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Статті в журналах з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
1
Sorrel, Miguel A., Francisco J. Abad, Julio Olea, Jimmy de la Torre, and Juan Ramón Barrada. "Inferential Item-Fit Evaluation in Cognitive Diagnosis Modeling." Applied Psychological Measurement 41, no. 8 (May 19, 2017): 614–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621617707510.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research related to the fit evaluation at the item level involving cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) has been scarce. According to the parsimony principle, balancing goodness of fit against model complexity is necessary. General CDMs require a larger sample size to be estimated reliably, and can lead to worse attribute classification accuracy than the appropriate reduced models when the sample size is small and the item quality is poor, which is typically the case in many empirical applications. The main purpose of this study was to systematically examine the statistical properties of four inferential item-fit statistics: [Formula: see text], the likelihood ratio (LR) test, the Wald (W) test, and the Lagrange multiplier (LM) test. To evaluate the performance of the statistics, a comprehensive set of factors, namely, sample size, correlational structure, test length, item quality, and generating model, is systematically manipulated using Monte Carlo methods. Results show that the [Formula: see text] statistic has unacceptable power. Type I error and power comparisons favor LR and W tests over the LM test. However, all the statistics are highly affected by the item quality. With a few exceptions, their performance is only acceptable when the item quality is high. In some cases, this effect can be ameliorated by an increase in sample size and test length. This implies that using the above statistics to assess item fit in practical settings when the item quality is low remains a challenge.
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Narayana, C., B. Mahaboob, B. Venkateswarlu, J. Ravi sankar, and P. Balasiddamuni. "A Discourse on Modified Likelihood Ratio (LR), Wald and Lagrange Multipliers (LM) Tests for Testing General Linear Hypothesis in Stochastic Linear Regression Model." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.10 (October 2, 2018): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10.21222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this research paper various new advanced inferential tools namely modified likelihood ratio (LR), Ward and Lagrange Multiplier test statistics have been proposed for testing general linear hypothesis in stochastic linear regression model. In this process internally studentized residuals have been used. This research study has brought out some new advance tools for analysing inferential aspects of stochastic linear regression models by using internally studentized residuals. Miguel Fonseca et.al [1] developed statistical inference in linear models dealing with the theory of maximum likelihood estimates and likelihood ratio tests under some linear inequality restrictions on the regression coefficients. Tim Coelli [2] used Monte carlo experimentation to investigate the finite sample properties of maximum likelihood (ML) and correct ordinary least squares (COLS) estimators of the half –normal stochastic frontier production function. In 2011, p. Bala siddamuni et.al [3] have developed advanced tools for mathematical and stochastic modelling.
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Smart, Rosanna, Terry L. Schell, Matthew Cefalu, and Andrew R. Morral. "Impact on Nonfirearm Deaths of Firearm Laws Affecting Firearm Deaths: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): e1-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. There is debate whether policies that reduce firearm suicides or homicides are offset by increases in non–firearm-related deaths. Objectives. To assess the extent to which changes in firearm homicides and suicides following implementation of various gun laws affect nonfirearm homicides and suicides. Search Methods. We performed a literature search on 13 databases for studies published between 1995 and October 31, 2018 (PROSPERO CRD42019120105). Selection Criteria. We included studies if they (1) estimated an effect of 1 of 18 included classes of gun policy on firearm homicides or suicides, (2) included a control group or comparison group and evaluated time series data to establish that policies preceded their purported effects, and (3) provided estimated effects of the policy and inferential statistics for either total or nonfirearm homicides or suicides. Data Collection and Analysis. We extracted data from each study, including study timeframe, population, and statistical methods, as well as point estimates and inferential statistics for the effects of firearm policies on firearm deaths as well as either nonfirearm or overall deaths. We assessed quality at the estimate (study–policy–outcome) level by using prespecified criteria to evaluate the validity of inference and causal identification. For each estimate, we derived the mortality multiplier (i.e., the ratio of the policy’s effect on total homicides or suicides; expressed as a change in the number of deaths) as a proportion of its effect on firearm homicides or suicides. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate overall mortality multipliers for suicide and homicide that account for both within- and between-study heterogeneity. Main Results. We identified 16 eligible studies (study timeframes spanning 1977–2015). All examined state-level policies in the United States, with most estimating effects of multiple policies, yielding 60 separate estimates of the mortality multiplier. From these, we estimated that a firearm law’s effect on homicide, expressed as a change in the number of total homicide deaths, is 0.99 (95% confidence interval = 0.76, 1.22) times its effect on the number of firearm homicides. Thus, on average, changes in the number of firearm homicides caused by gun policies are neither offset nor compounded by second-order effects on nonfirearm homicides. There is insufficient evidence in the existing literature on suicide to indicate the extent to which the effects of gun policy changes on firearm suicides are offset or compounded by their effects on nonfirearm suicides. Authors’ Conclusions. State gun policies that reduce firearm homicides are likely to reduce overall homicides in the state by approximately the same number. It is currently unknown whether the same holds for state gun policies that significantly reduce firearm suicides. The small number of studies meeting our inclusion criteria, issues of methodological quality within those studies, and the possibility of reporting bias are potential limitations of this review. Public Health Implications. Policies that reduce firearm homicides likely have large benefits for public health as there is little evidence to support a strong substitution effect between firearm and nonfirearm homicides at the population level. Further research is needed to determine whether policies that produce population-level reductions in firearm suicides will translate to overall declines in suicide rates.
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Samsudin, Ahmad, and Ulul Azmi Afrizal Rizqi. "Angka Morbiditas Provinsi Jawa Tengah dari Sudut Pandang Kemiskinan dan Pengangguran Tahun 2018." 2-TRIK: TUNAS-TUNAS RISET KESEHATAN 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/2trik11113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Degree of population health in an area can be illustrated by morbidity rate. Java Island is one area that has good health quality. The population of Java Island has the best degree of health compared to other regions. During the last two years there are still a number of provinces in Java whose morbidity is quite high or even higher than the national figures, including Central Java Province. The goal of this study is to analyze the morbidity rate and explore the factors that influence the morbidity in 35 district/city in Central Java 2018. Descriptive analysis was used with thematic maps and Inferential analysis using spatial autocorrelation analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was measured through the Lagrange Multiplier test. Based on spatial dependency test, seen that no spatial autocorrelation occurs, therefore Ordinary Least Squares model was used. With OLS model, found that the poverty level predictor variable and the open unemployment rate significantly affect morbidity rate at alpha 5 percent. Poverty and Open unemployment rate have a significant effect on morbidity rate in Central Java in 2018 without including spatial effects.
Keywords: autocorrelation; morbidity; poverty; unemployment
ABSTRAK
Derajat kesehatan penduduk di suatu wilayah dapat digambarkan dengan angka morbiditas. Pulau Jawa merupakan salah satu daerah yang memiliki kualitas kesehatan yang baik. Penduduk Pulau Jawa memiliki derajat kesehatan yang paling baik dibandingkan daerah lain. Dalam dua tahun terakhir masih terdapat beberapa provinsi di Jawa yang angka morbiditasnya cukup tinggi atau bahkan lebih tinggi dari angka nasional, salah satunya Jawa Tengah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis angka morbiditas dan menggali faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi morbiditas di 35 kabupaten / kota di Jawa Tengah tahun 2018. Analisis deskriptif digunakan dengan peta tematik dan analisis inferensial menggunakan analisis autokorelasi spasial. Autokorelasi spasial diukur melalui uji Lagrange Multiplier. Berdasarkan uji ketergantungan spasial, terlihat tidak terjadi autokorelasi spasial, oleh karena itu digunakan model Ordinary Least Squares. Dengan model OLS ditemukan bahwa variabel prediktor tingkat kemiskinan dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka berpengaruh signifikan terhadap angka morbiditas pada alpha 5 persen. Tingkat kemiskinan dan pengangguran terbuka berpengaruh signifikan terhadap angka morbiditas di Jawa Tengah tahun 2018 tanpa menyertakan efek spasial.
Kata kunci: autokorelasi; kemiskinan; morbiditas; pengangguran
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Aguguom, Theophilus Anaekenwa. "Operational Risks and Equity Returns: Dynamic and Static Panel Data Analyses." Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 12, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v12i2.17362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the effect of operational risk on equity returns of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs), using a population consisted of 19 listed deposit money banks in the Nigeria Stock Exchange. 15 DMBs were purposively selected for a period of 15 years 2005 to 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics were explored for the data analysis which was sourced from the published financial statements of the banks, using dynamic and static panel data. Diagnostics tests were carried out since the application of the Hausman test provided the criteria for choosing between Random Effect Models and Fixed Effect Models. Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test was employed to confirm the Hausman test results in order to decide between Random Effects and Pooled OLS. Correlation Matrix for multicollinearity test and cross-sectional dependent test were equally carried out for the study. Three models were estimated, based on the three proxies of the dependent variable. The study found that operational risk had a statistically positive significant effect on return on equity (ROE), while operational risk equally exhibited statistically positive significant effect on ROA. When the controlling variable of FSIZE was introduced, the study exhibited stronger effects which demonstrates that operational risk had a statistically positive effect on ROE, while operational risk with FSIZE had a statistically positive effect on ROA. The study recommends that DMBs managers should carefully carry out due diligence on loan applicants, to ascertain performance trend and creditworthiness of potential and prospective borrowers before advancing loans in order to reduce huge profiles of credit risk exposures.
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Sadiq, Sanusi, Ahmed Makarfi, and Invinder Singh. "The Chasm Of Persistent Food Calorie Intake Deficiency of Proleatrians In Nigeria's Northern State: A Perception Or A Reality?" Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 10, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2022.010.01.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food calorie deficiency due to poor purchasing power has been a nightmare affecting labour efficiency and productivity of the proletarians. The worsening state of the general price level with direct consequences on the purchasing power has relinquished the regional workforce to the ebb income class, thus facing-out the known middle-income class, a characteristic of this working class. Thus, based on this crux, this research was conducted to establish whether the chasm of the regional state civil servants retrogression into the trough-income category is real or a myth. A total of 375 sampled respondents were obtained through a multi-stage sampling procedure and valid data were sequestrated via structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. It was established that a large chunk of the regional workforce fell below the recommended food security threshold level both energy and expenditure dimensions. Besides, an evidence of a significant and positive correlation was found to exist between the two-dimensions of food security. In addition, household size was observed to be the major driver of food security status in the studied area. Furthermore, it was established that the food security gap between the secured and unsecured owes to interaction effect in the case of calorie intake; and structural effect termed food security discrimination in the dimension of expenditure. Consequently, this is a clarion call on the policymakers to improve on the mechanisms that regulate the macroeconomic policies, especially the multiplier factor that drives inflation, thus containing the food insecurity plaguing its labour force. This intervention will not only be a plus for labour efficiency and productivity enhancement, but leverage for economic growth and development in both the region and the country in general.
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Sadiq, M. S., I. P. Singh, and M. M. Ahmad. "The Chasm of Persistent Food Calorie Intake Deficiency of Proletarians in Nigeria’s Northern States: A Perception or a Reality?" Jordan Journal of Economic Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2023): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjes.v10i1.845.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: Food calorie deficiency due to poor purchasing power has been a nightmare affecting the labour efficiency and productivity of the proletarians. The worsening state of the general price level with direct consequences on the purchasing power has relinquished the regional workforce to the ebb income class, thus facing the known middle-income class, which is a characteristic of this working class. Thus, based on this crux, this research was conducted to establish whether the chasm of the regional state civil servant’s retrogression into the trough-income category is real or a myth.
Methods: A total of 375 sampled respondents were obtained through a multi-stage sampling procedure, and valid data were sequestrated via structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
Results: It was established that a large chunk of the regional workforce fell below the recommended food security threshold level, both in energy and expenditure dimensions. Besides, evidence of a significant and positive correlation was found to exist between the two dimensions of food security. In addition, household size was observed to be the major driver of food security status in the studied area. Furthermore, it was established that the food security gap between the secured and unsecured owes to the interaction effect in the case of calorie intake, and the structural effect termed food security discrimination in the dimension of expenditure.
Conclusions: Based on the results, this study is a clarion call for policymakers to improve the mechanisms that regulate the macroeconomic policies, especially the multiplier factor that drives inflation, thus containing the food insecurity plaguing its labour force. This intervention will not only be a plus for labour efficiency and productivity enhancement but a leverage for economic growth and development at both the region and the country levels.
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Suwandana, I. Gusti Made, I. Gusti Bagus Honor Satrya, and I. Gede Riana. "Organizational support as a predictor of organizational commitment and their effects on organizational citizenship behavior in non-star hotels." Linguistics and Culture Review 6 (December 19, 2021): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns1.2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study analyzes the effect of organizational support on organizational commitment and PKO. This research was conducted at two non-star hotels in Sanur which have confirmed their willingness to fill out a questionnaire to be distributed. The questionnaire contains a number of statement items in accordance with the research variables by providing answer choices agree to disagree (using a 5-level Likert scale). The population of this study were all employees of the two non-star hotels as many as 235 employees. Because the pandemic situation is still ongoing, the sample is determined using simple random sampling of 5 multiplied by the number of indicators so that 75 employees are obtained according to the proportion of existing employees. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques and inferential analysis using SmartPLS. While the mediation test uses Variance Accounted For (VAF) to analyze the type of mediation WarpPLS analysis results on the effect of intervariable.
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Kuguru, Peter Ngibuini, Jan-Erik Jaensson, and Kinyanjui Nganga. "Influence of Process Innovation on the Performance of Coffee Cooperatives in Kenya." Journal of Strategic Management 7, no. 3 (October 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jsm.1250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to assess the influence of process innovation on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Kenya.
Methodology: A descriptive research design was applied. The target population was 525 coffee cooperative societies in Kenya registered with the Commissioner for Cooperatives and licensed by AFFA (Coffee Directorate) as at 30th of October 2016. The sample size was 227 respondents which was arrive at using stratified random sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Descriptive statistic such as means scores and standard deviation and inferential statistics such regressions were used.
Findings: The study found that there was a positive relationship between process innovation and the performance of the coffee cooperatives (β=0.591, p=0.027). This implied that an improvement in the aspects related to process through which the firm operates relatively multiplies the performance outcomes of cooperatives in a positive manner. Investing in process innovation was found to have the largest and most significant effect compared to investing in organization, marketing and product innovations.
Recommendation: The study recommends that for prioritization purposes, coffee societies should prioritize investing in process innovations compared to other innovations, especially if there a limited budget. Policy makers should ensure a favorable environment for process innovations.
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Muse, Abdisalam Hassan, Samuel Mwalili, Oscar Ngesa, Christophe Chesneau, Huda M. Alshanbari, and Abdal-Aziz H. El-Bagoury. "Amoud Class for Hazard-Based and Odds-Based Regression Models: Application to Oncology Studies." Axioms 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11110606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to propose a novel, general, tractable, fully parametric class for hazard-based and odds-based models of survival regression for the analysis of censored lifetime data, named as the “Amoud class (AM)” of models. This generality was attained using a structure resembling the general class of hazard-based regression models, with the addition that the baseline odds function is multiplied by a link function. The class is broad enough to cover a number of widely used models, including the proportional hazard model, the general hazard model, the proportional odds model, the general odds model, the accelerated hazards model, the accelerated odds model, and the accelerated failure time model, as well as combinations of these. The proposed class incorporates the analysis of crossing survival curves. Based on a versatile parametric distribution (generalized log-logistic) for the baseline hazard, we introduced a technique for applying these various hazard-based and odds-based regression models. This distribution allows us to cover the most common hazard rate shapes in practice (decreasing, constant, increasing, unimodal, and reversible unimodal), and various common survival distributions (Weibull, Burr-XII, log-logistic, exponential) are its special cases. The proposed model has good inferential features, and it performs well when different information criteria and likelihood ratio tests are used to select hazard-based and odds-based regression models. The proposed model’s utility is demonstrated by an application to a right-censored lifetime dataset with crossing survival curves.
Дисертації з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
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RIZZO, ROBERTO GIORGIO. "Energy-Accuracy Scaling in Digital ICs: Static and Adaptive Design Methods and Tools." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2743228.
Повний текст джерела
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Liao, Zaiyi. "An inferential control scheme for optimizing the control of boilers in multiple-zone heating systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403418.
Повний текст джерела
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Bou, Nader Raymond. "Modélisation du management des risques industriels et de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises : Cas des entreprises libanaises." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL2001/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Notre thèse consiste à étudier la pratique actuelle de la RSE dans le contexte des compagnies libanaises à caractère industriel, et à examiner la relation entre les pratiques RSE d’une part et le management des risques d’autre part, en utilisant des techniques de statistiques inférentielles, des analyses factorielles exploratoires et des modèles de régression linéaire multiple. C’est dans ce dernier cas que la contribution principale de cette recherche a été réalisée. Ainsi, cette recherche a permis de percevoir la RSE comme étant plus qu’un simple outil de marketing et de relations publiques mais aussi un vrai outil influant le risque dans les entreprises. Notre recherche élargit la base de connaissances dans ce domaine dans le contexte libanais, en mettant l’accent sur le management et les pratiques de l’entreprise en terme de gestion du risque, afin de mieux gérer par la RSE les impacts sociaux, environnementaux, et communautaires de leurs activités. Les résultats de cette étude permettront aux chercheurs de créer une base théorique et empirique plus forte sur laquelle les recherches futures sur le sujet de la RSE et du management des risques par la RSE peuvent être développéesThe aim of our thesis is to study the current practice of CSR in the context of the Lebanese industrial companies and to examine the relationship between CSR practices and risk management, using statistical techniques as inferential tests, factor analysis and multiple linear regression models. It is in the latter that the main contribution of this research has been made. This research has made it possible to perceive CSR as more than just a marketing and public relations tool but also a real tool influencing risk in companies. Our research broadens the knowledge base in this field in the Lebanese context, focusing on the management and practices of the company in terms of risk management, in order to better manage the social, environmental, and community based activities by CSR. The results of this study will enable researchers to create a stronger theoretical and empirical basis on which future research on the subject of CSR and risk management through CSR can be developed
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Zhu, Cai-Bi, and 朱彩碧. "Distributional and Inferential Properties of the Process Expected Loss Based on Multiple Samples." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55089785477477583085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士萬能科技大學
經營管理研究所
96
Process expected loss indices, Lpe, Lot, and Le provide measures to determine the quality performance of a process. In fact, Le= Lpe+Lot, Lpe denotes the potential relative expected loss, Lot is the relative off-target squared. In real situations where the actual values of Lpe, Lot, and Le are unknown one may estimate them by their corresponding sample counterparts. Most of the results obtained regarding the distributional and inferential properties of estimated expected loss indices were based on one single sample. In practice, however, process information is often derived from multiple samples rather than from one single sample. In this paper, we first investigate the distributional and inferential properties of the estimators of process expected loss indices based on multiple samples. We then investigate the performance evaluation of the process based on the determination of 100(1-α)% upper confidence bound of process loss index, Le, for various combinations of sample size, and implement the evaluating procedure. Moreover, this paper provides equation to estimate the approximate the combinations of sample size necessary to achieve a desired upper conference bound with specified confidence level. The technique provided in this paper will be applicable when the process measurements are taken from control chart samples.
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Lu, Bo active 21st century. "Improving process monitoring and modeling of batch-type plasma etching tools." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/30486.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufacturing equipments in semiconductor factories (fabs) provide abundant data and opportunities for data-driven process monitoring and modeling. In particular, virtual metrology (VM) is an active area of research. Traditional monitoring techniques using univariate statistical process control charts do not provide immediate feedback to quality excursions, hindering the implementation of fab-wide advanced process control initiatives. VM models or inferential sensors aim to bridge this gap by predicting of quality measurements instantaneously using tool fault detection and classification (FDC) sensor measurements. The existing research in the field of inferential sensor and VM has focused on comparing regressions algorithms to demonstrate their feasibility in various applications. However, two important areas, data pretreatment and post-deployment model maintenance, are usually neglected in these discussions. Since it is well known that the industrial data collected is of poor quality, and that the semiconductor processes undergo drifts and periodic disturbances, these two issues are the roadblocks in furthering the adoption of inferential sensors and VM models. In data pretreatment, batch data collected from FDC systems usually contain inconsistent trajectories of various durations. Most analysis techniques requires the data from all batches to be of same duration with similar trajectory patterns. These inconsistencies, if unresolved, will propagate into the developed model and cause challenges in interpreting the modeling results and degrade model performance. To address this issue, a Constrained selective Derivative Dynamic Time Warping (CsDTW) method was developed to perform automatic alignment of trajectories. CsDTW is designed to preserve the key features that characterizes each batch and can be solved efficiently in polynomial time. Variable selection after trajectory alignment is another topic that requires improvement. To this end, the proposed Moving Window Variable Importance in Projection (MW-VIP) method yields a more robust set of variables with demonstrably more long-term correlation with the predicted output. In model maintenance, model adaptation has been the standard solution for dealing with drifting processes. However, most case studies have already preprocessed the model update data offline. This is an implicit assumption that the adaptation data is free of faults and outliers, which is often not true for practical implementations. To this end, a moving window scheme using Total Projection to Latent Structure (T-PLS) decomposition screens incoming updates to separate the harmless process noise from the outliers that negatively affects the model. The integrated approach was demonstrated to be more robust. In addition, model adaptation is very inefficient when there are multiplicities in the process, multiplicities could occur due to process nonlinearity, switches in product grade, or different operating conditions. A growing structure multiple model system using local PLS and PCA models have been proposed to improve model performance around process conditions with multiplicity. The use of local PLS and PCA models allows the method to handle a much larger set of inputs and overcome several challenges in mixture model systems. In addition, fault detection sensitivities are also improved by using the multivariate monitoring statistics of these local PLS/PCA models. These proposed methods are tested on two plasma etch data sets provided by Texas Instruments. In addition, a proof of concept using virtual metrology in a controller performance assessment application was also tested.
Книги з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
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Boddez, Yannick, Jan De Houwer, and Tom Beckers. The Inferential Reasoning Theory of Causal Learning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 4 describes the inferential reasoning theory of causal learning and discusses how thinking about this theory has evolved in at least two important ways. First, the authors argue that it is useful to decouple the debate about different possible types of mental representations involved in causal learning (e.g., propositional or associative) from the debate about processes involved therein (e.g., inferential reasoning or attention). Second, at the process level inferential reasoning is embedded within a broad array of mental processes that are all required to provide a full mechanistic account of causal learning. Based on those insights, the authors evaluate five arguments that are often raised against inferential reasoning theory. They conclude that causal learning is best understood as involving the formation and retrieval of propositional representations, both of which depend on multiple cognitive processes (i.e., the multi-process propositional account).
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Lyne, Raphael. Relevance Across History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An ostensive-inferential model of communication offers useful tools for organizing our thinking about reading works from the past and practising historicist criticism. Robert Herrick’s ‘Corinna’s going a Maying’ is woven into the religious controversies of its time, but it also accesses more or less timeless traditions in poetry (pastoral; carpe diem). It looks backward into tradition, forward into posterity, and at its immediate context. In order to describe the poem’s different kinds of communication with readers at different temporal and cultural distances, it is useful to see its intentions, the different things it might communicate, and its implicatures as an ‘array’ (a term taken from Sperber and Wilson’s ‘array of implicatures’). A cognitive pragmatics of literary interpretation provides good ways of exploring how writers explore this multiple communication, how they use contemporary readers as a screen for posterity, and how they use posterity as a screen for the contemporary.
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Monge, Peter R., and Noshir Contractor. Theories of Communication Networks. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160369.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To date, most network research contains one or more of five major problems. First, it tends to be atheoretical, ignoring the various social theories that contain network implications. Second, it explores single levels of analysis rather than the multiple levels out of which most networks are comprised. Third, network analysis has employed very little the insights from contemporary complex systems analysis and computer simulations. Foruth, it typically uses descriptive rather than inferential statistics, thus robbing it of the ability to make claims about the larger universe of networks. Finally, almost all the research is static and cross-sectional rather than dynamic. Theories of Communication Networks presents solutions to all five problems. The authors develop a multitheoretical model that relates different social science theories with different network properties. This model is multilevel, providing a network decomposition that applies the various social theories to all network levels: individuals, dyads, triples, groups, and the entire network. The book then establishes a model from the perspective of complex adaptive systems and demonstrates how to use Blanche, an agent-based network computer simulation environment, to generate and test network theories and hypotheses. It presents recent developments in network statistical analysis, the p* family, which provides a basis for valid multilevel statistical inferences regarding networks. Finally, it shows how to relate communication networks to other networks, thus providing the basis in conjunction with computer simulations to study the emergence of dynamic organizational networks.
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Shin, Hyun Bang, Murray Mckenzie, and Do Young Oh, eds. COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: Insights for a post-pandemic world. LSE Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.cov.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COVID-19 has presented huge challenges to governments, businesses, civil societies, and people from all walks of life, but its impact has been highly variegated, affecting society in multiple negative ways, with uneven geographical and socioeconomic patterns. The crisis revealed existing contradictions and inequalities in society, compelling us to question what it means to return to “normal” and what insights can be gleaned from Southeast Asia for thinking about a post-pandemic world. In this regard, this edited volume collects the informed views of an ensemble of social scientists – area studies, development studies, and legal scholars; anthropologists, architects, economists, geographers, planners, sociologists, and urbanists; representing academic institutions, activist and charitable organisations, policy and research institutes, and areas of professional practice – who recognise the necessity of critical commentary and engaged scholarship. These contributions represent a wide-ranging set of views, collectively producing a compilation of reflections on the following three themes in particular: (1) Urbanisation, digital infrastructures, economies, and the environment; (2) Migrants, (im)mobilities, and borders; and (3) Collective action, communities, and mutual action. Overall, this edited volume first aims to speak from a situated position in relevant debates to challenge knowledge about the pandemic that has assigned selective and inequitable visibility to issues, people, or places, or which through its inferential or interpretive capacity has worked to set social expectations or assign validity to certain interventions with a bearing on the pandemic’s course and the future it has foretold. Second, it aims to advance or renew understandings of social challenges, risks, or inequities that were already in place, and which, without further or better action, are to be features of our “post-pandemic world” as well. This volume also contributes to the ongoing efforts to de-centre and decolonise knowledge production. It endeavours to help secure a place within these debates for a region that was among the first outside of East Asia to be forced to contend with COVID-19 in a substantial way and which has evinced a marked and instructive diversity and dynamism in its fortunes.
Частини книг з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
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Asare-Nuamah, Peter, and Athanasius Fonteh Amungwa. "Climate Change Adaptation Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_279-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractClimate change has the potential to disrupt sustainable development initiatives, particularly in developing economies. A substantial body of literature reveals that developing economies are vulnerable to climate change, due to high dependency on climate-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture. In Ghana, a growing body of literature has revealed multiple adaptation strategies adopted by smallholder farmers to respond to and reduce climate change impacts. However, there is a dearth of literature on the effectiveness of adaptation strategies. This chapter explores the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers and analyzed the predictors of effective adaptation. Through the technique of simple random sampling, 378 smallholder farmers were selected, and data was collected using a questionnaire survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using the SPSS software. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers adopt multiple adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change. In addition, it is revealed that marital status, years of farming experience, knowledge of climate change, and education are significant predictors of adaptation. Moreover, the chapter found that marital status, weedicide application, change in staple food consumption, and planting of early-maturing crops are good predictors of effective adaptation. The chapter recommends the need to intensify adaptation strategies through agricultural extension programs and interventions that improve rural food security and livelihood. In addition, the chapter recommends strengthening the capacity of farmer organizations and rural institutions, particularly agricultural extension and advisory services.
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Asare-Nuamah, Peter, and Athanasius Fonteh Amungwa. "Climate Change Adaptation Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1497–513. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractClimate change has the potential to disrupt sustainable development initiatives, particularly in developing economies. A substantial body of literature reveals that developing economies are vulnerable to climate change, due to high dependency on climate-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture. In Ghana, a growing body of literature has revealed multiple adaptation strategies adopted by smallholder farmers to respond to and reduce climate change impacts. However, there is a dearth of literature on the effectiveness of adaptation strategies. This chapter explores the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers and analyzed the predictors of effective adaptation. Through the technique of simple random sampling, 378 smallholder farmers were selected, and data was collected using a questionnaire survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using the SPSS software. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers adopt multiple adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change. In addition, it is revealed that marital status, years of farming experience, knowledge of climate change, and education are significant predictors of adaptation. Moreover, the chapter found that marital status, weedicide application, change in staple food consumption, and planting of early-maturing crops are good predictors of effective adaptation. The chapter recommends the need to intensify adaptation strategies through agricultural extension programs and interventions that improve rural food security and livelihood. In addition, the chapter recommends strengthening the capacity of farmer organizations and rural institutions, particularly agricultural extension and advisory services.
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"Simultaneous Inference on Multiple Assertions." In Inferential Models, 201–20. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19269-13.
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"Inferential uncertainty and multiple lines of evidence." In Monitoring Ecological Impacts, 249–88. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542015.010.
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Kalaian, Sema A., and Rafa M. Kasim. "Analyzing Quantitative Data." In Mixed Methods Research for Improved Scientific Study, 149–64. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0007-0.ch008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main purpose of this chapter is to present a conceptual and practical overview of some of the basic and advanced statistical tools for analyzing quantitative data. Analyzing quantitative data involves two broad analytical methods that serve two main purposes, which are descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The chapter covers both descriptive and inferential quantitative methods. It covers some of the descriptive statistical methods such as mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, and graphical methods (e.g., histograms). It also covers inferential statistical methods such as correlation, simple regression, multiple regression, t-test for two independent samples, t-test for two dependent samples, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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King, Andrew P., and Robert J. Eckersley. "Inferential Statistics V: Multiple and Multivariate Hypothesis Testing." In Statistics for Biomedical Engineers and Scientists, 173–99. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102939-8.00017-7.
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Bergmann, Michael. "Inferential Anti-skepticism about Perception." In Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition, 35–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898487.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines multiple kinds of deductive and nondeductive anti-skeptical arguments from our sensory experience to the likely truth of our perceptual beliefs based on that evidence and finds them all wanting. In the first two sections, it briefly considers deductive anti-skeptical arguments (of the theological and transcendental variety), inductive anti-skeptical arguments from past correlations of sensory experience with true perceptual beliefs based on it, and anti-skeptical arguments based on a priori knowledge of probabilistic principles saying that our sensory evidence for our perceptual beliefs makes probable the truth of those beliefs. In the final three sections, the focus turns to abductive or inference to the best explanation (IBE) arguments, which are currently the most popular anti-skeptical arguments. IBE anti-skeptical arguments conclude that our sensory experience, or some feature of it, is best explained by the truth of our perceptual beliefs. These three sections argue that we lack good reasons for thinking that our sensory experience is better explained by a Standard Hypothesis (saying that the world is approximately as it seems) than by a skeptical hypothesis, such as the hypothesis that a deceptive demon wants to mislead us into falsely believing the world is as it seems.
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Miksza, Peter, Julia T. Shaw, Lauren Kapalka Richerme, Phillip M. Hash, Donald A. Hodges, and Elizabeth Cassidy Parker. "Determining Differences with Inferential Statistics." In Music Education Research, 371–402. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639757.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter provides information about inferential tests that could be used to analyze differences between groups. Quantitative researchers typically rely on inferential statistical procedures for testing hypotheses pertaining to differences between sets of scores. Although researchers nearly always find mathematical differences in scores from different groups, determining whether these differences are statistically significant requires inferential tests. Before deciding on a particular test, you must consider whether your data are nominal-, ordinal-, interval-, or ratio-level since different tests are suitable for each level. Also, you need to consider whether your data come from independent or dependent samples. Independent samples generally are gathered from groups that consist of different individuals. Dependent samples are gathered from the same group of individuals on multiple occasions. Specific details are provided for a variety of statistical procedures. For determining differences with interval- or ratio-level outcome data researchers typically use independent samples t-test, dependent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and post-hoc analyses. For ordinal data researchers may use the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon test for paired samples, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman’s test. For nominal-level data the Chi square test of independence and McNemar’s test can be used.
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Ullah, Irfan, Alina Kiran, and Bin Liu. "Impacts of Leadership Styles on Motivations of Employees." In Servant Leadership Styles and Strategic Decision Making, 205–17. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4996-3.ch010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study to investigate the different leadership styles and impact on employee motivation. Leadership is the most important phenomena. Therefore, leadership plays a very important role, and this research study emphasizes the impact of leadership styles on motivation of employees. In this chapter, a survey approach using structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaire consists of four styles of leadership with employees' motivation. All constructs were measured using five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and inferential were used. Mean and standard deviation and Cronbach alpha were used in descriptive statistics and correlation, and multiple regression was used for inferential regression. The aim of this chapter is to identify the relationship between leadership styles and motivation of employees.
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Escandell-Vidal, Victoria, and Manuel Leonetti. "Spanish ‘mirative future’." In Expressive Meaning Across Linguistic Levels and Frameworks, 167–90. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871217.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides an account of the Spanish ‘mirative future.’ Starting from the assumption that the Spanish future is an inferential evidential (Escandell-Vidal 2010, 2014, 2020), it is argued that mirativity is contextually inferred as a result of a combination of multiple factors that constrain interpretation. These factors include restrictions on word order (only VS), intonational patterns (either fall-rise or high rise), and kind of predicates (individual-level, gradable, negative predicates). In addition, the speaker encodes that s/he has only indirect evidence, but the context of utterance makes it clear that this is not so. Given these conditions, mirative uses are essentially rhetorical questions. From this perspective, the Spanish mirative future reproduces a consistent pattern across languages: mirative interpretations are obtained when indirect or inferential evidential markers are used in contexts where the speaker has direct experience of the facts.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
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Benham, Rodger, Ben Carterette, J. Shane Culpepper, and Alistair Moffat. "Bayesian Inferential Risk Evaluation On Multiple IR Systems." In SIGIR '20: The 43rd International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397271.3401033.
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Ahmed, M. H., and Jie Zhang. "Improved inferential feedback control through combining multiple PCR models." In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isic.2003.1254752.
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Akande, Rotimi Michael. "Institutional Support Services and Learners’ Retention and Completion In Open-Distance Learning Institutions in South-West Nigeria." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.3684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the critical components in Open-Distance learning programmes are institutional support services. These services subsume all interactions between institutional personnel and learners (prospective and registered) intended to assist them in meeting their objectives from the point of first inquiry through graduation. This notwithstanding, the rate at which learners remain on the programmes and complete their programme in ODL is low. It is on this premise, that this study, examined institutional support services in relation to retention and completion of learners in open-distance learning institutions in the south-west, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive design of an ex post facto type. The population consisted of final year learners, in open and distance learning institutions in the southwest, Nigeria. There are seven (7) NUC approved ODL Institutions in South-West, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used for the selection of samples sizes for the study. The instruments were validated by two experts in the field of ODL, measurement and evaluation. The structured instrument was subjected to ordinal alpha reliability with 0.862 co-efficient. The descriptive statistics of frequency counts, Percentages were used to answer the researcher questions while inferential statistics of multiple regression and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of Alpha. The study established significant linear relationship between the predictor variables and retention and completion of learners in open and distance learning institutions in southwest. Based on these findings, the need to enhance institutional support services ODL policy in Nigeria that will promote and enhanced learner-centered techniques were recommended.
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"A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE ABOUT HEPATITIS IN A SUB-URBAN COMMUNITY IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/jhhi8301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common infection that causes viral hepatitis B, which accounts for the world's most common cause of acute and chronic liver disorders. The WHO estimates 257 million people, or 3.5% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection in 2015. July 28 every year, the world comes together under "World Hepatitis Day" (WHD) to raise awareness of the burden of viral hepatitis around the world. Objective: This study was conducted on WHD 2021 to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice toward hepatitis in an urban community in south-western Nigeria. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among residents in the Tejuosho market in Yaba, Lagos State, on WHD 2021. A self-administered structured questionnaire was filled by conveniently sampled participants in a strategic location in the market. Inferential statistics utilized the Pearson's Chi-Square test and multiple linear regression with P< 0.05 of statistical significance Results: One hundred and thirty-four (134) participated in the study. Most participants were between 18-29 years 45(33.6%). 72(53.7%) had good knowledge of hepatitis B. 47(53.4%) of the respondents had a low awareness of Hepatitis B. Majority 62(46.3%) of the respondents had a positive attitude toward Hepatitis B. There was no statistically significant relationship between Awareness and Knowledge of hepatitis and hepatitis B vaccine, p>0.05. Conclusion: Most participants had high knowledge about hepatitis but poor awareness of the disease. In addition, more than half of the participants had positive perceptions of hepatitis. Key Word: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis B virus
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Morris, Lloyd, Dunia Duque, Olga Jasmin Salazar De Morris, Homero Murzi, and Sandra Milena Durán Omaña. "Student motivation in the teaching process during the Covid 19, an experience of the international exchange for the learning of control charts." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COVID-19 has generated changes in education systems that impact the main authors of the system: teachers and students. As an alternative, most of the university courses have been taught remotely (IESALC 2020). Using the contribution of industrial engineering teachers from the universities involved, opportunities are evident to strengthen the teaching-learning processes that were incorporated in the design of the process, since the academic motivation of the students depends to a large extent on the perceptions in relation to their experiences in class (Jones, 2015). Additionally, there are multiple learning options in open pedagogical practices (Paviotti et al 2020), and in open educational practices (Ehlers et al 2020), (Axe et al 2020), (Marchisio et al 2020), which corresponds to innovative and attractive pedagogies that incorporate open evaluation, open collaboration and in itself open teaching processes.Considering the concepts of open education, added to the international exchange policies of the universities: Universidad Austral de Chile and Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, an experience international exchange is planned for control graphics students, incorporating pedagogical strategies with a pragmatic approach in the solution of international cases of control charts and where collaborative work between academic peers complement the academic experience.The objective of the research was to analyze the motivational beliefs of the students at the level of the control graph domain, using the “Expectations Value Model” (Eccles and Wigfield 2000), compared to two moments: the one before the academic exchange and after the same, in which pragmatic approaches are incorporated in the applications of statistical control, taking advantage of internationalization scenarios. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to determine if there are statistically significant differences in the beliefs of the students of the statistical control analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the academic exchange of the 2021 semester.The present study is an inferential statistical investigation on academic motivation in students of statistical process control, in remote exchange learning. For this reason, it was decided to use the two-sample hypothesis test for dependent samples suggested by (Lind et al 2019) and (Anderson et al 2020), an initial hypothesis was defined: the mean assessment of motivation after the international exchange should be superior to the initial evaluation of the control chart students.The results of the statistical analysis carried out confirm the initial general hypothesis raised and verify that the change in the didactic strategy in international exchange after COVID-19 has a significant influence on the motivational beliefs of the students, where the factors of academic motivation with better evolution after the academic exchange are in hierarchical order: utility value, followed by achievement value, closing with satisfaction value. As for the elements that were better valued and with greater evolution at the initial moment for the utility is having a solid formation in process control, and for the achievement, it is to carry out the graphic activities well; while for satisfaction or interest, the one with the highest value is the expectation of believing in what will be done well with the knowledge acquired, but the element with the greatest evolution with respect at the initial moment is the expectation of standing out in mathematics and statistics.The process of association of categories of the expectation value model was possible to establish the levels of relationship between the expectation of success, the value of achievement, and the value of utility that the students perceived as positive from the academic exchange process. Therefore, the design and facilitation of the course generated benefits in the observed motivational aspect, so that the work of teachers in remote learning situations in circumstances uncertain as COVID-19, will find in the design of international exchanges, significant experiences that can positively impact the motivation of students, which leads to scenarios with specific behaviors more favorable for learning.
Звіти організацій з теми "Inferential Multiplier"
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Brown, Yolanda, Twonia Goyer, and Maragaret Harvey. Heart Failure 30-Day Readmission Frequency, Rates, and HF Classification. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2020.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
30 Day Hospital Readmission Rates, Frequencies, and Heart Failure Classification for Patients with Heart Failure Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide among patients. Both the incidence and the prevalence of heart failure are age dependent and are relatively common in individuals 40 years of age and older. CHF is one of the leading causes of inpatient hospitalization readmission in the United States, with readmission rates remaining above the 20% goal within 30 days. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services imposes a 3% reimbursement penalty for excessive readmissions including those who are readmitted within 30 days from prior hospitalization for heart failure. Hospitals risk losing millions of dollars due to poor performance. A reduction in CHF readmission rates not only improves healthcare system expenditures, but also patients’ mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this DNP project is to determine the 30-day hospital readmission rates, frequencies, and heart failure classification for patients with heart failure. Specific aims include comparing computed annual re-admission rates with national average, determine the number of multiple 30-day re-admissions, provide descriptive data for demographic variables, and correlate age and heart failure classification with the number of multiple re-admissions. Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect hospital admission and study data. The setting occurred in an urban hospital in Memphis, TN. The study was reviewed by the UTHSC Internal Review Board and deemed exempt. The electronic medical records were queried from July 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 for heart failure ICD-10 codes beginning with the prefix 150 and a report was generated. Data was cleaned such that each patient admitted had only one heart failure ICD-10 code. The total number of heart failure admissions was computed and compared to national average. Using age ranges 40-80, the number of patients re-admitted withing 30 days was computed and descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel and R. Results A total of 3524 patients were admitted for heart failure within the six-month time frame. Of those, 297 were re-admitted within 30 days for heart failure exacerbation (8.39%). An annual estimate was computed (16.86%), well below the national average (21%). Of those re-admitted within 30 days, 50 were re-admitted on multiple occasions sequentially, ranging from 2-8 re-admissions. The median age was 60 and 60% male. Due to the skewed distribution (most re-admitted twice), nonparametric statistics were used for correlation. While graphic display of charts suggested a trend for most multiple re-admissions due to diastolic dysfunction and least number due to systolic heart failure, there was no statistically significant correlation between age and number or multiple re-admissions (Spearman rank, p = 0.6208) or number of multiple re-admissions and heart failure classification (Kruskal Wallis, p =0.2553).