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1
Golobokov, M. V. "STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE SOURCE SIZE OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 282 (December 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.12.pp.020-026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Noncontact temperature measurement is based on the registration by the thermal receiver of the electromagnetic radiation flux collected by the optical system of the device. Due to the imperfection of practical designs of optical systems, the receiver receives radiation from objects outside the boundaries of the nominal field of view. There is an effect of the size of the source – a change in the readings of the device when the size of the object changes. This paper is devoted to the study of the effect of the source size of reference pyrometers of the first category TRT IV.82, PD-9-02, PD-4-06. In the course of the research, a quantitative assessment of the additional measurement error that occurs when checking blackbody models using these reference pyrometers was obtained. Proposed and justified measures to minimize the resulting additional measurement error. The analysis of the effect of the source size effect on the reliability of the results of verification of blackbody models, working infrared thermometers and thermal imagers is carried out. The results of the research can be useful when conducting tests for type approval, developing methods for verification infrafred thermometers, and developing reference emitters.
2
Valke, A. A., D. G. Lobov, and A. G. Shkaev. "Color sensor application in high-temperature spectral ratio pyrometer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1211, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1211/1/012022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Contactless thermal control tools play an important role in solving the high-temperature technological processes improving energy efficiency problems. In order to create such controls, the authors analyzed the developing possibility of spectral ratio high-temperature pyrometer using a multispectral radiation receiver (color sensor) TCS34725. In the paper this receiver application coefficients are determined, signals ratio graphs in different spectral intervals on temperature are given for two applications: without additional filtration of the control object radiation infrared component and using an opaque in the infrared spectrum part external filter.
3
Crane, Patrick C., and Lynne A. Hillenbrand. "Estimating Harmful Levels of Radio-Frequency Radiation." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Determining whether a particular radio transmitter will produce harmful levels of radio-frequency radiation at a location of interest (the “receiver,” be it a nearby home or a distant radio telescope), has two steps. The first is to determine which standard for harm applies: Section II reviews those for human exposure, for interference with electronic devices, for interference with optical and infrared astronomy, and for interference with radio astronomy.The second step is to estimate the propagation losses between the transmitter and the “receiver.” Many factors, several highly time variable, contribute to such losses - including atmospheric refraction, diffraction by obstacles, tropospheric scattering, and atmospheric absorption - and are discussed in Section III.
4
Kostenko, Stanislav, Natalia Fedak, and Olga Mayak. "SIMULATION OF THE RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE ELEMENTS OF ROASTING EQUIPMENT." ScienceRise, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The object of the research is the process of radiation heat transfer, taking into account a single reflection of rays in the IR device of food production.
Investigated problem – the work is devoted to solving the problem of irregularity of radiation heat transfer during infrared roasting of food products.
Main scientific results. The inverse problem of heat transfer by radiation has been solved and a technique has been developed for determining the profiles of the ray flux reflectors for uniform irradiation of receivers of a convex section. Analytical modeling of all-round uniform irradiation of an elliptical receiver has been carried out. An experimental device with low-inertia temperature sensors for infrared roasting of semi-finished meat products has been developed, which makes it possible to use a reflector shaped according to the developed analytical technique. The verification of the created technique for determining the profiles of reflectors by means of a computer experiment using the TracePro and Mathcad software systems has been carried out.
The area of practical use of the research results: the use of an experimental device with a radiant flux reflector for roasting semi-finished meat products proves that the obtained technique for profiling reflectors of heat engineering systems is acceptable for the design of infrared equipment for food production and restaurant facilities. This technique allows simulating the profile of the radiant flux reflector depending on the shape of the receiver. Studies have shown that the use of a profiled reflector in the experimental device reduces the duration of roasting of natural portioned semi-finished beef products by 33 %.
Innovative technological product: a technique for determining the profiles of ray flux reflectors for uniform irradiation of receivers with a convex section. Device for infrared roasting of semi-finished meat products.
Scope of application of an innovative technological product. The study of an experimental device with a designed radiant flux reflector for roasting semi-finished meat products proves that the obtained technique for profiling reflectors of heat engineering systems is acceptable for the design of infrared equipment for food production and restaurant facilities. Using this approach allows to approach the solution of the problem of irregularity of irradiation of products during infrared roasting
5
Dobrovolsky, V. N. "Generation of the current normal to the surface of antenna by electromagnetic waves and its application in the high responsive receiver." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.01.076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Generation of the initial current normal to the surface of antenna by electromagnetic waves has been considered. It has been shown that the angle of grazing (or sliding) for the wave with the electric vector in the plane normal to the surface varies the radiation resistance over a wide range. This property allows matching the radiation impedances and loads. Here, it has been proposed to use this property to create a highly- sensitive radiation detector. In relation with this task, a model of the radiation detection of the input radiation signal by a direct quadratic detector in the stationary mode with the diode included as the load has been considered. The obtained results prove that a diode with the high differential resistance can effectively operate with the antenna. The rise of the resistance increases the detector response voltage, its responsivity, and decreases the receiver noise equivalent power. Improvement of these characteristics by orders of magnitude is possible. The considered mechanism allows detectors to operate in the infrared spectral range, and the increase in the wavelength, in principle, does not limit its functioning.
6
Evans, G., W. Houf, R. Greif, and C. Crowe. "Gas-Particle Flow Within a High Temperature Solar Cavity Receiver Including Radiation Heat Transfer." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study has been made of the flow of air and particles and the heat transfer inside a solar heated, open cavity containing a falling cloud of 100-1000 micron solid particles. Two-way momentum and thermal coupling between the particles and the air are included in the analysis along with the effects of radiative transport within the particle cloud, among the cavity surfaces, and between the cloud and the surfaces. The flow field is assumed to be two-dimensional with steady mean quantities. The PSI-Cell (particle source in cell) computer code is used to describe the gas-particle interaction. The method of discrete ordinates is used to obtain the radiative transfer within the cloud. The results include the velocity and temperature profiles of the particles and the air. In addition, the thermal performance of the solid particle solar receiver has been determined as a function of particle size, mass flow rate, and infrared scattering albedo. A forced flow, applied across the cavity aperture, has also been investigated as a means of decreasing convective heat loss from the cavity.
7
Демьяненко, М. А., та В. В. Старцев. "Применение неохлаждаемых микроболометров для регистрации импульсного терагерцового и инфракрасного излучения". Журнал технической физики 92, № 3 (2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.03.52139.190-21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analytical relations for temperature response of the bolometer to periodic radiation pulses are obtained. It is theoretically shown and experimentally confirmed by the example of infrared bolometers that when detecting short radiation pulses, in contrast to the case of constant radiation, increasing the thermal conductivity of the bolometer and, accordingly, decreasing its thermal relaxation time, it is possible to significantly increase the response rate of the receiver, practically without reducing its sensitivity. The possibility of effective registration of pulsed terahertz radiation by microbolometers with a resistively coupled, thermally non-isolated antenna is considered. It is shown that such bolometers, which have increased thermal conductivity and, accordingly, reduced sensitivity to continuous-wave radiation, can be highly effective when detecting pulsed radiation with a duration shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the bolometer. On their basis, uncooled matrix detectors of pulsed terahertz radiation, characterized by a minimum detectable energy of less than 110-12 J and a frame rate of up to 1000 Hz, can be developed.
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Steinfeld, A., R. Bombach, P. Haueter, B. Hemmerling, W. Kreutner, G. Thompson, and D. Wuillemin. "Experimental Setup of a Laser Diagnostics System for a High-Temperature Solar Receiver/Reactor." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A solar receiver/reactor has been designed specifically to study high-temperature gas phase chemical reactions using a laser based metrology. It is a cavity-type receiver, lined with stabilized ZrO2, and operated at temperatures up to 2000 K. The gas temperature is measured in situ using the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of N2. Optical access for the CARS measurement is accomplished via two side windows, each subtending a 118-mrad cone angle at the center of the cavity, providing enough clearance for the input laser beams and the output signal carrying the temperature information. Two endothermic processes were used for the initial evaluation of this method: the NH3 dissociation into N2 and H2, and the CO2-reforming of CH4 into synthesis gas. The process flow was directly exposed to high solar fluxes in addition to infrared radiation emitted by the hot reactor walls. The laser-based metrology performed satisfactorily in spite of the presence of the intense radiation field. This paper describes in detail the technical aspects of the experimental setup, presents examples of spectra and temperature measurements, and discusses practical problems encountered during experimentation.
9
Cline, Don, Simon Yueh, Bruce Chapman, Boba Stankov, Al Gasiewski, Dallas Masters, Kelly Elder, et al. "NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne Remote Sensing." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm883.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper describes the airborne data collected during the 2002 and 2003 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). These data include gamma radiation observations, multi- and hyperspectral optical imaging, optical altimetry, and passive and active microwave observations of the test areas. The gamma observations were collected with the NOAA/National Weather Service Gamma Radiation Detection System (GAMMA). The CLPX multispectral optical data consist of very high-resolution color-infrared orthoimagery of the intensive study areas (ISAs) by TerrainVision. The airborne hyperspectral optical data consist of observations from the NASA Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Optical altimetry measurements were collected using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) by TerrainVision. The active microwave data include radar observations from the NASA Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Polarimetric Ku-band Scatterometer (POLSCAT), and airborne GPS bistatic radar data collected with the NASA GPS radar delay mapping receiver (DMR). The passive microwave data consist of observations collected with the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR). All of the airborne datasets described here and more information describing data collection and processing are available online.
10
Dall’Oglio, G. "Italian observatory in Antarctica." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Infrared and Submillimetric OASI Observatory is the first permanent telescope installed in Antarctica. The installation was completed in 1989 at Terra Nova Bay. The diameter of the primary mirror is 2.6 m and the receiver is a cryogenic multichannel bolometric photometer. The OASI Observatory takes advantage of the privileged position in Antarctica, where the atmosphere is very clear and the transmission is very high (≥ 90% at 2 mm wavelength). It has been designed mainly to investigate the small scale anisotropics of the Cosmic Background Radiation and Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission.
11
Makeev, M. O., A. S. Osipkov, V. I. Batshev, O. V. Polschikova, N. S. Ryshkov, V. V. Kochervinskii, and G. Yu Yurkov. "Investigation of the phase delay of radiation by a transparent ferroelectric polymer film." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2127, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2127/1/012048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper, we study samples of an optically transparent ferroelectric polymer film with deposited nanoscale electrically conductive coatings designed to modulate the transmitted electromagnetic radiation of the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Such films can be used, for example, in interference devices for phase delay compensation or for the implementation of the Phase Shifting Interferometry, in adaptive optics, etc. To measure the phase delay of the radiation passing through the samples under study, an installation based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used. In the illumination branch of the installation, a broadband radiation source and an acousto-optic tunable filter are installed; in one of the arms of the interferometer, the test sample is installed. The interference pattern was recorded on a matrix radiation receiver; the phase information was decoded by digital holography methods. The report presents the results of measurements and shows that a modulation of the passed optical radiation occurs under the influence of the electric field as a result of changes in the geometrical dimensions of the film.
12
Higgins, R., S. Kabanovic, C. Pabst, D. Teyssier, J. R. Goicoechea, O. Berne, E. Chambers, et al. "Observation and calibration strategies for large-scale multi-beam velocity-resolved mapping of the [CII] emission in the Orion molecular cloud." Astronomy & Astrophysics 652 (August 2021): A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context. The [CII] 158 μm far-infrared fine-structure line is one of the dominant cooling lines of the star-forming interstellar medium. Hence [CII] emission originates in and thus can be used to trace a range of ISM processes. Velocity-resolved large-scale mapping of [CII] in star-forming regions provides a unique perspective of the kinematics of these regions and their interactions with the exciting source of radiation. Aims. We explore the scientific applications of large-scale mapping of velocity-resolved [CII] observations. With the [CII] observations, we investigate the effect of stellar feedback on the ISM. We present the details of observation, calibration, and data reduction using a heterodyne array receiver mounted on an airborne observatory. Methods. A 1.15 square degree velocity-resolved map of the Orion molecular cloud centred on the bar region was observed using the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (upGREAT) heterodyne receiver flying on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. The data were acquired using the 14 pixels of the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies that were observed in an on-the-fly mapping mode. 2.4 million spectra were taken in total. These spectra were gridded into a three-dimensional cube with a spatial resolution of 14.1 arcseconds and a spectral resolution of 0.3 km s−1. Results. A square-degree [CII] map with a spectral resolution of 0.3 km s−1 is presented. The scientific potential of this data is summarized with discussion of mechanical and radiative stellar feedback, filament tracing using [CII], [CII] opacity effects, [CII] and carbon recombination lines, and [CII] interaction with the large molecular cloud. The data quality and calibration is discussed in detail, and new techniques are presented to mitigate the effects of unavoidable instrument deficiencies (e.g. baseline stability) and thus to improve the data quality. A comparison with a smaller [CII] map taken with the Herschel/Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared spectrometer is presented. Conclusions. Large-scale [CII] mapping provides new insight into the kinematics of the ISM. The interaction between massive stars and the ISM is probed through [CII] observations. Spectrally resolving the [CII] emission is necessary to probe the microphysics induced by the feedback of massive stars. We show that certain heterodyne instrument data quality issues can be resolved using a spline-based technique, and better data correction routines allow for more efficient observing strategies.
13
Lyu, Yuxiao, Lingbing Peng, Tian Pu, Chunping Yang, Jun Wang, and Zhenming Peng. "Cirrus Detection Based on RPCA and Fractal Dictionary Learning in Infrared imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In earth observation systems, especially in the detection of small and weak targets, the detection and recognition of long-distance infrared targets plays a vital role in the military and civil fields. However, there are a large number of high radiation areas on the earth’s surface, in which cirrus clouds, as high radiation areas or abnormal objects, will interfere with the military early warning system. In order to improve the performance of the system and the accuracy of small target detection, the method proposed in this paper uses the suppression of the cirrus cloud as an auxiliary means of small target detection. An infrared image was modeled and decomposed into thin parts such as the cirrus cloud, noise and clutter, and low-order background parts. In order to describe the cirrus cloud more accurately, robust principal component analysis (RPCA) was used to get the sparse components of the cirrus cloud, and only the sparse components of infrared image were studied. The texture of the cirrus cloud was found to have fractal characteristics, and a random fractal based infrared image signal component dictionary was constructed. The k-cluster singular value decomposition (KSVD) dictionary was used to train the sparse representation of sparse components to detect cirrus clouds. Through the simulation test, it was found that the algorithm proposed in this paper performed better on the the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Precision-Recall (PR) curve, had higher accuracy rate under the same recall rate, and its F-measure value and Intersection-over-Union (IOU) value were greater than other algorithms, which shows that it has better detection effect.
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Klaes, K. Dieter, Marc Cohen, Yves Buhler, Peter Schlüssel, Rosemary Munro, Juha-Pekka Luntama, Axel von Engeln, et al. "An Introduction to the EUMETSAT Polar system." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-7-1085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Polar System is the European contribution to the European–U.S. operational polar meteorological satellite system (Initial Joint Polar System). It serves the midmorning (a.m.) orbit 0930 Local Solar Time (LST) descending node. The EUMETSAT satellites of this new polar system are the Meteorological Operational Satellite (Metop) satellites, jointly developed with ESA. Three Metop satellites are foreseen for at least 14 years of operation from 2006 onward and will support operational meteorology and climate monitoring. The Metop Programme includes the development of some instruments, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Advanced Scatterometer, and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding, which are advanced instruments of recent successful research missions. Core components of the Metop payload, common with the payload on the U.S. satellites, are the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and the Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) package, composed of the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A), and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). They provide continuity to the NOAA-K, -L, -M satellite series (in orbit known as NOAA-15, -16 and -17). MHS is a EUMETSAT development and replaces the AMSU-B instrument in the ATOVS suite. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, provides hyperspectral resolution infrared sounding capabilities and represents new technology in operational satellite remote sensing.
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Domier, C. W., J. Dannenberg, Y. Zhu, X. Liu, J. R. Sirigiri, Y. Ren, B. Stratton, and N. C. Luhmann. "A poloidal high-k scattering system for NSTX-U." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): C01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A previous 5-channel tangential high-k scattering system is being replaced by an 8-channel, poloidal high-k scattering system on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) device located in Princeton, NJ, USA. The 693 GHz poloidal scattering system replaces a 280 GHz tangential scattering system to study high-k electron density fluctuations on NSTX-U, thereby considerably enhancing planned turbulence physics studies by providing a measurement of the k θ -spectrum of both electron temperature gradient (ETG) and ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes. Two approaches to generating the 693 GHz probe beam are under development: an optically-pumped far-infrared (FIR) laser that generates ∼50 mW, and a compact gyrotron that can potentially generate in excess of 5 W. Large aperture optics collect radiation scattered from density fluctuations in the plasma core at 8 simultaneous scattering angles ranging from 2 to 15° corresponding to poloidal wavenumbers that extend to >40 cm−1. Steerable launch optics coupled with receiver optics mounted on a 5-axis receiver carriage allow the scattering volume to be placed radially from r/a = 0.3 out to the pedestal region (r/a ∼ 0.99) and translated horizontally as needed to satisfy wavenumber matching.
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Zavarzin, V. I., I. M. Zaitsev, and S. V. Yakubovskiy. "Method for Calculating the Offner Compact-Size Spectrometer." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Instrument Engineering, no. 4 (137) (December 2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3933-2021-4-139-151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Significant advances in development of the optical wavelength range require high-quality optical systems to create optoelectronic equipment on their basis characterized by high speed and information capacity. A method for calculating a compact-size Offner spectrometer was developed having the advantages of its compactness, maintaining high optical characteristics and having relatively low cost in comparison with the large-size equipment. The method is based on using the Rowland circles and the coma and astigmatism correction in the image plane. Analytical expressions were obtained making it possible to calculate design parameters of the spectrometer optical scheme. Two examples of calculating optical systems for visible and infrared ranges were considered. Calculated systems were simulated in the Zemax software program. To evaluate the synthesized optical models image quality, the confusion spot radius in the image plane was used. It is demonstrated that the confusion spot radius value does not exceed the value of the radiation receiver pixel size in the considered spectral ranges. Optimization was carried out for the IR spectrometer according to overall dimensions in order to improve the design manufacturability. It is shown that the principles laid down in the method development are effective, and the method itself could be used in design and development of new small-size hyperspectral optoelectronic equipment
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Novikov, Arthur, Viсtor Lisitsyn, Mulualem Tigabu, Paweł Tylek, and Sergey Chuchupal. "Detection of Scots Pine Single Seed in Optoelectronic System of Mobile Grader: Mathematical Modeling." Forests 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of mobile optoelectronic graders for separating viable seeds by spectrometric properties with high detection accuracy represents a very relevant direction of development for seed handling operations. Here, the main parameters of the radiation source and receiver for detecting a single seed in the diagnostic system of a mobile grader were modeled based on the principles of technical optics using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds as a case study. Among the pine seeds in the seed batch, there are fossilized and empty seeds that are exactly the same in geometric and gravitational parameters as live seeds. For their separation from the seed batch, data from spectrometric studies in the near-infrared (980 nm) region can be used. To substantiate the parameters of the light source, a geometric optical model of optical beam formation was considered, while the energy model of optical beam formation was considered to substantiate the parameters of the light detector. The results of this study show that the signal value depended on the orientation of a single seed relative to the recording window. The beam angle from the radiation source should be within 45 degrees. The difference between the optical streams should be 50 microns, which made it possible to clearly detect the signal at a standard noise level of 15 microns and signal-to-noise detection accuracy ratio of 56.3 dB. This study expands theoretical knowledge in the field of the spectrometric properties of a single seed, considering the cases of its orientation relative to the optical beam, which affected the effective area of detection of the seed. The obtained data on the location of the main elements of the diagnostic system will speed up the design of mobile optoelectronic graders, and the development of a contemporary protocol for improving Scots pine seed quality.
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Hanrieder, N., S. Wilbert, R. Pitz-Paal, C. Emde, J. Gasteiger, B. Mayer, and J. Polo. "Atmospheric extinction in solar tower plants: the Absorption and Broadband Correction for MOR measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 5 (May 7, 2015): 4737–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4737-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Losses of reflected Direct Normal Irradiance due to atmospheric extinction in concentrating solar tower plants can vary significantly with site and time. The losses of the direct normal irradiance between the heliostat field and receiver in a solar tower plant are mainly caused by atmospheric scattering and absorption by aerosol and water vapor concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer. Due to a high aerosol particle number, radiation losses can be significantly larger in desert environments compared to the standard atmospheric conditions which are usually considered in raytracing or plant optimization tools. Information about on-site atmospheric extinction is only rarely available. To measure these radiation losses, two different commercially available instruments were tested and more than 19 months of measurements were collected at the Plataforma Solar de Almería and compared. Both instruments are primarily used to determine the meteorological optical range (MOR). The Vaisala FS11 scatterometer is based on a monochromatic near-infrared light source emission and measures the strength of scattering processes in a small air volume mainly caused by aerosol particles. The Optec LPV4 long-path visibility transmissometer determines the monochromatic attenuation between a light-emitting diode (LED) light source at 532 nm and a receiver and therefore also accounts for absorption processes. As the broadband solar attenuation is of interest for solar resource assessment for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), a correction procedure for these two instruments is developed and tested. This procedure includes a spectral correction of both instruments from monochromatic to broadband attenuation. That means the attenuation is corrected for the actual, time-dependent by the collector reflected solar spectrum. Further, an absorption correction for the Vaisala FS11 scatterometer is implemented. To optimize the Absorption and Broadband Correction (ABC) procedure, additional measurement input of a nearby sun photometer is used to enhance on-site atmospheric assumptions for description of the atmosphere in the algorithm. Comparing both uncorrected and spectral- and absorption-corrected extinction data from one year measurements at the Plataforma Solar de Almería, the mean difference between the scatterometer and the transmissometer is reduced from 4.4 to 0.6%. Applying the ABC procedure without the usage of additional input data from a sun photometer still reduces the difference between both sensors to about 0.8%. Applying an expert guess assuming a standard aerosol profile for continental regions instead of additional sun photometer input results in a mean difference of 0.81%. Therefore, applying this new correction method, both instruments can now be utilized to determine the solar broadband extinction in tower plants sufficiently accurate.
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Sosnowski, Tomasz, Grzegorz Bieszczad, Sławomir Gogler, Henryk Madura, Mariusz Felczak, and Robert Strąkowski. "Radiation Model of a Housing of Cooled Infrared Detector Array." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 25, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_242/67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The infrared camera detects infrared radiation from the observed objects, Its main element is the array of infrared detectors, which converts the received radiation into an electrical signal. The radiation sources recorded by the detector can be divided as useful, received from the observed scene, and useless received from such objects as the detector housing and lens elements. These unusable radiation sources have a significant impact on the design of the detector itself. The article presents a model of the detector housing and a quantitative analysis of the influence of various radiation sources on the effectiveness of radiation detection from the observed scene.
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Andrews, H., E. Peeters, A. G. G. M. Tielens, and Y. Okada. "Whipping IC 63/IC 59." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context. IC 63 and IC 59 are a pair of cometary-shaped nebulae in the vicinity of the star γCas (also known as Tsih, “the Whip”). Both nebulae have very different optical appearances, despite the fact that both objects lie at similar projected distances from the star: IC 63 shows bright rims and filaments, while IC 59 looks more homogeneous and faint. Aims. We aim to perform a general description of the two nebulae from an observational standpoint in order to study the physical conditions at the UV-illuminated surfaces of these objects. Methods. We used the available data on both nebulae taken with Spitzer and Herschel to study the infrared emission at the tip of both clouds, and derive the intensity of the UV radiation field. Using the photodetector array camera and spectrometer (PACS) in line spectroscopy mode, we obtained the intensity of the cooling lines [C II] 157 μm and [O I] 63 μm, and we used these to estimate the density in these regions. Excitation diagrams of molecular hydrogen were obtained to derive the gas temperature. We also used [C II] 157 μm velocity maps of IC 59 taken with German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on board SOFIA to explore the gas dynamics in this nebula. Results. We find that the IR emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very similar at the tip of both nebulae. Even though it varies in intensity between the two, the derived PAH band ratios are remarkably similar. These ratios are similar to those found in the more shielded regions of other nebulae such as NGC 7023 and NGC 2023. Regarding the physical conditions, we get that while in IC 63 the intensity of the UV field, G0, is a factor of approximately ten higher than in IC 59, the density n at the tip of IC 59 is lower than in IC 63 by a similar factor. For both objects we derive G0 values significantly lower than what previous works have so far assumed. Comparison with other reflection nebulae photo-dissociation regions (PDRs) and known correlations support our claim that both IC 63 and IC 59 are low-UV irradiated environments. Conclusions. We conclude that the tips of IC 63 and IC 59 are about three and five times farther away from the star than their respective projected distances. The similarity of the mid-infrared emission between the two nebulae is consistent not only with both objects being overdensities within the same region around γCas, but it is also consistent with the similar G0/n and ionization parameters, which altogether rule the evolution of the hydrogenation and ionization level of the emitting population of PAHs. Finally, regarding the kinematics of the material in IC 59, we find evidence of photo-evaporation due to the incident radiation from γCas.
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Minin, Igor V., and Oleg V. Minin. "MILLIMETER AND TERAHERTZ RADIATION DETECTOR." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 4 (2021): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-4-160-175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this work is an analytical review of terahertz and millimeter-wave radiation receivers. Classification of terahertz radiation receivers and their comparative characteristics are made. Various aspects of the application of terahertz radiation, as well as the main types and types of receivers of this radiation, are considered in this paper. Photon and thermal receivers, terahertz receivers based on Go-lay cells, and terahertz-to-infrared convectors are analyzed. As a result, a method for increasing the sensitivity of electromagnetic radiation receivers based on the application of the photon jet effect is proposed.
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Banu, Hashina Bilkish, Sohely Rahman, Shahadat Hossain, Jebunnesa, Ehsanul Haque Khan, Khurshid Mahmood, DM Lutfur Rahman, and Monjur Ahmed. "Effect of Infrared Radiation (IRR) on Patients with Bell’s Palsy." Bangladesh Medical Journal 46, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v46i1.34630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This prospective study was conducted to determine the effect of Infrared Radiation on the patients presented with Bell’s palsy attended at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2012 to June 2012. By dividing in equal two groups ‘A’ and ‘B’ (30 patients in each group) a total of sixty (60) patients with Bell’s palsy were included in this study according to the selection criteria. Group- A patients were received Infrared Radiation (IRR) including Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Fascilitation (PNF) exercise, Drugs (Prednisolone & Acyclovir) and Counseling for their recovery, where Group- B didn’t receive IRR but received rest of management. In Group- A, 25(83.33%) patients recovered completely and among them 12 (40%) patients recovered early (within 2 months). In Group- B, 23(76.67%) patients recovered completely, among them 7 (23.33%) patient recovered early. The difference was statistically significant. The outcome of early recovery is better with the patients treated with combined effect of IRR, PNF exercise and drugs compared with combined effect of PNF, exercise & drugs. The patients who attended with facial nerve paralysis House-Brackmann (HB) Grade IV to VI during initial presentation have reduced chance of full recovery of facial nerve paralysis.Bangladesh Med J. 2017 Jan; 46 (1): 1-6
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Lamb, James W. "Infrared filters for cryogenic millimeterwave receivers." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 14, no. 5 (May 1993): 959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02084572.
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Hanrieder, N., S. Wilbert, R. Pitz-Paal, C. Emde, J. Gasteiger, B. Mayer, and J. Polo. "Atmospheric extinction in solar tower plants: absorption and broadband correction for MOR measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (August 25, 2015): 3467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3467-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Losses of reflected Direct Normal Irradiance due to atmospheric extinction in concentrated solar tower plants can vary significantly with site and time. The losses of the direct normal irradiance between the heliostat field and receiver in a solar tower plant are mainly caused by atmospheric scattering and absorption by aerosol and water vapor concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer. Due to a high aerosol particle number, radiation losses can be significantly larger in desert environments compared to the standard atmospheric conditions which are usually considered in ray-tracing or plant optimization tools. Information about on-site atmospheric extinction is only rarely available. To measure these radiation losses, two different commercially available instruments were tested, and more than 19 months of measurements were collected and compared at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. Both instruments are primarily used to determine the meteorological optical range (MOR). The Vaisala FS11 scatterometer is based on a monochromatic near-infrared light source emission and measures the strength of scattering processes in a small air volume mainly caused by aerosol particles. The Optec LPV4 long-path visibility transmissometer determines the monochromatic attenuation between a light-emitting diode (LED) light source at 532 nm and a receiver and therefore also accounts for absorption processes. As the broadband solar attenuation is of interest for solar resource assessment for concentrated solar power (CSP), a correction procedure for these two instruments is developed and tested. This procedure includes a spectral correction of both instruments from monochromatic to broadband attenuation. That means the attenuation is corrected for the time-dependent solar spectrum which is reflected by the collector. Further, an absorption correction for the Vaisala FS11 scatterometer is implemented. To optimize the absorption and broadband correction (ABC) procedure, additional measurement input of a nearby sun photometer is used to enhance on-site atmospheric assumptions for description of the atmosphere in the algorithm. Comparing both uncorrected and spectral- and absorption-corrected extinction data from 1-year measurements at the Plataforma Solar de Almería, the mean difference between the scatterometer and the transmissometer is reduced from 4.4 to 0.57 %. Applying the ABC procedure without the usage of additional input data from a sun photometer still reduces the difference between both sensors to about 0.8 %. Applying an expert guess assuming a standard aerosol profile for continental regions instead of additional sun photometer input results in a mean difference of 0.8 %. Additionally, a simulation approach which just uses sun photometer and common meteorological data to determine the on-site atmospheric extinction at surface is presented and corrected FS11 and LPV4 measurements are validated with the simulation results. For T1 km equal to 0.9 and a 10 min time resolution, an uncertainty analysis showed that an absolute uncertainty of about 0.038 is expected for the FS11 and about 0.057 for the LPV4. Combining both uncertainties results in an overall absolute uncertainty of 0.068 which justifies quite well the mean RMSE between both corrected data sets. For yearly averages several error influences average out and absolute uncertainties of 0.020 and 0.054 can be expected for the FS11 and the LPV4, respectively. Therefore, applying this new correction method, both instruments can now be utilized to sufficiently accurately determine the solar broadband extinction in tower plants.
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Lv, Yue Ying, and Ying An. "Study of Flying Projectile’s Properties of Infrared Radiation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1648.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to solve the problem that the optic-electric detecting target board fails to work at nights or under low light level，it has studied the flying projectile’s properties of infrared radiation and the radiation attenuation properties of the flying projectile in the atmosphere. Through establishing the differential equations, the projectile’s surface temperature is obtained to calculate the flying projectile’s infrared radiation properties , according to atmosphere’s transmitting properties，the calculation method of atmospheric transmittance rate. The infrared radiation properties of three typical projectile are simulated by utilizing MATAB. The simulation result shows that the surface temperature of the flying projectile has a linear change with its velocity; the atmospheric transmittance rate is inversely proportional to the detection distance; Once the atmospheric attenuation factor is different, then the radiation energy received by the detector will be different.
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Wu, Dongya, Huanzhang Lu, Bendong Zhao, Junliang Liu, and Ming Zhao. "Micro-Motion Dynamics and Shape Parameters Estimation Based on an Infrared Signature Model of Spatial Targets." Electronics 8, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Infrared imaging is widely applied in the discrimination of spatial targets. Extracting distinguishable features from the infrared signature of spatial targets is an important premise for this task. When a target in outer space experiences micro-motion, it causes periodic fluctuations in the observed infrared radiation intensity signature. Periodic fluctuations can reflect some potential factors of the received data, such as structure, dynamics, etc., and provide possible ways to analyze the signature. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the micro-motion dynamics and geometry parameters from the observed infrared radiation intensity signature. To this end, we have studied the signal model of the infrared radiation intensity signature, conducted the geometry and micro-motion models of the target, and we proposed a joint parameter estimation method based on optimization techniques. After analyzing the estimation results, we testified that the parameters of micro-motion and geometrical shape of the spatial target can be effectively estimated by our estimation method.
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Makolinets, Kyrylo V., Vasyl I. Makolinets, Dmytro V. Morozenko, Kateryna V. Gliebova, and Svitlana I. Danylchenko. "BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE METABOLISM IN RATS’ BLOOD SERUM WITH EXPERIMENTAL KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AND THEIR DYNAMICS DURING CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 2 (2019): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201902110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: There are many methods for diagnosis and treatment of knee joints osteoarthritis in modern orthopedics. The infrared radiation is one of the most popular and effective methods though it needs experimental substantiation on rats. The aim: Experimental definition of the effectiveness of the proposed method of conservative treatment of knee joints osteoarthritis using sodium diclofenac, glucosamine hydrochloride and infrared laser radiation, on the basis of biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental studies were performed on 40 white male rats. A part of rats received infrared laser radiation in addition to diclofenac sodium and glucosamine hydrochloride. Results: Using a complex of infrared laser radiation and glucosamine hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in conservative treatment of rats with experimentally induced knee joints osteoarthritis rats after 24 days of treatment. Treatment with the above-mentioned scheme resulted in a significant reduction in the content of glycoproteins (28.5%), chondroitin sulfates (26.1%), alkaline phosphatase activity (32.3%), and I and II fractions of glycosaminoglycans, namely chondroitin-6- (28.7%) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (40.3%). Moreover, these indicators of the studied markers approached the level of intact animals. Conclusions: Changes in biochemical markers of connective tissue in rats during experimental knee joints osteoarthritis indicated a higher efficiency of the treatment regimen with the use of low-intensity infrared laser radiation compared with exclusively drug therapy.
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Carmona, R., F. Rosa, H. Jacobs, and M. Sa´nchez. "Evaluation of Advanced Sodium Receiver Losses During Operation of the IEA/SSPS Central Receiver System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents the measurements and experiments conducted on the external receiver: the so-called Advanced Sodium Receiver (ASR) of the Small Solar Power Systems (SSPS) Project of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in southern Spain. The basis of this experiment was to provide loss measurements for later use in determining receiver performance. The tests to evaluate thermal losses consisted in operating the receiver with the doors open and circulating the sodium in normal and reverse flow without providing any incident power from the heliostat field (flux-off technique). In this way, total thermal losses are calculated as the energy lost by the sodium. Radiative losses have been calculated based on theoretical calculations and some results have been compared with infrared thermography measurements. Conductive losses are small and have been estimated by flux-off experiments with the receiver doors closed. Convective losses were evaluated subtracting radiative and conductive losses from the total thermal losses. Optical losses were assessed using absorptance measurements of the receiver coating. A simplified analytical model has been developed to calculate losses and ASR efficiency during operation. In spite of the method’s simplicity, the results are very similar to those found by other investigators, verified simulation programs, and test results.
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Ji, Yong, Tian Qi Zhou, and Zi Yan Xu. "The Research on Low-Orbit Space Debris Detection Range of Exoatmospheric IR Detector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exoatmospheric IR detector is an effective means of space debris detection. In order to achieve the goal of an effective detection for low-orbit space debris, study the detection range for exoatmospheric IR detector. Studied the infrared detection technology, as well as the specific characteristics of the low-orbit space debris and other related aspects. First of all, introduce the method of detection process and determine the characteristic parameters of the space debris and infrared detectors. Then, calculate the space debris’ own infrared radiation energy and the background radiation energy. Then, by the infrared detector receives the photon number, refer to the engineering practice, the detecting range for exoatmospheric IR detector enhanced in evidence. The ground-based experiment demonstrates the calculation is preciseness and credibility. The space debris’ orbital height is 550KM and its size is 8m × 1.2m × 0.025m. Under such conditions, the detecting range for exoatmospheric IR detector is 48KM .This method can provide a certain referential significance for pace debris detection, imaging, and attacks.
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Chapalo, Ivan, Andrei Gusarov, Damien Kinet, Karima Chah, Ying-Gang Nan, and Patrice Mégret. "Long-term Transmission Characteristics of CYTOP Fiber Exposed to Gamma Radiation." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125306003.
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We investigated post-irradiation variations of the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) of polymer perfluorinated (CYTOP) optical fiber exposed to gamma radiation. The RIA measured five months after the irradiation was qualitatively similar to that measured several hours after irradiation. However, quantitatively the RIA post-irradiation evolution significantly depends on the spectral range: in the visible range, the transmission partly recovers, while in the infrared, at wavelengths above 1300 nm the RIA grows and then saturates becoming permanent. The latter feature is prospective for gamma radiation dosimetry as a permanent long-term indicator of received radiation dose.
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Röger, M., M. Pfänder, and R. Buck. "Multiple Air-Jet Window Cooling for High-Temperature Pressurized Volumetric Receivers: Testing, Evaluation, and Modeling." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 3 (March 23, 2006): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2212437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High air outlet temperatures increase the solar share of pressurized solar receivers for gas turbines, operated in solar-fossil hybrid mode. However, an increase in outlet temperature over 800°C leads to excessive heating of the receiver window, unless it is actively cooled. This paper describes modeling, testing, and evaluation of a high-temperature receiver with external multiple air-jet window cooling. An asymmetric window-cooling design with pulsating air mass flow rates achieves suitable cooling of the concave fused-silica window. A thermodynamic receiver model, comprising nongray radiative heat transfer, convection, and conduction is the basis of the external window cooling design. In addition to high-temperature testing with window cooling in operation, solar tests at lower temperatures with no window cooling were conducted to verify the thermodynamic receiver model. Temperature distributions on the quartz window and the absorber were determined by an infrared scanner which was specially developed for temperature measurement on the high-temperature module. Comparisons of simulations and measurements show good agreement. With multiple air-jet window cooling, receiver air outlet temperatures over 1000°C could be reached, while window temperatures are kept below 800°C.
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Sergeev, Nikolay A., Maxim S. Shestakov, and Elisaveta D. Fomina. "The influence of different types of low-intensive laser radiation to healing of venous trophic ulcers in lower extremities." Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 11, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-1-46-50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of three types of low-intensive laser radiation to healing of lower extremities venous trophic ulcers in 82 patients was estimated (class VI, CEAP classification): the continuous radiation helium-neon laser (subgroup I), the modulated infrared laser radiation (subgroup II) and the combined laser radiation (pulse infrared radiation and continuous radiation of visible range) (subgroup III). The therapeutic laser devices such as "AFDL-1" (wavelength – 0,63 microns), "Scalar-1/40" (wavelength – 0,89 microns) and "Ulan-BL-20" (lengths of waves: 0,44; 0,52; 0,57; 0,64 and 0,89 microns) were used for conservative treatment of trophic ulcers. The planimetric methods such as evaluation of the ulcer defects area and speed of its epithelization in dynamics were used for objective comparison of different types of laser radiation efficiency. Due to this treatment in all patients the complete healing of trophic ulcers was achieved. In patients of subgroup I the average speed of epithelization was 0,26 ± 0,05 cm²/days, in patients of subgroup II – 0,17 ± 0,06 cm²/days, in patients of subgroup III – 0,33 ± 0,05 cm²/days. The advantages of laser radiation in the visible range in isolated (helium-neon laser) and combined options are revealed. The best results are received in case of combined laser radiation generated by portable devices which provide distribution of low-intensive laser radiation within all effected tissues. The combination of traditional medical methods with combined laser radiation is expedient in conservative treatment of lower extremities venous trophic ulcers.
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Usman, Zubair, Sonill Sooknunan Maharaj, and Bashir Kaka. "Effects of combination therapy and infrared radiation on pain, physical function, and quality of life in subjects with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled study." Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 39, no. 02 (October 23, 2019): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013702519500124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative articular disease that causes disability and poor quality of life (QoL) of the individuals. Electrotherapeutic agents such as therapeutic ultrasound (US), interferential current (IFC), and infrared radiation are used in the treatment. It is not clear which of these agents is the best in improving these variables.Objective: The study aimed to compare the effects of the combined application of US and IFC therapies and infrared radiation on pain, functional activities, and QoL in people with KOA.Methods: In a randomized controlled study, 60 participants were randomized into two groups, the combination therapy group (CTG) and the infrared radiation group (IRG). Each group received 15-min treatment three times per week for 12 weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for functional activities and the Short Form Health Survey questionnaire for QoL.Results: Participants in the CTG had a significant ([Formula: see text]) reduction in pain and significant ([Formula: see text]) improvement in functional activities and QoL compared to the IRG.Conclusion: The results of this study support the use of the combination of IFC and US therapies to reduce pain and improve function and QoL for KOA patients.
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Shoydin, S. A. "Synthesis of holograms received by a communication channel." Computer Optics 44, no. 4 (August 2020): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-694.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method for the synthesis of holograms that reconstruct a 3D image using two 2D images, including a topographic map of the surface of a 3D object and photographs of the texture of its surface obtained using coherent and incoherent radiation is proposed. The method is suitable for transmitting information about a 3D object via a communication channel at a distance and subsequent synthesis of holograms at a distance from the holography object. It can be used in augmented reality devices, when creating holographic cameras and 3D video cameras, in 3D projectors and microscopes, devices with a synthesized aperture. The proposed method for the remote hologram synthesis is suitable for reproducing 3D holographic images of distant objects at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of 3D image restoration in the infrared spectral range are given. The method is also suitable for the synthesis of holograms in the UV, THz, and even radio range.
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Hogan, R. E., and R. D. Skocypec. "Analysis of Catalytically Enhanced Solar Absorption Chemical Reactors: Part I—Basic Concepts and Numerical Model Description." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929987.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A detailed numerical model is presented for high-temperature, catalytically enhanced, solar absorption chemical reactors. In these reactors, concentrated solar energy is volumetrically absorbed throughout a porous absorber matrix impregnated with a catalyst. The catalyst promotes heterogeneous reactions with fluid-phase reactant species flowing through the absorber. This paper presents a description of a numerical model and the basic concepts of reactor operation. The numerical model of the absorber includes solar and infrared radiation, heterogeneous chemical reactions, conduction in the solid phase, and convection between the fluid and solid phases. The model is nonlinear primarily due to both the radiative transfer and the heterogeneous chemistry occurring in the absorber. The nonlinear two-point boundary value problem is solved using superposition with orthonormalization and an adaptive solution point scheme. This technique preserves accuracy throughout the domain. The model can be modified for other chemical reactions and can be simplified to model volumetric air-heating receivers.
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PÄÄKKÖNEN, K. "A combined infrared/heat pump drying technology applied to a rotary dryer." Agricultural and Food Science 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2002): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5726.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The short drying time and low product temperature makes it suitable for drying such heat-sensitive materials as herbs and vegetables. The purpose of this work was to develop a small-scale dryer for herbs and vegetables. A prototype rotary dryer combining infrared radiation with a so-called heat pump drying method was applied in drying experiments for several herbs and vegetables. The drying experiments were performed under actual crop production conditions. The drying curves for leaves of birch (Betula spp.), rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium) and dandelion (Taraxacum spp.) as well as slices of red beet (Beta vulgaris) and carrot (Daucus carota) are presented. During the drying operation, temperature and humidity of the drying air were recorded, as well as the energy consumed in drying. The quality parameters measured were water content, colour and rehydration ratio. In the present rotary dryer design, intermittent irradiation and mixing of the product enable to avoid overheating, which is particularly important for maintaining product quality. In this dryer design the drying drum slowly rotates and simultaneously mixes the product. The infrared heaters are attached to a panel, allowing the product to receive infrared radiation periodically.
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Kulish, M. R., and М. І. Malysh. "Optical space communication. Review." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 25, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo25.01.068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Features of information exchange between satellites and satellites with ground stations and in the opposite direction are considered. The influence of such atmospheric factors as fog, rain, snow, atmospheric turbulence, background noise, and sky glow on the quality of information signals is analyzed. The expediency of using transmitter frequencies, which lie in the area of windows of the Earth transparency and are in the infrared region of the spectrum, has been established. In particular, generators of such frequencies in the near-infrared region can be InGaAs laser diodes, which are light in the region of about 1550 nm, and in the far-infrared region – cascade lasers, which are able to generate radiation in the range of 3.5 to 24 μm. InGaAs photodiodes and HgCdTe detectors should be used as receivers of the mentioned frequencies.
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Longoni, Margherita, Alessia Buttarelli, Marco Gargano, and Silvia Bruni. "A Multiwavelength Approach for the Study of Contemporary Painting Materials by Means of Fluorescence Imaging Techniques: An Integration to Spectroscopic Methods." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Imaging methods based on visible luminescence induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation are well consolidated in the investigation of ancient works of art, to map varnishes, retouches, and possibly some pigments. As far as contemporary art is involved, the wide range of synthetic materials, especially pigments, introduced from 1850 onwards, makes the possible application of the technique particularly challenging. Among the colouring substances used by artists in the 19th and 20th centuries, only cadmium-based pigments received attention due to their typical near-infrared luminescence. Nevertheless, the fluorescence emission exhibited by several synthetic pigments upon visible excitation was recently demonstrated and confirmed using UV radiation in the present work. The subsequent possibility of individuating such materials in paintings by ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) images was explored on mock-up painting samples of a wide series of pigments dispersed in oil or acrylic binder. Visible and infrared luminescence images obtained by irradiating with visible radiation (VIVF and VIL) were also collected. It was thus evidenced the possible advantage of the choice of a different excitation wavelength in discriminating between the contributions of pigment and binder. Finally, a recent oil painting on panel was also examined as case study.
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Chen, Xueqi, Lin Zhou, Meng Zhou, Ajun Shao, Kan Ren, Qian Chen, Guohua Gu, and Minjie Wan. "Infrared Ocean Image Simulation Algorithm Based on Pierson–Moskowitz Spectrum and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function." Photonics 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Infrared ocean image simulation has been widely used in water-pollution prevention, meteorological observation and melting-ice monitoring. However, in actual remote sensing observation scenes, the simulation images provided by conventional algorithms are lacking sufficient wave details because the viewing angle and the scale of simulation images are simplex. In this paper, an infrared ocean image simulation algorithm based on the Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum and a bidirectional reflectance distribution function is proposed. First, a 3D model of ocean surface is set up based on Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum. Then, the imaging position is calculated by the pinhole camera imaging method, which describes how each point of the 3D model is mapping to the 2D image. Next, by using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function, the radiation intensity from every point of the ocean model to the camera is computed. Finally, we figure up the sum of the radiation intensity received by every point of the detector and obtain the infrared simulation ocean image by quantizing the radiation intensity sum to grayscale. The entropy of the simulation images is 2.725, which is, respectively, improved by 71.86% and 16.83% compared with two other algorithms. The Kullback–Leibler divergence of the simulation images is 11.446, which is improved by 0.54% and 0.59% compared with other algorithms. The quantitative experimental results prove that the authenticity and clarity of the presented simulation images have remarkable advantages over conventional algorithms.
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Dupuy, J. L., and J. Maréchal. "Slope effect on laboratory fire spread: contribution of radiation and convection to fuel bed preheating." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 2 (2011): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two series of 16 and 18 laboratory fire experiments were conducted to explore the respective roles of radiation and convection heat transfer in slope effect on fire spread. The first series attempts to measure fuel temperature and gas temperature simultaneously and at the same location using an infrared camera and thermocouples respectively. The second series measures the incident radiant heat flux as would be received by a small fuel bed volume ahead of the fire line. These measurements are used to compute a fuel bed heat balance for each slope angle (0°, 10°, 20° and 30°). Overall, radiative heating is found to be the heat transfer mechanism that dominates in the slope effect between 0° and 20°, but close to the fire line (<10 cm), the flux due to convective heating is also significant, reaching one-third of the net heat flux at a 20° slope angle. When the slope angle increases from 20° to 30°, the rate of spread rises by a factor of 2.5 due to a marked increase in convective heating, while radiative heating no longer increases. Far from the fire line, cooling by convection is found to be substantial except at the 30° slope angle.
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Skocypec, R. D., R. F. Boehm, and J. M. Chavez. "Heat Transfer Modeling of the IEA/SSPS Volumetric Receiver." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the summer and fall of 1987 in Almeria, Spain, a wire-pack receiver was tested by the International Energy Agency/Small Solar Power Systems (IEA/SSPS). The basic operation of the receiver is that: air is drawn through several layers of stainless steel wire screen; concentrated solar flux is directed on the face of the screen pack; the oxidized wires absorb the solar energy; and heat is transferred to the air flowing through the screen. Although the experiment goal was strictly proof-of-concept and was not receiver characterization, modeling efforts were initiated to help understand the experimental results. The steady-state performance of the receiver is modeled using the fact that the net solar and infrared radiative energy absorbed by each screen layer must be transferred to the air by convection. Basic performance trends and typical calculations of receiver efficiency are given. Model predictions and experimentally measured temperatures and flow rates are compared. Model predictions of receiver power and efficiency are generally higher than the test results (operational modifications of the receiver absorber as tested are believed to have produced nonideal conditions), but trends are consistent with experimental data.
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Tournerie, B., D. Reungoat, and J. Frene. "Temperature Measurements by Infrared Thermography in the Interface of a Radial Face Seal." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mechanical seal functioning can be greatly affected by thermal effects and particularly by the coupling of seal face geometry and heat dissipation in the interface. It is necessary to develop new investigation means in order to study accurately such very delicate phenomena. This paper deals with the feasibility of temperature measurements by means of infrared thermography technique. The capabilities of the infrared camera which has been used are examined. A radiation analysis leads to the evaluation of the contributions to the radiant energy received by the camera detector. A first series of results demonstrates clearly the efficiency of the technique. It is shown how the face rotor coning and heat exchanges can be combined in the case of a thermally stable seal operation.
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Zhekov, S. A., and M. Perinotto. "X-ray, EUV and infrared coronal-line radiation from Planetary Nebulae." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 180 (1997): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900131109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interacting stellar winds (ISW) theory (Kwok, S., Purton, C. R., Fitzgerald, P. M., 1978, ApJL, 219, L125) is nowadays widely accepted in the physics of Planetary Nebulae (PNe). It received much support from the observed fast winds in the central stars of PNe (CSPN), recognized to be a quite common phenomenon (e.g., Perinotto, M., 1993, in IAU Symp. No. 155, Planetary Nebulae, eds. R. Weinberger and A. Acker, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 57). Thus, the existance of a hot bubble in the PNe structure is a cornerstone of the ISW model. The high velocities (600–3500 km s–1) of the CSPN winds, are, according to the ISW model, directly responsible for an high gas temperature in the hot bubble, which is then expected to be the source of an extended X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The PNe should also emit infrared coronal lines (IRCL) of highly ionized species since the high temperature plasma of the hot bubble is in contact with the much colder outer shell (optical PN) and the thermal conduction will produce a region of intermediate temperatures (5 × 105–106 K). A model considering the structure of the hot bubble in PNe with taking into account the thermal conductivity effects was present by Zhekov and Perinotto (1996, A&A, 309, 648).
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Garlinska, Magdalena, Agnieszka Pregowska, Izabela Gutowska, Magdalena Osial, and Janusz Szczepanski. "Experimental Study of the Free Space Optics Communication System Operating in the 8–12 µm Spectral Range." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080875.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
(1) Background: Free space optics communication (FSO) has improved wireless communication and data transfer thanks to high bandwidth, low power consumption, energy efficiency, a high transfer capacity, and a wide applicability field. The FSO systems also have their limitations, including weather conditions and obstacles in the way of transmission. (2) Methods: This research assesses the atmospheric conditions’ influence on the intensity of received radiation, both experimentally and theoretically. The construction of a laboratory test stand of the FSO system, which is operating in the third-atmosphere transmission window (8–12 µm), is proposed. Next, considering different atmospheric conditions, the experimental validation was conducted, both in a laboratory and real conditions. (3) Results: The measurements were carried out for two optical links working with wavelengths of 1.5 µm and 10 µm. It was found that optical radiation with a wavelength of about 10 µm is characterized by better transmission properties in the case of limited visibility (e.g., light rain and fogs) than in the case of near-infrared waves. The same conclusion was found in analytical investigations. (4) Conclusions: The results obtained show that optical radiation with a wavelength of about 10 µm in limited visibility is characterized by better transmission properties than near-infrared waves. This demonstrates the validity of designing FSO links operating in the range 8–12 µm band, e.g., based on quantum cascade lasers and HgCdTe photodiodes.
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Sedova, E. S., V. I. Jusupov, N. N. Vorobieva, N. V. Kanischeva, A. A. Chernyavskii, A. V. Maslennikova, and A. D. Kuznetsov. "THE EFFECT LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY FOR MANAGEMENT OF RADIATION-INDUCEED MUCOSITIS." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2018-4-94-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low-level laser therapy as a method for correcting the mucositis caused by ionizing radiation of the oral mucosa is used in clinical practice for various exposure parameters: radiation power not less than 10 mW, laser doses not less than 2 J/cm2. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of low-level laser therapyred and infrared laser radiation for the correction of mucositis of the oral mucosa in patients receiving radiation and chemoradiotherapy for oral and pharyngeal cancer, with laser doses of less than 1 J/cm2. The study included 106 patients who received radiation and chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, which were randomly divided into three groups. In the first (37 patients), mucositis was prevented and corrected in accordance with the standards of the clinic, in the second (36 patients) and the third (33 patients), patients were additionally exposed to the oral cavity with Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at 635 nm and 780 nm at powers of 5 mW and 20 mW, respectively. The effect of LLLT on the wavelength of 635 nm significantly reduced the frequency and severity of mucositis, increased the time until the appearance of the first symptoms of mucositis of the oral mucosa, shortened the duration of severe mucositis (grade 3), and reduced the need for painkillers, including narcotic analgesics compared with the group who received standard prophylaxis and correction of mucositis.
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Verhoglyad, A. G., A. G. Elesin, V. M. Vedernikov, M. F. Stupak, and S. N. Makarov. "Calibration of highly sensitive measurement device of transverse energy distributions in a beam of infrared radiation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 2 (2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-2-33-37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A highly sensitive device for measuring the parameters of transverse energy distribution in a beam of infrared radiation is described as part of an automated system of synthesis of dynamic and static infrared images. The system is designed to monitor the characteristics of matrix photo-receivers in the spectrum of 2,5–4,6 μm at irradiation levels in the range of 10 –9–10 –5 W/сm2. The device is subject to periodic gradation and verification of the accuracy of movements of the Foucault knife line movements at two coordinates. Measurements with the use of the device are carried out in accordance with state and industry standards of the Russian Federation. The scan error for each coordinate does not exceed 1 micrometer. The device measures the function of energy concentration, the concentration of energy in the plane formed image in the working spectral and dynamic ranges of the system.
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Juliansyah, Akbar, Ramlah Ramlah, and Dewi Nadiani. "Sistem Pendeteksi Gerak Menggunakan Sensor PIR dan Raspberry Pi." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 2, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v2i4.113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital security and monitoring systems are entering a new era. Every industry is busy developing security systems according to their individual needs. What can be done is by providing a security perimeter around the assets to prevent unwanted things. There are currently many CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) based security systems; CCTV security systems also have less effective because they require more devices and large enough storage memory. Also, there are other solutions, namely systems that are built using PIR sensors and Raspberry Pi. The PIR sensor is used to detect infrared emissions from humans, so the target object is a human. The PIR sensor also receives heat radiation from humans, so when humans move, this sensor will receive changes in radiation emitted by humans. The purpose of this study is to simulate a solution to the problem of infrastructure design for the development of a physical asset security system using a Wireless Sensor Network and to find out how the security system works using a PIR sensor and Raspberry Pi Model B. The research method used is the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC) approach. This study illustrates that the Raspberry Pi with hardware capabilities and Rasbian OS and the Python programming language support building a security system. The HC-SR501 PIR sensor can also detect moving objects from the right, left, and front. Email and SMS can be well integrated to produce reports according to the sensor's movement.
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Ohnishi, S. Tsuyoshi, and Tomoko Ohnishi. "How Far Can Ki-Energy Reach?—A Hypothetical Mechanism for the Generation and Transmission of Ki-Energy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 3 (2009): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
‘Ki-energy’, which can be enhanced through the practice of Nishino Breathing Method, was reported to have beneficial health effects. Although Ki-energy can play an important role in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as yet it is unknown how Ki-energy is generated, transmitted through air and received by another individual. We previously proposed that Ki-energy may include near-infrared radiation, and that the wavelength was between 800 and 2700 nm. Since Ki-energy is reflected by a mirror, we believe that the ‘Ki-beam’ has a small divergence angle. It can also be guided in a desired direction. The acrylic mirror reflection experiment suggests that the wavelength may be between 800 and 1600 nm. Using a linear variable interference filter, we found that Ki-energy may have a peak around 1000 nm. We have also observed that ‘sensitive’ practitioners responded to Ki sent from a distance of 100 m. All of these results suggest that (i) Ki-energy can be guided as a directional ‘beam’ with a small divergence angle; (ii) the beam can be reflected by a mirror and (iii) Ki-energy may have a specific wavelength. Since these properties are characteristics of the laser radiation, we propose a quantum physics-based mechanism of ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’ (i.e. LASER) for the generation of Ki-energy. Volunteers responded to Ki even with a blindfold. This suggests that the skin must be detecting Ki-energy. We propose that the detector at the skin level may also have the stimulated emission mechanism, which amplifies the weak incident infrared radiation.
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Arun, B., and RK Punitha Kumar. "Effect of Ischemic Compression and Infrared Radiations on Myofascial Trigger Point of Trapezius." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.4208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and Objective: Trigger point is a hypersensitive spot in a taut band of skeletal muscles, it has intense pain while compression, producing movement and any alterations. Trapezius is the common muscle always develop trigger point, although various management exist in managing the trigger point still there are lot of scope in the research. So far, there are no studies on combining IRR with ischemic compression. The objective of the study was to identify the effect of ischemic compression and infrared radiation on myofascial trigger point of trapezius muscle with neck pain patients. Material and Methods: 60 patients were included for the study using experimental study design, they were recruited following due consideration of the selection criteria. First group is an experimental group, which receives IRR along with Ischemic compression therapy for 20 minutes. Second group is control group receives only IRR with gentle neck stretches for 20 minutes. All patient was advised to follow home advices and instructions given by the therapist through the period of the treatment. Written consent was obtained from every individual participant. The study duration was six months and the individual patient underwent 8 weeks. Study identifies two measures as an outcome, which are pain using numerical pain scale and trigger using pressure pain threshold. Results: Blinded assessor is used to identify the data’s collected from the patient during the initial visit and at the last visit by the participant. All the collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The result of the study shows that pain scale was 9.72 (p<0.001) and PPT was 12.25 (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study concluded that ischemic compression with infrared radiation therapy in myofascial trigger point of trapezius muscle in neck pain patients and it also significantly reduces the pain as well as the Pressure pain threshold.
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Kawamura, Yoshiharu. "Finiteness, duality and fermionic symmetry." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 18n19 (July 8, 2015): 1550109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15501092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We propose a framework for a new type of finite field theories based on a hidden duality between an ultraviolet and an infrared region. Physical quantities do not receive radiative corrections at a fundamental scale or the fixed point of the duality transformation, and this feature is compatible with models possessing a specific fermionic symmetry. Theories can be tested indirectly by relations among parameters, reflecting underlying symmetries.