Дисертації з теми "Infections à picornaviridés – Génétique"
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Mussabekova, Assel. "Evaluating antiviral activity of nucleic acid binding proteins across species." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ006.
Повний текст джерелаAntiviral response largely relies on the recognition of viral nucleic acids. The aim of the project was to characterize the range of nucleic acid binding proteins in the context of viral infection in flies. We identified a wide repertoire of proteins, which recognize viral nucleic acids in five species (human, mouse, chicken, fruit fly and roundworm). Among these proteins, there are ones, which are conserved in insects and humans, and therefore their function can be easily studied in the fruit fly model. Afterwards, we have performed a large screen in flies to study more precisely the function of 100 proteins in infection with 5 different viruses. We have found eight promising candidates as a result of this screen. We identified two Drosophila proteins CG5641 and Zn72D, which are also present in humans, as proviral factors. We also identified a protein Tao, which is conserved in humans, and is antiviral against several types of viruses
Legay, Vincent. "Les infections virales du système nerveux central : enterovirus et parechovirus persistent et signent." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10056.
Повний текст джерелаPampin, Mathieu Pierre Raoûl. "Implication de PML et des corps nucléaires PML dans la réponse antivirale des IFN de type I contre les picornavirus." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0018.
Повний текст джерелаPML (Promyelocytic Leukemia), protéine induite par l'interféron, est impliquée dans la régulation de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que l'inhibition de la croissance, l'apoptose et la défense antivirale. PML est localisée dans le nucléoplasme et sur une structure appelée corps nucléaires (CN) dont PML est l’organisatrice. Le poliovirus réorganise les CN et induit le recrutement de PML sur ces structures. Ce transfert fait intervenir la phosphorylation par ERK de PML et ensuite sa SUMOylation. Ces événements ont comme conséquence le recrutement de p53 sur les CN et à l’activation de p53 menant à l'induction de l'apoptose et à l'inhibition de la réplication virale. Le poliovirus contrecarre cette réponse cellulaire en induisant la dégradation de p53 via le proteasome sur les CN
Mussabekova, Assel. "Evaluating antiviral activity of nucleic acid binding proteins across species." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ006.
Повний текст джерелаAntiviral response largely relies on the recognition of viral nucleic acids. The aim of the project was to characterize the range of nucleic acid binding proteins in the context of viral infection in flies. We identified a wide repertoire of proteins, which recognize viral nucleic acids in five species (human, mouse, chicken, fruit fly and roundworm). Among these proteins, there are ones, which are conserved in insects and humans, and therefore their function can be easily studied in the fruit fly model. Afterwards, we have performed a large screen in flies to study more precisely the function of 100 proteins in infection with 5 different viruses. We have found eight promising candidates as a result of this screen. We identified two Drosophila proteins CG5641 and Zn72D, which are also present in humans, as proviral factors. We also identified a protein Tao, which is conserved in humans, and is antiviral against several types of viruses
Pozzetto, Bruno. "Contribution a l'étude de l'immunité humorale au cours des infections à Picornaviridae : interféron et infection expérimentale de la souris par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite : anticorps spécifiques des entérovirus chez l'homme." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1H097.
Повний текст джерелаJeannot, Anne-Cécile. "Diagnostic des infections grippales par PCR temps réel." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR2P040.
Повний текст джерелаLiehl, Peter. "Analyse génétique des défenses de l'hôte drosophile après infections bactériennes par voie orale." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066627.
Повний текст джерелаSiddle, Katherine Joyce. "Régulation transcriptomique et génétique de la réponse des microARN aux infections (myco)bactériennes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066330.
Повний текст джерелаMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators of gene expression that play a key role in many biological processes, including the immune response. Although infection is accompanied by marked changes in the transcriptional profiles of host cells, little is known about the variability of host miRNA responses to infection. In this thesis, we aimed to define the extent and specificity of pathogen-induced miRNA transcriptional responses of host cells, and to characterise the genetic basis of miRNA variability upon infection, using the model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection of human dendritic cells. To this end, we have combined ex vivo approaches with a range of high-throughput genomic techniques to profile miRNA responses to MTB at the population-level and to compare this response with other mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial infections. We show that miRNAs display marked changes in expression and in isomiR distribution upon infection that are highly consistent across diverse bacteria, demonstrating the presence of a strong core miRNA response to bacterial infection. Our results highlight the impact of infection on miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks and show that the expression of 3% of miRNAs are controlled by proximate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and identify a number of candidate miRNAs that may play a role in variability in the immune response to infection. Together, these results provide the first assessment of the impact of genotype-environment interactions on the regulation of miRNA expression, as well as offering novel insights into the specificity of these miRNAs in the response to mycobacterial infections
Kenmoe, Sebastien. "Prévalence et diversité génétique des virus respiratoires au Cameroun." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC417/document.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children and the elderly. Identified in 2001, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a new paramyxovirus. Studies have shown the co-circulation of the subgroups of these two viruses with domination of one of the sub-groups according to the geographical zones and according of years. These two viruses encode two major surface glycoproteins, the highly conserved fusion F protein and the highly variable attachment G protein. Data are still limited in sub-Saharan African countries on prevalence, seasonality and genetic characterization of these two respiratory viruses. In Cameroon, these two viruses have been described only once (5.7 and 5% for HRSV and HMPV respectively) in patients with influenza-like illness in 2012.Objective: This study reports the prevalence, seasonality and the genetic variability of HRSV and HMPV strains in Cameroonian children for 3 consecutive epidemic seasons (September 2011-October 2014). Moreover, the genetic diversity of other respiratory viruses detected during this work is presented as a secondary objective.Methods: A prospective surveillance was conducted to identify inpatient and outpatient children less than 15 years with respiratory symptoms ≤ 5 days. The nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Viral distribution and demographic data were analyzed statistically. Positive samples for HRSV and HMPV were amplified by semi-nested polymerize chain reaction and then partially sequenced at the G gene. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed on the partial nucleotide and protein sequences of the G gene.Results: From September 2011 to October 2014, 822 children under 15 years were enrolled in the study. At least one virus was identified in each of 72.6% (577/822) of children, 31.7% (189/597) of whom were co-detections; 28.5% (226/822) were positive for human adenovirus, 21.4% (176/822) for influenza virus, 15.5% (127.822) for rhinovirus/enterovirus, 9.4% (77/822) for bocavirus, 9% (74/822) for HRSV, 8.2% (67/822) for human coronavirus, 6.2% (50/822) for human parainfluenzavirus, and 3.9% (32/822) for HMPV. HRSV infection was more frequent in children under 2 years (70.3%, 52/74) and hospitalized participants (70.3%, 52/74). While HRSV showed a seasonal pattern with circulation from September to December, sporadic cases of HMPV were detected throughout the year. HRSV-A (19.1%, 9/47) and HRSV-B (17%; 8/47) were observed relatively at the same frequency with (63.8%, 30/47) codetections of HRSV-A/HRSV-B. HMPV-A (71.4%; 10/14) was predominant compared to HMPV-B (28.6; 4/14). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRSV strains of the study are grouped within subgroup NA-1 (for HRSV-A) and BA-9 (for HRSV-B). Cameroonian HMPV strains are grouped among the members of genotype A2b (for HMPV-A), B1 and B2 (for HMPV-B).Conclusion: This study suggests that about 70% of ARI recorded in children in Cameroon are caused by viruses. The present study is also the first report on the genetic variability of the G gene of HRSV and HMPV strains in the region. Although this work partially fills gaps for some information, additional studies are required to clarify the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary pattern of respiratory viruses in sub-Saharan Africa in general and more particularly in Cameroon
Eloy-Gosselin, Odile. "Diagnostic et épidémiologie des infections à Candida sp. En réanimation." Paris 12, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA120018.
Повний текст джерелаThe diagnosis of deep-seated Candida infections is difficult because bloodstream cultures are often negative. The sensitivity of other diagnostic methods such as mannan (Mn) antigenemia, IgM, total anti-Candida antibodies, procalcitonin and PCR were evaluated. Mn and IgM have a specificity of 100% and detect infected patients but lack sensitivity. Mn would be more sensitive than the serum PCR, but these results warrant confirmation. Procalcitonin >0,75 ng/ml differentiate fungal and bacterial infections from viral ones. During a 2-year study of the patients of the intensive care unit of the Versailles hospital, index of colonization (IC), defined as the ratio of Candida sp. Colonized anatomical sites / tested sites, and the serological tests mentioned above were performed. Only IC had a 100% sensitivity in surgical patients. Then, we explored the epidemiology of C. Albicans among these patients using 3 polymorphic microsatellite markers and we compared the results with a study already performed at Créteil hospital. If the C. Albicans genotype's distribution had been different, that could have resulted from a nosocomial transmission or to the fact that the populations of patients were different. The patients harboured their own isolate whatever the anatomical site sampled and kept it over the study period. This confirms that there was no crossed transmission. Some genotypes were more frequent due to the fact that C. Albicans is clonal. The populations of the 2 hospitals are similar using 3 statistical tests : " genic differentiation ", " genotypic differentiation " and factorial correspondence analysis. To study the epidemiology of C. Glabrata, the second leading yeast species in intensive care units, three polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized
Aghokeng, Fobang Avelin. "Diversite génétique des lentivirus humains et simiens au Cameroun : implication pour la santé publique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20008.
Повний текст джерелаMirand, Audrey. "Infections neuro-méningées à entérovirus : du génotypage... à l'épidémiologie moléculaire." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM15.
Повний текст джерелаTagnouokam, Ngoupo Paul Alain. "Fréquence et profil génétique des doubles infections VIH-1/M+O et formes recombinantes VIH-1/MO au Cameroun." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR11.
Повний текст джерелаFrequency and genetic profile of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/1V10 recombinant forms circulating in Cameroon Despite the great genetic divergence between the pandemic HIV-1/M and non pandemic HIV-1/0, four HIV-1/MO intergroup recombinants have been reported in 1999 and 2010. In Cameroon, the co-circulation of two groups (M and 0) provides an ideal environment for HIV-1/MO recombination to occur. In a previous work, we reported new dual infections and six HIV-LIMO putative recombinant forms, associated to or not to dual infections. However, this study had some epidemiological and technical limitations. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and to characterize genetic profiles of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections, as well as HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon. From March 2013 to June 2015, 275 HIV infected patients from Centre Pasteur of Cameroon were included in the study, based on serotyping test, enabling to distinguish HIV serotypes M, 0 and M+0. HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0 specific PCR were further performed in the pol and env genes, in order to confirm serological reactivities, and to detect pollenv discordance, characteristic of putative recombinants. In the likelihood of M+0 dual infections and/or presence of MO recombinant, a breakpoint in the vpr gene, considered a hotspot of recombination was investigated. Finally, full length genomes of recombinants were characterized and genetic link with previous recombinants was investigated by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 275 patients, 199 (72. 4%) were HIV-1/M mono-reactive, 47(17. 1%) HIV-1/0 mono-reactive, and 29 (10. 5%) were M+0 dual reactive. HIV-1/M+0 dual infections were identified in 4 patients (1. 4%), and the presence of recombinants forms in 3 patients (1. 1%). The first recombinant form was detected in a husband and his wife, and was not associated to dual infection, and the second recombinant form was associated to a parental HIV-1/M virus. Full length genomes characterization identified recombinant breakpoints in the vpr gene and the LTR region for the first recombinant form, and in the vpu gene and the LTR region for the second form. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found. HIV-1/M subtypes and HIV-1/0 sub-groups were concordant with the present molecular epidemiology of HIV infection in Cameroon, that is, the predominance of CRF02_AG and HIV-1/0 sub-group H. Geographical origins of patients with HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/M0 recombinants showed that they were from five administrative regions of Cameroon. In this study, we described seven new cases of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/MO recombinants, thus confirming the co-circulation of these forms in Cameroon. Even though their frequency remains low, these forms are found in different geographical regions of Cameroon, pointing out their diffusion potential. We also characterized full length genomes of two new HIV-1/MO recombinants, and identified breakpoints in vpr and vpu genes as well as LTR regions. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found, showing the circulation of multiple URFs, and the great dynamic evolution between HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0. It is therefore, necessary to improve the surveillance of HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon, in order to detect potential emergence of a CRF_MO, and to further study their virological and phenotypic properties
Bodin-Bressollette, Céline. "Le cytomégalovirus humain : moyens d'étude de la multiplication : étude de la variabilité génétique virale et des conséquences de l'infection sur le phénotype de différents types cellulaires." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT33VS.
Повний текст джерелаAHuman cytomegalovirus is an ubiquitous member of the Herpesviridae family. Its pathogenicity is highly correlated with the efficacy of the immune response during active infection. HCMV has the largest genome among the herpesviruses, and it encodes a large number of proteins involved in the modulation of immune responses. There is a high percentage of sequence homology between the clinical strains, but some regions of the genome involved in cell tropism or immune modulation mechanisms are characterised by genetic polymorphism. Genetic polymorphism of three viral genes (IE1, UL22A and UL55) was studied in a large patient population. Phylogenetie analysis of the UL22A gene, which encodes a secreted glycoprotein that binds to the CCL5 chemokine, differentiated three genetic clusters. The distribution of these clusters was not equal when comparing three patient groups: patients with HIV, allograft transplant recipients and immunocompetent subjects. Methods for the monitoring of HCMV replication (duplex PCR CMV/albumine) and transcription (IE1, UL22A and MCP RT PCR), based on real time technology, were developed in order to compare the behaviour of HCMV strains both in vivo and in vitro. We also developed a flow cytometry method for intracellular detection of viral antigens after virus exposure of different cell types. The replication kinetics of two HCMV strains (TB40E and VHLE), characterised by their endothelial tropism, was studied in infected fibroblasts and dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are a key element of the immune response directed against HCMV during the early stages of active infection. Expression of the co-stimulatory molecules (B7. 1 and B7. 2), the maturation marker (CD83) and MHC class I molecules was shown to be modified after infection with either TB40E or VHLE strains and we observed variations in these modifications depending on the initial viral inoculum. We also studied phenotypic modifications on polymorphonuelear cells infected with clinical strains. Polymorphonuclear cells are involved in the propagation of the virus during active infection. Viral particle uptake by these cells is mediated by direct interaction with other infected cells and involves adhesion mechanisms. We observed alterations in the expression of certain adhesion molecules (CD lib, CD lie and CD 18) subsequent to polymorphonuelear cell infection. All together, these results contribute to the exploration of factors that could influence viral pathogenesis
Sadeuh, Mba Serge Alain. "Circulation, diversité génétique et évolution des entérovirus humains au Cameroun : interaction avec les poliovirus vaccinaux et les entérovirus simiens." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077224.
Повний текст джерелаThe genetic diversity of human enteroviruses (EVs), including polioviruses (PVs), circulating in Cameroon was investigated in acute flaccid paralysis patients throughout the entire territory as well as in healthy children from the far northern region of the country. The results showed a high frequency combined with a high genetic diversity of human EVs in Cameroon. The frequency of EVs belonging to the Human Enterovirus C species (HEV-C) was as high as 56. 5% of the identified isolates. Apart from worldwide distributed types, several African specific types and variants were identified. The investigation of genetic exchanges between HEV-C, including vaccine polioviruses, confirmed the fact that frequent recombination in the non structural regions of the genome contribute to their genetic diversity. PVs in particular co-circulate and exchange the sequences of their non structural regions with CVA-13, -17 and -20. The co-circulation of PVs and diverse HEV-C may be a major viral factor for the emergence of pathogenic recombinant vaccine¬derived PVs (VDPVs). In the other hand, simian specific EVs as well as EVs previously known human EVs were identified in the stools of captive and wild non human primates (NHP). Four novel types of simian EVs in particular were identified. The results confirm that cross-species transmission of at least some EV types can happen naturally and could play a role in the emergence of new EV types from humans to NHP and vice-versa
Audibert, Céline. "Polymorphisme des régions génomiques liées à la virulence chez Helicobacter pylori." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT1805.
Повний текст джерелаMauclere, Philippe. "Séroépidémiologie, diversité génétique et transmissions interespèces des infections rétrovirales HTLV/STLV et VIH/SIV au Cameroun." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N098.
Повний текст джерелаThe sub region of Central Africa is currently considered as the cradle of the retroviral genetic diversity for primates. In Cameroon in the year 1991, the awareness of the HTLV-1 endemic was based on preliminary seroprevalences, and no case of HTLV-2 was still identified. As HIV/AIDS epidemics started out its starling growth, the major variants of HIV-1 were not known as circulating strains in the country, and no research on SIV were conducted on primates. The aim of the study, which was carried out in Cameroon between 1991 and 1997, and in Pasteur Institut in Paris in 1997 and 1998, is to introduce a technical process for the genetic diversity human retroviruses exploration, to characterize retroviral human and simian variant strains
Corne, Philippe. "Staphylococcus aureus dans un service de réanimation : étude génétique, phénotypique et épidémiologique." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T020.
Повний текст джерелаPuissant, Bénédicte. "Facteurs génétiques influençant la réponse au traitement antirétroviral de patients infectés par le VIH : etude des allèles CCR5Δ32, CCR2-V64I, SDF1-3'A, CX3CR1-V249I, CX3CR1-T280M et GHRd3". Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR2P102.
Повний текст джерелаFoulon, Eliane. "Rôle des cellules dendritiques dans la variabilité génétique de la résistance aux infections mammaires chez la brebis." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30098.
Повний текст джерелаA divergent selection in dairy sheep has been settled to evaluate its effect on resistance to mastitis. Mammary immunity was examined after natural or experimental infections with Staphylococcus. Mastitis were more severe in ewes from the susceptible group, and led to abscesses formation. In order to elucidate the mechanisms associated with the cure of infection, we hypothesized that dendritic cells, that are known to play a crucial role in anti-infectious immunity against bacteria, could be responsible for the observed differences. We designed a protocol to differentiate dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors. Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed on dendritic cells that had been stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus. Using this approach 3 genes that have up-regulated in ewes from resistant group have been identified
Mazalrey, Simon. "Facteurs de pathogenèse au cours des infections à virus BK : polymorphisme génétique viral et réponse immunitaire antivirale." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe BK polyomavirus is ubiquitous and infects the majority of the adult population. It is not associated with any specific disease in immunocompetent individuals, but can be responsible for hemorrhagic cystitis after stem cell transplantation or interstitial nephropathy after kidney transplantation. Among the different risk factors involved in the development of such opportunistic diseases, we focused on the genetic polymorphism of the non coding control region of the viral genome (NCCR) and on the specific immune responses directed against BKPyV after kidney transplantation. The NCCR region is characterized by the emergence of rearrangements in vitro on permissive cells, and in vivo in case of prolonged infection and high viral loads. We described the emergence of such rearranged strains in vitro, correlated them with increased viral replication and transcription, and compared these sequences with clinical strains obtained from kidney transplanted patients. Our second objective was to study the specific immune responses in the first months following kidney transplantation. We showed that the active infection was associated with an increase in the anti-BKPyV IgG levels, and that the detection of a CD4+ or CD8+ mediated response was not predictive of a protection toward viral reactivation. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the different factors involved in the pathogenesis of BKPyV infections
Coste-Invernizzi, Isabelle. "La β-caténine dans les tumeurs sporadiques chez la souris". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10043.
Повний текст джерелаLacasa, Michel. "Le virus herpétique du poisson-chat : structure et clonage du génome, transcription in vivo." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066233.
Повний текст джерелаOffmann, Bernard. "Caractérisation et analyse génétique de la résistance de la canne à sucre à Xanthomonas albilineans." La Réunion, 2000. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/00_09_Offmann.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAlame, Emane Amel Kevin. "Les infections à mycobactéries du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis à Libreville : profil des résistances aux antibiotiques et diversité génétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC129/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe emerging phenomenon of the MDR and XDR-TB is a worldwide public health issue. In developing countries, this problem is amplified due to the fact that TB diagnostic laboratories lack equipment and diagnostic tools to identify these cases and therefore prescribe appropriate chemotherapy. In the first part of this doctoral work, the sequencing of the pncA gene allowed us to show that the resistance to Pyrazinamide occurs significantly when the strain is MDR, corresponding to the acquisition of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid; and that after the acquisition of Fluoroquinolones and to injectable antibiotics of second line (Amykacine, Kanamycine, Capreomycine) resistance by MDR strains, this rate increases even more. In the second part of the study, we propose an alternative method to the culture of bacilli in a BSL3 confined environment. From uncultivated clinical samples (sputum) and through GeneXpert MTB/RIF, sequencing of genes and spoligotyping, we identified 19 MDR strains, active transmission of sensitive strains belonging to clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 and finally as well as an underlying epidemic of 5 Beijing MDR strains.In the first study, 272 retrospective samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were selected from two large cosmopolitan cities: Northern Paris (Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 101 strains) and Southwest of Shanghai (Songjiang district, 171 Strains). These strains were selected according to their known phenotypic sensitivity to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). These phenotypic resistances were confirmed by the HAIN genotype analysis tools MTBDRplus and by the sequencing of the rpoB and katG/inhA genes. To determine the extensively drug resistance strains (XDR), we sequenced the gyrA/gyrB and rrs genes to identify genetic mutations associated with resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotics: Amikacin (AMK)-Kanamycin ( KAN)-Capreomycin (CAP), respectively. Finally, we sequenced the pncA gene of all isolates to identify the genetic mutations associated with resistance to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The strains were genotyped by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.In the second study, from October 2014 to February 2015, 159 morning sputum samples with smear-positive smear after Ziehl-Neelsen staining were collected at the three main diagnostic laboratories for tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. These clinical samples were transported to the National Laboratory of Public Health in Libreville for analysis with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF automaton to confirm the microscopic diagnosis and to determine the resistance of bacilli to Rifampicin. Of the 159 samples, 29 samples had a sputum volume less than 1 ml, the minimum required according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For the 130 sputum samples analyzed by the GeneXpert automaton, 375 μl of the remaining GeneXpert solution not introduced into the cartridge was introduced into a 50 ml conical tube containing 25 ml of phosphate buffer (autoclaved solution) to neutralize the pH of the GeneXpert solution. The conical tube is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4,500 rpm, the pellet is taken up in 100 μl of TE and then transferred to a 100 μl microtube which is subsequently heated for 30 minutes at 90°C. After a cycle of freezing (-40 ° C. for 1 h)-defrosting, the microtube is briefly centrifuged and the supernatant is transferred to a new microtube. From this new microtube we amplified by PCR and then sequenced the rpoB, katG/inhA, pncA, gyrA, rrs and rpsL genes to identify mutations associated with resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Fluoroquinolones, Antibiotics in second lines: Amikacin-Kanamycin-Capreomycin and Streptomycin (SM), respectively. All the samples were genotyped by the multiplexed spoligotyping applied to the Luminex MagPix
Kukavica-Ibrulj, Iréna, and Iréna Kukavica-Ibrulj. "Génomique fonctionnelle du régulateur transcriptionnel PYCR de Pseudomonas aeruginosa essentiel in vivo et comparaison des cinétiques d'infection pulmonaire chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19688.
Повний текст джерелаPseudomonas aeruginosa est une bactérie pathogène opportuniste, hautement résistant à une multitude d’antibiotiques qui infecte principalement les patients immunosupprimés. Il représente la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (mucoviscidose). Le but principal de ce projet consistait à identifier et à caractériser des gènes essentiels à l’infection et au maintien de P. aeruginosa dans un modèle animal d’infection pulmonaire chronique. À partir d’une banque de mutants transpositionnels, nous avons identifié 148 mutants de P. aeruginosa déficients à causer l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Suite à des analyses bioinformatiques, le mutant inactivant le gène PA5437 a été sélectionné. L’opéron adjacent code pour les sous unités du pyruvate carboxylase (pycA et pycB) et est régulé par le gène PA5437, d’où l’appellation pycR pour pyruvate carboxylase regulator. Le pycR a été identifié comme étant un régulateur transcriptionnel de type LysR ayant une région typique de liaison à l’ADN. Le codon d’initiation de la transcription des gènes pycR et pycA a été identifié par élongation d’amorce. La capacité de liaison de la protéine PycR à l’ADN a été confirmée à l’aide du gel à retardement. L’implication de PycR dans la virulence bactérienne in vivo a été confirmée par indice de compétition et après 7 jours d’infection le mutant déficient ΔpycR est complètement éliminé du poumon du rat. L’importance de PycR a aussi été confirmée in vitro à l’aide des tests phénotypiques et enzymatiques démontrant la déficience dans la production de la lipase, de l’estérase et du biofilm. Finalement, l’analyse des résultats métaboliques et transcriptomiques a confirmé l’importance de PycR dans la régulation du métabolisme de lipides, de l’activité lipolytique, de la respiration anaérobique, de la formation du biofilm et des gènes régulés par le quorum sensing. Dans un second volet, une étude comparative entre souches prototypes (PAO1 et PA14) de P. aeruginosa et un isolat clinique (LESB58) de la fibrose kystique a été réalisée dans un modèle de l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Cette étude a permis d’identifier des différences significatives au niveau de la localisation bactérienne dans les tissus pulmonaires de l’isolat clinique LESB58. D’importantes différences ont également été notées au niveau des facteurs de virulence comme la mobilité et la formation du biofilm. À long terme, les nouvelles connaissances acquises en génomique fonctionnelle devraient permettre d’identifier et de développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques permettant de combattre et mieux comprendre les infections causées par cette bactérie.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
Woerther, Paul-Louis. "Emergence, circulation et déterminants moléculaires des souches d'entérobactéries productrices de ß-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE) chez des populations soumises à des pressions de sélection variables." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077064.
Повний текст джерелаFor the last ten years, extended spectrum ß-lactamases - producing enterobacteria (ESBL-E) have become one of the main challenges for antibiotic treatment of enterobacterial infections Worldwide, largely in consequence of the current emergence of CTX-M enzymes. However, the way they have emerged, circulate in community, genetic determinants associated to their success as well as the precise role played by antibiotic selective pressure need to be stated. In a first study, we aimed to assess the ESBL-E carriage rate among 20 children living in a very remote village from Senegal, where antibiotic exposure was nearly zero. Study of the strains isolated evidenced the presence of the blaCTX-M-15 gene surrounded by a plasmid-borne pandemic Multi Drug Résistance region. In a second study, we aimed to assess the ESBL-E carriage rate in a population of 163 Amerindians sampled in 2006 in French Guiana. All socio-demographic and medical data were recorded. This study evidenced an 8% ESBL-E carriage rate. Although no individual risk factor was evidenced, CTX-M appeared concomitantly with a 3-fold increase of the p-lactams consumption in the village. Four years later, the same cohort was resampled. Interestingly, antibiotic consumption and ESBL-E carriage rate decreased in the same time. The last study was performed in Niger in children at their admission in a renutrition centre. Children that were not carriers at admission were resampled at discharge. Results from this study evidenced a 31 % ESBL-E carriage rate at entry and a 94% acquisition rate, after an 8 days stay in the centre. Strains study suggested dissemination of both clones and plasmids. These results underscore that influx of ESBL-E from community to medical centres, where antibiotic selective pressure is very high, favour ESBL-E acquisition and dissemination
Rachid, Antoine. "Infections lentivirales chez les petits ruminants domestiques : étude des relations hôte-pathogène et application en diagnostic." Poitiers, 2012. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/25342/2012-Rachid-Antoine-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSmall ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), including CAEV and VMV, cause slow progressive diseases in sheep and goats. The viral diversity, combined with interspecies transmissions, represent a diagnostic drawback and a potential sanitary issue. In order to gain a better understanding of viral strains circulating in Europe and to improve diagnostic tools, gag and env sequences of ovine and caprine isolates from Poland were characterized. The cocirculation of CAEV and VMV subtypes was reported in both sheep and goats, and two new subtypes, designated A12 and A13, were identified. The antigenic variability among SRLV strains was assessed by ELISA using new Gag/Env multi-epitope recombinant antigens representative of CAEV and VMV strains. The results revealed that antigenic sites of the MA and CA proteins were conserved among subtypes within the same genotype, and to a lesser extent between the two genotypes, whereas conservation of SU epitopes was restricted to strains belonging to either the same genotype or subtype. The risk assessment associated with interspecies transmissions of SRLV was carried out by a comparative analysis of virological and serological features in sheep and goats infected with the same viral variant. Specific hostvirus interactions were found in sheep and goats, including virus replication in blood, kinetic of humoral immune response, and pattern of antibody reactivity towards the MA and CA proteins. On the basis of these data, the Gag/Env multi-epitope recombinant antigens were used to establish ELISA tests for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. Field application of these tests revealed, for the first time, the circulation of a CAEV/VMV recombinant form
Muslin, Claire. "Evolution et émergence des entérovirus par recombinaison infra- et inter-espèce : Plasticité et impact des échanges génétiques modulaires dans la région 5' non codante du génome viral." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC246.
Повний текст джерелаPathogenic circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) genomes consist of mutated vaccine poliovirus (PV) sequences encoding capsid proteins and sequences encoding nonstructural proteins derived from other species C EVs, including certain coxsackieviruses A (CV-A) in particular. Many cVDPV genomes also have an exogenous 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). This region is involved in virulence and includes the cloverleaf (CL) and the internai ribosomal entry site, which play major roles in replication and the initiation of translation, respectively. We investigated the plasticity of the PV genome in terms of recombination in the 5' UTR, by developing an experimenta model involving the rescue of a bipartite PV/CV-A cVDPV genome rendered defective by mutations in the CL, followinl the co-transfection of cells with 5' UTR RNAs from each of the four human EV species (EV-A to -D). The defective cVDPV was rescued by recombination with 5' UTR sequences from the four EV species. Homologous and nonhomologous recombinants with large deletions or insertions in three hotspots were isolated, revealing a striking plasticity of the 5' UTR. By contrast to the recombination of the cVDPV with the 5' UTR of group II (EV-A and -B), which can decrease viral replication and virulence, recombination with the 5' UTRs of group I (EV-C and -D) appeared to be evolutionarily neutral or associated with a gain in fitness. This study illustrates how the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses can evolve into mosaic recombinant genomes through intra- or inter-species modular genetic exchanges, favoring the emergence of new pathogenic lineages
Zaidman-Rémy, Anna. "Analyse génétique de la fonction des peptidoglycan recognition proteins dans la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077216.
Повний текст джерелаIn Drosophila, two pathways regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to bacterial infection. The activation of these pathways relies on the detection of the peptidoglycan (PGN) of the bacterial cell wall by a conserved family of proteins, the Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs). The receptors PGRP-SA and SD function upstream of the Toll pathway in the sensing of PGN from gram-positive bacteria while PGRP-LC and LE activate the Imd pathway upon recognition of PGN from gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these recognition PGRPs that can bind and recognize PGN, a second class of PGRPs named catalytic PGRPs can degrade PGN. A combination of biochemical and genetic approaches allowed us to determine two important functions for catalytic PGRPs. First, we shown that PGRP-LB is a secreted protein regulated by the Imd pathway, which specifically degrades gram-negative bacterial PGN into non-immunostimulatory fragments. We demonstrated that the regulation of PGRP-LB by the Imd pathway provides a negative feedback regulation to tightly adjust immune activation to infections. We also revealed a role of PGRP-LB in the control of the gut immune response and the tolerance to commensals. Second, we demonstrated in vivo an essential bactericidal function for the enzyme PGRP-SB1, which is strongly induced by the Imd pathway after an infection and is secreted into the hemolymph, where it participates in the elimination of bacteria. Collectively, our work indicates that PGRPs are essential components of the Drosophila host defence that act not only in the sensing of microbes but also as regulators and effectors of the antibacterial response
Arnavielhe, Sylvie. "Etude génétique et épidémiologique de souches de Candida Albicansisolées chez les patients non neutropéniques : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13523.
Повний текст джерелаDrouet, Emmanuel. "Amplification génique de séquences d'ADN du cytomegalovirus : applications à l'exploration de la virémie cytomégalique et au diagnostic des infections disséminées." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1T168.
Повний текст джерелаGinevra, Christophe. "Détection par PCR multiplex de Clamoydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae et Legionelle et identification des Legionella par séquençage de l'espace intergénique séparant les ARNr 23S et 5S." Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET001T.
Повний текст джерелаValette, Victorien. "Prévalences et impact de Wolbachia sur la diversité génétique chez les isopodes terrestres, Armadillidium vulgare et Porcellionides pruinosus." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2322/document.
Повний текст джерелаGenetic diversity is a crucial component for the evolution of species in changing environments. In the isopods Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellionides pruinosus, infection with Wolbachia bacteria causes a feminization of males that could lead to strongly female-biased sex-ratios. This reduces the effective size of infected populations and may result in a decreased genetic diversity. Nevertheless, genetic diversity is known to be maintained in A. vulgare. This might be due to Wolbachia prevalences being too low to impact host populations, or to other factors, as for example males preferentially choosing genetic females for reproduction. Wolbachia prevalence has been monitored over several years in natural populations of A. vulgare using a new genotyping method. The results demonstrate (i) multiple Wolbachia infections and (ii) low prevalences of wVulM, wVulC and wVulP. The presence of a second feminizing factor, called f, is suspected in numerous populations. At the individual scale, Wolbachia seems to have an effect on the number of multiple paternities, since genetic females mate with more males than neo-females. Low Wolbachia prevalence and multiple mating may allow the maintenance of a high genetic diversity in A. vulgare populations. In P. pruinosus, Wolbachia prevalences are high and we observe high consanguinity rates. However, these rates might also result from fluctuations in population size due to a specialized and unstable habitat
Leroux, Caroline. "Hétérogénéité et variabilité génomiques des lentivirus des petits ruminants au cours de l'infection naturelle." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T209.
Повний текст джерелаBurucoa, Christophe. "Caracterisation de deux proteines d'enveloppe de Campylobacter jejuni impliquees dans l'adherence aux cellules humaines." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POITA001.
Повний текст джерелаPérinet, Simone. "Génomique fonctionnelle du gène modA essentiel à l'infection pulmonaire chronique chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25069.
Повний текст джерелаPseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen causing chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. The genome of the laboratory reference strain PAO1 was sequenced revealing its highly complex virulence regulatory network and a large part of genes of unknown function. A PCR-based signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) allowed the identification of 148 genes essential for chronic lung infection in a rat model. The PAO1-derivated strain STM_modA was obtained using this technique and is thus unable to persist in the rat lug in competition with a pool of strains. This strain carries an insertional mutation interrupting the open reading frame of the modA gene. This gene codes with the co-transcribed modB and modC genes for an ATP-binding cassette transporter (ModABC) responsible for the internalization of molybdate from the periplasmic space. Molybdate is the environmental molybdenum-containing ion, which is essential for the activity of the molybdoenzymes, a group of enzymes involved in a wide range of metabolic functions. The present work demonstrates that the ModABC transporter activity is essential for chronic lung infection in a rat model, for biofilm formation, for resistance to predation by the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as well as for denitrification and subsequent anaerobic growth. Whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing demonstrated major changes in the gene transcription levels of STM_modA in comparison with wild-type PAO1 in anaerobic conditions. This work highlights the ModABC transporter as a potential target for the inhibitors development, a new strategy for antimicrobial research.
Al, Bersaoui Roméo. "Le gène de la protéine "prion-like" Doppel : Complexité de l'expression transcriptionnelle et traductionnelle dans le cerveau murin.Implications dans la dégénérescence des cellules de Purkinje chez les souris invalidées pour le gène de la protéine Prion." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13131.
Повний текст джерелаTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases. It is now established that the cellular prion protein (PrPc) is required for the propagation of these diseases. To unravel the still elusive physiological function of PrPc, several PrPc-deficient (Prnp0/0) lines were generated, among them the Nagasaki line which develops a late onset cerebellar ataxia linked to Purkinje-cell degeneration. This neurodegenerative disease has further been correlated with the ectopic expression in Prnp0/0 brain of the Prnd gene which encodes a PrP-like protein termed Doppel (Dpl). This protein is of particular interest as Dpl and PrPc were actually shown to be antagonistic, respectively neurotoxic and neuroprotective. To investigate the totally unknown molecular mechanisms underlying the cell-type specificity of Dpl neurotoxicity, we first elected to focus on the spatio-temporal expression of Dpl. Using highly purified anti-Dpl antibodies we generated, we showed by Western blotting that the Prnp0/0 cerebellum exhibits a distinct Dpl species pattern within the brain, supporting the idea that Dpl cell-type toxicity might be associated with specific Dpl species. Moreover, for the first time, we succeeded in localizing Dpl in situ within the brain. At the transcriptional level, we showed by in situ hybridization, Northern blot and RT-PCR, the presence of Prnd transcripts in both in Prnp0/0 and wild-type brain. 12 new transcripts were identified by RACE-PCR. This work, including the production of a new and efficient antibody tool, led to original data revealing a high degree of complexity of Prnd transcriptional and translational expression. These data will most likely open new perspectives to investigate the (patho)physiological function of Dpl, along with PrPc and its abnormal isoform, PrPres, responsible for TSEs
Bolze, Alexandre. "La découverte de l’origine génétique de l’asplénie congénitale isolée chez l’homme." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T024/document.
Повний текст джерелаIsolated congenital asplenia (ICA) is a rare primary immunodeficiency, first described in 1956, thattypically manifests in childhood with sudden, life-threatening, invasive bacterial disease. Patients withICA do not display any other overt developmental anomalies. The genetic etiology of ICA has remainedelusive. I hypothesized that ICA results from single-gene inborn errors of spleen development. I aimedto decipher the molecular genetic basis of ICA by pursuing a genome-wide approach, based on thesequencing of the whole-exome and the detection of copy number variations in all patients of ourcohort. I found that heterozygous mutations in RPSA, ribosomal protein SA, were present in more thanhalf of ICA patients (19/33). I then showed that haploinsufficiency of RPSA led to ICA in one kindredat least. RPSA is a protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and is an integral part of the ribosome. Thechallenge is, now, to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. How does a mutation in a ubiquitousand highly expressed gene lead to a spleen specific phenotype? This discovery will set the basis for abroader understanding of the development of the spleen in humans and the function of a ribosomalprotein. This discovery will also be beneficial to the families of patients with ICA, guiding geneticcounseling. It will lead to prevention of infections in newborns with mutations in RPSA. Finally themethod we used to analyze the exomes of the ICA cohort will be useful to discover the genetic etiologyof other genetic diseases
Erhouma, Esadk Ali. "Étude génétique des lentivirus des petits ruminants (SRLV) infectant naturellement les bouquetins dans les Alpes française." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10032.
Повний текст джерелаThe small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause persistent infections in domestic sheep and goats worldwide. These viruses and other lentiviruses such as feline immunodeficiency and simian immunodeficiency show propensity for cross-species infection. Lentivirus passages between sheep and goats were demonstrated, however no related viruses have yet been described as indigenous in populations of wild small ruminants. In order to evaluate the risk of contamination of wild small ruminants by SRLV, we studied natural infection of wild ibexes interacting with local goat herds in French Alpes and of goat/ Ibex hybrids. The sequences of the gag gene from two positive ibexes, the hybrids and one of the local goats clustered into a coherent group with only 1 – 2% nucleotide difference, close to CAEV but more distant from MVV. LTR sequences confirm that the viruses studied belong to the CAEV grouped, but, unlike the gag sequences, the LTR sequences of the hybrids and ibexes group in a distinct branch, separate from the local caprine sequences and CAEV-Co. Similarities between the gag sequences from ibexes and hybrids and the sequences from one goat from the same site, suggest viral transfer between the domestic and the wild species has been previously described between goats and sheep. Futhermore, similarities were shown between ibex gag and LTR sequences from the two males from a site and those from a female from an other distant site and temporal study of the gag sequences from hybrids showed evolution from goat-like sequences towards ibex-like sequences. Together, our data show the first evidence of the presence of SRLV in ibexes and suggest that these viruses could constitute a distinct population circulating in some of these wild ungulates
Bekondi, Claudine. "Aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques des infections à virus de l'hépatite B en République Centrafricaine." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10129/document.
Повний текст джерелаHepatitis B virus (HBV) strains have been classified into eight genotypes A to H. Recent studies have shown that the HBV genotype E (HBV/E) predominates in a vast crescent spanning from Senegal to Angola. The Central African Republic (CAR) is an endemic country for HBV infection and prevalence of chronic infection in adults is estimated to be about 15.4%. A survey of 196 patients attending local hospital with symptoms of hepatitis has permitted to obtain 66 complete or partial sequences of HBV DNA. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that 62 strains belonged to Genotype E while one was of genotype A1, and three of genotype D. One strain presented a recombination between genotypes E and D. Genotype E is thus predominant in RCA as in most Sub-Saharan countries. The variability of strains is limited not only among CAR strains but when all strains isolated so far are compared (1.67 %), suggesting a recent introduction of HBV in the human species with a rapid expansion. A simian origin of the genotype E is possible considering the DNA sequence identities with chimpanzee HBV DNA. The second part of this study is a clinical and biological survey of 68 patients attending the “Hôpital de l’Amitié” of Bangui for a suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). All the patients (100 %) have been infected by HBV. Echography confirmed the suspicion of HCC in 43 patients and cytopathology ascertained the diagnosis for 14 patients for whom cytoponction was feasible. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in 10 of these 43 patients, of whom 7 were co-infected with HDV. The average level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was 10394 UI/mL. For the 25 other patients, HBsAg was detected in 21 of whom 11 were co-infected with HDV. Low level of AFP was observed (mean: 9UI/mL). This study shows that HBV related HCC is common in the country and that patients come to hospital late in the evolution of this disease. This study also confirms the association between HBV and HCC in CAR. HDV is associated with severe symptoms of hepatitis B. Serum and HCC lesions samples will be used to study variability of X gene and its relation with HCC
Sivadon-Tardy, Valérie. "Analyse moléculaire des populations de Staphylococcus epidermidis associées aux infections ostéo-articulaires." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0018.
Повний текст джерелаIn a first prospective distribution study, we show that Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for more than 80% cases of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) associated with coagulase negative staphylococci. However, the prevalence of this species is also very high among per-operative "non-significant" isolates. Thus we tried to identify relevant pathogenicity markers by studying polymorphism of S. Epidermidis autolysin/adhesin AtlE cell wall anchoring domain and the presence of several markers (mecA, icaA/D, IS256, « ACME »), in association with « ST » as determined by MLST. ST2, atle allele 1, mecA, icaA/D, IS256 - but not ACME - were significantly associated with PJIs strains. Finally, we show using MLST and MLVA that strains with abnormal susceptibility to glycopeptides belong to a limited number of STs but are genetically diverse
Thévenot, Sarah. "Variations génétiques chez Helicobacter pylori au cours d'une infection expérimentale murine : rôle de la polyphosphate kinase dans la colonisation." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT1802.
Повний текст джерелаPotvin, Eric. "Génomique fonctionnelle de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et analyse moléculaire fine d'un facteur sigma-anti-sigma." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19067.
Повний текст джерелаPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients (CF). To overcome innate self defense, P. aeruginosa possesses a wide arsenal of virulence factors. These include degradation enzymes such as proteases, lipases and phospholipases and the production of three specific toxins: exotoxin A and exoenzymes S and T. Sequencing of the complete P. aeruginosa chromosome (strain PAO1) of 6.3 Mb revealed a highly regulated and complex genomic organization. In order to better understand host-pathogen molecular interactions, we developped a new signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) approach based on PCR screening. The PCR-based STM technology lead to the identification of 214 mutants deficient in their ability to maintain a chronic pulmonary infection in the rat lung. In that pool of STM mutants, STM2895, which contains a transposon insertion in functional PA2895, was the most frequently drafted during the whole mutant library screening. Phenotypic analyses of the STM2895 strain allowed us to identify an exoprotease production defect as compared with wild type strain PAO1. The biochemical characterization of that proteolytic default using specific degradation assays combined with western blotting revealed that at least two (LasA and LasB) of the four major exoproteases from P. aeruginosa STM2895 strain are inactive. In fact, LasA and LasB elastases were shown to be present in the STM2895 culture supernatant, correctly processed but inactive due to a probable misfolding of proteins. The PA2895 gene (unknown function) encodes a protein with a predicted transmembrane domain. Basic genomic context analyses strongly suggest a cotranscription unit with the downstream gene PA2896, a putative sigma 70 factor from ECF (extracytoplasmic function) type. Microarray experiments on the STM2895 strain and an insertional mutant of the PA2896 gene were performed to establish a link between the putative PA2895-PA2896 operon and the metabolism of iron. Transcriptome analysis also demonstrated a repressive action of PA2895 on the transcription of PA2896 putative sigma factor. Finally, in vivo studies in the rat lung chronic infection model clearly showed a ten-fold decrease in survival capacity of the mutant strain when compared to the PAO1 wild-type strain.
Champoiseau, Patrice. "Xanthomonas Albilineans, l'agent causal de l'échaudure des feuilles de la canne à sucre : caractérisation et variabilité des bases génétiques du pouvoir pathogène : en guadeloupe et dans le monde." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0147.
Повний текст джерелаPathogenicity of xanthomonas albilineans relies on at least three components: production of a toxin called albicidin,incitation of symptoms on leaves and colonization of the sugarcane stalk. Based on albicidin biosynthesis genes,two major genetic groups(ALB-RFLP571 A and ALB-RFLP571 B) were caracterized by RFLP with 139 strains of x. Albilineas from different geographical areas. No relationship was found between these two genetic groups and pathogenecity groups identified among 21 strains of x. Albilineans representative of the genetic variability of this patogen. These results suggested that variability in pathogenicity of x. Albilineans was associated to other factors than albicidin. Two major genetic groups were identified by AFLP among 19 genetically closely related strains of the pathogen from Guadeloupe,and that differed in pathogenicity. No relationship between this genetic variability and variability in pathogenecty of x. Albilineans was found. Additionally,three genes potentially involved in pathogenicity of this pathogen(PILB,RFPA and XPSE) were amplified by PCR. Nucleotidic sequence of these genes was 100% identical for nine strains of x. Albilineans varying in patogenicity. Phylogenetic studies based on the sequences of these three genes revealed that x. Albilineans was on an evolution road between the x. Campestris group and xylella fastidiosa,another xylem invading pathogen
Léonard, Guy. "Les infections par les virus HIV-1 et HIV-2 en Afrique de l'Ouest : Etudes épidémiologiques, sérologiques et détection génomique après amplification génique." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0169.
Повний текст джерелаBreitler, Jean-Christophe. "Transfert de gènes synthétiques de alpha-endotoxines de "Bacillus thuringiensis" dans des riz (Oryza sativa L. ) transgéniques par biolistique. Amélioration de la technique de transformation génétique et exploration de stratégies d'expression à spécificité tissulaire et inductible par blessure." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20153.
Повний текст джерелаPronost, Stéphane. "Apports des outils de génétique moléculaire à la connaissance de deux infections virales du cheval : herpèsvirus équin 1 et artérite virale équine." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN3120.
Повний текст джерелаMany viruses are responsible of equine pathologies and may involve both outbreaks and trade limitations. Among them, equid herpesvirus -1 (EHV-1) and equine arteritis virus (EAV) are monitored closely. Methods of detection and molecular characterisation were developed. We investigated the relationships between the different clinical expressions of EHV-1 infection and genotype of the strains being present in France. We could confirm EHV-1 being both a major abortive agent and also responsible of either sporadic or epidemic neurological diseases. Determining by SNP-PCR the presence/absence of mutation A/G2254 in ORF 30, coding for DNA polymerase, allowed to precise that non-neuropathogenic strains could be detected during paralytic forms, and conversely, neuropathogenic strains could be detected during abortive forms of the disease. This suggests that other factors related to horse and environment also are interfering with the clinical expression of the syndrome. Characterisation of the French strains of EAV, by phylogenetic analyses of ORF 2a-7, allowed demonstrating the emergence in 2003 of a North American strain. The outbreak of equine viral arteritis being described in this paper, revealed an European strain from subgroup 2 (highly virulent) to be responsible of one abortion and death of seven horses. Perspectives are based on the complete sequencing of EHV-1 genome as well as phylogenetic study of other EAV strains in order to determine the origin of the outbreak
Béguier, Éric. "Intérêt de l'amplification génique dans le diagnostic des infections à entérovirus : évaluation multicentrique et utilisation en routine." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P019.
Повний текст джерелаRaymond, Frédéric. "Bio-informatique pour la génomique et le diagnostic des maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28218/28218.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSequencing a genome is a milestone in the study of an organism. Bioinformatics allow both to better understand single organisms and to compare them to related species through comparative genomics. This thesis centers on the idea that genome sequence of parasites and viruses can be used in various ways to better understand these microorganisms. Transcriptomics and comparative genomics were used to study the protozoan parasite Leishmania in order to better understand its virulence, its resistance to antiparasitic drugs, and its dimorphic life-cycle, which includes a flagellated free form named promastigote and an aflagellate intracellular form named amastigote. In order to study gene expression in Leishmania, an integrated management and analysis system was created, along with protocols designed for Leishmania microarrays analysis. Four studies using this system are briefly described. In another study, the genome of Leishmania (sauroleishmania) tarentolae, a lizard parasite, was sequenced and compared to human pathogenic Leishmania species. This study showed little difference between the Leishmania species, although L. tarentolae seems to contain less genes associated to the amastigote life-cycle, including the amastin gene. Two gene families were highly expanded in L. tarentolae: the surface metalloprotease GP63 and the promastigote antigen protein PSA31C. These results provide a better understanding of L. tarentolae biology and give insights on the genes involved in virulence in pathogenic Leishmania species. The second part of this thesis concerns the creation of a molecular diagnostic assay for the detection and identification of 25 respiratory virus types, including the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic strain and the avian influenza A/H5N1 strain. This assay was created by analyzing genome sequences available from public repositories and it was afterwards tested on laboratory and clinical virus strains. Although Leishmania and respiratory viruses are distantly related, the approaches used in both projects were similar. Thus, bioinformatics is an essential and ubiquitous science that allows to solve problems in different areas (“omics”) of biology.