good anti-collapsibility and good biocompatibility to meet the clinical requirements. The result of inhibition assay showed that Cur-CS/HA could inhibit the proliferation of MG63 cells. Tween 20 incorporated Cur-CS/HA had great potential to use as a drug-loaded artificial bone material.

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Dupleichs, Manon, Maxence Limelette, Charlotte Mellier, Valérie Montouillout, François-Xavier Lefevre, Sophie Quillard, Jean-Yves Mevellec, and Pascal Janvier. "Controlled release of gallium maltolate complex from injectable phosphocalcic cements." Materials Research Express 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 095401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac8a3c.

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Abstract Some cancers have tropism for bone: breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and thyroid cancers are the most common. Bone metastases can be treated with surgical resection and the resulting bone defects can be filled with injectable biomaterials. Among these, calcium phosphates may be the biomaterials of choice because of their ability to locally release anticancer active ingredients. Herein, we propose the synthesis of injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) loaded with gallium maltolate (GaM). It is an extremely promising anticancer drug with also antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties. This synthesis was based on commercial cement whose main component was α-tri-calcium phosphate (α-TCP), and the final product obtained after hardening was calcium-deficient apatite (CDA). Two formulations were prepared, containing 3.5% and 7% by mass of GaM (CPC-3.5G and CPC-7G respectively). Powder x-ray diffraction (pXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR MAS) 31P analyses showed that the direct incorporation of GaM did not modify the final cement composition. Textural properties, such as setting time, injectability, workability, and cohesiveness, were well preserved or even improved. Additionally, the mechanical strength, although slightly reduced, remained perfectly compatible with surgical use. In vitro kinetics studies of GaM-loaded CPCs showed a controlled release of GaM (49% at 60 days for CPC-3.5G and 58% at 116 days for CPC-7G) following Fick’s law. Raman imaging was used to visualize its diffusion within the cement during in vitro release experiments. Finally, the structural integrity of the gallium complex in the CPC was confirmed using NMR MAS 71Ga.

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38

Qu, Yu, Hui Zhuang, Meng Zhang, Yufeng Wang, Dong Zhai, Bing Ma, Xin Wang, Chen Qin, Zhiguang Huan, and Chengtie Wu. "Bone cements for therapy and regeneration for minimally invasive treatment of neoplastic bone defects." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 21 (2021): 4355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00703c.

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A multifunctional injectable MOF-containing calcium phosphate cement (Co-TCPP/CPC) was prepared for the minimally invasive treatment of neoplastic bone defects. The Co-TCPP/CPC can kill tumor cells and promote vascularization and bone regeneration.

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39

Dong, Li Min, Chen Wang, Rui Liu, Jie Mo Tian, and Qing Feng Zan. "In Vivo Behavior of Injectable Fast-Setting Calcium Phosphate Cement." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1625.

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The in vivo study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenous ability of injectable fast-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC). Eighteen four-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups randomly, three in each group. According to the principle of selfcontrast at the same time, cavities of 5mm in diameter and 6mm in depth were drilled in femoral condyle of rabbits. The materials were implanted into cavities of the left leg, the right leg as the blank control group. Rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 weeks after surgery. The microstructure of specimens was observed using ESEM. The results showed that injectable fast-setting CPC had good fluidity and plasticity; it could be injected into bone defects and fast-set in situ. The start setting time was 5-8 min and the compressive strength was 25-30 MPa. The CPC had good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, and benefited to the repair of bone defects.

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40

Chen, Lei, Dong Zhai, Zhiguang Huan, Nan Ma, Haibo Zhu, Chengtie Wu, and Jiang Chang. "Silicate bioceramic/PMMA composite bone cement with distinctive physicochemical and bioactive properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 47 (2015): 37314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04646g.

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New bioactive silicate/PMMA composite bone cements possess improved setting properties, high mechanical strength, excellent apatite-mineralization ability and biological activity for injectable bone regeneration materials application.

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41

Zhang, Jinzheng, Xiaoyu Lei, Jiajing Tang, Jie Chen, Qing Zhao, Wei Fang, Yinglong Zhang, Yubao Li, and Yi Zuo. "Effect of Antibacterial Enoxacin on the Properties of Injectable Nano-hydroxyapatite/Polyurethane Cement for Bone Repairing." Journal of Bionic Engineering 19, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-00144-2.

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AbstractBiomaterial-associated infection (BAI) is a kind of serious post-operative complication in orthopaedic surgery. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement shines a light on BAI prevention for convenient manipulation and complex filling. To this aim, we designed an antibacterial bone cement based on Nano-hydroxyapatite/Polyurethane (PUHA) loading with antibiotic Enoxacin (EN). The distinct shear-thinning behavior of the prepolymers was observed, indicating a good injectability. The PUHA bone cement possessed a suitable curing speed, and the addition of EN might slightly expedite the curing process and enhance the mechanical properties. The EN release profile indicated that the EN-loaded bone cement could reach the minimum inhibitory concentration in 2 h, and sustainedly released EN for almost 8 days, exhibiting an antibacterial delivery potential. Antibacterial test further confirmed the antibacterial ability of EN-loaded bone cement is in a dose-dependent manner. However, the osteogenic performance of drug-loaded bone cement with high dosage is not as good as antibacterial activity. When the EN concentration of antibacterial cement was lower than 32 μg⋅mL−1, the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells could be significantly promoted. Overall, this study verified the potential of the EN-loaded PUHA bone cement in anti-infection and osteogenesis for bone repairing.

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42

Xu, Hailiang, Lei Zhu, Fang Tian, Chengwen Wang, Weidong Wu, Botao Lu, Liang Yan, Shuaijun Jia, and Dingjun Hao. "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Injectable Strontium-Modified Calcium Phosphate Cement for Bone Defect Repair in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010568.

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Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has been widely studied, but its lack of osteoinductivity and inadequate mechanical properties limit its application, while strontium is able to promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption. In this study, different proportions of tristrontium silicate were introduced to create a novel strontium-modified calcium phosphate cement (SMPC). The physicochemical properties of SMPC and CPC were compared, and the microstructures of the bone cements were characterized with scanning electron microscopy assays. Then, the effect of SMPC on cell proliferation and differentiation was examined. Furthermore, local inflammatory response and osteogenesis after SMPC implantation were also confirmed in the study. Finally, a rat model of isolated vertebral defects was used to test the biomechanical properties of the cements. The results showed that SMPC has better injectability and a shorter setting time than CPC. Meanwhile, the addition of tristrontium silicate promoted the mechanical strength of calcium phosphate cement, and the compressive strength of 5% SMPC increased to 6.00 ± 0.74 MPa. However, this promotion effect gradually diminished with an increase in tristrontium silicate, which was also found in the rat model of isolated vertebral defects. Furthermore, SMPC showed a more preferential role in promoting cell proliferation and differentiation compared to CPC. Neither SMPC nor CPC showed significant inflammatory responses in vivo. Histological staining suggested that SMPCs were significantly better than CPC in promoting new bone regeneration. Importantly, this osteogenesis effect of SMPC was positively correlated with the ratio of tristrontium silicate. In conclusion, 5% SMPC is a promising substitute material for bone repair with excellent physicochemical properties and biological activity.

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43

Tofighi, Aliassghar, A. Rosenberg, M. Sutaria, S. Balata, and J. Chang. "New Generation of Synthetic, Bioresorbable and Injectable Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials: Alpha-bsm^®, Beta-bsm^TM and Gamma-bsm^TM." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 2 (May 2009): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.2.39.

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Alpha-bsm® is a first generation self-setting, injectable and moldable apatitic calcium phosphate cement (CPC) based on amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). ACP was prepared using low temperature double decomposition technique, from a calcium solution (0.16 M), and phosphate solution (0.26 M) in a basic (pH~13) media. ACP was than stabilized using three crystal growth inhibitors (CO32-, Mg2+, P2O74-), freeze-dried, and heated (450 °C, 1h) to remove additional moisture and some inhibitors. Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) was also prepared using wet chemistry at room temperature from calcium and phosphate solution, respectively, 0.3 M and 0.15 M. ACP and DCPD powder were combined at a 1:1 ratio and ground to produce Alpha-bsm® bone cement. The cement is supplied as a powder and when mixed with an appropriate amount (0.8 ml/g) of physiological saline at room temperature, forms an injectable putty-like paste. The paste has a working time of about 45 minutes at room temperature, when stored in a moist environment. The setting reaction proceeds isothermically at body temperature (37°C) in less than 20 minutes, forming a hardened, porous (total porosity 50 to 60%), low crystalline (40% comparing with HA), apatitic calcium phosphate cement with a compressive strength range of 10 to 12 MPa. Extensive pre-clinical studies (rabbit radius critical sized defect, canine tibia osteotomy, sheep tibia, primate fibula fracture healing, and primate fibula critical size defect) demonstrate that Alpha-bsm® undergoes remodeling in conjunction with new bone formation. The next generation of Bone Substitute Materials (Beta-bsmTM and Gamma-bsm TM) are formulated based on the Alpha-bsm® chemistry but differ in powder processing (e.g. milling) technique. These materials are also self-setting, injectable and/or moldable apatitic calcium phosphate cements with improved handling and mechanical properties. The setting & hardening reaction of these new CPCs proceeds isothermically in less than 5 minutes at 37°C and once hardened demonstrate a compressive strength of 30 to 50 MPa. The final product (after full conversion) is a low crystalline (40% compared with Hydroxyapatite), calcium deficient (Ca/P atomic ratio = 1.45) carbonated apatite similar to the composition and structure of natural bone mineral (crystal size: length = 26 nm, width thickness = 8 nm). A desirable feature of these cements is their high surface chemistry (with specific surface area of about 180-200 m2/g) which is ideal for remodeling and controlled release of growth factors. A pilot rabbit critically sized femoral defect study comparing the three synthetic family products demonstrate that they share similar remodeling and resorption characteristics up to 52 weeks. Physico-chemical and mechanical performance of these next generation CPCs are favorable when compared with existing CPCs in the market, specifically material working time (at room temperature), cohesivity in a wet environment and fast setting & hardening rate (at body temperature).

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Axén, Niklas, Tobias Persson, Kajsa Björklund, Hakan Engqvist, and Leif Hermansson. "An Injectable Bone Void Filler Cement Based on Ca-Aluminate." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.265.

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45

Lim, Tae-Hong, Gregory T. Brebach, Susan M. Renner, Whoan-Jeang Kim, Jesse G. Kim, Richard E. Lee, Gunnar B. J. Andersson, and Howard S. An. "Biomechanical Evaluation of an Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement for Vertebroplasty." Spine 27, no. 12 (June 2002): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200206150-00010.

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46

Taha, Ali, Muhammad Akram, Zaidoon Jawad, Ammar Z. Alshemary, and Rafaqat Hussain. "Strontium doped injectable bone cement for potential drug delivery applications." Materials Science and Engineering: C 80 (November 2017): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.117.

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47

Saleh, Ali Taha, Lee Siew Ling, and Rafaqat Hussain. "Injectable magnesium-doped brushite cement for controlled drug release application." Journal of Materials Science 51, no. 16 (May 12, 2016): 7427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0017-2.

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48

Liu, Changsheng, Huifang Shao, Feiyue Chen, and Haiyan Zheng. "Rheological properties of concentrated aqueous injectable calcium phosphate cement slurry." Biomaterials 27, no. 29 (October 2006): 5003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.043.

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49

Jansen, John, Edwin Ooms, Nico Verdonschot, and Joop Wolke. "Injectable calcium phosphate cement for bone repair and implant fixation." Orthopedic Clinics of North America 36, no. 1 (January 2005): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2004.06.014.

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50

Habraken, W. J. E. M., L. T. de Jonge, J. G. C. Wolke, L. Yubao, A. G. Mikos, and J. A. Jansen. "Introduction of gelatin microspheres into an injectable calcium phosphate cement." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 87A, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31703.

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