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Статті в журналах з теми "Infrared radiation receiver"
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Golobokov, M. V. "STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE SOURCE SIZE OF INFRARED THERMOMETERS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 282 (December 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.12.pp.020-026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Noncontact temperature measurement is based on the registration by the thermal receiver of the electromagnetic radiation flux collected by the optical system of the device. Due to the imperfection of practical designs of optical systems, the receiver receives radiation from objects outside the boundaries of the nominal field of view. There is an effect of the size of the source – a change in the readings of the device when the size of the object changes. This paper is devoted to the study of the effect of the source size of reference pyrometers of the first category TRT IV.82, PD-9-02, PD-4-06. In the course of the research, a quantitative assessment of the additional measurement error that occurs when checking blackbody models using these reference pyrometers was obtained. Proposed and justified measures to minimize the resulting additional measurement error. The analysis of the effect of the source size effect on the reliability of the results of verification of blackbody models, working infrared thermometers and thermal imagers is carried out. The results of the research can be useful when conducting tests for type approval, developing methods for verification infrafred thermometers, and developing reference emitters.
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Valke, A. A., D. G. Lobov, and A. G. Shkaev. "Color sensor application in high-temperature spectral ratio pyrometer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1211, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1211/1/012022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Contactless thermal control tools play an important role in solving the high-temperature technological processes improving energy efficiency problems. In order to create such controls, the authors analyzed the developing possibility of spectral ratio high-temperature pyrometer using a multispectral radiation receiver (color sensor) TCS34725. In the paper this receiver application coefficients are determined, signals ratio graphs in different spectral intervals on temperature are given for two applications: without additional filtration of the control object radiation infrared component and using an opaque in the infrared spectrum part external filter.
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Crane, Patrick C., and Lynne A. Hillenbrand. "Estimating Harmful Levels of Radio-Frequency Radiation." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Determining whether a particular radio transmitter will produce harmful levels of radio-frequency radiation at a location of interest (the “receiver,” be it a nearby home or a distant radio telescope), has two steps. The first is to determine which standard for harm applies: Section II reviews those for human exposure, for interference with electronic devices, for interference with optical and infrared astronomy, and for interference with radio astronomy.The second step is to estimate the propagation losses between the transmitter and the “receiver.” Many factors, several highly time variable, contribute to such losses - including atmospheric refraction, diffraction by obstacles, tropospheric scattering, and atmospheric absorption - and are discussed in Section III.
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Kostenko, Stanislav, Natalia Fedak, and Olga Mayak. "SIMULATION OF THE RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN THE ELEMENTS OF ROASTING EQUIPMENT." ScienceRise, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The object of the research is the process of radiation heat transfer, taking into account a single reflection of rays in the IR device of food production.
Investigated problem – the work is devoted to solving the problem of irregularity of radiation heat transfer during infrared roasting of food products.
Main scientific results. The inverse problem of heat transfer by radiation has been solved and a technique has been developed for determining the profiles of the ray flux reflectors for uniform irradiation of receivers of a convex section. Analytical modeling of all-round uniform irradiation of an elliptical receiver has been carried out. An experimental device with low-inertia temperature sensors for infrared roasting of semi-finished meat products has been developed, which makes it possible to use a reflector shaped according to the developed analytical technique. The verification of the created technique for determining the profiles of reflectors by means of a computer experiment using the TracePro and Mathcad software systems has been carried out.
The area of practical use of the research results: the use of an experimental device with a radiant flux reflector for roasting semi-finished meat products proves that the obtained technique for profiling reflectors of heat engineering systems is acceptable for the design of infrared equipment for food production and restaurant facilities. This technique allows simulating the profile of the radiant flux reflector depending on the shape of the receiver. Studies have shown that the use of a profiled reflector in the experimental device reduces the duration of roasting of natural portioned semi-finished beef products by 33 %.
Innovative technological product: a technique for determining the profiles of ray flux reflectors for uniform irradiation of receivers with a convex section. Device for infrared roasting of semi-finished meat products.
Scope of application of an innovative technological product. The study of an experimental device with a designed radiant flux reflector for roasting semi-finished meat products proves that the obtained technique for profiling reflectors of heat engineering systems is acceptable for the design of infrared equipment for food production and restaurant facilities. Using this approach allows to approach the solution of the problem of irregularity of irradiation of products during infrared roasting
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Dobrovolsky, V. N. "Generation of the current normal to the surface of antenna by electromagnetic waves and its application in the high responsive receiver." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.01.076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Generation of the initial current normal to the surface of antenna by electromagnetic waves has been considered. It has been shown that the angle of grazing (or sliding) for the wave with the electric vector in the plane normal to the surface varies the radiation resistance over a wide range. This property allows matching the radiation impedances and loads. Here, it has been proposed to use this property to create a highly- sensitive radiation detector. In relation with this task, a model of the radiation detection of the input radiation signal by a direct quadratic detector in the stationary mode with the diode included as the load has been considered. The obtained results prove that a diode with the high differential resistance can effectively operate with the antenna. The rise of the resistance increases the detector response voltage, its responsivity, and decreases the receiver noise equivalent power. Improvement of these characteristics by orders of magnitude is possible. The considered mechanism allows detectors to operate in the infrared spectral range, and the increase in the wavelength, in principle, does not limit its functioning.
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Evans, G., W. Houf, R. Greif, and C. Crowe. "Gas-Particle Flow Within a High Temperature Solar Cavity Receiver Including Radiation Heat Transfer." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study has been made of the flow of air and particles and the heat transfer inside a solar heated, open cavity containing a falling cloud of 100-1000 micron solid particles. Two-way momentum and thermal coupling between the particles and the air are included in the analysis along with the effects of radiative transport within the particle cloud, among the cavity surfaces, and between the cloud and the surfaces. The flow field is assumed to be two-dimensional with steady mean quantities. The PSI-Cell (particle source in cell) computer code is used to describe the gas-particle interaction. The method of discrete ordinates is used to obtain the radiative transfer within the cloud. The results include the velocity and temperature profiles of the particles and the air. In addition, the thermal performance of the solid particle solar receiver has been determined as a function of particle size, mass flow rate, and infrared scattering albedo. A forced flow, applied across the cavity aperture, has also been investigated as a means of decreasing convective heat loss from the cavity.
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Демьяненко, М. А., та В. В. Старцев. "Применение неохлаждаемых микроболометров для регистрации импульсного терагерцового и инфракрасного излучения". Журнал технической физики 92, № 3 (2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.03.52139.190-21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analytical relations for temperature response of the bolometer to periodic radiation pulses are obtained. It is theoretically shown and experimentally confirmed by the example of infrared bolometers that when detecting short radiation pulses, in contrast to the case of constant radiation, increasing the thermal conductivity of the bolometer and, accordingly, decreasing its thermal relaxation time, it is possible to significantly increase the response rate of the receiver, practically without reducing its sensitivity. The possibility of effective registration of pulsed terahertz radiation by microbolometers with a resistively coupled, thermally non-isolated antenna is considered. It is shown that such bolometers, which have increased thermal conductivity and, accordingly, reduced sensitivity to continuous-wave radiation, can be highly effective when detecting pulsed radiation with a duration shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the bolometer. On their basis, uncooled matrix detectors of pulsed terahertz radiation, characterized by a minimum detectable energy of less than 110-12 J and a frame rate of up to 1000 Hz, can be developed.
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Steinfeld, A., R. Bombach, P. Haueter, B. Hemmerling, W. Kreutner, G. Thompson, and D. Wuillemin. "Experimental Setup of a Laser Diagnostics System for a High-Temperature Solar Receiver/Reactor." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A solar receiver/reactor has been designed specifically to study high-temperature gas phase chemical reactions using a laser based metrology. It is a cavity-type receiver, lined with stabilized ZrO2, and operated at temperatures up to 2000 K. The gas temperature is measured in situ using the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of N2. Optical access for the CARS measurement is accomplished via two side windows, each subtending a 118-mrad cone angle at the center of the cavity, providing enough clearance for the input laser beams and the output signal carrying the temperature information. Two endothermic processes were used for the initial evaluation of this method: the NH3 dissociation into N2 and H2, and the CO2-reforming of CH4 into synthesis gas. The process flow was directly exposed to high solar fluxes in addition to infrared radiation emitted by the hot reactor walls. The laser-based metrology performed satisfactorily in spite of the presence of the intense radiation field. This paper describes in detail the technical aspects of the experimental setup, presents examples of spectra and temperature measurements, and discusses practical problems encountered during experimentation.
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Cline, Don, Simon Yueh, Bruce Chapman, Boba Stankov, Al Gasiewski, Dallas Masters, Kelly Elder, et al. "NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne Remote Sensing." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm883.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper describes the airborne data collected during the 2002 and 2003 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). These data include gamma radiation observations, multi- and hyperspectral optical imaging, optical altimetry, and passive and active microwave observations of the test areas. The gamma observations were collected with the NOAA/National Weather Service Gamma Radiation Detection System (GAMMA). The CLPX multispectral optical data consist of very high-resolution color-infrared orthoimagery of the intensive study areas (ISAs) by TerrainVision. The airborne hyperspectral optical data consist of observations from the NASA Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Optical altimetry measurements were collected using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) by TerrainVision. The active microwave data include radar observations from the NASA Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Polarimetric Ku-band Scatterometer (POLSCAT), and airborne GPS bistatic radar data collected with the NASA GPS radar delay mapping receiver (DMR). The passive microwave data consist of observations collected with the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR). All of the airborne datasets described here and more information describing data collection and processing are available online.
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Dall’Oglio, G. "Italian observatory in Antarctica." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Infrared and Submillimetric OASI Observatory is the first permanent telescope installed in Antarctica. The installation was completed in 1989 at Terra Nova Bay. The diameter of the primary mirror is 2.6 m and the receiver is a cryogenic multichannel bolometric photometer. The OASI Observatory takes advantage of the privileged position in Antarctica, where the atmosphere is very clear and the transmission is very high (≥ 90% at 2 mm wavelength). It has been designed mainly to investigate the small scale anisotropics of the Cosmic Background Radiation and Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission.
Дисертації з теми "Infrared radiation receiver"
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Каштан, Владислав Васильович. "Система вимірювання температури тіла людини". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/41969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У проекті розглянуто систему терморегуляції організму та розроблено
класифікацію методів для вимірювання температури тіла людини, що дало
можливість провести фундаментальний аналіз та обрати метод для подальшої
реалізації в приладі.
Проект складається з двох розділів: конструкторського та технологічного.
Він викладений на 83 сторінках та містить 38 рисунків, 13 таблиць, 16 формул,
2 додаток, 33 літературних джерел.
В конструкторському розділі показано особливості виміру температури
тіла люди дистанційними методами. За основу було обрано оптичний метод
вимірювання, де було проведеного аналіз існуючих аналогів та відомих
конструкторських рішень. Запропонована модернізація існуючих аналогів з
додаванням модулю для калібрування інфрачервоного приймача
випромінювання, що реалізується за допомогою лазерного діода, поворотного
дзеркала та крокового двигуна. Розроблено загальний вигляд системи
вимірювання температури, оптичну принципово-функціональну та електричну
схему проведено необхідні розрахунки.
В технологічному розділі розроблено складальне креслення приладу та
проведено розрахунки пов’язані з відпрацюванням приладу на технологічність.
Проведено повірка температурного датчику приладу для калібрування системи.The project considers the system of thermoregulation of the body and developed a classification of methods for measuring human body temperature, which made it possible to conduct a fundamental analysis and choose a method for further implementation in the device. The project consists of two sections: design and technology. It is set out on 83 pages and contains 38 figures, 13 tables, 16 formulas, 2 appendices, 33 references. The design section shows the features of measuring body temperature of people by remote sensing methods. The optical measurement method was chosen as the basis, where the analysis of existing analogues and known design solutions was performed. The modernization of the existing analogues with the addition of a module for calibration of the infrared radiation receiver, which is realized with the help of a laser diode, a rotary mirror and a stepper motor, is proposed. The general look of the temperature measurement system is developed, the optical principle-functional and electric circuit the necessary calculations are carried out. In the technological section the assembly drawing of the device is developed and calculations connected with working off of the device on manufacturability are carried out. The temperature sensor of the system calibration device was calibrated.
Книги з теми "Infrared radiation receiver"
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Office, General Accounting. Electronic warfare: Costly radar warning receiver duplication continues : report to the Chairman, Legislation and National Security Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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Electronic warfare: Navy's new radar warning receiver needs more testing : report to the Honorable William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1996.
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Electronic warfare: Navy/Air Force still developing separate, costly radar warning receivers : report to the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Infrared radiation receiver"
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Hirt, A. "Measuring System VISIR for data acquisition of emitted and reflected radiation in the visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) range." In Solar Thermal Central Receiver Systems, 433–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82910-9_35.
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Atkins, Peter. "Green Chemistry: Photosynthesis." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Each square metre of the Earth receives up to 1 kW of solar radiation, with the exact intensity depending on latitude, season, time of day, and weather. A significant amount of this energy is harnessed by the almost magical process we know as ‘photosynthesis’ in which water and carbon dioxide are combined to form carbohydrates. Thus, from the air and driven by sunlight, vegetation plucks vegetation. That new vegetation is at the start of the food chain, for its metabolism is used to forge protein and, in our brains, drive imagination. There is probably no more important chemical reaction on Earth. A large proportion of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. Ozone and oxygen molecules absorb a lot of ultraviolet radiation, and carbon dioxide and water molecules absorb some of the infrared radiation. As a result, plants, algae, and some species of bacteria have to make do with what gets through and evolved apparatus that captures principally visible radiation. The early forms of these organisms stumbled into a way to use the energy of visible radiation, which arrives in the packets we call photons, to extract hydrogen atoms from water molecules and use them and carbon dioxide to build carbohydrate molecules, which include sugars, cellulose, and starch. The oxygen left over from splitting up water for its hydrogen went to waste. Most of the oxygen currently in the atmosphere has been generated and is maintained by photosynthesis since Nature first stumbled on the process about 2 billion years ago and thereby caused the first great pollution. That pollution, in Nature’s characteristically careless and wholly thoughtless and unplanned way, was to turn out to be to our great advantage. Photosynthesis begins in the organelle (a component of a cell) known as a ‘chloroplast’, so you need to poke around inside one if you are to understand what is going on. I shall focus on the light harvesting and the accompanying ‘light reactions’. What follows them, the so called ‘dark reactions’ in which the captured energy is put to use to string CO2 molecules together into carbohydrates, is controlled in a highly complex way by enzymes.
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Yung, Yuk L., and William B. DeMore. "Solar Flux and Molecular Absorption." In Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195105018.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this book we are concerned primarily with disequilibrium chemistry, of which the sun is the principal driving force. The sun is not, however, the only source of disequilibrium chemistry in the solar system. We briefly discuss other minor energy sources such as the solar wind, starlight, precipitation of energetic particles, and lightning. Note that these sources are not independent. For example, the ultimate energy source of the magnetospheric particles is the solar wind and planetary rotation; the energy source for lightning is atmospheric winds powered by solar irradiance. Only starlight and galactic cosmic rays are completely independent of the sun. While the sun is the energy source, the atoms and molecules in the planetary atmospheres are the receivers of this energy. For atoms the interaction with radiation results in three possibilities: (a) resonance scattering, (b) absorption followed by fluorescence, and (c) ionization. lonization usually requires photons in the extreme ultraviolet. The interaction between molecules and the radiation field is more complicated. In addition to the above (including Rayleigh and Raman scattering) we can have (d) dissociation, (e) intramolecular conversion, and (f) vibrational and rotational excitation. Note that processes (a)-(e) involve electronic excitation; process (f) usually involves infrared radiation that is not energetic enough to cause electronic excitation. The last process is important for the thermal budget of the atmosphere, a subject that is not pursued in this book. Scattering and fluorescence are a source of airglow and aurorae and provide valuable tools for monitoring detailed atomic and molecular processes in the atmosphere. Processes (c) and (d) are most important for determining the chemical composition of planetary atmospheres. Interesting chemical reactions are initiated when the absorption of solar energy leads to ionization or the breaking of chemical bonds. In this chapter we provide a survey of the absorption cross sections of selected atoms and molecules. The selection is based on the likely importance of these species in planetary atmospheres.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Infrared radiation receiver"
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Ro¨ger, Marc, Christoph Rickers, Ralf Uhlig, Frank Neumann, and Christina Polenzky. "Infrared-Reflective Coating on Fused Silica for a Solar High-Temperature Receiver." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In concentrating solar power, high-temperature solar receivers can provide heat to highly efficient cycles for electricity or chemical production. Excessive heating of the fused-silica window and the resulting recrystallization are major problems of high-temperature receivers using windows. Excessive window temperatures can be avoided by applying an infrared-reflective solar-transparent coating on the fused-silica window inside. Both glass temperatures and receiver losses can be reduced. An ideal coating reflects part of the thermal spectrum (λ>2.5 μm) of the hot absorber (1100°C) back onto it without reducing solar transmittance. The examined transparent conductive oxides (TCO) involve a high solar absorptance, inhibiting their use in high-concentration solar systems. Although conventional dielectric interference filters have a low solar absorption, the reflection of solar radiation which comes from various directions is too high. It was found that only rugate filters fulfill the requirements for operation under high-flux solar radiation with different incident angles. A thermodynamic qualification simulation of the rugate coating on a window of a flat-plate receiver showed a reduction of almost 175 K in mean window temperature and 11% in receiver losses compared to an uncoated window. Finally, a first 25-μm thick rugate filter was manufactured and optically characterized. The issue of this paper is to share the work done on the choice of filter type, filter design, thermodynamic evaluation, and deposition experiments.
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Makabe, H., Y. Hirota, M. Tani, and M. Hangyo. "Polarization detection of terahertz electromagnetic radiation by three-contact photoconductive receiver." In 2007 Joint 32nd International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and the 15th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimw.2007.4516759.
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Yan, Kai, Xiaojiang Wu, and Jianbin Liu. "Thermal Performance of Steam Receiver in Tower-Type Solar Power Plants." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the thermal performance of steam receiver in tower-type solar power plants has been performed using the tower-type solar receiver design program developed by Shanghai boiler works Co Ltd. In the program, the integrated effect of three types of heat transfer, i.e. heat conduction, convection and radiation, in the process of heat transfer of receivers has been considered. With integrating the characteristics and the working conditions of receivers of both steam and molten salt, the developed program can be used to perform the thermal performance calculations for the receivers of both working fluids. The proposed program was validated through Solar Two project and the satisfactory results achieve. A steam receiver in a tower-type solar power plant with double superheats is selected as an example for thermal performance calculation. In view of the receiver operating in subcritical status, the thermal performance calculation is carried out for two sections, the one for evaporation and that for superheat. In evaporation section, the working fluid is circulated with a circulating pump at a very high circulating ratio. At the outlet of panels, the qualities of working fluid can reach to maximum about 0.35. Besides, the great difference of qualities of working fluid at the outlet of panels is observed. Even for some pipes of some panels, the working fluid at the outlet is in liquid phase. The distribution of metal temperature at fin end of panels in the evaporation region varies dramatically from place to place and reaches to over 520 °C. In superheat region, the temperature of the outer front crown of tubes is concerned. The highest front point temperature of pipe, which reaches to maximum over 660 °C, is in the middle region of the last parts of the primary superheat pass. The thermal efficiency distribution of the receiver, including the evaporation and the superheat regions, are also performed. The results show that the averaged efficiency is about 86%. Besides, the phenomenon of negative thermal efficiency happens in both two regions. That is because the solar incidence cannot compensate the natural heat loss due to incident radiation reflection, the pipe wall infrared radiation and convective heat loss.
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de Risi, Arturo, Marco Milanese, Mauro Lomascolo, Antonietta Taurino, and Isabella Farella. "Numerical Simulation of CSP Based on Nanorectenna Technology." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are one of several renewable energy technologies with significant potential to meet a part of our future energy demand. By now, CSP systems are used to supply photovoltaic or thermal power plant, but results on nanorectennas suggest the possibility to use this technology for direct energy conversion of solar radiation into electricity. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna that can be used to directly convert wave energy into DC electricity. Experiences in microwave applications have shown energy conversion efficiency in the order of 85%, and recently empirical tests have demonstrated that this technology can be used up to the infrared wavelength. The present paper, together with first preliminary results on the fabrication of the rectifier (the key element of a rectenna) and its electrical behavior, proposes the numerical simulation of a new CSP system where a receiver, heated by concentrated solar radiation, reemits infrared energy on the nanorectenna, which converts the incoming energy into electricity. In this way the receiver plays the role of a sunlight radiation converter to infrared energy. The numerical simulation of the system consists of two steps. The first is a ray-tracing model to calculate the concentrator optical efficiency and the energy distribution on the focusing area of the parabolic mirror. The second step consists in the receiver temperature calculation as function of the incident solar radiation. The numerical procedure allows the calculation of the concentrator/receiver assembly performance which returns the energy incident on the nanorectenna as a function of external environmental conditions.
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Mahendra, Prashant, Vikrant Khullar, and Madhup Mittal. "Applicability of Heat Mirrors in Reducing Thermal Losses in Concentrating Solar Collectors." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66565.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flux distribution around the parabolic trough receiver being typically non-uniform, only a certain portion of the receiver circumference receives the concentrated solar irradiance. However, radiative and convective losses occur across the entire receiver circumference. This paper attempts to introduce the idea employing transparent heat mirror to effectively reduce the heat loss area and thus improve the thermal efficiency of the solar collector. Transparent heat mirror essentially has high transmissivity in the solar irradiance wavelength band and high reflectivity in the mid-infrared region thus it allows the solar irradiance to pass through but reflects the infrared radiation back to the solar selective metal tube. Practically, this could be realized if certain portion of the conventional low iron glass envelope is coated with Sn-In2O3 so that its acts as a heat mirror. In the present study, a parabolic receiver design employing the aforesaid concept has been proposed. Detailed heat transfer model has been formulated. The results of the model were compared with the experimental results of conventional concentrating parabolic trough solar collectors in the literature. It was observed that while maintaining the same external conditions (such as ambient/initial temperatures, wind speed, solar insolation, flow rate, concentration ratio etc.) the heat mirror-based parabolic trough concentrating solar collector has about 3–12% higher thermal efficiency as compared to the conventional parabolic solar collector. Furthermore, steady state heat transfer analysis reveals that depending on the solar flux distribution there is an optimum circumferential angle (θ = θoptimum, where θ is the heat mirror circumferential angle) up to which the glass envelope should be coated with Sn-In2O3. For angles higher than the optimum angle, the collector efficiency tends to decrease owing to increase in optical losses.
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Mecit, Ahmet Murat, and Fletcher Miller. "Optical Analysis of a Window for Solar Receivers Using the Monte Carlo Ray Trace Method." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use heliostats to concentrate solar radiation in order to produce heat, which drives a turbine to generate electricity. We, the Combustion and Solar Energy Laboratory at San Diego State University, are developing a new type of receiver for power tower CSP plants based on volumetric absorption by a gas-particle suspension. The radiation enters the pressurized receiver through a window, which must sustain the thermal loads from the concentrated solar flux and infrared reradiation from inside the receiver. The window is curved in a dome shape to withstand the pressure within the receiver and help minimize the stresses caused by thermal loading. It is highly important to estimate how much radiation goes through the window into the receiver and the spatial and directional distribution of the radiation. These factors play an important role in the efficiency of the receiver as well as window survivability. Concentrated solar flux was calculated with a computer code called MIRVAL from Sandia National Laboratory which uses the Monte Carlo Ray Trace (MCRT) method. The computer code is capable of taking the day of the year and time of day into account, which causes a variation in the flux. Knowing the concentrated solar flux, it is possible to calculate the solar radiation through the window and the thermal loading on the window from the short wavelength solar radiation. The MIRVAL code as originally written did not account for spectral variations, but we have added that capability. Optical properties of the window such as the transmissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity need to be known in order to trace the rays at the window. A separate computer code was developed to calculate the optical properties depending on the incident angle and the wavelength of the incident radiation by using data for the absorptive index and index of refraction for the window (quartz) from other studies and vendor information. This method accounts for regions where the window is partially transparent and internal absorption can occur. A third code was developed using the MCRT method and coupled with both codes mentioned above to calculate the thermal load on the window and the solar radiation that enters the receiver. Thermal load was calculated from energy absorbed at various points throughout the window. In our study, window shapes from flat to concave hemispherical, as well as a novel concave ellipsoidal window are considered, including the effect of day of the year and time of the day.
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Fleming, Austin, Zhiwen Ma, Tim Wendelin, Heng Ban, and Charlie Folsom. "Thermal Modeling of a Multi-Cavity Array Receiver Performance for Concentrating Solar Power Generation." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants can provide dispatchable power with the thermal energy storage (TES) capability for greater renewable-energy grid penetration. To increase the market competitiveness, CSP technology needs to increase the solar-to-electric efficiency and reduce costs in the areas of solar collection from the heliostat field to the receiver, energy conversion systems, and TES. The current state-of-the-art molten-salt systems have limitations regarding both the potential for cost reduction and improvements in performance. Even with significant improvements in operating performance, these systems face major challenges to satisfy the performance targets, which include high-temperature stability (>650°C), low freezing point (<0°C), and material compatibility with high-temperature metals (>650°C) at a reduced cost. The fluidized-bed CSP (FB-CSP) plant being developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has the potential to overcome the above issues with substantially lower cost. The particle receiver is a critical component to enable the FB-CSP system. This paper introduces the development of an innovative receiver design using the blackbody design mechanism by collecting solar heat with absorber tubes that transfer the radiant heat to flowing particles. The particle and receiver materials can withstand temperatures of >1000°C because the receiver can use low-cost materials, such as ceramics and stainless steel, and the solid particles can be any low-cost, stable materials such as sand or ash for particle containment and TES. The heated particles can be stored in containers for TES or supply heat for power generation. This study investigated the performance of convection, reflection, and infrared (IR) re-radiation losses on the absorber solar receiving side. We developed a flux model to predict the reflection losses from the absorber tubes based on the NREL SolTrace program, and conducted thermal modeling by using the Fluent Software. This paper presents the thermal modeling and results on the receiver performance. The receiver configuration may have broad applications for different heattransfer fluids (HTFs), including gas, liquid, or the solid particle-based system in our receiver development.
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Khullar, Vikrant, Himanshu Tyagi, Todd P. Otanicar, Yasitha L. Hewakuruppu, and Robert A. Taylor. "Solar Selective Volumetric Receivers for Harnessing Solar Thermal Energy." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Given the largely untapped solar energy resource, there has been an ongoing international effort to engineer improved solar-harvesting technologies. Towards this, the possibility of engineering a solar selective volumetric receiver (SSVR) has been explored in the present study. Common heat transfer liquids (HTLs) typically have high transmissivity in the visible-near infrared (NIR) region and high emission in the mid-infrared region, due to the presence of intra-molecular vibration bands. This precludes them from being solar absorbers. In fact, they have nearly the opposite properties from selective surfaces such as cermet, TiNOx, and black chrome. However, liquid receivers which approach the radiative properties of selective surfaces, can be realized through a combination of anisotropic geometries of metal nanoparticles and transparent heat mirrors. Solar selective volumetric receivers represent a paradigm shift in the manner in which solar thermal energy is harnessed and promise higher thermal efficiencies (and lower material requirements) than their surface-absorption based counterparts. In this paper, the ‘effective’ solar absorption to infrared emission ratio has been evaluated for a representative SSVR employing copper nanospheroids and Sn-In2O3 based heat mirrors. It has been found that a solar selectivity comparable to (or even higher than) cermet-based Schott receiver is achievable through control of the cut-off solar selective wavelength. Theoretical calculations show that the thermal efficiency of Sn-In2O3 based SSVR is 6 to 7% higher than the cermet-based Schott receiver. Furthermore, stagnation temperature experiments have been conducted on a lab-scale SSVR to validate the theoretical results. It has been found that higher stagnation temperatures (and hence higher thermal efficiencies) compared to conventional surface absorption-based collectors are achievable through proper control of nanoparticle concentration.
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Gokon, Nobuyuki, Tatsuya Kodama, Ayumi Nagasaki, Ko-ichi Sakai, and Tsuyoshi Hatamachi. "Ferrite-Loaded Ceramic Foam Devices Prepared by Spin-Coating Method for a Solar Two-Step Thermochemical Cycle." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A two-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle using redox working material of iron-based oxide (ferrite) particles has been developed for converting solar energy into hydrogen. The two-step thermochemical cycle for producing a solar hydrogen from water requires a development of a high temperature solar-specific receiver-reactor operating at 1000–1500°C. In the present work, ferrite-loaded ceramic foams with a high porosity (7 cells per linear inch) were prepared as a water splitting device by applying ferrite/zirconia particles on a MgO-partially stabilized Zirconia (MPSZ) ceramic foam. The water splitting foam device was prepared using a new method of spin coating. A spin coating method we newly employed that has advantages of shortening preparation period and reducing of the coating process in comparison to previous preparation method reported. The water-splitting foam devices, thus prepared, were examined on hydrogen productivity and reactivity through a two-step thermochemical cycle. NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ and Fe3O4/c-YSZ/MPSZ foam devices were firstly tested for thermal reduction of ferrite using the laboratory scale receiver-reactor by a sun-simulator to simulate concentrated solar radiation. Subsequently, with another quartz reactor the light-irradiated device was reacted with steam by infrared furnace. As a result, it was possible to perform cyclic reactions over several times and to produce hydrogen through thermal-reduction at 1500°C and water-decomposition at 1100–1200°C. In further experiments, the NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ foam device was successfully demonstrated in a windowed single reactor for cyclic hydrogen production by solar-simulated Xebeam irradiation with input power of 1 kW. The NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ foam device produced hydrogen of 70–190μmol per gram of device through 6 cycles and reached ferrite conversion of 60% at a maximum.
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Yue, Kai, Yongjian Niu, Xiaoming Guo, and Xinxin Zhang. "Research on Measurement of Spectral Emissivity Based on Fourier Infrared Spectrometer." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As one of the basic parameters characterizing the radiation heat transfer of material surface, the emissivity is of important significance to perform non-contact thermometry research. Comparing with the traditional measurement method, measurement method of spectral emissivity based on the Fourier spectrometer has many advantages such as high accuracy and fast measurement. However, the measurement accuracy is subject to the influence of the radiant energy and the spectrometer electromagnetic radiation noise resulted from the environment. In this study, the geometric factor of the sample was defined and the reflectance of the background radiation in the surface of the sample was applied to accurately determine the energy of the radiation received on the detector. An emissivity measurement model was established and a mathematical formula was derived in this study to eliminate the influence of the background radiation noise. To improve the measurement accuracy of the surface temperature of samples, a heat conduction model is established so that the radiation heat transfer of the sample surface can be calculated and the surface temperature of the sample was obtained by equilibrium calculation. Moreover, we conducted emissivity measurement of black paint samples with high emissivity using the Fourier spectrometer and the proposed model is proven valid. Comparing the experimental results modified by the eliminating calculation formula with the experimental data obtained by the monochromator, it was found that there was good qualitative agreement between two sets of results.