Статті в журналах: "Infections infantiles"

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Hadrya, F., H. Hami, D. Ben Ali, S. Benlarabi, L. Aoued, A. Soulaymani, A. Khattabi, L. Ouammi, and R. Soulaymani Bencheikh. "P415 - Épidémiologie des toxi-infections alimentaires infantiles." Archives de Pédiatrie 17, no. 6 (June 2010): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(10)70809-5.

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Marais, Ophélie. "Antibioprophylaxie dans les infections urinaires récurrentes infantiles." Option/Bio 21, no. 431 (February 2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(10)70361-5.

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Maleb, A., K. Lahrache, S. Lamrabat, S. Rifai, N. Rahmani, M. Bensalah, N. Oulali, et al. "Les infections urinaires infantiles au centre hospitalier universitaire Mohammed VI d’Oujda (Maroc)." Journal de Pédiatrie et de Puériculture 32, no. 6 (November 2019): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpp.2019.07.001.

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Hama Garba, Rahila, Moussa Idrissa, Hassimi Sadou, Bakasso Sahabi, Abdoulahi Mahamane Idi Issa, Nadia Amadou Arouna, and Mahamane Nouhou Bazanfare. "Plantes médicinales et soins du couple mère-enfant au Niger : formulation du Djitti pour nourrisson et des recettes galactogènes pour mères allaitantes." Psy Cause N° 84, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psca.084.0023.

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L’art de guérir par les plantes est connu et pratiqué en Afrique depuis bien longtemps. En Afrique de l’Ouest, comme dans le reste du continent plus de 80 % de la population à recours à la médecine traditionnelle pour ses soins de santé primaires. Le manque de médicaments essentiels, l’insuffisance des soins de santé, le cout élevé des médicaments et les habitudes socio-culturelles des populations expliquent le recours aux pratiques traditionnelles à base des plantes médicinales. La santé de ces communautés est fortement liée à la conservation et à la pérennité des plantes médicinales. Toute menace de disparition de variété végétal diminue les espoirs d’une élévation du niveau de la santé. Ainsi la médecine traditionnelle constitue pour l’Afrique en général et pour le Niger en particulier un patrimoine culturel et économique d’une importance incontestable. Au Niger, en milieu rural les mères ont toujours recours aux plantes pour se soigner et soigner leurs enfants. Les problèmes de santé infantile sont élevés, du coup pour fortifier la santé des nourrissons, les mères allaitantes font recours à un certains nombres de préparations de remède traditionnel communément appelé Djitti en langue Zarma qui se confectionne en cocktail d’un certains nombres de parties de quelques plantes médicinales reconnues comme efficace pour contrer les affections infantiles les plus courantes telles que : diarrhée, vomissements, fièvres et infections respiratoires aigües. La présente étude est centrée sur une synthèse des connaissances et motivations réelles des mères allaitantes à utiliser le Djitti afin de fortifier les jeunes enfants et à user des plantes médicinales à pouvoir galactogènes pour stimuler la lactation au Niger et en milieu rural. Une enquête a été effectuée dans la partie Ouest du pays, plus précisément dans la région de Dosso (commune rurale de Harikanassou). La technique utilisé été un entretien semi-directif à partir d’un questionnaire élaboré.

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Tanabe, Masanobu, Mitsu Okazaki, Masaichi Okazaki, Seiki Kobayashi, Nobuaki Kaneko, Tsuneari Sekiguchi, Seiki Tateno, Severa R. N. Motta, and Tsutomu Takeuchi. "Serological studies on shistosomiasis mansoni in the Northeast Brasil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 32, no. 2 (April 1990): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651990000200010.

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Sera from the patients (N = 10) with schistosomiasis mansoni of the hospital of Federal University of Pernambuco, the Schistosoma mansoni egg-positive (N = 51) and -negative (N = 452) inhabitants in Cabo City area, out-patients (N = 37) of the IMIP hospital and Japanese immigrants (N = 127) in Petrolina City area of northeast Brazil as well as Japanese healthy subjects (N = 30) were examined by serological tests including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antigens prepared from eggs (ELISA-egg) and adult worms (ELISA-adult). The ELISA with egg or adult antigen correctly identified 100% of the uninfected individuals lived in non-endemic area of schistosomiasis. Moreover, when examined cross-reactivity of our ELISA with sera isolated from 78 subjects infected with various intestinal parasitic infections, only one of these sera reacted with the egg and adult antigens. On the examination of 51 sera from the egg-positive subjects, the ELISA-egg revealed the highest sensitivity (98.0%), whereas a large number of false negative reactions of ELISA-adult, Ouchterlony method using adult antigen, circumoval precipitation and immediate intradermal skin test were observed. A low sensitivity of these serologic tests except for ELISA-egg appears to be primarily due to their inability to detect antibody in the sera from egg-positive infantiles. There was no positive correlation between the absorbance values of these two types of ELISA among the sera isolated from ELISA-positive subjects. Rather, by the reactivity of these sera to egg or adult antigen, they could be divided into two subgroups; one reacted more positively with egg antigen and the other with adult antigen. Moreover, it was confirmed that the sera from young subjects (under 20 years old) appear to be highly reactive to the egg antigen than did aged ones. These data suggest that the ELISA with egg antigen, but not with the adult antigen, appears to be useful for the serological survey of schistosomiasis mansoni in the endemic area of northeast Brazil.

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Sueoka, B. L., J. F. Johnson, R. Enzenauer, and J. S. Kolina. "Infantile infectious sacroiliitis." Pediatric Radiology 15, no. 6 (September 1985): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02388361.

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7

Riikonen, R. "Infantile Spasms: Infectious Disorders." Neuropediatrics 24, no. 05 (October 1993): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1071556.

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8

Domínguez Brito, Lorena Daniela, and Vanessa Paulina Vargas Olalla. "LACTANCIA MATERNA EN ÉPOCAS DE COVID-19." Más Vita 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 130–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47606/acven/mv0092.

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Introducción: La lactancia materna provee del aporte nutricional perfecto por su composición única en la naturaleza como alimento adecuado para el lactante. Recientes estudios avalan que su consumo es sano y seguro en estados de crisis y emergencia mundial, y es recomendada por diversos organismos internacionales en materia de salud como estrategia alimentaria para reducir la mortalidad infantil en especial ante la situación de pandemia impuesta por el COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de lactancia materna en épocas del covid-19. Materiales y Métodos: Consiste en un estudio del tipo descriptivo con recopilación de información de manera sistematizada, con atención a lo relevante y actualizado en la web y publicaciones e investigaciones disponibles en línea. Resultados: La lactancia materna como proceso fisiológico puede salvar vidas infantiles y mejorar la salud, el desarrollo social y económico de individuos, y de las naciones donde habitan en especial en situaciones de emergencia como la impuesta por la pandemia del COVID-19, donde se genera una necesidad de promoverla como estrategia de alcance en materia de salud pública, prevenir infecciones y fortalecer el sistema inmunitario de los individuos infantes a nivel general. Conclusiones: Las precauciones estimadas para una lactancia materna segura constituyen uso de mascarillas y buenas prácticas de higiene antes, durante y posterior al amamantamiento. No se ha detectado la transmisión del COVID-19 a través de la leche materna o la lactancia, por lo que se recomienda su práctica bajo las medidas de bioseguridad correspondientes. SUMMARY Introduction: Breastfeeding provides the perfect nutritional contribution due to its unique composition in nature as the perfect food for infants. recent studies support that its consumption is healthy and safe in states of crisis and emergency worldwide, and is recommended by various international health organizations as a food strategy to reduce infant mortality, especially in the face of the pandemic imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To describe the breastfeeding process maternal in times of covid-19. Materials and Methods: It consists of a study of the type descriptive with information gathering in a systematic way, paying attention to what relevant and up-to-date on the web and publications and research available online. Results: Breastfeeding as a physiological process can save infant lives and improve the health, social and economic development of individuals and nations where They live especially in emergency situations such as the one imposed by the pandemic of the COVID-19, where there is a need to promote it as an outreach strategy in public health, prevent infections and strengthen the immune system of infant individuals at a general level. Conclusions: The estimated precautions for a safe breastfeeding constitute the use of masks and good hygiene practices before, during and after breastfeeding. No transmission detected COVID-19 through breast milk or breastfeeding, so its practice is recommended under the corresponding biosecurity measures.

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Kladova, Olga, Andrey Anzhel, and Yulia Kompaniets. "FORMATION OF DEEP INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF CONGENITAL HERPES VIRUS INFECTION." Globus: human sciences 8, no. 4(69) (October 4, 2022): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-5197-69-4-4.

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The aim is to describe the main forms and etiology of deep infantile hemangioma. On a clinical example, to show the erroneous diagnosis of sialadenitis in a child with deep infantile hemangioma against the background of congenital herpesvirus infection, hospitalized in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Moscow City Clinical Hospital. In 75% of cases of observation in children, tumors of the outer integument are represented by hemangiomas. Sialoadenitis develops against the background of acute (bacterial, viral) infections. Primary care specialists — pediatricians, pediatric surgeons and dentists in the presence of a mother’s history of placental insufficiency, hypoxic state of the fetus, the threat of termination of pregnancy and the use of hormonal and vascular drugs, the presence of a persistent infection, must include the child in the risk group for developing a vascular tumor.

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SAKAMI, Kikuo, Ikuko TAKAHASHI, Maya OGASAWARA, and Kazuo KOMATSU. "Annual Epidemics of Infantile RSV Infections." JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL MEDICINE 46, no. 5 (1998): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2185/jjrm.46.805.

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Na, So Young. "Cytomegalovirus Infection in Infantile Hepatitis." Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition 15, no. 2 (2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5223/kjpgn.2012.15.2.91.

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Na, So Young. "Cytomegalovirus Infection in Infantile Hepatitis." Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition 15, no. 2 (2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2012.15.2.91.

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13

Riikonen, Raili. "Cytomegalovirus Infection and Infantile Spasms." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 20, no. 5 (November 12, 2008): 570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15275.x.

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Marchetti, Federico, Benito P. E. Izzo, Vanna Graziani, giuliana Turlà, Lorenzo Mambelli, and Maria Scaioli. "Una “vistosa” vasculite con edema, che riguarda gli arti e il viso e risparmia il tronco." Medico e Bambino 42, no. 5 (May 27, 2023): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/meb42301.

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Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (AHEI) is a small vessel vasculitis that affects boys between 4 months and 2 years. It presents with a characteristic purpuric skin rash but with marked bruising and “typical” localizations in auricles and is often accompanied by oedema of face and extremities. It is typically post-infectious, especially after infections of the upper respiratory tract and rarely can be associated with gastrointestinal, renal, articular or testicular complications. The paper reports the case of a 2-year-and-5-month-old boy who, 5 days after the resolution of a febrile infection of the upper airways (with subsequent detection of positive IgM and IgG serology for SARS-Cov-2), presented with a rash with ecchymotic/purpuric lesions in his lower limbs, face and auricles associated with intense arthralgia, arthritis of a knee and deterioration of general conditions. The diagnosis of acute infantile haemorrhagic oedema was clear but the clinical presentation required an “important” therapeutic approach with intravenous steroids and an infusion of immunoglobulins.

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Medalla, Felicita, Daniel C. Payne, Preethi Sundararaman, Meseret Birhane, Andrew Classon, Hayat Caidi, Jason Folster, Cindy R. Friedman, and Louise Francois Watkins. "132. Emergence and Spread of Multidrug-resistant salmonella Serotype Infantis Infections in the United States, 2003–2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.442.

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Abstract Background Infantis re-emerged as a leading Salmonella serotype when a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain with a rare extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) blaCTX-M-65 gene emerged among returned travelers from Peru in 2012 and then spread domestically. This strain has been isolated from chickens at slaughter and retail, and humans in outbreaks traced to chicken. We reviewed national surveillance data to determine incidence trends and antibiotic resistance among Infantis infections. Methods We reviewed data from 2003–2018 from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network to determine the incidence and epidemiology of infections in 10 sites under surveillance; PulseNet to determine pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns; and National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results and resistance genes of isolates identified by whole genome sequencing (WGS). We defined MDR Infantis as having ceftriaxone resistance by AST and either the blaCTX-M-65 gene or one of 18 PFGE patterns linked to that gene by WGS. Results The 2,154 patients with Infantis infection had a median age of 36 years and 57% were female; 86% had isolates from stool, 9% from urine, and 3% from blood. Only 10% reported foreign travel and 27% were hospitalized. The incidence of infections began increasing in 2010 and by 2017–2018 was 2-fold higher than the average during 2003–2009. During 2003–2018, 856 (88%) of 970 NARMS isolates had PFGE or WGS data; 48 isolates were MDR Infantis, and in addition to ceftriaxone and ampicillin resistance (by definition), all 48 were resistant to 3 or more antibiotic classes, 94% had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, and 67% were resistant to cotrimoxazole. During 2012–2016, 2% of isolates were MDR Infantis; this increased to 17% during 2017–2018 (Figure). Conclusion During the past decade, the incidence of Infantis infections markedly increased. This was likely driven by the emergence of an ESBL-producing strain that was initially associated with travel, and is now mostly domestically acquired and associated with consuming chicken. MDR Infantis now accounts for 1 in 5 Infantis infections. Public health strategies to reduce Salmonella contamination of chicken could help prevent these infections. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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I. H. Al-yassari, A. M. Al-khafagi, S. A. Almashta and. "Study the Non-Specific Immune Response and Prevalence of Rotavirus Causing Diarrhea in Infants." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2011): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol10iss2art160.

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In this study we used Rapid chromatography immunoassay for the qualitative detection of rotavirus in human feces specimens .this study included (50) blood and feces specimens (16)was acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection and (22) acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and(12)as a control group . distribution of acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection, acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and control group according to the sex was (56.25% , 54.55% , 50%) in male respectively but it was ( 43.75% , 45.45% , 50% ) in female respectively. The statistical analysis was significant P<0.05 in acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection in comparing with control group .the distribution of acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection, acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and control group according to the type of feeding in breast feeding was ( 37.5%, 40.91%,50%) respectively but it was ( 62.5%, 59.09%, 50 % ) in mixed feeding respectively. The statistical analysis was high significant P<0.05 in mixed feeding in comparing with breast feeding . also this study included study the level of non–specific immune response by using differential leukocytes counts [DLC] The statistical analysis of percentage of neutrophils ,lymphocytes and monocytes was lower significant P<0.05 in acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection and acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection in comparing with control group .

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Riikonen, Raili S. "Infectious disorders associated with infantile spasms." Pediatric Neurology 8, no. 5 (September 1992): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-8994(92)90092-d.

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Hara, Shinya, Jun-ichi Kawada, Yoshihiko Kawano, Teruo Yamashita, Hiroko Minagawa, Naoya Okumura, and Yoshinori Ito. "Hyperferritinemia in neonatal and infantile human parechovirus-3 infection in comparison with other infectious diseases." Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 20, no. 1 (January 2014): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2013.11.002.

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Aviv, Gili, Antje Cornelius, Maya Davidovich, Helit Cohen, Abdulhadi Suwandi, Alibek Galeev, Natalie Steck, et al. "Differences in the expression of SPI-1 genes pathogenicity and epidemiology between the emerging Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and the model Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 6 (May 7, 2019): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz235.

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AbstractBackgroundSalmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the ubiquitous serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica and recently has been emerging in many countries worldwide. Nonetheless, not much is known about its epidemiology, host adaptation, and virulence.MethodsEpidemiological and molecular approaches were used together with tissue-culture and mouse models to conduct phenotypic comparison with the model S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.ResultsWe show that S. Infantis is more frequently associated with infections in infants <2 years old and prone to cause significantly less invasive infections than serovar Typhimurium. Moreover, although S. Infantis adheres better to host cells and highly colonizes mouse intestines soon after infection, it is significantly less invasive and induces much lower inflammation and disease in vivo than S. Typhimurium. These differences were associated with lower expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 genes in S. Infantis than in S. Typhimurium.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate previously unknown differences in the epidemiology, virulence pathway expression, and pathogenicity between two highly abundant Salmonella serovars and suggest that native variation in the expression of the SPI-1 regulon is likely to contribute to epidemiological and virulence variation between genetically similar nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars.

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LORGELLY, P. K., D. JOSHI, M. ITURRIZA GÓMARA, C. FLOOD, C. A. HUGHES, J. DALRYMPLE, J. GRAY, and M. MUGFORD. "Infantile gastroenteritis in the community:a cost-of-illness study." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 1 (March 5, 2007): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008163.

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SUMMARYRotavirus infections are the main cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children and it is expected that by the age of 5 years, nearly every child will have experienced at least one episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis. While severe cases are hospitalized, milder disease is either treated at home or by the GP, and as such the true prevalence of rotavirus infection in the community, and the burden of disease, is unknown. This paper reports the results of a cost-of-illness study which was conducted alongside a structured community surveillance study. Forty-eight percent of our sample was found to have rotavirus acute gastroenteritis; and the average total cost of a child presenting with rotavirus gastroenteritis ranged between £59 and £143 per episode, depending on the perspective. Given the prevalence and severity of the disease, the estimated burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis to society is £11.5 million per year.

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Donelli, G., F. M. Ruggeri, A. Tinari, M. L. Marziano, D. Menichella, D. Caione, C. Concato, G. Rocchi, and S. Vella. "A three-year diagnostic and epidemiological study on viral infantile diarrhoea in Rome." Epidemiology and Infection 100, no. 2 (April 1988): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067443.

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SUMMARYRotavirus infection was demonstrated in 168 (29·3%) of 573 children hospitalized for acute diarrhoea in Rome between January 1982 and December 1984. Laboratory diagnosis of these infections was made by transmission electron microscopy and enzyme immunoassay techniques with an overall agreement of 91·3%. Astroviruses, adenoviruses and small round viruses were detected in the faeces of 36 patients (6·4%). Whereas in 1982 rotavirus positive patients were clustered in the winter and following spring, in the following years cases were recorded all year round. The median age of patients with rotavirus infections was 17, 10 and 11·5 months in 1982, 1983 and 1984, respectively. In addition, a smaller number of rotavirus positive cases were admitted in 1983 when compared to those admitted during the previous as well as the subsequent years. It is suggested that a herd immunity was induced in the population by epidemic spread of rotavirus in the first half of 1982.

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Ratu Alicia, Dea Nabila. "PROBIOTICS FOR INFANTILE COLIC : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science (ISSN: 2208-2425) 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v9i5.1684.

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Colic in infants is a self-limiting ailment; nonetheless, it can be unpleasant for parents and tough for doctors to treat. Approximately 20% of infants suffer from infantile colic, which typically reaches its peak between 5 and 6 weeks of age. The challenge for the medical staff is in making an accurate diagnosis and coming up with a treatment plan for the ailment. In order to give doctors with a full grasp of the problem, current advancements, and future possibilities, the purpose of this review article is to outline the pathophysiology of infantile colic, as well as the treatment choices and prognosis for the condition. There are a few potential treatments for infantile colic, the most prominent of which is the use of probiotics, specifically lactobacillus. The most compelling evidence in support of probiotics comes from the prevention or treatment of these five conditions: necrotizing enterocolitis, acute infectious diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infections, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and newborn colic. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion, improvement of mucosal barrier function, manipulation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, release of bioactive metabolites, and control of the enteric and central nervous systems are some of the mechanisms of action that probiotics exhibit.

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Minero, Miguel A., Asia Castro, and Martha Avilés-Robles. "#31: Risk Factors Associated with Mortality due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Pediatric Oncology Patients with Febrile Neutropenia." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa170.048.

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Abstract Background Infectious processes are frequent complications presented in pediatric patients with cancer. Currently, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics induces resistance to available treatments, creating the emergence of multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Due to the impact in morbidity and mortality secondary to MDRO infection, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with mortality in infections due to MDROs in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods Case–control study nested in a prospective cohort of pediatric oncology patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) at Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) in Mexico City from March 2015 to September 2017. MDRO was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Patients with FN episodes who died from an infection due to MDROs were defined as cases and patients with FN episodes of an infection due to MDROs who did not die were defined as controls. Mucositis, septic shock, PICU stay, and bacterial prophylaxis (Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole) were compared between groups. Descriptive statistics was performed and Pearson χ 2 or Student’s t-test were used to compare risk factors between groups. Results A total of 929 FN episodes were documented, 44.4% episodes occurred in male patients, mean age was 7.9 years, with the population under 5 years being the most represented (68.2%). The most frequent diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 75% followed by rhabdomyosarcoma in 10.5% and acute myeloid leukemia in 9.6%. Prophylaxis (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was used in 86%, mucositis was present in 9.2% of episodes. 12.1% had septic shock and 4.7% were admitted to PICU. In 148 FN episodes (15.9%) a microorganism was identified, of these 50 (33.7%) were due to an MDROs. Urinary tract infection was the most frequent site (49%), followed by bloodstream infections (47%). K. pneumoniae was the most frequent MDRO in 22.8%, followed by E. coli in 19.2% and P. aeruginosa in 14%. Septic shock was presented in 26% of MDROs infections. Overall mortality was 1.94% and only 0.86% (8) were secondary to MDROs. Of patients with MDRO isolated mortality was 30% (15/50). Mortality associated with bloodstream infection due to MDROs was 25% compared with other source of MDROs infections (3%) (P = 0.01). Septic shock was present in 40% of patients with death due to MDROs infection (P = 0.001). Conclusions In our population of children with FN episodes who had an isolated microorganism, infection due to MDROs are high (33.7%) and MDROs infection-directed mortality was as high as 30%. Bloodstream infections and septic shock were risk factors associated with mortality due to MDROs.

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MOROHOSHI, Teruaki, Shunzo CHIBA, Kei NUMAZAKI, Tatsuru YAMANAKA, Tooru NAKAO, and Koki AOKI. "Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Infancy and Maternal and Infantile Infection." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 60, no. 2 (1986): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.60.99.

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Koci, Matthew D., Lindsey A. Moser, Laura A. Kelley, Diane Larsen, Corrie C. Brown, and Stacey Schultz-Cherry. "Astrovirus Induces Diarrhea in the Absence of Inflammation and Cell Death." Journal of Virology 77, no. 21 (November 1, 2003): 11798–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.21.11798-11808.2003.

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ABSTRACT Astroviruses are a leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the mechanisms of astrovirus-induced diarrhea. One reason for this is the lack of a small-animal model. Recently, we isolated a novel strain of astrovirus (TAstV-2) from turkeys with the emerging infectious disease poult enteritis mortality syndrome. In the present studies, we demonstrate that TAstV-2 causes growth depression, decreased thymus size, and enteric infection in infected turkeys. Infectious TAstV-2 can be recovered from multiple tissues, including the blood, suggesting that there is a viremic stage during infection. In spite of the severe diarrhea, histopathologic changes in the intestine were mild and there was a surprising lack of inflammation. This may be due to the increased activation of the potent immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta during astrovirus infection. These studies suggest that the turkey will be a useful small-animal model with which to study astrovirus pathogenesis and immunity.

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Harris, J. Peter, Frank Cecchin, and James C. Perry. "Infantile Chaotic Atrial Tachycardia: Association with Viral Infections." Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474x.2000.tb00399.x.

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Sherwood, W., M. Choudhry, and K. Lakhoo. "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: an infectious cause?" Pediatric Surgery International 23, no. 1 (October 10, 2006): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-006-1813-6.

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Moreno Muñoz, José Antonio, Empar Chenoll, Beatriz Casinos, Esther Bataller, Daniel Ramón, Salvador Genovés, Rebeca Montava, et al. "Novel Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 Strain Active against Rotavirus Infections." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 24 (October 14, 2011): 8775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05548-11.

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ABSTRACTRotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children worldwide. It is well known that breast-feeding and vaccination afford infants protection. Since breast-feeding has drastically decreased in developed countries, efforts have been focused on the potential use of probiotics as preventive agents. In this study, a novelBifidobacterium longumsubsp.infantisstrain was isolated from infant feces and selected, based on its capacity to inhibitin vitrorotavirus Wa replication (up to 36.05% infectious foci reduction) and also to protect cells from virus infection (up to 48.50% infectious foci reduction) in both MA-104 and HT-29 cell lines. Furthermore, studies using a BALB/c mouse model have proved that this strain provides preliminaryin vivoprotection against rotavirus infection. The strain has been deposited in the Spanish Type Culture Collection under the accession number CECT 7210. This novel strain has the main properties required of a probiotic, such as resistance to gastrointestinal juices, biliary salts, NaCl, and low pH, as well as adhesion to intestinal mucus and sensitivity to antibiotics. The food safety status has been confirmed by the absence of undesirable metabolite production and in acute ingestion studies of mice. Overall, these results demonstrate thatBifidobacterium longumsubsp.infantisCECT 7210 can be considered a probiotic able to inhibit rotavirus infection.

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Di Lernia, Vito, Mara Lombardi, and Giovanni Lo Scocco. "Infantile Acute Hemorrhagic Edema and Rotavirus Infection." Pediatric Dermatology 21, no. 5 (September 2004): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21504.x.

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., Quratulain, Bakhtiar Ahmed Bhanbhro, Asif Ali Khuhro, Sonia Saleem, Bismah Memon, and Amanullah Lail. "Correlation between Infantile Vitamin D Insufficiency and the Incidence of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 6 (May 30, 2023): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023176298.

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Background: The deficiency of Vitamin D is a common nutritional problem that is often overlooked. However, increasing evidence shows that vitamin D has a vital role in building immunity and protecting against respiratory tract infections. The researchers found that people with lower serum vitamin D levels had a higher chance of experiencing severe respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that a deficiency of vitamin D may be a risk factor for severe respiratory tract infections. Objectives: This study investigated the correlation between vitamin D concentration and the severity of acute respiratory tract infections in infants. Study design: An analytical cross-sectional study Place and Duration This study was conducted in unit 1 Civil Hospital Karachi from April 2022 to April 2023. Methodology: The study examines the link between serum vitamin D concentration and severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children aged one month to one year. The study included two groups: a case group of children with severe ALRTI and a control group of children without the infection. The primary outcome measure involved assessing the serum concentration of vitamin D in the two study groups. Results: The median age of the case group was 5 months, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.75 months. The median age of the control group was 4 months, with an IQR of 4 months. The baseline demographic and anthropometric characteristics exhibited no significant differences between the two groups. Nevertheless, it was observed that the median vitamin D levels in the case group were significantly lower compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate that vitamin D deficiency represents a significant risk factor for childhood pneumonia, particularly in the context of severe Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRTI). We found that a significant number of infants with ALRTI had a severe deficiency in vitamin D. Notably, the deficiency was seen more in infants who were exclusively breastfed. These findings suggest that increasing vitamin D quantity in diets can help to reduce the chance of severe ALRTI. Keywords: Respiratory Tract Infections, Infants, Vitamin D

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Corrales-Martinez, Joselyn, David Ortega-Paredes, Miroslava Anna Šefcová, César Marcelo Larrea-Álvarez, Sofía de Janon, José Medina-Santana, Gabriel Molina-Cuasapaz, et al. "A PMAxxTM qPCR Assay Reveals That Dietary Administration of the Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii Does Not Affect Salmonella Infantis Caecal Content in Early-Treated Broiler Chickens." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090487.

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Salmonella enterica serovars cause infections in humans. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is considered relevant and is commonly reported in poultry products. Evaluating innovative approaches for resisting colonization in animals could contribute to the goal of reducing potential human infections. Microalgae represent a source of molecules associated with performance and health improvement in chickens. Tetraselmis chuii synthesizes fermentable polysaccharides as part of their cell wall content; these sugars are known for influencing caecal bacterial diversity. We hypothesized if its dietary administration could exert a positive effect on caecal microbiota in favor of a reduced S. Infantis load. A total of 72 one-day-old broiler chickens (COBB 500) were randomly allocated into three groups: a control, a group infected with bacteria (day 4), and a group challenged with S. Infantis but fed a microalgae-based diet. Caecal samples (n = 8) were collected two days post-infection. A PMAxxTM-based qPCR approach was developed to assess differences regarding bacterial viable load between groups. The inclusion of the microalga did not modify S. Infantis content, although the assay proved to be efficient, sensitive, and repeatable. The utilized scheme could serve as a foundation for developing novel PCR-based methodologies for estimating Salmonella colonization.

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LINDQVIST, N., S. HEINIKAINEN, A. M. TOIVONEN, and S. PELKONEN. "Discrimination between endemic and feedborne Salmonella Infantis infection in cattle by molecular typing." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 3 (June 1999): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026889900237x.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is endemic in Finnish cattle. Feed contaminated with S. Infantis was distributed to cattle farms in May 1995. Following increased sampling, S. Infantis was detected on 242 farms in 1995. Molecular typing was used to differentiate the farms that were infected by the feed-related Infantis from those infected by other endemic strains. Twenty-three isolates from feed in 1995 and 413 from cattle (72 from 1992–4, 324 from 1995, 17 from 1996–7) were analysed. The feed-related Infantis was clonally related to the endemic infection by the ribotype, IS200-type and XbaI-profile. The feed isolates had a distinctive plasmid that appeared in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a 60 kb band when cleaved with XbaI or linearized by S1-nuclease. This plasmid appeared in cattle only since the outbreak and seemed stable on the follow-up farms. In addition to contact farms, the feedborne strain was found on 19% of the farms infected with S. Infantis in 1995 but not having bought suspected feedstuffs, possibly as secondary infections.

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Kanduc, Darja. "Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and Infantile Diseases." Global Medical Genetics 10, no. 02 (May 2, 2023): 072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1768699.

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Abstract Background and Aim Immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in newborns and children after prophylactic immunization is currently a relevant research topic. The present study analyzes the issue by examining the possibility that the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses are not uniquely directed against the virus but can—via molecular mimicry and the consequent cross-reactivity—also hit human proteins involved in infantile diseases. Methods Human proteins that—if altered—associate with infantile disorders were searched for minimal immune pentapeptide determinants shared with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp). Then, the shared pentapeptides were analyzed for immunologic potential and immunologic imprinting phenomena. Results Comparative sequence analysis shows that: (1) numerous pentapeptides (namely, 54) are common to SARS-CoV-2 spike gp and human proteins that, when altered, are linked to infantile diseases; (2) all the shared peptides have an immunologic potential since they are present in experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes; and (3) many of the shared peptides are also hosted in infectious pathogens to which children can have already been exposed, thus making immunologic imprint phenomena feasible. Conclusion Molecular mimicry and the consequent cross-reactivity can represent the mechanism that connects exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and various pediatric diseases, with a fundamental role of the immunologic memory and the history of the child's infections in determining and specifying the immune response and the pathologic autoimmune sequela.

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Takeda, Hikaru, Yoshihiko Mitsuhashi, Toshiyuki Ishizawa, and Shigeo Kondo. "Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis infantilis." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 10, no. 2 (March 1998): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.1998.tb00717.x.

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Zibaei, Mohammad, Farzaneh Firoozeh, and Alireza Azargoon. "Infantile Amoebiasis: A Case Report." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/614398.

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Amoebiasis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries.Entamoeba histolyticainfections are commonly observed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world including Iran. In developed countriesEntamoeba histolyticainfections are commonly seen in travelers, recent immigrants, homosexual men, and inmates of institutions. The disease is more severe in the two extremes of life. This paper paper describes a four-month-old male infant withEntamoeba histolyticapresenting initially with refusal of feeds, hyperactive bowel sound, vomiting, and diarrhea. A fecal sample was positive forEntamoeba histolyticaby Lugol's iodine solution and the concentration technique. He was successfully treated with metronidazole for 5 days. This case illustrates thatEntamoebaspecies could be pathogenic in young infant; therefore, awareness of the infection, aggressive approach to diagnosis, and early initiation of treatment continue to be critical component of infection control.

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Dejter, Stephen W., Douglas F. Eggli, and M. David Gibbons. "Transient Ureteral Dilatation Associated with Infantile Infectious Sacroiliitis." Journal of Urology 141, no. 5 (May 1989): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41198-0.

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Mendiratta, Vibhu, and Masarat Jabeen. "Infantile hemangioma: An update." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 76, no. 5 (2010): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.69048.

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Cho, Wonhee, Young Min Jo, Yun Kyo Oh, Ji Woo Rim, Won Uk Lee, Kyongeun Choi, Jeong Hee Ko, Yeon Jin Jeon, and Yumi Choi. "A Case of Infantile Fungal Urinary Tract Infection." Childhood Kidney Diseases 23, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3339/jkspn.2019.23.2.121.

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Zhou, R., J. L. Xu, D. Wu, and J. L. Tang. "Analysis of prognostic factors for infantile rotavirus infection." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 1 (2015): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.february.2.3.

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Huberman, Yosef Daniel, Melanie Caballero-García, Rober Rojas, Silvia Ascanio, Leandro Hipólito Olmos, Rosana Malena, Jorgelina Lomónaco, et al. "The Efficacy of a Trivalent Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Combined with the Live S. Gallinarum 9R Vaccine in Young Layers after Experimental Infections with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis." Vaccines 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071113.

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Worldwide, poultry infections by Salmonella are the cause of significant economic losses, not only due to reduced production (due to fowl typhoid disease), but also considering the efforts and control measures that must be constantly applied, especially due to zoonotic serovars. Poultry is a common reservoir of Salmonella and its transmission into the food chain is a risk for humans. The vaccination of layers plays an important role in the overall efforts to prevent Salmonella infections. An inactivated trivalent vaccine was prepared with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis strains. Infection trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccination schedules using inactivated and live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccines. For this purpose, at week 5 of life, one subcutaneous dose of live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine (1–5 × 107 CFU) was given to Groups 1 and 2. At weeks 8 and 11 of life, chickens were also vaccinated with one (Group 1) or two (Groups 2 and 3) intramuscular doses of the inactivated oil-adjuvant trivalent vaccine (1 × 108 CFU/dose of each antigen). Group 4 consisted of chickens that remained unvaccinated (control). At week 14 of life, the efficacy of the vaccination plans was evaluated in three separate inoculation trials with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, or S. Infantis. After vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, homologous antibody production was observed, and after challenge, a significant reduction in the faecal shedding, invasion, and colonization of S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis was achieved by all vaccination schedules, while the vaccination with at least one dose of the live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine was necessary to obtain such a significant protection against S. Enteritidis infection.

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Šefcová, Miroslava Anna, David Ortega-Paredes, César Marcelo Larrea-Álvarez, Iván Mina, Victoria Guapás, David Ayala-Velasteguí, Paula Leoro-Garzón, et al. "Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Administration on Intestinal Morphometry and Antibody Serum Levels in Salmonella-Infantis-Challenged Chickens." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020256.

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There are no studies reporting the effects of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) on intestinal architecture and immunoglobulin serum levels in chickens. Here, we measured these parameters and hypothesized whether probiotic administration could modulate the observed outcomes. Two-hundred 1-day-old COBB 500 male chicks were allocated into four groups: (I) the control, (II) the group treated with L. fermentum, (III) the group exposed to S. Infantis, and (IV) the group inoculated with both bacteria. At 11 days post infection, blood was gathered from animals which were then euthanized, and samples from the small intestine were collected. Intestinal conditions, as well as IgA and IgM serum levels, were assessed. S. Infantis reduced villus-height-to-crypt-depth (VH:CD) ratios in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal sections compared to control conditions, although no differences were found regarding the number of goblet cells, muc-2 expression, and immunoglobulin concentration. L. fermentum improved intestinal measurements compared to the control; this effect was also evidenced in birds infected with S. Infantis. IgM serum levels augmented in response to the probiotic in infected animals. Certainly, the application of L. fermentum elicited positive outcomes in S. Infantis-challenged chickens and thus must be considered for developing novel treatments designed to reduce unwanted infections.

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Besbes, A., H. Pousse, M. Ben Said, H. Kharrat, and L. Ghenimi. "Leishmanioses viscérales infantiles du centre tunisien (221 cas)." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 24, no. 5 (May 1994): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80704-8.

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Kugushev, A. Yu, A. V. Lopatin, S. A. Yasonov, and D. V. Rogozhin. "Infantile cranial fasciitis." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2019-18-4-66-78.

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Cranial fasciitis (CF) is a rare benign lesion of the skull. Due to the rarity of this disease, prospective studies of it have not been conducted. The first description dedicated of the case of CF was in 1980. Later were descriptions of only clinical cases of observation and treatment of children with this pathology. For these reasons, questions regarding true incidence, genetic risk factors, prognosis and long-term still unanswered. Clinically, CF is represented by a dense, painless, growing mass on the scalp. Given the rarity of the occurrence of CF in differential diagnosis, it is usually not considered. In addition, there are no pathognomonic clinical signs and symptoms, and changes on MRI are often non-specific. Treatment involves removal of the tumor mass, after which a histopathological examination confirms the diagnosis of CF. As a rule, a good result is observed with complete resection, however, in this case it has to necessary to perform auto-bone grafting of the skull bone defect. CF is a rare and underexplored fibroproliferative disease. Because of its locally invasive nature and nonspecific manifestations of CF, it is often difficult to distinguish from malignant neoplasms and infections. Complete surgical removal is the best choice to make diagnosis and successful treatment. Parents gave their consent to use information about the child in the article.

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Wolf, Steven M., and Karen Ballaban-Gil. "Infantile Spasms: Current Therapy and Progress." Pediatrics In Review 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.10.356.

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Infantile spasms represent an age-dependent epileptic syndrome that usually begins between 4 and 6 months of life; onset is before the age of 12 months in about 90% of cases. The spasms are characterized by symmetric, bilateral, brief, and sudden contractions of the flexor or extensor muscle groups. The seizures may be resistant to treatment, and the syndrome frequently is associated with mental retardation. In 14% to 38% of cases, infantile spasms are "cryptogenic," without identifiable underlying cause. However, the majority of patients have so-called "symptomatic" infantile spasms, with some identifiable pre-, peri-, or postnatal factor that underlies the syndrome: hypoxemiaischemia, intrauterine infection, a cerebral malformation or degenerative disorder, tuberous sclerosis, a genetic abnormality, an inborn error of metabolism, an intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic delivery, head injury, or a central nervous system infection.

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Pinto, Gabriela Pires Corrêa, Amanda de Souza Lemos, Camilla Mattia Calixto, Larissa Bail, Carmen Antonia Sanches Ito, and Elisangela Gueiber Montes. "Analysis of healthcare-related postpartum infections in the Campos Gerais region: cesarean versus vaginal delivery." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 17 (December 28, 2022): e280111739167. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i17.39167.

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Postpartum infections are a significant cause of prolonged hospitalization and maternal morbidity and mortality, with cesarean delivery being one of the main risk factors. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study, in which the medical records of patients affected with postpartum infection in the years 2019 to 2021 at the Hospital Universitário Regional Wallace Thadeu de Mello e Silva / Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil in Ponta Grossa were evaluated. During this period, 9097 obstetric procedures were performed, and 58 cases of obstetric infections were recorded, resulting in a rate of 0.63%, going from a rate of 1.5% (45 notifications) in 2019 to 0.27% (8) in 2020 and 0.15% (5) in 2021. The rate of healthcare-associated infections in cesarean sections was 1.78%, and showed a decrease, being 5.26% in 2019 and falling to 0.63% in 2020 and 0.27% in 2021, while the rate in vaginal delivery remained similar in the three years studied (0.11% in 2019 and 0.12% in 2020 and 2021). Among these, 79.31% were wound infections, while 12.06% were endometritis infections. It is concluded that performing cesarean sections predisposes to a higher risk of postpartum infection, especially if performed after the onset of labor. Moreover, there was a progressive increase in the cesarean rate over the years studied, reaching 40.85% in 2021, considerably higher than that recommended by the World Health Organization.

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Burns, Julianne E., Dominga Reyes Pérez, Yimei Li, Wendy Gómez García, F. Jay Garcia, Johanna Penélope Gil Jiménez, Jacqueline Sánchez, et al. "Assessment of the impact of inpatient infectious events in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children’s Hospital, Dominican Republic." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): e0243795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243795.

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Survival rates for pediatric acute leukemia vary dramatically worldwide. Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the impact is amplified in low and middle-income countries. Defining the epidemiology of infection in a specific health care setting is paramount to developing effective interventions. This study aimed to define the epidemiology of and outcomes from infection in children with acute leukemia treated in a large public pediatric hospital in the Dominican Republic. A retrospective cohort was assembled of children newly diagnosed with acute leukemia between July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2017 at Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral in Santo Domingo. Patients were identified from the Pediatric Oncology Network Database (PONDTM) and hospital admissions from the Oncology admissions logbook. Medical records and microbiology results were reviewed to identify all inpatient invasive infections. Distance from a child’s home to the hospital was determined using ArcGIS by Esri. Infection rates were described in discrete time periods after diagnosis and risk factors for invasive infection were explored using negative binomial regression. Overall, invasive infections were common and a prominent source of death in this cohort. Rates were highest in the first 60 days after diagnosis. Gastroenteritis/colitis, cellulitis, and pneumonia were most frequent, with bacteremia common early on. Multidrug resistant bacteria were prevalent among a small number of positive cultures. In a multivariate negative binomial regression model, age ≥ 10 years and distance from the hospital > 100 km were each protective against invasive infection in the first 180 days after diagnosis, findings that were unexpected and warrant further investigation. Over one-third of patient deaths were related to infection. Interventions aimed at reducing infection should target the first 60 days after diagnosis, improved supportive care inside and outside the hospital, and increased antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control measures.

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Gruber, Tanja Andrea, Deqing Pei, John Kim Choi, Cheng Cheng, Elaine Coustan-Smith, Dario Campana, Hope Swanson, et al. "Clofarabine-Based Chemotherapy for KMT2Ar Infantile Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-148936.

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Abstract Rearrangements in KMT2A (KMT2Ar) are associated with pediatric, adult and therapy-induced acute leukemias. Infants with KMT2Ar acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poor prognosis, with an event-free-survival (EFS) of 33.6-36.9%. In the context of the remarkable improvements in the treatment of childhood ALL, the dismal outcome of infantile KMT2Ar ALL and the lack of any significant progress for more than two decades are striking . The St. Jude Total Therapy 16 study (the most recently reported study of a program for childhood ALL that begun in 1962) yielded a 5-year EFS of 88.2% overall. Total 16 enrolled all subtypes of newly diagnosed pediatric ALL patients including infants, with intensity of treatment adapted to presenting clinical and genomic features, and early treatment response as determined by minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD). KMT2Ar infants were treated on an intensified high-risk arm and received clofarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and etoposide (CCE) at two points during treatment: Induction days 22-25 and Reinduction I. Infants who lacked KMT2Ar and KMT2Ar patients who were one year of age or older received the same risk-directed treatment plan given to all other patients enrolled on study. A total of 28 patients with KMT2Ar were enrolled on Total 16; the 19 patients > 1 year of age received standard-risk therapy, and the 9 patients < 1 year of age received high-risk therapy on the infant arm with CCE. The probabilities of 5-year EFS and overall survival in KMT2Ar patients > 1 year of age and those < 1 year of age were 73.3% vs. 44.4% (p=0.071) and 84.2% vs. 55.6% (p=0.060), respectively. Six of the nine infants were MRD-positive on Induction day 15 prior to CCE (MRD-positive range, 0.012% to 13.7%; median, 2.13%) with MRD negative status (<0.01%) achieved post CCE in six of the eight patients with data (MRD was 0.011% and 0.07% in the remaining two patients). The trend towards superior outcomes in older KMT2Ar patients was not due to a lower incidence of relapse, as the 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 26.7% in patients > 1 year of age and 12.5% for those < 1 year of age (p=0.454). Five infants remain alive (four in CR1, one in CR2), while four expired in CR1. Three deaths were secondary to infection, including a multi-drug resistant soft tissue bacterial infection during Induction days 1-21, a respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia during Reinduction II, and a chronic parainfluenza 3 infection during Continuation weeks 70-101 that led to chronic pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis. The fourth patient developed grade 5 pulmonary hypertension following induction, a complication potentially compounded by their presenting WBC count of 905 x 10 9/L and pulmonary leukostasis. A comparison of 3-year cumulative risk of selected major toxic effects of treatment revealed that high-risk infants had a lower incidence of asparaginase allergic reactions, osteonecrosis, hyperglycemia, and pancreatitis; in contrast, the incidence of fever and neutropenia, hepatic toxicity and seizures, was similar in high-risk patients regardless of age. Infants had a higher risk of thrombosis (46.7% vs. 23.1%, p<0.001) and of severe infection (70% vs. 19.7%, p<0.001). To further study the contribution of clofarabine to severe infections, we looked at the incidence in high-risk patients > 1 year of age that received one or more clofarabine-containing Reintensification chemotherapy cycles prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplant in first remission (CR1). This revealed a higher frequency of infections in infants, suggesting a greater susceptibility to this complication independent from clofarabine exposure (mean number of episodes, 2.39 vs. 1, p<0.001, Poisson regression modeling). In conclusion, treatment of infants with KMT2Ar ALL with chemotherapy including high-intensity clofarabine leads to a lower cumulative incidence of relapse but a higher risk of treatment-related mortality. Severe infections were a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Disclosures Gruber: Kura Oncology: Consultancy. Coustan-Smith: Juno Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties; Nkarta Therapeutics: Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company; Medisix Therapeutics: Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company. Campana: Nkarta Therapeutics: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Medisix Therapeutics: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Juno: Other: patent licensing payments; Juno Therapeutics (a Bristol-Myers Squibb company),: Other: patents on methods for minimal residual disease detection.. Evans: St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Emeritus Member (began Jan 2021): Ended employment in the past 24 months; BioSkryb, Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Scientific Advisory Board, Chair: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Pui: Adaptive Biotechnologies: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Other: Data Monitoring Committee.

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Abdel-Hafeez, Ekhlas Hamed, Usama Salah Belal, Manal Zaki Mohamed Abdellatif, Koji Naoi, and Kazumi Norose. "Breast-Feeding Protects Infantile Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Protozoan Infections." Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.519.

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NUMAZAKI, KEI, SHUNZO CHIBA, YUUICHI NIIDA, MAYUMI KOMATSU, and NOBUO HASHIMOTO. "Evaluation of Diagnostic Assays for Neonatal and Infantile Chlamydial Infections." Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 170, no. 2 (1993): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.170.123.

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Ballona, Rosalia, Felipe Velásquez', Iris Kikushima, Jean Pierre Zevallos, Jeanette Nuñez, and Consuelo Apagüeño. "Atenolol use for infantile hemangiomas." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 87 (March 23, 2021): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijdvl_687_19.

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