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1
Zhang, Deng Yin, Zhen Wei Xie, and Guo Dong Cui. "Energy Balance Routing Protocol Based on Location Information." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1410.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the current routing algorithm based on the geographic location information, the energy consumption is high and uneven. To address the problem, we propose an energy balance routing protocol (GEBR) based on the geographical location information, using a virtual sink technology to balance the node energy consumption within the scope of gateway communication. Simulation results show that compared with GEAR protocol, the GEBR protocol postponed the generation of energy hole, balanced energy consumption, effectively prolong the network lifetime.
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Bao, Liu, and Kou Jisong. "Energy Balance Management Information System of China." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 17 (October 1989): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52930-4.
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Muzychuk, Roman. "The information system for the regional energy balance formation." E3S Web of Conferences 77 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197702005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study of the energy efficiency of the fuel and energy complex of the regions has a great attention. For an integrated introduction of trends and patterns in the energy sector, approaches we use based on the analysis of the fuel and energy balance (FEB). The function of FEB is to show the availability and use of energy resources in a certain territory and determination of indices of energy efficiency. The article presents an approach to the formation of fuel and energy balances based on the available statistical information.
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Rubtsov, Vladimir. "On Energy–Information Balance in Automatic Control Systems Revisited." Entropy 22, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111300.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We revise and slightly generalize some variational problems related to the “informational approach” in the classical optimization problem for automatic control systems which was popular from 1970–1990. We find extremals for various degenerated (derivative independent) functionals and propose some interpretations of obtained minimax relations. The main example of such functionals is given by the Gelfand–Pinsker–Yaglom formula for the information quantity contained in one random process in another one. We find some balance relations in a linear stationary one-dimensional system with Gaussian signal and interpret them in terms of Legendre duality.
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Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė, Rasa, Vidmantas Jankauskas, and Violeta Motuzienė. "ENERGY BALANCE OF A LOW ENERGY HOUSE." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.691107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, such topics as improvement of energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, development of sustainable building concepts, and promotion of renewable energy sources are in the focus of attention. The energy efficiency targets of the European Union are based on information regarding energy consumed by buildings. The amount of energy consumed by buildings depends on the main influencing factors (namely, climate parameters, building envelope, energy systems, building operation and maintenance, activities and behaviour of occupants), which have to be considered in order to identify energy efficiency potentials and opportunities. The article aims to investigate the total amount of energy consumed by a low energy house, built in Lithuania, using a combination of energy consumption data received from a simulation and measured energy consumption data. The energy performance analysis in the low energy house revealed some factors that have the main influence on the total figures of energy consumed by the house. The identified significant factors were used to find the optimal solutions for the design of low energy buildings.
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Clarke, Alan, and Judy Trinnaman. "Developing Comprehensive Energy Balances." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 5, no. 3 (June 1987): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878700500301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy balances giving details of production, processing and use by sector have been available for the major economies for thirty years or more. Such balances are provided annually by governmental agencies and by the OECD. No such balances have been available for many non-OECD countries. The flow of information has improved in recent years although there will always be a relative lack of precision associated with the estimates made for traditional and non-commercial fuels (dung, fuel wood, vegetable wastes). Tackling the problems of faulty or insufficient data is facilitated by an integrated approach, using a standardised matrix of energy supply and demand. A complete energy balance for any one country may take many man-hours to construct, with significant further effort required to update it as new information becomes available. Examples of energy balances for Kenya and Pakistan have been included.
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Verbyla, K. L., M. P. L. Calus, Y. de Haas, H. A. Mulder, and R. F. Veerkamp. "Explaining variation in energy balance using high density SNP information." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 1 (April 2010): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010002852.
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Plank, Lindsay D., and Graham L. Hill. "Energy balance in critical illness." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy balance is the difference between energy consumed and total energy expended. Over a given period of time it expresses how much the body stores of fat, carbohydrate and protein will change. For the critically-ill patient, who characteristically exhibits raised energy expenditure and proteolysis of skeletal muscle, energy balance information is valuable because underfeeding or overfeeding may compromise recovery. However, there are formidable difficulties in measuring energy balance in these patients. While energy intake can be accurately recorded in the intensive care setting, the measurement of total energy expenditure is problematic. Widely used approaches, such as direct calorimetry or doubly-labelled water, are not applicable to the critically ill patient. Energy balance was determined over periods of 5–10 d in patients in intensive care by measuring changes in the fat, protein and carbohydrate stores of the body. Changes in total body fat were positively correlated with energy balance over the 5 d study periods in patients with severe sepsis (n24, r 0.56, P=0.004) or major trauma (n 24, r 0.70, P<.0001). Fat oxidation occurred in patients whose energy intake was insufficient to achieve energy balance. Changes in body protein were independent of energy balance. These results are consistent with those of other researchers who have estimated total energy requirements from measurements of O2 consumption and CO2 production. In critically-ill patients achievement of positive non-protein energy balance or total energy balance does not prevent negative N balance. Nutritional therapy for these patients may in the future focus on glycaemic control with insulin and specialised supplements rather than on energy balance per se.
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De Bond, Julie-Ann P., and Jeremy T. Smith. "Kisspeptin and energy balance in reproduction." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 3 (March 2014): R53—R63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kisspeptin is vital for the neuroendocrine regulation of GNRH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons are now recognized as a central pathway responsible for conveying key homeostatic information to GNRH neurons. This pathway is likely to mediate the well-established link between energy balance and reproductive function. Thus, in states of severely altered energy balance (either negative or positive), fertility is compromised, as isKiss1expression in the arcuate nucleus. A number of metabolic modulators have been proposed as regulators of kisspeptin neurons including leptin, ghrelin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Whether these regulate kisspeptin neurons directly or indirectly will be discussed. Moreover, whether the stimulatory role of leptin on reproduction is mediated by kisspeptin directly will be questioned. Furthermore, in addition to being expressed in GNRH neurons, the kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r) is also expressed in other areas of the brain, as well as in the periphery, suggesting alternative roles for kisspeptin signaling outside of reproduction. Interestingly, kisspeptin neurons are anatomically linked to, and can directly excite, anorexigenic POMC neurons and indirectly inhibit orexigenic NPY neurons. Thus, kisspeptin may have a direct role in regulating energy balance. Although data fromKiss1rknockout and WT mice found no differences in body weight, recent data indicate that kisspeptin may still play a role in food intake and glucose homeostasis. Thus, in addition to regulating reproduction, and mediating the effect of energy balance on reproductive function, kisspeptin signaling may also be a direct regulator of metabolism.
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Liang, Xiurong, and You Qian. "Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 27, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4597992.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.
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Roques, Lionel, Mickaël D. Chekroun, Michel Cristofol, Samuel Soubeyrand, and Michael Ghil. "Parameter estimation for energy balance models with memory." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2169 (September 8, 2014): 20140349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0349.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study parameter estimation for one-dimensional energy balance models with memory (EBMMs) given localized and noisy temperature measurements. Our results apply to a wide range of nonlinear, parabolic partial differential equations with integral memory terms. First, we show that a space-dependent parameter can be determined uniquely everywhere in the PDE's domain of definition D , using only temperature information in a small subdomain E ⊂ D . This result is valid only when the data correspond to exact measurements of the temperature. We propose a method for estimating a model parameter of the EBMM using more realistic, error-contaminated temperature data derived, for example, from ice cores or marine-sediment cores. Our approach is based on a so-called mechanistic-statistical model that combines a deterministic EBMM with a statistical model of the observation process. Estimating a parameter in this setting is especially challenging, because the observation process induces a strong loss of information. Aside from the noise contained in past temperature measurements, an additional error is induced by the age-dating method, whose accuracy tends to decrease with a sample's remoteness in time. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that obtaining an accurate parameter estimate is still possible in certain cases.
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Macrae, Alastair. "Assessment of energy balance in dairy cattle." Livestock 24, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.5.229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between April 2006 and March 2015, a recent survey in UK commercial dairy herds has shown that approximately half of cows in the last 10 days before calving and three quarters of cows in the first 20 days in milk had evidence of excessive negative energy balance (eNEB). However, herd variation is significant, and many herds manage to keep cows with impressive milk yields in satisfactory energy balance around calving. Whatever method of assessment is used for eNEB, it needs to take into account selection of cows for sampling, stage of the production cycle to target ‘at risk’ periods (within 10 days of predicted calving date in dry cows, and the first 3 weeks of lactation in freshly calved milking cows), group size and use of background information. Interpretation of the results is key, and this requires a holistic view of both the ration and nutritional management.
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Бурганов, Раис, and Rais Burganov. "Asymmetry of Information in Energy Consumption." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b20ef0b2fbb25.54633904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The status of the issue: A survey of studies shows that the problems of information asymmetry in terms of the energy theory of economics have not been considered at all. Materials and methods of research are based on the use of abstraction, generalization and systematization of the data obtained. Results: The study is devoted to the consideration of theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of manifestations of asymmetric information in energy consumption in conditions of transition to the digitalization of the economy. For the first time the author has paid attention to such issues of the topic as the essence of information asymmetry in energy consumption; classification of information asymmetry in energy consumption, the problems of finding the balance of information asymmetry, the role of information asymmetry in energy productivity, energy intensity of products and energy efficiency; state participation in the regulation of information asymmetry in energy consumption. Conclusions are important to take into account the asymmetry of information in energy consumption in the transition to a digital economy.
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Naumenkova, Svitlana, Volodymyr Mishchenko, and Svitlana Mishchenko. "Key energy indicators for sustainable development goals in Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Transforming the energy sector to provide universal access to reliable and modern energy services is an essential task for Ukraine, one of the Eastern Partnership countries with heavy energy dependence. It will help accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper is devoted to studying Ukraine’s readiness to generate sustainable energy compared to the EU and other Eastern Partnership countries and the development of an information base for monitoring the achievement of SDG7.The data from the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine are analyzed. Thus, the study proposed to expand the list of national monitoring indicators that more fully reflect the social, economic, and environmental results of SDG7 “Affordable and clean energy” in Ukraine. The development of an information monitoring base expands the opportunities to assess the availability, sustainability, and balance of national energy policy in green economic transformation. Furthermore, the indicators of energy intensity, carbon intensity, as well as access to sustainable energy for the population and business are emphasized. The findings are aimed to raise the level of awareness of government agencies and make balanced decisions to accelerate the achievement of SDG7 in Ukraine.
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Dueck, Christine A., Melinda M. Manore, and Kathleen S. Matt. "Role of Energy Balance in Athletic Menstrual Dysfunction." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6, no. 2 (June 1996): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.2.165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cessation of menstrual function in the female athlete may reflect her inability to adapt to the environmental and lifestyle stressors associated with training and competition. As society's emphasis on thinness, dieting, and exercise continues to increase, so will the incidence of menstrual dysfunction in active females. Unfortunately, some individuals view athletic menstrual dysfunction as a benign consequence of strenuous exercise. Conversely, it is most likely a strong indicator of overtraining and a marker for future decrements in performance, and it can have long-term health consequences. Thus, it is imperative that the active female be appropriately educated regarding the adverse consequences of menstrual dysfunction and the interventions available. This paper focuses on the most current information regarding athletic menstrual dysfunction and its multifactorial etiology, especially the role of energy drain. In addition, common misconceptions, adverse health and performance effects, and available treatment options are discussed.
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Plath, Michael, Mathias Ernst, and Knut Wichmann. "Energy efficiency and energy saving in the German water industry." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From July 2007 to August 2010, the first German project about energy efficiency in water supply was carried out. The project results are summarised in a guidance report entitled ‘DVGW-Information Wasser Nr. 77’. The DVGW Research Centre worked on assessing the energy saving potentials and a reduction in energy demand for German water supply systems. It is assumed that the energy-saving potential for German water utilities is in the region of 20%. Two main sections were identified as relevant for an investigation of energy efficiency in a water utility. First and foremost, a comprehensive and structured energy balance must be formulated. Based on this information, the energy saving potentials can then be assessed. In the above-mentioned guidance report additional energy saving potentials for all sections of the water supply industry were summarised. An energy balance for water supply must be related to different sectors and levels to guarantee a detailed energy efficiency evaluation. This in turn allows for a structured assessment of the energy saving potentials. In the majority of cases, specific investigations with detailed data capture are necessary. Based on these, an evaluation of applicable measures needs to be undertaken before the measures can be implemented and their success documented. The guidance report ‘DVGW-Information Wasser Nr. 77’ is a manual for these investigations and also includes tools for an energy efficiency analysis in water utilities.
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Heuer, C., W. M. Van Straalen, Y. H. Schukken, A. Dirkzwager, and J. P. T. M. Noordhuizen. "Prediction of Energy Balance in High Yielding Dairy Cows with Test-Day Information." Journal of Dairy Science 84, no. 2 (February 2001): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74497-9.
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ZENG, Jia. "Game Theory-based Energy Balance Routing with Incomplete Information in Wireless Sensor Networks." Acta Automatica Sinica 34, no. 3 (March 2, 2009): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1004.2008.00317.
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Verbyla, K. L., M. P. L. Calus, H. A. Mulder, Y. de Haas, and R. F. Veerkamp. "Predicting energy balance for dairy cows using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism information." Journal of Dairy Science 93, no. 6 (June 2010): 2757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2928.
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Chukreyev, Yuri, and Mikhail Chukreyev. "Information support of intellectual energy systems and its impact on ensuring balance reliability." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The is UPS of the impact of accounting for the energy supply of hydroelectric power plants on the means of ensuring the balance reliability of the UPS of Russia for the conditions of conducting commercial power take-offs are considered. The analysis of predicted and reported data on the generation of electricity at hydroelectric power stations and their impact on the rationale for backup tools.
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Schneeberger, Marc, Ramon Gomis, and Marc Claret. "Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic energy balance." Journal of Endocrinology 220, no. 2 (February 2014): T25—T46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0398.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alterations in adequate energy balance maintenance result in serious metabolic disturbances such as obesity. In mammals, this complex process is orchestrated by multiple and distributed neuronal circuits. Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits are critically involved in the sensing of circulating and local factors conveying information about the energy status of the organism. The integration of these signals culminates in the generation of specific and coordinated physiological responses aimed at regulating energy balance through the modulation of appetite and energy expenditure. In this article, we review current knowledge on the homeostatic regulation of energy balance, emphasizing recent advances in mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and optogenetic techniques that have greatly contributed to improving our understanding of this central process.
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Zhang, Zhenjiang, Yanan Wang, Fuxing Song, and Wenyu Zhang. "An Energy-Balanced Mechanism for Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/123521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy-constrained sensor nodes are always deployed in hazardous and inaccessible environments, making energy management a key problem for network design. The mechanism of RNTA (redundant node transmission agents) lacks an updating mechanism for the redundant nodes, causing an unbalanced energy distribution among sensor nodes. This paper presents an energy-balanced mechanism for hierarchical routing (EBM-HR), in which the residual energy of redundant nodes is quantified and made hierarchic, so that the cluster head can dynamically select the redundant node with the highest residual energy grade as a relay to complete the information transmission to the sink node and achieve an intracluster energy balance. In addition, the network is divided into several layers according to the distances between cluster heads and the sink node. Based on the energy consumption of the cluster heads, the sink node will decide to recluster only in a certain layer so as to achieve an intercluster energy balance. Our approach is evaluated by a simulation comparing the LEACH algorithm to the HEED algorithm. The results demonstrate that the BEM-HR mechanism can significantly boost the performance of a network in terms of network lifetime, data transmission quality, and energy balance.
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Pritchard, Robert S. "Sea-ice mechanical energy balance: nearshore Chukchi Sea, 1982." Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1991aog15-1-63-72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mechanical energy balance of sea ice provides information about ice dynamic behavior, driving forces and the constitutive law. The energy balance equation, formed as the product of ice velocity with the ice momentum balance equation, describes changes to the kinetic and potential energy densities as power is input to the ice by wind and current. The momentum balance equation may also be used to describe the ice-stress divergence, air stress, and water stress, but the scalar form of the energy balance is simpler to understand. This paper provides new interpretations of several terms in the energy balance equation, in particular power input by air and water stress and by sea-surface tilt. Barometric pressure fields and drifting buoys deployed on the Chukchi Sea ice cover during 1982 provide wind, ice motion and current measurements that allow each term in the energy balance equation to be evaluated as a function of time. Magnitudes of power input by wind and current show how the energy balance is decomposed and help describe the relative importance of these driving forces. In the nearshore Chukchi Sea during February, March and April 1982, both wind and current provided significant forcing of the ice. Ice stress was also important and, at times, dominated other terms in the mechanical energy balance.
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Pritchard, Robert S. "Sea-ice mechanical energy balance: nearshore Chukchi Sea, 1982." Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mechanical energy balance of sea ice provides information about ice dynamic behavior, driving forces and the constitutive law. The energy balance equation, formed as the product of ice velocity with the ice momentum balance equation, describes changes to the kinetic and potential energy densities as power is input to the ice by wind and current. The momentum balance equation may also be used to describe the ice-stress divergence, air stress, and water stress, but the scalar form of the energy balance is simpler to understand. This paper provides new interpretations of several terms in the energy balance equation, in particular power input by air and water stress and by sea-surface tilt. Barometric pressure fields and drifting buoys deployed on the Chukchi Sea ice cover during 1982 provide wind, ice motion and current measurements that allow each term in the energy balance equation to be evaluated as a function of time. Magnitudes of power input by wind and current show how the energy balance is decomposed and help describe the relative importance of these driving forces. In the nearshore Chukchi Sea during February, March and April 1982, both wind and current provided significant forcing of the ice. Ice stress was also important and, at times, dominated other terms in the mechanical energy balance.
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Cummins, Donald P., David B. Stephenson, and Peter A. Stott. "Optimal Estimation of Stochastic Energy Balance Model Parameters." Journal of Climate 33, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 7909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0589.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis study has developed a rigorous and efficient maximum likelihood method for estimating the parameters in stochastic energy balance models (with any k > 0 number of boxes) given time series of surface temperature and top-of-the-atmosphere net downward radiative flux. The method works by finding a state-space representation of the linear dynamic system and evaluating the likelihood recursively via the Kalman filter. Confidence intervals for estimated parameters are straightforward to construct in the maximum likelihood framework, and information criteria may be used to choose an optimal number of boxes for parsimonious k-box emulation of atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). In addition to estimating model parameters the method enables hidden state estimation for the unobservable boxes corresponding to the deep ocean, and also enables noise filtering for observations of surface temperature. The feasibility, reliability, and performance of the proposed method are demonstrated in a simulation study. To obtain a set of optimal k-box emulators, models are fitted to the 4 × CO2 step responses of 16 AOGCMs in CMIP5. It is found that for all 16 AOGCMs three boxes are required for optimal k-box emulation. The number of boxes k is found to influence, sometimes strongly, the impulse responses of the fitted models.
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Jie, Gao. "A Process-Based Energy Balance Snowmelt Model I: Principle." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3338.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Snow melting is an important process of snow hydrology. A process-based energy balance snowmelt model: Snow Column Model is developed to reveal the processes of energy conservation, phase change, mass transfer, compaction and growth of grain size. It could provide the information of snow density, temperature and liquid water held in snow packs varied with snowmelt processes. The observations during April and June, 1996 of snowpit in Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Front Range of Rocky Mountains are used to calculate and compare. The calculated ones are consistent with the observed. The model not only demonstrates the processes happened inside snow pack, but also will offer a better understanding of the response of snow pack to climate change in further studies.
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Gastelum, Cassandra, Lynnea Perez, Jennifer Hernandez, Nikki Le, Isabella Vahrson, Sarah Sayers, and Edward J. Wagner. "Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052728.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A10 dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integrate information regarding nutrient status and the rewarding properties of ingested food, and formulate it into a behavioral response that attempts to balance fluctuations in consumption and food-seeking behavior. In this review we start with a functional overview of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries; identifying the salient neural, hormonal and humoral components involved. We then delve into how the function of these circuits differs in males and females. Finally, we turn our attention to the ever-emerging roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)—two neuropeptides that have garnered increased recognition for their regulatory impact in energy homeostasis—to further probe how the imposed regulation of energy balance circuitry by these peptides is affected by sex and altered under positive (e.g., obesity) and negative (e.g., fasting) energy balance states. It is hoped that this work will impart a newfound appreciation for the intricate regulatory processes that govern energy homeostasis, as well as how recent insights into the N/OFQ and PACAP systems can be leveraged in the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia.
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Kelbich, Petr, Vilém Malý, Inka Matuchová, Martin Čegan, Ivan Staněk, Jiří Král, Ondřej Karpjuk, et al. "Cytological-energy analysis of pleural effusions." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 56, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563219845415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Simultaneous cytological and metabolic investigation of the pleural effusion provides clinically relevant information about the type and intensity of immune response in the pleural cavity. Methods We investigated 1329 pleural effusions from patients with different pathological changes in the pleural cavity. Evaluated parameters were differential cell count of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, and values of the coefficient of energy balance. Results We found the lowest numbers of cells and the highest coefficient of energy balance values in patients with heart failure and sepsis; relatively high frequency of eosinophils and slightly decreased coefficient of energy balance values in patients with pneumothorax and haemothorax; the predominance of lymphocytes and low coefficient of energy balance values in patients with tuberculous pleuritis; the predominance of neutrophils and variable coefficient of energy balance values in patients after chest surgery; the highest presence of neutrophils and very low coefficient of energy balance values in patients with chest empyema and the predominance of lymphocytes and normal to low coefficient of energy balance values in patients with pleural malignancy. Conclusions Our findings in patients with heart failure and sepsis suggest the absence of inflammation in the pleural cavity. We observed the manifestation of tissue repair in patients with pneumothorax and haemothorax. Patients with tuberculous pleuritis were predominantly characterized by T cell-driven immune response and oxidative burst of macrophages. We found different intensities of immune responses to the chest surgery. The typical finding in patients with empyema was oxidative burst of neutrophils. In patients with pleural malignancy, weak cytotoxic inflammation predominates together with the intensive inflammation characterized by oxidative burst of macrophages.
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Ebersole, Joseph L. "Patent information dissemination by patent offices: striking the balance." World Patent Information 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0172-2190(02)00114-x.
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Scorza, Francesco. "Towards Self Energy-Management and Sustainable Citizens' Engagement in Local Energy Efficiency Agenda." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2016010103.
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EU 2020 targets and global challenges concerning energy efficiency in public and private sectors generated a great number of local and sectorial approaches mainly oriented to investment promotion in energy technologies including buildings renovations. RES diffusion also generated impacts on rural and natural areas, but a comprehensive balance of recent trends still remarks only a partial success. The research hypothesis regards short-term benefits that an inclusive approach in energy management could bring in connection with energy efficiency investments at municipal scale. In fact a lot of energy wastage is linked to ineffective usage model, even in renewed buildings too. If one includes community involvement process oriented to deliver sustainable energy behaviors, one can expect a general improvement of energy saving in public and private sector. In order to be included, citizens need information: the Real time ICT application for energy monitoring represents an advancement proposed in this research. The long term perspective fits with the attitude of informed citizen to deliver self-energy management practice in everyday life. The benefits of the proposed approach regard territorial policies in the framework of EU-2020 strategy, Covenant of Mayors and UN 2030-Agenda.
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Aydin, Kamil, and C. C. Tung. "Energy Balance Equation for Estimating Overturning Potential of an Unanchored Rocking Body Subjected to Earthquake Excitation." Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586172.
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In this paper, the validity of the energy balance equation is verified by statistical analysis. An ensemble of two hundred artificial earthquakes are generated and used as input to a structure on whose floors unanchored bodies are placed. The equation of motion governing the rocking motion of an unanchored body is solved and the probabilities of overturning are obtained. This information is used to show that the energy balance equation proposed by Housner is indeed valid. A few examples are given to demonstrate the use of the energy balance equation.
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Du, Yongwen, Zhangmin Wang, Junhui Gong, Ning Xu, and Xiaohui Hu. "Cross-Layer Optimized Energy-Balanced Topology Control Algorithm for WSNs." Journal of Sensors 2019 (November 5, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6963290.
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Because of the complexity of the environment and the limited resources of nodes, there will be an imbalanced energy consumption and a short life among nodes in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, by introducing the concept of game theory and supermodel game theory, we solve the challenge of a wireless sensor network topology control method based on cross-layer information design. The cross-layer information such as node degree, network connectivity, and MAC layer interference is integrated into the design of utility function to establish a new topological game model. Then, based on this topology control model, we propose a cross-layer optimized energy-balanced topology control algorithm (COETC). Compared with other algorithms, our COETC algorithm not only guarantees the network connectivity and robustness while reducing the required node transmitting power but also achieves good energy balance and high energy efficiency. Ultimately, our method effectively prolongs network lifetime and improves network performance.
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Levin, B. E., and V. H. Routh. "Role of the brain in energy balance and obesity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): R491—R500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.3.r491.
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Energy balance and body weight are regulated in short, intermediate, and long cycles that are superimposed on each other. We propose that the brain is the primary center of this regulation. The brain has evolved mechanisms for sensing the energy status of the body using neural and metabolic signals such as glucose, insulin, and leptin. It has central processing and storage capacity for handling this afferent information and can change both structurally and functionally in response to its internal and external milieu. The brain regulates energy balance through its control of energy intake on the one hand and expenditure and storage on the other using neurohumoral mechanisms that include the autonomic nervous system. Work in animal models suggests that the brain of obese individuals largely ignores signals of excess adiposity from the periphery, keeping the body weight set point at pathologically high levels. Disordered regulation of neuropeptide Y and monoamine metabolism within the ventromedial hypothalamus is a consistent finding in the brains of obesity-prone and obese rodents. Such dysregulation causes inappropriate neurohumoral control of metabolism and autonomic output to organs such as the pancreas, resulting in increased metabolic efficiency and persistent adiposity. The high recidivism rate in the treatment of obesity suggests that central dysfunction may be due to long-term reorganization of the nervous system in such a way as to perpetuate the abnormally high set point of body weight.
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Schubert, Matthew M., and Elyse A. Palumbo. "Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, no. 2 (February 2019): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0311.
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CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.
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Khassan, А., V. I. Donenko, and O. L. Ischenko. "The use of BIM to achieve zero energy building." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 1 (92) (May 11, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.230321.59.735.
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This Article introduces the advantage of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology to achieve the Zero Energy (ZE). A zero-energy building (ZE), also is known as a Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building, or Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB). Net zero building is a building which is zero net energy consumption, which means that the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site. A net Zero-Energy Building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies. In the concept of the net ZEB is a building which could reduce energy needs through efficiency and gain that balance of the energy needs via different renewable technologies. This paper will touch the necessity of integrating solar panels and wind energy design with BIM (Building Information Modeling) and how could that lead to achieve and reach the ZNEB (Zero Net Energy Building). The article will discuss the gap between modeling tools in energy and the achievement of sustainable features in models that produce for best design results and construction material in the project by using BIM (Building Information Modeling) to reach the ZNEB (Zero Net Energy Building).
Keywords: Zero Net Energy (ZNE); Zero Energy Building; Zero Energy; Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB); Zero-Energy Building (ZEB); Building Information Modelling (BIM)
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HEIST, D. K., and F. C. GOULDIN. "Turbulent flow normal to a triangular cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 331 (January 25, 1997): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096003734.
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Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements are presented for a nominally two-dimensional constant-density flow over a surface-mounted triangular cylinder. The thickness of the boundary layer approaching the triangular cylinder is much less than the height of the triangle. Momentum and turbulent kinetic energy balances are presented and comparisons are made with other separated and reattaching flows. Also, time domain information is presented in the form of autocorrelations and spectra. From the energy balances, the importance of the pressure transport term at the high-speed edge of the shear layer is seen. Observations of the relationships between the shapes of the spectra and the details of the energy balance are made. For example, the slope of the velocity spectra varies from the free-stream value of −5/3 to a value of −1 in the middle of the recirculation region. Concurrent with this increase in slope is a decrease in the role of shear production in the turbulent kinetic energy balance and an increase in the role of advection and turbulent transport. From the two-component LDV measurements, a very low-frequency unsteadiness is shown to contribute energy preferentially to different components of the velocity fluctuations depending on the location in the flow.
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Mezei, M., K. A. Bencsath, S. Goldman, and S. Singh. "The Detailed Balance Energy-scaled Displacement Monte Carlo Algorithm." Molecular Simulation 1, no. 1-2 (November 1987): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927028708080933.
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Lim, Jonathan, Uazman Alam, Daniel Cuthbertson, and John Wilding. "Design of a randomised controlled trial: does indirect calorimetry energy information influence weight loss in obesity?" BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e044519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044519.
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IntroductionRespiratory quotient (RQ) provides an indication of the relative balance of carbohydrate and fat oxidation. RQ could serve as an early biomarker of negative energy balance during weight loss. Restriction of energy intake relative to total daily energy requirements produces a negative energy balance which can lead to a fall in RQ, accompanied by a decrease in resting energy expenditure (REE). However, the net change in body weight does not usually match predicted weight change due to intraindividual metabolic adaptations. Our aim is to determine the effectiveness of utilising EE information from indirect calorimetry during weight loss intervention.Methods and analysisWe will undertake an assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomised controlled trial of 105 adults with obesity randomised in 1:1 ratio to receive either standard weight management care (SC) or EE information plus SC (INT) during a 24-week multicomponent weight management programme. The primary outcome is difference in weight loss between INT and SC group at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include: change in RQ, REE, glycaemic variability, and appetite-relating gut hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, peptide YY). Generalised linear mixed models (intention to treat) will assess outcomes for treatment (INT vs SC), time (baseline, 24 weeks) and the treatment-by-time interaction. This will be the first study to evaluate impact of utilising measured REE and RQ on the lifestyle-based intensive intervention programme.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Health Research Authority and the North West Research Ethics Committee (18/NW/0645). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations.Trial registration numbersNCT03638895; UoL001379.
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Klipstein-Grobusch, K., J. J. Reilly, J. Potter, C. A. Edwards, and M. A. Roberts. "Energy intake and expenditure in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute illness." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 2 (February 1995): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950033.
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Studies on hospitalized elderly subjects have demonstrated that negative energy balance is common during hospitalization, but have concentrated primarily on long-stay and psychogeriatric patients. There is little information on energy balance in elderly patients admitted with acute illness from the community, despite the importance of this patient group and the presence of a number of factors likely to predispose such patients to negative energy balance. In the present study energy balance was quantified in twenty patients (eight males, mean age 82 (SD 05) years; twelve females, mean age 84 (SD 6) years) admitted from the community with acute illness, and predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) was compared with measured resting metabolic rate (RMR). Most patients were in negative energy balance during hospitalization, and median measured energy intake (El):measured RMR ratio was 1·0 (range 0·7–1·8). The mean difference between measured El and estimated total energy expenditure was −1·3 MJ/d (range -3·4 to +2·5 MJ/d). Estimated total energy expenditure exceeded measured El in fifteen of the patients and there was a significant decline in mid-arm muscle circumference (paired t, P < 0·05) during hospitalization. We conclude that moderate negative energy balance is common in this patient group, and that these patients are at risk of undernutrition during their hospital stay.
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Xiao, Jin Chao, Peng Zeng, Hua Liang Zhang, and Dong Li. "Ant-Colony-Based Geographic and Energy Balance Routing for Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1049.
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Recent advances in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) now witness the increased interest in the potential use in applications. Sensors are expected to be remotely deployed in large numbers and operate autonomously in unattended environments. In this paper, Ant-colony-based Geographic and Energy Balance Routing (AGEBR) was utilized to establish wireless sensor networks which had survival cycles. This Ant-colony-based routing can modify the geographic information based on the distribution characteristics of the ant colony algorithm, and finally achieve fast convergence and high efficiency. As a result, the sensor networks which did not have lasting energy supplement or only had limited energy complement could last a longer period without losing their sensing ability. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach can keep balance of the network energy consumption, prolong the network lifetime, and enhance the successful sending rate without congestion.
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MASSERONI, DANIELE, CHIARA CORBARI, and MARCO MANCINI. "Limitations and improvements of the energy balance closure with reference to experimental data measured over a maize field." Atmósfera 27, no. 4 (January 13, 2015): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/atm.2014.27.04.01.
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The use of energy fluxes data to validate land surface models requires that energy balance closure conservationis satisfied, but usually this condition is not verified when the available energy is bigger than the sumof turbulent vertical fluxes. In this work, a comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure problems isperformed on a 2012 data set from Livraga obtained by a micrometeorological eddy covariance station locatedin a maize field in the Po Valley. Energy balance closure is calculated by statistical regression of turbulentenergy fluxes and soil heat flux against available energy. Generally, the results indicate a lack of closure witha mean imbalance in the order of 20%. Storage terms are the main reason for the unclosed energy balance butalso the turbulent mixing conditions play a fundamental role in reliable turbulent flux estimations. Recentlyintroduced in literature, the energy balance problem has been studied as a scale problem. A representativesource area for each flux of the energy balance has been analyzed and the closure has been performed infunction of turbulent flux footprint areas. Surface heterogeneity and seasonality effects have been studied to understand the influence of canopy growth on the energy balance closure. High frequency data have beenused to calculate co-spectral and ogive functions, which suggest that an averaging period of 30 min may misstemporal scales that contribute to the turbulent fluxes. Finally, latent and sensible heat random error estimationsare computed to give information about the measurement system and turbulence transport deficiencies
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Bogodukhova, E. S., V. V. Britvina, A. V. Gavrilyuk, A. Y. Sorokin, and K. R. Bobrov. "Trends in the development of decarbonization in energy systems using information technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 990, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/990/1/012007.
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Abstract This article is devoted to restoring the energy balance through the integration of alternative energy sources and information technologies, the interconnectedness of which will increase the efficiency of both private and public processes. The aim of the work is to study the decarbonization of the economy and energy systems in the development of renewable energy sources. A comparative analysis of foreign countries that use the largest resources, some are still not used. The study of the territories showed that Russia has significant potential with a concentration of renewable energy sources. Based on the results of the work performed, primary signs of decarbonization of energy in climatic development, bottlenecks of energy systems were identified, and directions of alternative energy in Russia were proposed for energy stabilization. The article is supplied with graphic materials and tables, as well as a detailed description of each stage of the study.
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Collard, B. L., P. J. Boettcher, J. C. M. Dekkers, L. R. Schaeffer, and D. Petitclerc. "Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation." BSAP Occasional Publication 24 (1999): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146398150004320x.
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AbstractData were records of daily food intake and milk production, periodic measures of milk composition and all health and reproductive information from 140 multiparous Holstein cows involved in various experiments at the Agriculture Canada dairy research station in Lennoxville, Quebec. Energy concentrations of the total mixed rations were also available. Daily energy balance was calculated by multiplying the food intake by the concentration of energy in the diet and then subtracting from this quantity the expected (National Research Council) amount of energy required for maintenance (based on parity and body weight) and for milk production (based on yield and concentrations of fat, protein and lactose). Four energy balance traits were defined: (1) average daily energy balance within the first 10 to 100 days of lactation, (2) minimum daily energy balance, (3) days in negative energy balance and (4) total energy deficit during the period of negative energy balance. Health traits were the numbers of incidences of each of the following: (1) all udder problems, (2) mastitis, (3) all locomotive problems, (4) laminitis, (5) digestive problems and (6) reproductive problems. Reproductive traits were the number of days to first observed oestrous and number of inseminations. Phenotypic relationships between energy balance and health were investigated by regressing the energy balance traits on each health trait. Parity and treatment (according to the research trial that the cow was involved with) were also included in the model. Genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood and a model that included effects of parity, treatment and animal. Phenotypically, several significant (P<0.10) relationships between energy balance and health were observed. Cows with longer periods of negative energy balance had increased digestive problems. Cows with greater total energy deficit had more digestive problems and laminitis. Estimates of heritabilities for energy intake and milk energy were 0.42 and 0.12, respectively but estimates of heritability for all energy balance traits were zero. The low estimates for these traits may have been due to (1) low true additive genetic variance, (2) small amount of data, or (3) relatively few genetic ties among cows.
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Gómez, Juan M., and Yeny E. Rodríguez. "Multiperiod Portfolio of Energy Purchasing Strategies including Climate Scenarios." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093012.
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Because electricity retailers must ensure that energy supply matches end-user demand, electricity that is not traded through bilateral contracts is typically traded in power exchanges which are subject to great price volatility. In Colombia, the spot price is a reflection of climate variability because approximately 70% of the country’s electricity is generated by large hydropower stations. In this study, we forecast 2018′s prices and calculated its corresponding purchase margins using the 2015 to 2017 bilateral contract prices for electricity plus power exchange price information and climate information. Our forecasts included climate uncertainty and evaluated two multi-period portfolio methods for deciding among three purchasing strategies: bilateral contracts in the regulated market, bilateral contracts in the non-regulated markets, and purchases in the power exchange. The results indicate that retailers should follow a middle course that is neither conservative nor risky. Creation of portfolios independent of the multi-period method can balance purchases through bilateral contracts and in the power exchange in a way that considers climatic uncertainty. This type of balanced portfolio could control medium-term risks of price volatility and result in good levels of purchase margins.
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Mandala, Devendar, Xiaojiang Du, Fei Dai, and Chao You. "Load balance and energy efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 8, no. 5 (2008): 645–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.492.
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Hernández-Aguilera, Anna, Salvador Fernández-Arroyo, Noemí Cabre, Fedra Luciano-Mateo, Gerard Baiges-Gaya, Montserrat Fibla, Vicente Martín-Paredero, Javier A. Menendez, Jordi Camps, and Jorge Joven. "Plasma Energy-Balance Metabolites Discriminate Asymptomatic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (September 20, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2760272.
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common disease affecting 20–25% of population over 60 years old. Early diagnosis is difficult because symptoms only become evident in advanced stages of the disease. Inflammation, impaired metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction predispose to PAD, which is normally associated with other highly prevalent and related conditions, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. We have measured energy-balance-associated metabolite concentrations in the plasma of PAD patients segregated by the severity of the disease and in plasma of healthy volunteers using a quantitative and targeted metabolomic approach. We found relevant associations between several metabolites (3-hydroxybutirate, aconitate, (iso)citrate, glutamate, and serine) with markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Metabolomic profiling also revealed that (iso)citrate and glutamate are metabolites with high ability to discriminate between healthy participants and PAD patients without symptoms. Collectively, our data suggest that metabolomics provide significant information on the pathogenesis of PAD and useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and assessment of progression.
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Muthee, Kennedy, Lalisa Duguma, Judith Nzyoka, and Peter Minang. "Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Practices as a Nature-Based Solution to Promote Water-Energy-Food Nexus Balance." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the contributions of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) practices to the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus balance, design practical pathways, and analyze barriers towards achievement of EbA-WEF balance. An area case study and descriptive methods were used to analyze data collected from 50 community forests (CFs) spread across three regions in The Gambia. Extensive information from relevant literature sources was also referred to in this study. Fourteen priority EbA practices were established and categorized into four major groups based on their application similarities. Among the anticipated ecosystem services were enhanced water resource conservation, food and feed production, enhanced energy supply, and improved community livelihoods to enhance their resilience. Pathways on how each practice under the broad category contributes to water, energy, and food were developed to demonstrate how they individually and collectively contribute towards the nexus balance. Key enablers identified included a conducive policy framework, institutional support, diverse incentives, information, knowledge, and technology transfer, and climate and non-climate barriers were cited as impediments. The paper concludes by outlining recommendations to overcome the established barriers.
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Holmes, Thomas R. H., Christopher R. Hain, Wade T. Crow, Martha C. Anderson, and William P. Kustas. "Microwave implementation of two-source energy balance approach for estimating evapotranspiration." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 1351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1351-2018.
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Abstract. A newly developed microwave (MW) land surface temperature (LST) product is used to substitute thermal infrared (TIR)-based LST in the Atmosphere–Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) modeling framework for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) from space. ALEXI implements a two-source energy balance (TSEB) land surface scheme in a time-differential approach, designed to minimize sensitivity to absolute biases in input records of LST through the analysis of the rate of temperature change in the morning. Thermal infrared retrievals of the diurnal LST curve, traditionally from geostationary platforms, are hindered by cloud cover, reducing model coverage on any given day. This study tests the utility of diurnal temperature information retrieved from a constellation of satellites with microwave radiometers that together provide six to eight observations of Ka-band brightness temperature per location per day. This represents the first ever attempt at a global implementation of ALEXI with MW-based LST and is intended as the first step towards providing all-weather capability to the ALEXI framework. The analysis is based on 9-year-long, global records of ALEXI ET generated using both MW- and TIR-based diurnal LST information as input. In this study, the MW-LST (MW-based LST) sampling is restricted to the same clear-sky days as in the IR-based implementation to be able to analyze the impact of changing the LST dataset separately from the impact of sampling all-sky conditions. The results show that long-term bulk ET estimates from both LST sources agree well, with a spatial correlation of 92 % for total ET in the Europe–Africa domain and agreement in seasonal (3-month) totals of 83–97 % depending on the time of year. Most importantly, the ALEXI-MW (MW-based ALEXI) also matches ALEXI-IR (IR-based ALEXI) very closely in terms of 3-month inter-annual anomalies, demonstrating its ability to capture the development and extent of drought conditions. Weekly ET output from the two parallel ALEXI implementations is further compared to a common ground measured reference provided by the Fluxnet consortium. Overall, the two model implementations generate similar performance metrics (correlation and RMSE) for all but the most challenging sites in terms of spatial heterogeneity and level of aridity. It is concluded that a constellation of MW satellites can effectively be used to provide LST for estimating ET through ALEXI, which is an important step towards all-sky satellite-based retrieval of ET using an energy balance framework.
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Chin-Chance, Catherine, Kenneth S. Polonsky, and Dale A. Schoeller. "Twenty-Four-Hour Leptin Levels Respond to Cumulative Short-Term Energy Imbalance and Predict Subsequent Intake1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 2685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.8.6755.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Leptin plays a vital role in the regulation of energy balance in rodent models of obesity. However, less information is available about its homeostatic role in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether leptin serves as an indicator of short-term energy balance by measuring acute effects of small manipulations in energy intake on leptin levels in normal individuals. The 12-day study was composed of four consecutive dietary-treatment periods of 3 days each. Baseline (BASE) [100% total energy expenditure (TEE)] feeding, followed by random crossover periods of overfeeding (130% TEE) or underfeeding (70% TEE) separated by a eucaloric (100% TEE) washout (WASH) period. The study participants were six healthy, nonobese subjects. Leptin levels serially measured throughout the study period allowed a daily profile for each treatment period to be constructed and a 24-h average to be calculated; ad libitum intake during breakfast“ buffet” following each treatment period was also measured. Average changes in mesor leptin levels during WASH, which were sensitive to energy balance effected during the prior period, were observed. After underfeeding, leptin levels during WASH were 88 ± 16% of those during BASE compared with 135 ± 22% following overfeeding (P = 0.03). Leptin levels did not return to BASE during WASH when intake returned to 100% TEE, but instead were restored (104 ± 21% and 106 ± 16%; not significant) only after subjects crossed-over to complementary dietary treatment that restored cumulative energy balance. Changes in ad libitum intake from BASE correlated with changes in leptin levels (r2 = 0.40; P = 0.01). Leptin levels are acutely responsive to modest changes in energy balance. Because leptin levels returned to BASE only after completion of a complementary feeding period and restoration of cumulative energy balance, leptin levels reflect short-term cumulative energy balance. Leptin seems to maintain cumulative energy balance by modulating energy intake.
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Guzinski, R., H. Nieto, S. Stisen, and R. Fensholt. "Inter-comparison of energy balance and hydrological models for land surface energy flux estimation over a whole river catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 24, 2015): 2017–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2017-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the main link between the natural water cycle and the land surface energy budget. Therefore water-balance and energy-balance approaches are two of the main methodologies for modelling this process. The water-balance approach is usually implemented as a complex, distributed hydrological model, while the energy-balance approach is often used with remotely sensed observations of, for example, the land surface temperature (LST) and the state of the vegetation. In this study we compare the catchment-scale output of two remote sensing models based on the two-source energy-balance (TSEB) scheme, against a hydrological model, MIKE SHE, calibrated over the Skjern river catchment in western Denmark. The three models utilize different primary inputs to estimate ET (LST from different satellites in the case of remote sensing models and modelled soil moisture and heat flux in the case of the MIKE SHE ET module). However, all three of them use the same ancillary data (meteorological measurements, land cover type and leaf area index, etc.) and produce output at similar spatial resolution (1 km for the TSEB models, 500 m for MIKE SHE). The comparison is performed on the spatial patterns of the fluxes present within the catchment area as well as on temporal patterns on the whole catchment scale in 8-year long time series. The results show that the spatial patterns of latent heat flux produced by the remote sensing models are more similar to each other than to the fluxes produced by MIKE SHE. The temporal patterns produced by the remote sensing and hydrological models are quite highly correlated (r &approx; 0.8). This indicates potential benefits to the hydrological modelling community of integrating spatial information derived through remote sensing methodology (contained in the ET maps derived with the energy-balance models, satellite based LST or another source) into the hydrological models. How this could be achieved and how to evaluate the improvements, or lack of thereof, is still an open research question.