Статті в журналах: "Inferred valuation"

1

Lusk, J. L., and F. B. Norwood. "An Inferred Valuation Method." Land Economics 85, no. 3 (June 24, 2009): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.85.3.500.

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Khong, Tien Dung, Adam Loch, and Michael D. Young. "Inferred valuation versus conventional contingent valuation: A salinity intrusion case study." Journal of Environmental Management 243 (August 2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.009.

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3

Lopez-Becerra, E. I., and F. Alcon. "Social desirability bias in the environmental economic valuation: An inferred valuation approach." Ecological Economics 184 (June 2021): 106988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106988.

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4

Stachtiaris, Spiros, Andreas C. Drichoutis, and Stathis Klonaris. "Preference reversals in Contingent and Inferred valuation methods." European Review of Agricultural Economics 40, no. 2 (August 20, 2012): 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbs030.

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5

Frondel, Manuel, Stephan Sommer, and Lukas Tomberg. "Versorgungssicherheit mit Strom: Empirische Evidenz auf Basis der Inferred-Valuation-Methode." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 68, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2019-2002.

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Abstract Based on a survey among more than 5,000 German household heads, this article investigates their willingness to pay (WTP) for avoiding power outages using Contingent-Valuation-Methods (CVM). Alternatively, we ask respondents to estimate the WTP of a hypothetical household. This Inferred-Valuation-Method (IVM) is an approach introduced to reduce the hypothetical bias of stated WTP. Our empirical results indicate that, relative to the CVM, the IVM yields inflated WTP values, casting doubt on the validity of the IVM.

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6

Norwood, F. Bailey, and Jayson L. Lusk. "Social Desirability Bias in Real, Hypothetical, and Inferred Valuation Experiments." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 93, no. 2 (January 2011): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaq142.

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7

Yadav, Lava, Thomas M. van Rensburg, and Hugh Kelley. "A Comparison Between the Conventional Stated Preference Technique and an Inferred Valuation Approach." Journal of Agricultural Economics 64, no. 2 (October 10, 2012): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2012.00375.x.

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8

Adamowicz, Krzysztof. "The unresolved problem of determining the forest interest rate." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0012.

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Abstract Valuation of forests and their components is a significant problem, both for science and practice. At present, in many countries, the market of forest property is limited. As a result, no conclusions may be inferred on the forest value based on the information on forest purchase and sale transactions. In this situation, we apply static methods of forest valuation. The problem of forest statics has been discussed for years (e.g., Brukas et al. 2001; Chang 1983, 2001; Dieter 2001; Hartman 1976; Manley and Bare 2001; Mohring 2001; Zhang 2001; Viitala 2016). Static methods of forest valuation are well known. In the construction of the proposed mathematical formula (Eq. 6), the Faustmann theory was applied, concerning the economic equilibrium in forestry. Numerous modifications of his equation for economic equilibrium were used to develop, for example, an income method for forest valuation based on discounting the final value or prolongation of initial value. The forest interest rate is a key element in these equations. At present, there are no procedures for the establishment of this interest rate, which would be generally accepted by the scientific community. Therefore, the article presents and discusses selected concepts for determining the forest interest rate.

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9

NEILL, CLINTON L., and RYAN B. WILLIAMS. "CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR ALTERNATIVE MILK PACKAGING: THE CASE OF AN INFERRED ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTE." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 48, no. 3 (August 2016): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2016.17.

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AbstractEcolabeling allows firms to segment a market by informing consumers about unobservable attributes of a product. Previous studies evaluate consumer preferences for products explicitly labeled as possessing positive environmental attributes. This research evaluates consumers’ willingness to pay for a product that is perceived by the consumer as having environmentally friendly attributes. We explore glass packaging for fluid milk as a case study. Data were collected through a contingent valuation survey, and a bound-and-a-half logit model was employed. The estimated premium is 59.78 cents with a premium between $0.73 and $0.92 for consumers more likely to prefer the glass alternative.

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10

Lusk, Jayson L., and F. Bailey Norwood. "Bridging the gap between laboratory experiments and naturally occurring markets: An inferred valuation method." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 58, no. 2 (September 2009): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.12.003.

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11

van der Windt, Peter, Macartan Humphreys, Lily Medina, Jeffrey F. Timmons, and Maarten Voors. "Citizen Attitudes Toward Traditional and State Authorities: Substitutes or Complements?" Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 1810–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018806529.

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Do citizens view state and traditional authorities as substitutes or complements? Past work has been divided on this question. Some scholars point to competition between attitudes toward these entities, suggesting substitution, whereas others highlight positive correlations, suggesting complementarity. Addressing this question, however, is difficult, as it requires assessing the effects of exogenous changes in the latent valuation of one authority on an individual’s support for another. We show that this quantity—a type of elasticity—cannot be inferred from correlations between support for the two forms of authority. We employ a structural model to estimate this elasticity of substitution using data from 816 villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo and plausibly exogenous rainfall and conflict shocks. Despite prima facie evidence for substitution logics, our model’s outcomes are consistent with complementarity; positive changes in citizen valuation of the chief appear to translate into positive changes in support for the government.

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12

Li, Zhihua, and Graham Loomes. "Revisiting the diagnosis of intertemporal preference reversals." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 64, no. 1 (February 2022): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-022-09369-w.

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AbstractIntertemporal preference reversals occur when individuals choose future option A over future option B in a direct choice between the two but place a higher ‘immediate cash’ value on B than on A. Tversky et al. (1990) reported strong evidence of such reversals, which they attributed mainly to valuation biases rather than intransitivity. We find similar levels of reversals, even after adjusting for considerable degrees of variability and imprecision in people’s responses. However, we disagree with Tversky et al.’s conclusions about the causes of the majority of these reversals. We find substantial levels of intransitivity in respondents’ binary choices as well as differential overvaluation of both options relative to the values inferred from their choices.

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13

Sharpe, Steven A. "How Does the Market Interpret Analysts' Long-Term Growth Forecasts?" Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 20, no. 2 (April 2005): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0502000203.

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The long-term growth forecasts of equity analysts do not have well-defined horizons, an ambiguity of substantial import for many applications. I propose an empirical valuation model, derived from the Campbell-Shiller dividend-price ratio model, in which the forecast horizon used by the “market” can be deduced from linear regressions. Specifically, in this model, the horizon can be inferred from the elasticity of the price-earnings ratio with respect to the long-term growth forecast. The model is estimated on industry- and sector-level portfolios of S&P 500 firms over 1983-2001. The estimated coefficients on consensus long-term growth forecasts suggest that the market applies these forecasts to an average horizon somewhere in the range of 5 to 10 years.

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14

McCluskey, Jill J., Kristine M. Grimsrud, Hiromi Ouchi, and Thomas I. Wahl. "Consumer Response to Genetically Modified Food Products in Japan." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 32, no. 2 (October 2003): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500005992.

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In Japan, a large U.S. export market, there has been growing public opposition against genetically modified (GM) foods. Using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, findings show the discount needed for Japanese Seikyou consumers to purchase GM food products is positively affected (i.e., a greater discount is required) by higher levels of self-reported risk perceptions toward GM food, higher levels of concern about food safety and the environment, higher self-reported knowledge about biotechnology, education levels, and income. Interestingly, gender does not significantly affect the discount needed for GM food. Further, it can be inferred from the results that a transformation of Japanese consumers’ perceptions and attitudes is needed for GM food products to successfully enter the Japanese market.

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15

Tavárez, Héctor, Carmen Álamo, Edgardo Nieves, and Christian Flores. "Using contingent valuation to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay for differentiated coffees in Puerto Rico." Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v105i1.19632.

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Product differentiation is a strategy used to develop products with particular attributes valued by consumers who are willing to buy them at higher prices. We use a single-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method through in-person interviews (N=575) to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for high-quality and regular coffees produced locally. The results show that consumers are willing to pay $13.60 for a 227-g (8-ounce) bag of highquality coffee produced locally and $10.90 for regular coffee produced locally. It may be inferred that consumers are willing to pay $2.70 more for high-quality coffee, holding all else constant, which suggest that consumers value more the attribute of being locally produced than that of quality. The results also suggest that household size, income and education level of consumers can affect WTP values. We provide evidence that additional revenue can be generated by producing differentiated coffees. However, a cost analysis is required to complement this study and to better understand the economic viability of producing coffee with the characteristics evaluated in this investigation.

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16

Lin, Hen-I., Je-Liang Liou, and Shu-Han Hsu. "Economic Valuation of Public Meteorological Information Services—A Case Study of Agricultural Producers in Taiwan." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120753.

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Most meteorological information services in Taiwan are currently provided by the Central Weather Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications. As agricultural production activities are sensitive to weather and climate conditions, meteorological information services are more important for agricultural decision-makers than those in other sectors. This study uses the contingent valuation method to estimate the economic value of meteorological information services in Taiwan for agricultural producers. We assess the agricultural producers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the meteorological information services, conducting a national face-to-face survey of 400 registered farmers in 20 municipalities in Taiwan in 2013. The results show the adjusted WTP for every agricultural household each year with a 95% confidence interval which ranges from 56.06 US dollars to 90.92 US dollars. The inferred annual economic value of meteorological information services for agricultural producers in Taiwan is between 28.06 million US dollars and 45.51 million US dollars. Moreover, the agricultural producers’ subjective assessment of weather forecast accuracy, farm size, and first bid price significantly affect the amount agricultural producers are willing to pay for meteorological information services.

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17

Bateman, Laura, Dale Yi, Oscar J. Cacho, and Randy Stringer. "Payments for environmental services to strengthen ecosystem connectivity in an agricultural landscape." Environment and Development Economics 23, no. 6 (August 3, 2018): 635–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1800030x.

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AbstractThis article investigates the use of payments for environmental services to support a wildlife corridor between two Priority Tiger Conservation Landscapes in central Sumatra, Indonesia. Several hundred smallholders operate within a Protection Forest linking the Tiger Conservation Landscapes. This study explores the willingness of these smallholders to accept a payment requiring them to forgo access to their land for five years. In addition to asking households directly what they would be willing to accept (WTA), we also ask them to infer what their neighbour would accept. The study finds evidence of hypothetical bias in the conventional WTA values, with a statistically significant difference between what people say they would be willing to accept when surveyed, compared to what they say would actually be willing to accept in a ‘real life’ situation. We show how inferred valuation techniques can mitigate against this.

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18

Jorgensen, Bjorn N., Yong Gyu Lee, and Yong Keun Yoo. "The Valuation Accuracy of Equity Value Estimates Inferred from Conventional Empirical Implementations of the Abnormal Earnings Growth Model: US Evidence." Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 38, no. 3-4 (April 2011): 446–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2011.02241.x.

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19

Torres-Miralles, M., I. Grammatikopoulou, and A. J. Rescia. "Employing contingent and inferred valuation methods to evaluate the conservation of olive groves and associated ecosystem services in Andalusia (Spain)." Ecosystem Services 26 (August 2017): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.002.

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20

Santos, José Glauber Cavalcante dos, and Antonio Carlos Coelho. "Value-relevance of disclosure: risk factors and risk management in Brazilian firms." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 29, no. 78 (July 26, 2018): 390–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201806150.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated whether the disclosure in accounting reports of information on risk and its management affects, at the margin, firm valuations in the Brazilian capital market. It questioned the existence of value relevance in the disclosure of information related to risk factors and risk management structures. The importance of the topic arises from the documentation that disclosure on risk factors plays a statistically significant role in valuing firms in a context marked by economic and political uncertainty, as is the case of the Brazilian market. The findings confirmed that information about risk shows informational relevance for firm valuations. Information on risk management in a firm, in turn, was not shown to be significant in terms of affecting company share valuations. The investigation of detailed reports with different risk factors indicated that individualized information shows different degrees of relevance for company valuations. It is inferred that the disclosure of risk factors affects the perception of investors, who also base their estimates of return on the availability and detail of such information. It is also observed that information on risk management structure was not shown to be value relevant; moreover, few firms published information on the establishment of this type of entity in their management structures. The residual income valuation (RIV) model (Ohlson, 1995) was applied using regressions with panel data estimation related to the three years covering 2012 to 2014. The sample, which was randomly delimited, was formed of 100 companies. The data on disclosure of risk and disclosure of risk management were collected from the companies’ Reference Forms, available from the website of the São Paulo Stock, Commodities, and Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA). As an impact on the area of knowledge, broader discussions are expected regarding the utility of disclosure on the topic related to risk factors and the existence of a specific body responsible for risk management in firms, according to investors’ perceptions. It also contributes by providing evidence about the quality of disclosure related to risk (factors and management) and the perception of the capital market regarding the informativeness and relevance of such elements.

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21

Thapa, Arjun K. "Recreational Demand for Fewa Lake: An Application of Travel Cost Method." Economic Literature 11 (May 9, 2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/el.v11i0.14867.

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Economic valuation of non-market commodities like the recreational amenities provided by national parks, lakes, zoos and sanctuaries is complex and new in Nepal. In this study it is intended to analyze the recreational demand of Fewa Lake by using individual travel cost method. Fifty Nepali visitors were interviewed by administering close ended questionnaire schedule. Most of the respondents were urban unmarried males with secondary and above qualifications, earning a monthly income of around rupees ten thousand. The regression result shows cost of travelling, income, age, * education and location as the major determinants of demand for Fewa Lake’s recreational amenities. The consumer surplus was estimated to be Rs. 18.5 per Nepali visitor per trip. It can be inferred that a provision of entry fee along with quality enhancement would attract more visitors and generate revenue for this Lake. Economic Literature, Vol. XI (54-59), June 2013

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22

Dinh, Duc Truong. "Economic Valuation of Agricultural producers’ WTP for the weather information service – A Case Study in Central Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020303016.

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Most meteorological information services in Vietnam in general and in Central Vietnam to be specific are currently provided by the Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change (IMHEN). This agency is responsible for researching and collecting meteorological information in all regions of the country, public and transfer the information via Vietnam Television, Weather Forecast News. As agricultural production activities are sensitive to weather and climate conditions, meteorological information services are more important for agricultural decision-makers than those in other sectors. This study uses the contingent valuation method to estimate the economic value of meteorological information services in Central Vietnam for agricultural producers. We assess the agricultural producers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the meteorological information services, conducting a national face-to-face survey of 450 agricultural households in 16 communes in 4 Provinces in Central Vietnam. The results show the adjusted WTP for every agricultural household each year with a 95% confidence interval which ranges from 56.06 US dollars to 90.92 US dollars. The inferred annual economic value of meteorological information services for agricultural producers in the study site is between 28.06 million US dollars and 45.51 million US dollars. Moreover, the agricultural producers’ subjective assessment of weather forecast accuracy, farm size, and first bid price significantly affect the amount agricultural producers are willing to pay for meteorological information services.

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23

Vaz, Elisangela Domingues, Régio Marcio Toesca Gimenes, João Augusto Rossi Borges, Rafael Todescato Cavalheiro, and Andréia Maria Kremer. "Own Grain Storage Structures: Is It Worth Investing?" Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.15704.

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Grain storage is strategic for agribusiness and therefore, it is important to consider the usefulness and benefits of its implementation. This study aims to identify the economic and financial viability of investing in grain storage structure at farm level using capital budgeting techniques. Considering the particularities of farms in the Midwest region of Brazil, the following investment valuation techniques were used: Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth (EUAW), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Discounted Payback (DP), Profitability Index (PI), Benefit/ Cost Ratio (B/C), Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. The results of NPV and EUAW were positive. The results of IRR was 14.08% and MIRR was 11.39%, with a payback of 11.81 years, an PI of US$ 1.31 and a B/C ratio of 3.16. From the risk analysis, it can be inferred that the investment is low risk since there is a 99.97% probability of NPV being greater than zero. Therefore, grain storage is a potentially viable alternative for increasing the competitiveness and wealth of Brazilian farmers, even in the context of an emerging economy.

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24

Arcos-LeBert, Gabriela, Tamara Aravena-Hidalgo, Javier A. Figueroa, Fabián M. Jaksic, and Sergio A. Castro. "Native trees provide more benefits than exotic trees when ecosystem services are weighted in Santiago, Chile." Trees 35, no. 5 (May 29, 2021): 1663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02144-5.

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AbstractUrban forests are conformed by a variable representation of native and exotic species. Because these species differ in the morpho-functional traits that possess, they may have a differential participation in the provision of ecosystem services in cities. Here, we compare ecosystem services inferred from morpho-functional traits of native and exotic tree species present in Santiago, Chile. Five traits associated with ecosystem services valuation (Vi) were scored (1 versus 0), and compared between native and exotic tree species, weighting those ecosystem services according to multi-criteria decision analysis procedure (MCDA). We found that native and exotic species did not have significant differences in the ecosystem services provided to urban dwellers (F = 1.2; P > 0.05); but these results were obtained when ecosystem services were not weighted according to their demand in Santiago. When weights were pondered, native species provided more ecosystem services than did exotic trees (F = 7.1; P < 0.008). Complementarily, we also found that the ecosystem services ranked for native and exotic species did not correlate with their spatial distribution (occupancy, Oi). These results highlight the need to use criteria based on ecosystem services to tree planting in Santiago, prioritizing native species because, in comparison to exotic ones, they provide more ecosystem services demanded city dwellers.

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25

Gregg, Daniel, and Sarah Ann Wheeler. "How can we value an environmental asset that very few have visited or heard of? Lessons learned from applying contingent and inferred valuation in an Australian wetlands case study." Journal of Environmental Management 220 (August 2018): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.116.

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26

Campbell, Peter G., Olatilewa O. Awe, Mitchell G. Maltenfort, Darius M. Moshfeghi, Theodore Leng, Andrew A. Moshfeghi, and John K. Ratliff. "Medical school and residency influence on choice of an academic career and academic productivity among neurosurgery faculty in the United States." Journal of Neurosurgery 115, no. 2 (August 2011): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.3.jns101176.

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Object Factors determining choice of an academic career in neurological surgery are unclear. This study seeks to evaluate the graduates of medical schools and US residency programs to determine those programs that produce a high number of graduates remaining within academic programs and the contribution of these graduates to academic neurosurgery as determined by h-index valuation. Methods Biographical information from current faculty members of all accredited neurosurgery training programs in the US with departmental websites was obtained. Any individual who did not have an American Board of Neurological Surgery certificate (or was not board eligible) was excluded. The variables collected included medical school attended, residency program completed, and current academic rank. For each faculty member, Web of Science and Scopus h-indices were also collected. Results Ninety-seven academic neurosurgery departments with 986 faculty members were analyzed. All data regarding training program and medical school education were compiled and analyzed by center from which each faculty member graduated. The 20 medical schools and neurosurgical residency training programs producing the greatest number of graduates remaining in academic practice, and the respective individuals' h-indices, are reported. Medical school graduates of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons chose to enter academics the most frequently. The neurosurgery training program at the University of Pittsburgh produced the highest number of academic neurosurgeons in this sample. Conclusions The use of quantitative measures to evaluate the academic productivity of medical school and residency graduates may provide objective measurements by which the subjective influence of training experiences on choice of an academic career may be inferred. The top 3 residency training programs were responsible for 10% of all academic neurosurgeons. The influence of medical school and residency experiences on choice of an academic career may be significant.

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Segal, Ilya. "Optimal Pricing Mechanisms with Unknown Demand." American Economic Review 93, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803322156963.

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The standard profit-maximizing multiunit auction intersects the submitted demand curve with a preset reservation supply curve, which is determined using the distribution from which the buyers' valuations are drawn. However, when this distribution is unknown, a preset supply curve cannot maximize monopoly profits. The optimal pricing mechanism in this situation sets a price for each buyer on the basis of the demand distribution inferred statistically from other buyers' bids. The resulting profit converges to the optimal monopoly profit with known demand as the number of buyers goes to infinity, and convergence can be substantially faster than with sequential price experimentation.

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Shivaswamy, Pannaga, and Thorsten Joachims. "Coactive Learning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 53 (May 27, 2015): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4539.

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We propose Coactive Learning as a model of interaction between a learning system and a human user, where both have the common goal of providing results of maximum utility to the user. Interactions in the Coactive Learning model take the following form: at each step, the system (e.g. search engine) receives a context (e.g. query) and predicts an object (e.g. ranking); the user responds by correcting the system if necessary, providing a slightly improved but not necessarily optimal object as feedback. We argue that such preference feedback can be inferred in large quantity from observable user behavior (e.g., clicks in web search), unlike the optimal feedback required in the expert model or the cardinal valuations required for bandit learning. Despite the relaxed requirements for the feedback, we show that it is possible to adapt many existing online learning algorithms to the coactive framework. In particular, we provide algorithms that achieve square root regret in terms of cardinal utility, even though the learning algorithm never observes cardinal utility values directly. We also provide an algorithm with logarithmic regret in the case of strongly convex loss functions. An extensive empirical study demonstrates the applicability of our model and algorithms on a movie recommendation task, as well as ranking for web search.

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Huang, Chun-Yao, Ping-Yu Liu, and Shao-Ming Xie. "Predicting brand equity by text-analyzing annual reports." International Journal of Market Research 62, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785319883201.

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A firm’s public disclosure, such as its annual report, usually carries information of what it has done and/or will do. Since brand equity is a result of a firm’s branding efforts resulting from its long-term culture, strategy, and execution, an interesting but understudied issue is whether the information revealed in the text of a firm’s public disclosure predicts its brand equity. In this study, we propose that how managers think and therefore what the firm behind a brand does will help predict brand equity, with the thoughts and deeds of concern reflected in the Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) component of the firm’s annual reports (i.e., 10-K filings). Through text analysis and regression analysis on annual reports, we empirically demonstrate that a firm’s degree of customer orientation and a set of word categories as inferred from its MD&A component in the annual reports significantly predict its brand equity (as measured by the four dimensions of Young & Rubicam’s Brand Asset Valuator, i.e., BAV).

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Mukherjee, Soumen. "AMMU’S MAN: RECONNOITERING THE MACHISMO OF VELUTHA IN THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 34 (April 2021): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.34.2021.2.

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Machismos, as is the instance with feminineness for women, are publically built gender profiles under which men are pigeonholed. The inferred affiliation between male bodies and machismos or masculinity presents us with an understanding of the sex/gender gap where ‘sex’ is seen as remaining a preeminence and ‘gender’ as a set of facets which are ancillary. New directions in feminist studies have begun to take up this issue of reconsidering or rediscovering masculinity, especially in the context of recent works of Literature. Arundhati Roy’s Man-booker award winning novel, The God of Small Things (1997) is predominantly a novel about battle- in and through the body. Velutha, “The God of Loss. The God of Small Things” (Roy 265), whose name in Malayalam means “white” (Roy 73, 175 and 334), the colour affiliated both to sorrow and sunlit, has been depicted by the writer as the emblem of masculinity. Arundhati Roy builds an account that focuses on bodily happenstances that rebel considerable discourses and function as edges of cultural and social acquaintances. This study has been enthused by the comprehension that the subject of masculinity in women’s writing has not yet been explored to that extent, which it was expected to be! Little attention has been given to the analysis of women’s writing with the tools that theories of virilities provide. What masculinities emerge in Roy’s The God of Small Things is the multi-layered, mongrel text, wavering between traversing valuations of indigenous acuities of the standing of the man, the bequest of interventionism, and the impresses of novelty and globalization! Hence, this study, not only reconnoiters the different traits of masculinity present in Velutha as envisioned by a female writer, but it also deliberates in detail the male identity construction.

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Entem, Alicia, Patrick Lloyd‐Smith, Wiktor (. Vic) L. Adamowicz, and Peter C. Boxall. "Using inferred valuation to quantify survey and social desirability bias in stated preference research." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, October 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12268.

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