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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Owen, Ceridwen, Kim Dovey, and Wiryono Raharjo. "Teaching Informal Urbanism: Simulating Informal Settlement Practices in the Design Studio." Journal of Architectural Education 67, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2013.817164.

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2

GOLDEN, JE, AM LOW, S. SHANMUGAM, and RM WALSHAM. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. COMPUTER AIDED BRIDGE DESIGN." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 4 (August 1986): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.645.

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3

WEBBER, EGE, EA JACKSON, M. FARRALL, and AG SPRINGSGUTH. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. DEPOT LAYOUT AND DESIGN." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 2 (April 1986): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.757.

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4

Levinsen, Karin Tweddell, and Birgitte Holm Sørensen. "Formalized Informal Learning." International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdldc.2011010102.

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Анотація:

Longitudinal research projects into social practices are both subject to and capture changes in society, meaning that research is conducted in a fluid context and that new research questions appear during the project’s life cycle. In the present study emerging new performances and uses of ICT are examined and the relation between network society competences, learners’ informal learning strategies and ICT in formalized school settings over time is studied. The authors find that aspects of ICT like multimodality, intuitive interaction design and instant feedback invites an informal bricoleur approach. When integrated into certain designs for teaching and learning, this allows for Formalized Informal Learning and support is found for network society competences building.

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5

Parmar, Manoj, and Binti Singh. "Integrating Design and Planning in Informal Settlements." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 3 (May 5, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i3.521.

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Анотація:

Informal settlements are often not included in the development plan of cities. Urban planning has increasingly been less concerned about provision of basic infrastructure and services to vulnerable communities living and working in informal conditions. Increasing official apathy pose major challenges to achieving the globally accepted goal of inclusive urbanization as envisaged in Sustainable Development Goals / SDGs.. Goal 11 that aims at creating Safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable cities will remain distant until we factor in the informal living and working conditions into our current urban planning narrative.GazdharBandh is a Notified Slum by Slum Redevelopment Authority (SRA) of MMRDA (Maharashtra Metropolitan Region Development Authority). The slum pocket is located in western suburb of Santacruz west, Mumbai. Gazdhar Bandh shows high density informal housing within the “no development zone” as per the development plan 2034, in estuary conditions that is vulnerable to recurrent floods.Slum upgradation faces multiple challenges with the complex interplay of local diversities, relocation and livelihood concerns. Using the case study of Gazdar Bandh slum, we examine how community responses to housing and other design strategies like public spaces, streetscapes, and makeshift spaces as immediate responses can go a long way to build long term resilience and factored into the broader city level planning narrative. The findings broadly examine the question: How can urban planning and design embrace uncertainty and concludes with an operational framework drawing on participatory planning and good urban place engaging multiple stakeholders.

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6

Mehta, Rushank, and Chintan Gohil. "Design for Natural Markets: Accommodating the Informal." Built Environment 39, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.39.2.277.

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7

DICKENSON, RP, JEE SHARPE, JO SURTEES, and B. PARSONS. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN EDUCATION - CADED." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 4 (August 1986): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.646.

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8

Reisman, Molly. "Using Design-Based Research in Informal Environments." Journal of Museum Education 33, no. 2 (June 2008): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10598650.2008.11510598.

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9

Subrahmanian, Eswaran, Suresh L. Konda, Sean N. Levy, Yoram Reich, Arthur W. Westerberg, and Ira Monarch. "Equations aren’t enough: informal modeling in design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 7, no. 4 (November 1993): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400000354.

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Анотація:

Arguing that design is a social process, we expand the meaning of modeling and analysis to include all activities facilitating continual refinement and criticism of the design requirements, process and solutions. We do not assume any a priori methods for modeling or analysis; rather, we provide a framework and an approach to study designers and give them whatever modeling and analysis capabilities they choose. Our approach is the basis for a support tool, n–dim, currently under development.

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10

Wolfson, Mikhail A., John E. Mathieu, Scott I. Tannenbaum, and M. Travis Maynard. "Informal field-based learning and work design." Journal of Applied Psychology 104, no. 10 (October 2019): 1283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000408.

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11

Petrovic, Milica, and Andrea Gaggioli. "The potential of transformative video design for improving caregiver’s wellbeing." Health Psychology Open 8, no. 1 (January 2021): 205510292110090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551029211009098.

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Анотація:

The existing interventions for informal caregivers assist with managing health outcomes of the role burden. However, the deeper meaning-making needs of informal caregivers have been generally neglected. This paper reflects on the meaning-making needs of informal caregivers, through the theory of narrative identity, and proposes a new approach – the Transformative Video Design technique delivered via video storytelling. Transformative Video Design assists informal caregivers to re-create a cohesive caregiving story and incorporate it into the narrative identity. The technique is used as a stimulus for triggering the self-re-structure within the narrative identity and facilitating role transformation.

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12

Turgut, Hülya, and Emel Cantürk. "Design Workshops as a Tool for Informal Architectural Education." Open House International 40, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2015-b0012.

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Анотація:

Although the design studio has formally been the locus for design education, informal education approach has gained more and more acceptance in the world. Informal education, which is the education outside the confines of curricula, includes the acquisition of knowledge and skills through experience, reading, social contact, etc. Workshops cover the essential weight of this informal education. Although the role of the design workshops in architectural design education has been very limited through overall design education’s past, many schools of architecture have taken steps to consider workshops as the part of informal learning and education. “Culture and Space in the Build environment” (CSBE) Network of IAPS have been organizing “culture and design workshop series” for graduate and post graduate students in Turkey since 2001. In these workshops, a design teaching approach based on the conceptual framework of culture and space interactions is applied. The conceptual framework developed for the architectural design education, takes three fundamental starting points for workshops as the part of informal design education: as a tool for informal design education (method), as a tool for learning & understanding culture-environment relations (content), and as a tool for awareness of different environments/contexts (scale/place). The foundation of the conceptual framework is based on the general approach that discusses the “architectural design process” with regards to environmental context and content. Within this context the aim of the paper is to discuss and evaluate the importance and the contribution of workshops as tool for informal architectural design education. These discussions will be held on the case of IAPS-CBSE Network’s last workshop “Istanbul as a Palimpsest City and Imperfection”. In the paper, the process, the method, the content and the results of workshop studies will be discussed and evaluated.

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13

Manfredi, Louise R., Meriel Stokoe, Rebecca Kelly, and Seyeon Lee. "Teaching Sustainable Responsibility through Informal Undergraduate Design Education." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158378.

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Recent reports, initiatives, and activities around higher education institutions revealed the relevance and value of sustainability education through both formal curriculum and informal curriculum activities. While the significance of sustainability education has continuously improved by raising awareness among new generations of students, it has not adequately promoted pro-environmental behaviors or attitude changes. This research study used a linear pretest–posttest experimental approach to understand whether two codesigned interventions; a trash and recycling bin system, and a Materials Exchange program, could improve sustainability literacy and material conservation behaviors across the School of Design. Additionally, a mid-experiment focus group study was conducted to provide text-rich data for analysis of 3R behaviors. Analysis of the data collected revealed that these interventions were reasonably successful in improving responsible material management. To have a greater impact on sustainable behavior, it is suggested that a formal educational experience should supplement the informal interventions described in this paper to onboard students as they enter the design studio culture. Additionally, the expansion of the trash and recycling bin station system into the university dormitories is discussed. This work has successfully catalyzed a collaboration between all School of Design stakeholders to address studio waste in a tangible way.

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14

PATERSON, IS, RM NOBLE, and MJ PROSSER. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. PUMP INTAKE DESIGN: THE RIGHT APPROACH." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 3 (June 1986): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.695.

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15

Meikleham, Alexandra, and Ron Hugo. "Understanding informal feedback to improve online course design." European Journal of Engineering Education 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2018.1563051.

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16

Marks, Paul. "Informal-chat tracker to design the perfect office." New Scientist 223, no. 2988 (September 2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)61853-4.

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17

Kaya, Cigdem, and Burcu (Yancatarol) Yagız. "Design in Informal Economies: Craft Neighborhoods in Istanbul." Design Issues 27, no. 2 (April 2011): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00077-kaya.

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18

Makachia, Peter A. "Design strategy and informal transformations in urban housing." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 28, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-012-9310-9.

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19

Manulak, Michael W. "Leading by design: Informal influence and international secretariats." Review of International Organizations 12, no. 4 (February 27, 2016): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-016-9245-0.

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20

Carmona, Matthew. "The formal and informal tools of design governance." Journal of Urban Design 22, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2016.1234338.

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21

Opiyo, Eliab, Santosh Jagtap, and Sonal Keshwani. "Conceptual Design in Informal Metalworking Microenterprises of Tanzania." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15020986.

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Анотація:

Product design is a key aspect of human intelligence and creativity, attracting not only experts but also people without any formal design training. Although numerous people in developing countries design and manufacture products in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector, there is still little knowledge about their design process. This paper aims to fill this gap in design knowledge. We aim to investigate the design processes in metalworking microenterprises in the informal sector of Tanzania. In particular, we aim to explore how these microenterprises identify consumer needs and requirements, how they determine the specifications for the product, how they generate and evaluate alternative product concepts, and how they define product details. To address these aims, semistructured interviews were carried out in metalworking microenterprises operating in the informal sector of Tanzania. The findings reveal many facets of their design processes, providing a sound basis upon which design methods and tools can be developed to support their design activities.

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22

Mishra, Aamlan Saswat. "Generative Form-finding for Acceptable Formal and Informal Architectural Spaces." Journal of Advanced Research in Construction and Urban Architecture 6, no. 4 (September 30, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.9925.202110.

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Анотація:

The rise in new design approaches using Generative Form Finding is taking the world by storm. The possibility to use computing power to obtain the best performing design solutions to a design problem is the future guide to designing architecture. All architectural spaces have a certain degree of satisfaction associated with them. This can be a direct link to how socially acceptable they are for a user group. This paper combines social acceptance survey equations and fuzzy addition techniques to create a logic for testing social acceptance of different design solutions obtained through a generative form-finding approach. This will help the computer to evaluate the acceptance of a design proposal before execution and shall aid the human designer to quickly identify the best design solutions as per acceptability by the society, thereby reducing the time lag between the design optimization and the final design selection process during Generative form-finding.

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23

Hunzicker, Jana, Kelly Mcconnaughay, and Jennifer Gruening Burge. "Curriculum Design for Campus-wide Learning." Journal of General Education 65, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2016): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jgeneeduc.65.3-4.195.

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Abstract Professional development in higher education is traditionally viewed as occurring through participation in workshops, attending conferences, and completing learning modules. But sometimes professional learning occurs in informal and unintended ways. This article contributes to the collective understanding of informal professional learning in higher education by describing and analyzing Bradley University's multiple-year processes for campus-wide curriculum design and preparation for implementation of the Bradley Core Curriculum before offering five recommendations for other institutions interested in supporting meaningful and lasting professional development in the midst of campus-wide change.

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24

Naccarella, Lucio, Michelle Raggatt, and Bernice Redley. "The Influence of Spatial Design on Team Communication in Hospital Emergency Departments." HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 12, no. 2 (September 20, 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586718800481.

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Objective: To identify spatial design factors that influence informal interprofessional team-based communication within hospital emergency departments (EDs). Background: Effective team communication in EDs is critical for interprofessional collaborative care and prevention of serious errors due to miscommunication. Limited evidence exists about how informal communication in EDs is shaped by the physical workspace and how workplace design principles can improve the quality of ED team communication. Method: Two health services with four hospital sites in Victoria, Australia, participated. A multistage mixed-methods approach used (1) an anonymous online communication network survey ( N = 103) to collect data on patterns and locations of informal interprofessional team communication among ED staff, (2) focus groups ( N = 37) and interviews ( N = 3) using photoelicitation to understand the perspectives of ED staff about how spatial design influences team communication, and (3) validity testing of preliminary findings with executives and ED managers at the participating sites. Results: Informal communication with peers and within discipline groups on nonspecific areas of the ED was most common. Three key factors influenced the extent to which ED workspaces facilitated informal communication: (1) staff perceptions of privacy, (2) staff perceptions of safety, and (3) staff perceptions of connectedness to ED activity. Conclusion: Our research supports the proposition that ED physical environments influence informal team communication patterns. To facilitate effective team communication, ED workspace spatial designs need to provide visibility and connectedness, support and capture “case talk,” enable privacy for “comfort talk,” and optimize proximity to patients without compromising safety.

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25

Kamalipour, Hesam, and Nastaran Peimani. "Towards an Informal Turn in the Built Environment Education: Informality and Urban Design Pedagogy." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154163.

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Анотація:

Informal urbanism, ranging from informal settlements to trading and transport, has become integral, but not limited, to the ways in which cities of the global South work. At stake here is the role of the built environment professions in responding to informal urbanism where a poor understanding of the complexities of informality can lead to poor design interventions. Providing a better understanding of how forms of informality work is then a key task for the built environment education, which arguably falls short in this regard. With a particular focus on urban design, we suggest that it is critical to move towards an informal turn in the built environment education to address informality and engage with the dynamics of informal urbanism. We first investigate the scope of urban design and then explore the ways in which urban design education can respond to informal urbanism in its curricula by developing an urban design program on informality as an illustration. The suggested approach can be considered as an initial step towards an informal turn in urban design education. We conclude that while urban design alone cannot solve social and economic problems, including poverty and inequality, its capacity to address the complex challenges of urbanization cannot be overlooked. Urban design education cannot remain isolated from the questions of informality anymore.

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26

Seabright, Paul. "Managing Local Commons: Theoretical Issues in Incentive Design." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.4.113.

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Local commons encompass a wide range of resources whose shared feature is the need for some form of collective management. In what follows, we shall be concerned mainly with the problems of implementing a collective management plan. Whatever the mechanisms invoked, many recent contributions to the literature have stressed that relatively informal collective management of common property resources can in the right circumstances avoid the severe resource degradation predicted by “the tragedy of the commons.” Nevertheless, both empirical and theoretical arguments suggest that cooperative behavior may be only partial, and the incentives of short-term self-interest only partially held in check. Under what circumstances, then, can more formal implementation mechanisms make good the deficiency? And, given that formal incentives are typically stronger than informal ones, are there any reasons why informal incentives might nevertheless sometimes be preferred?

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27

Andréasson, Frida, Jan Aidemark, Lennart Magnusson, Anna Strömberg, and Elizabeth Jane Hanson. "Lifeworld in co-designing with informal carers." Journal of Enabling Technologies 13, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jet-05-2018-0023.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reflect on carers’ experiences of being involved in the development of a web-based support programme for carers of people with heart failure (CPwHF), and discuss the challenges related to their involvement in the development process. The focus was on the different phases in the project as well as the methodological challenges and opportunities that occurred in the user group sessions conducted. Design/methodology/approach This research adopt an explorative design studying a co-design process to develop an information and communication technology based support programme for and with CPwHF. Habermas’ concepts of lifeworld and system are used as a theoretical framework to analyse the co-design process employed in the study. Findings Reflecting on the co-design approach adopted, the findings highlight the methodological challenges that arise with carer involvement and the possible tensions that occur between researchers’ ambitions to include users in the design process, and the goal of developing a product or service, in the different phases of the design process. Originality/value Findings highlight that there is a tension between the system and lifeworld in the co-design process which are not totally compatible. The paper highlights that there is a need to develop flexible and reflexive human-centred design methodologies, able to meet carers’ needs and ideas, and at the same time balance this with proposed research outcomes.

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28

Harrison, Michael D., Paolo Masci, and José Creissac Campos. "Balancing the formal and the informal in user-centred design." Interacting with Computers 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwcomp/iwab012.

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Abstract This paper explores the role of formal methods as part of the user-centred design of interactive systems. An iterative process is described, developing prototypes incrementally, proving user-centred requirements while at the same time evaluating the prototypes that are executable forms of the developed models using ‘traditional’ techniques for user evaluation. A formal analysis complements user evaluations. This approach enriches user-centred design that typically focuses understanding on context and producing sketch designs. These sketches are often non-functional (e.g. paper) prototypes. They provide a means of exploring candidate design possibilities using techniques such as cooperative evaluation. This paper describes a further step in the process using formal analysis techniques. The use of formal methods provides a systematic approach to checking plausibility and consistency during early design stages, while at the same time enabling the generation of executable prototypes. The technique is illustrated through an example based on a pill dispenser.

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29

Ozdemir, Huseyin, Gokce Ketizmen Onal, and Aysen Celen Ozturk. "THE ROLE OF INFORMAL STRUCTURES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN EDUCATION." ICONTECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 4, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/icontechvol4iss3pp11-29.

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Informal education contributes to the development of the student's design skills and the performance of architecture education by addressing subjects that do not fall directly into the curriculum. This study is mainly about the development of students' design thinking skills in informal education. In order to make an assessment, a case study was conducted on the Bademlik Design Festival (BTF), which can be described as an important example in the field of informal education. By adhering to the method, surveys were applied to the instructors and students participating in the BTF. The concepts obtained according to the survey results are based on a detailed conceptual framework. Then, by interpreting this conceptual framework, students' learning outcomes are revealed. As a result, it is observed that the students in the workshops conducted at the BTF gain design thinking skills such as “interaction, free and original thinking, innovation, communication and dialogue”.

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30

Goldberg, Abigail. "The birds have nested: design direction for informal settlements." URBAN DESIGN International 1, no. 1 (March 1996): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/udi.1996.2.

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31

Boadway, Robin, and Motohiro Sato. "Optimal Tax Design and Enforcement with an Informal Sector." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.1.1.1.

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An optimal commodity tax approach is taken to compare trade taxes and VATs when some commodities are produced informally. Trade taxes apply to all imports and exports, including intermediate goods, while the VAT applies only to sales by the formal sector and imports. The VAT achieves production efficiency within the formal sector, but, unlike trade taxes, cannot indirectly tax profits. Making the size of the informal sector endogenous in each regime is potentially decisive. The ability of the government to change the size of the informal sector through costly enforcement may also tip the balance in favor of the VAT. (JEL E26, H21, H25)

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32

McMahon, C. A., D. J. Pitt, Y. Yang, and J. H. Sims Williams. "Review: An information management system for informal design data." Engineering with Computers 11, no. 3 (September 1995): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01271278.

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33

DeMarzo, Peter M., Ilan Kremer, and Andrzej Skrzypacz. "Bidding with Securities: Auctions and Security Design." American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 936–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825475.

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Анотація:

We study security-bid auctions in which bidders compete for an asset by bidding with securities whose payments are contingent on the asset's realized value. In formal security-bid auctions, the seller restricts the security design to an ordered set and uses a standard auction format (e.g., first- or second-price). In informal settings, bidders offer arbitrary securities and the seller chooses the most attractive bid, based on his beliefs, ex post. We characterize equilibrium and show that steeper securities yield higher revenues, that auction formats can be ranked based on the security design, and that informal auctions lead to the lowest possible revenues.

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34

Yang, Maria C., William H. Wood, and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Design information retrieval: a thesauri-based approach for reuse of informal design information." Engineering with Computers 21, no. 2 (November 10, 2005): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00366-005-0003-9.

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35

Shaflian, Islami A., and Ellisa Evawani. "Bricolage a Design Approach for Improving High Density Area." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI6 (December 25, 2018): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi6.760.767.

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This study aims to arouse the awareness of designers on how to see bricolage as a design approach to improve the quality of life in informal kampung settlements. The study case is Kampung Cikini Kramat in Jakarta. Thispocket kampung surrounded by buildings and infrastructure that have been considered to be tidy and orderly established. Urban dwellers living in informal settlements such as kampung, favelas, pueblos jóvenes and gecekondu are mostly judged to be the people who are not well established and left behind. However, it appears that they tend to advocate innovation and sustainability from their own habits by using the concept of bricolage. Bricolage is a skill of using whatever at hands to create something new was depends on its locality. The method of this study is by finding the signs of bricolage as a part oflocalhabitsand knowledges, thentrying to utilize the inhabitant’s knowledge to improve the kampung conditions.First, this study will find how bricolage can be found in the daily life of informal settlements. Second, we will discuss our real built projects, explaining the strategies of our involvement as a designer working together withthe local community to create the design approach by using the local knowledge of bricolage. The study concludes that bricolage is a continuous concept of self-help urbanism, which invigorates the quality of life in informal settlements.

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36

Salamagy, Hazrat Bilale, Fernando Brandão Alves, and Clara Pimenta do Vale. "Urban Design Solutions for the Environmental Requalification of Informal Neighbourhoods: The George Dimitrov Neighbourhood, Maputo." Urban Science 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7010012.

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The current dimension of informal settlements in Maputo requires the definition of action models framed by empirical evidence, taking advantage of pre-existing socio-spatial and environmental conditions to define physical interventions through sustainable urban design strategies, with a view to their physical (and socio-economic) upgrading. Thus, this paper highlights the potential of urban design in the environmentally sustainable upgrading of Maputo’s informal neighbourhoods. This article aimed to develop sustainable and resilient urban design proposals and identify strategies capable of guiding the future process of physical territorial transformation towards a more sustainable model. Methodologically, a literature review was undertaken for the purpose of understanding the issues related to the theme and the general characteristics of informal neighbourhoods, as well as for exploring a case study: the George Dimitrov Neighbourhood. It was concluded that the current fabric of informal settlements possesses physical characteristics which facilitate the application of sustainable and responsive urban design strategies for the requalification of these deprived areas. Despite the marked difference between the spatial configurations of informal neighbourhoods and those of formal cities, it is possible to increase the level of resilience and sustainability of informal settlements through surgical and deep solutions, anchored on the particularities of the existing fabric.

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Acharjya, Ar Bagmita. "Importance of Informal Spaces in Urban Neighbourhood: A Study in Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and Ahmedabad, India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37894.

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Abstract: Informal spaces in different development zones in Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and Ahmedabad were studied to answer the question of what comprises the necessary factors for the successful use of public space. Cities exist with exceedingly fragmented zones with multiple sections of spaces. There are various categories like open or closed, with one of them being informal type which greatly impacts their social surroundings. Comprehending this will entail reviewing the importance of informal spaces in the urban fabric and how the community is impacted by them. Various design factors will also be taken into consideration on their impact on the proper functioning of an informal space. Using the qualitative analysis in six informal spaces, this article will identify patterns in informal spaces in the three cities through direct observation, participant observation and interviews. The imageability will suggest benefiting the socio-cultural aspect of a community through informal spaces and the design approach adopted to achieve this. Keywords: Informal space; open space; social impact; user approach in urban space; informal green space.

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Kaua, Caxton Gitonga, Thuita Thenya, and Jane Mutheu Mutune. "Analysis of Informal Microfinance Institutions Structures in Relation to Performance in Tharaka South Subcounty, Kenya." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p457.

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Informal microfinance is the delivery of financial services mainly to low income people outside the regulation of the monetary authority. Despite their importance in development, no studies have undertaken a detailed analysis of structures and performance in informal microfinance institutions. This study aims to analyze structures and performance in informal microfinance institutions in Tharaka South Sub County. It uses descriptive study design and multi stage sampling design. Data analysis was done using thematic, descriptive and Kendall’s tau-b correlation analysis. An informal microfinance performance index was developed using inductive and hierarchical approaches. The study found the informal microfinance institutions are marked by high performance which is determined by their structures. Moreover, the study deduced that informal microfinance is a key policy strategy for poverty alleviation, financial inclusion, gender equity and resilience building since participants mainly include women and other vulnerable groups. Keywords: Capital, Livelihoods, Informal, Microfinance, Performance, social

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Wu, Xianfeng, Zhipeng Kou, Philip Oldfield, Tim Heath, and Katharina Borsi. "Informal Learning Spaces in Higher Education: Student Preferences and Activities." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060252.

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Informal learning spaces play a significant role in enriching student experiences in learning environments. Such spaces are becoming more common, resulting in a change to the spatial configuration of built environments in higher education. However, previous research lacks methods to evaluate the influence of the spatial design characteristics of informal learning spaces on student preferences and their activities within. This paper aims to tease out the spatial design characteristics of informal learning spaces to examine how they shape students’ preferences in terms of their use of the spaces and what they do within them. The two case studies selected for this study, both in the UK, are the Diamond at the University of Sheffield, and the Newton at Nottingham Trent University. A mixed-methods study is applied, including questionnaires, observation, interviews, and focus groups. Six significant design characteristics (comfort, flexibility, functionality, spatial hierarchy, openness, and other support facilities) that influence student use of informal learning environments are identified. These can be used to inform future design strategies for other informal learning spaces in higher education.

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Jha, Sunanda, and Dinabandhu Bag. "Why do informal service enterprises remain informal? A RIDIT approach." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 26, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-01-2018-0009.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify reasons as to why firms operate informally, and to explore the rationalisation of not moving towards formalisation. Design/methodology/approach Building on empirical data collected through interviews with the entrepreneurs of the informal service enterprises of Delhi and peripheral areas, this paper presents the results of the survey conducted in 2017. By using the analytical tool developed by I. Bross, the authors have identified the most significant contributing factors to informality. Findings In the research, the authors establish that competition and lack of awareness are the most dominant reasons due to which informal firms are hesitant in moving towards formalisation. For successful transition towards formalisation, a “new pact” between the workers, enterprises and governments needs to be developed, based on capacity building, productivity gains, enabling business environment, empowerment and entitlements to social and economic rights. Research limitations/implications The research is limited only to informal service enterprises located in Delhi, the national capital of India, and the peripheral areas. Practical implications By identifying the most dominant factors, focussed steps can be taken to reduce the size of the informal sector. Originality/value The informal service enterprises are not a widely explored community by researchers and policy makers. This sector can employ more people with less investment, and hence requires intensive study. The use of RIDIT approach to rank the identified factors due to which the firms do not move towards formalisation is the novelty of this work.

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Pojani, Dorina. "The self-built city: theorizing urban design of informal settlements." Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 13, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 294–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arch-11-2018-0004.

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Purpose While a substantial amount of study of informal settlements has been undertaken, they remain largely unstudied in terms of urban form. In this analysis, the purpose of this paper is to set forth a conceptual framework, which considers the context in which informality takes place, the settlement itself, the houses contained therein, the dwellers of those houses and the process through which a settlement is designed and transformed over time. Design/methodology/approach This is a literature review. Findings This framework aims to be sufficiently flexible to be deployed across diverse national settings. Its formulation is important because informal settlements are a permanent fixture of the global urban landscape, and are increasing in scale. Originality/value Any sustainable strategies to improve informal settlements depend on a better understanding of their urban space, as well as of the producers of this space – the residents themselves. Finally, professional designers may be able to learn from this contemporary urban vernacular grammar – perhaps the only one left in the era of sanitized, contrived and prosaic urban design.

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Arefi, Mahyar. "Consilience in Urban Design (?): The Conceptual Convergence of Strange Bedfellows." Design Issues 38, no. 2 (2022): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00678.

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Abstract This article unfolds how the predominant binary view towards urban design offers an alternative tripartite interpretation. This less orthodox but more realistic probing of the field's methods of praxis (hybridity, spontaneity, and continuity) “dissolves” its dominant formal-informal binary categorizations. Hybridity represents the synergistic city-nature relationship based on visually persuasive methods of design by mimicking natural processes. Spontaneity captures how local creative impromptu small-scale DIY design intervention efforts fill possible gaps in formal top-down urban design projects. Continuity highlights the complementary (rather than polarized) relationship between formal and informal urbanism.

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Koc, Selver, and Ilkay Masat Ozdemir. "Informal Activities in Design Education: Example of Karadeniz Technical University." Mediterranean Journal of Social & Behavioral Research 1, no. 2-3 (November 16, 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/mjosbr/8310.

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RYAN, P., J. SMITH, C. J. JOHNSON, B. CROSSLEY, D. DORAN, S. LEDBETTER, P. BEESON, B. BIRD, B. DODD, and S. MARCHAND. "DESIGN OF CLADDING SYSTEMS. INFORMAL DISCUSSION HELD ON 22 NOVEMBER." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 122, no. 1 (February 1997): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1997.29173.

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Kempf, Jean-Francois, Olivier Lebeltel, and Oded Maler. "Formal and Informal Methods for Multi-Core Design Space Exploration." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 154 (June 6, 2014): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.154.6.

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Maina, Samuel M. "Infusing Design In The Jua Kali (Informal Sector) Production Processes." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 03 (March 2017): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2203020112.

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Di Tella, Rafael, and Robert MacCulloch. "Informal Family Insurance and the Design of the Welfare State." Economic Journal 112, no. 481 (July 1, 2002): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00727.

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COULSON, RES, PA BROCK, JR ROWLEY, and BJ BLUNT. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. STATE OF THE ART - COMPUTER ASSISTED HIGHWAY DESIGN." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 78, no. 6 (December 1985): 1494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1985.1071.

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BAILEY, SIR A., CGB MITCHELL, J. HARFORD, AH RHODES, and DG POWELL. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. VEHICLE AND HIGHWAY DESIGN: OPERATION AND ECONOMI -CS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, no. 2 (April 1989): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.1637.

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Spencer, Anna Louise. "Informal Education: A New Lens on Socially Engaged Design Practices." International Journal of Art & Design Education 38, no. 4 (November 2019): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jade.12267.

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