Статті в журналах: "Infant brain"

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Endevelt-Shapira, Yaara, and Ruth Feldman. "Mother–Infant Brain-to-Brain Synchrony Patterns Reflect Caregiving Profiles." Biology 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020284.

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Biobehavioral synchrony, the coordination of physiological and behavioral signals between mother and infant during social contact, tunes the child’s brain to the social world. Probing this mechanism from a two-brain perspective, we examine the associations between patterns of mother–infant inter-brain synchrony and the two well-studied maternal behavioral orientations—sensitivity and intrusiveness—which have repeatedly been shown to predict positive and negative socio-emotional outcomes, respectively. Using dual-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, we measure inter-brain connectivity between 60 mothers and their 5- to 12-month-old infants during face-to-face interaction. Thirty inter-brain connections show significantly higher correlations during the real mother–infant face-to-face interaction compared to surrogate data. Brain–behavior correlations indicate that higher maternal sensitivity linked with greater mother–infant neural synchrony, whereas higher maternal intrusiveness is associated with lower inter-brain coordination. Post hoc analysis reveals that the mother-right-frontal–infant-left-temporal connection is particularly sensitive to the mother’s sensitive style, while the mother-left-frontal–infant-right-temporal connection indexes the intrusive style. Our results support the perspective that inter-brain synchrony is a mechanism by which mature brains externally regulate immature brains to social living and suggest that one pathway by which sensitivity and intrusiveness exert their long-term effect may relate to the provision of coordinated inputs to the social brain during its sensitive period of maturation.

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Bader, Lisa. "Brain-Oriented Care in the NICU: A Case Study." Neonatal Network 33, no. 5 (2014): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.33.5.263.

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With the advances of technology and treatment in the field of neonatal care, researchers can now study how the brains of preterm infants are different from full-term infants. The differences are significant, and the outcomes are poor overall for premature infants as a whole. Caregivers at the bedside must know that every interaction with the preterm infant affects brain development—it is critical to the developmental outcome of the infant. The idea of neuroprotection is not new to the medical field but is a fairly new idea to the NICU. Neuroprotection encompasses all interventions that promote normal development of the brain. The concept of brain-oriented care is a necessary extension of developmental care in the NICU. By following the journey of 26-week preterm twin infants through a case study, one can better understand the necessity of brain-oriented care at the bedside.

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DAWSON, GERALDINE, KARIN FREY, JOANNA SELF, HERACLES PANAGIOTIDES, DAVID HESSL, EMILY YAMADA, and JULIE RINALDI. "Frontal brain electrical activity in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Relation to variations in infant behavior." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 3 (September 1999): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002229.

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In previous studies, infants of depressed mothers have been found to exhibit reduced left frontal brain electrical activity (EEG). The left frontal region has been hypothesized to mediate social approach behaviors and positive affective expression. These findings raise important questions about the cause and nature of atypical EEG patterns in infants of depressed mothers. The present study begins to address some of these questions by examining whether or not variations in patterns of frontal brain activity in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers are related to variations in infant behavior as observed in naturalistic situations. If such relations exist, are they specific to certain behaviors hypothesized to be mediated by the frontal region (i.e., positive approach behaviors)? Frontal and parietal brain electrical activity was recorded from 14- to 15-month old infants of depressed versus nondepressed mothers during a baseline condition and during conditions designed to elicit interest and positive affect. Infant behavior was observed in naturalistic play conditions, with and without mother, on a separate day from EEG testing. Mothers provided information on infant temperament. Infants of depressed mothers showed less affection and touching of their mothers. For infants of depressed mothers only, reduced left frontal brain activity was found to be related to lower levels of affection toward mother, but not to infant temperament. Furthermore, increased generalized frontal activation was found to be related to higher levels of negative affect, hostility, and tantrums and aggression. Relations between infant brain activity and behavior were not found for parietal EEG activity. These results suggest that infant frontal electrical brain activity is related to variations in infant behavior, especially those involved in positive affiliative behavior and the expression and regulation of negative affect. The nature and cause of atypical patterns of brain activity and question of whether such atypical patterns of frontal brain activity predispose infants to affective disorders in later life are discussed.

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Su, Miya, Arvind K. Subbaraj, Karl Fraser, Xiaoyan Qi, Hongxin Jia, Wenliang Chen, Mariza Gomes Reis, et al. "Lipidomics of Brain Tissues in Rats Fed Human Milk from Chinese Mothers or Commercial Infant Formula." Metabolites 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9110253.

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Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.

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Stark, Eloise A., Joana Cabral, Madelon M. E. Riem, Marinus H. Van IJzendoorn, Alan Stein, and Morten L. Kringelbach. "The Power of Smiling: The Adult Brain Networks Underlying Learned Infant Emotionality." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 2019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz219.

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Abstract The perception of infant emotionality, one aspect of temperament, starts to form in infancy, yet the underlying mechanisms of how infant emotionality affects adult neural dynamics remain unclear. We used a social reward task with probabilistic visual and auditory feedback (infant laughter or crying) to train 47 nulliparous women to perceive the emotional style of six different infants. Using functional neuroimaging, we subsequently measured brain activity while participants were tested on the learned emotionality of the six infants. We characterized the elicited patterns of dynamic functional brain connectivity using Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis and found significant activity in a brain network linking the orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala and hippocampus, where the probability of occurrence significantly correlated with the valence of the learned infant emotional disposition. In other words, seeing infants with neutral face expressions after having interacted and learned their various degrees of positive and negative emotional dispositions proportionally increased the activity in a brain network previously shown to be involved in pleasure, emotion, and memory. These findings provide novel neuroimaging insights into how the perception of happy versus sad infant emotionality shapes adult brain networks.

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6

King, Regan, Selma Low, Nancy Gee, Roger Wood, Bonny Hadweh, Joanne Houghton, and Lara M. Leijser. "Practical Stepwise Approach to Performing Neonatal Brain MR Imaging in the Research Setting." Children 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10111759.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that is commonly used for the visualization of newborn infant brains, both for clinical and research purposes. One of the main challenges with scanning newborn infants, particularly when scanning without sedation in a research setting, is movement. Infant movement can affect MR image quality and therewith reliable image assessment and advanced image analysis. Applying a systematic, stepwise approach to MR scanning during the neonatal period, including the use of the feed-and-bundle technique, is effective in reducing infant motion and ensuring high-quality images. We provide recommendations for one such systematic approach, including the step-by-step preparation and infant immobilization, and highlight safety precautions to minimize any potential risks. The recommendations are primarily focused on scanning newborn infants for research purposes but may be used successfully for clinical purposes as well, granted the infant is medically stable. Using the stepwise approach in our local research setting, our success rate of acquiring high-quality, analyzable infant brain MR images during the neonatal period is as high as 91%.

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Morton, Sarah U., Rutvi Vyas, Borjan Gagoski, Catherine Vu, Jonathan Litt, Ryan J. Larsen, Matthew J. Kuchan, et al. "Maternal Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Correlates Positively with Regional Brain Volumes in 1-Month-Old Term Infants." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 2057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz222.

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Abstract Maternal nutrition is an important factor for infant neurodevelopment. However, prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on maternal nutrients and infant brain have focused mostly on preterm infants or on few specific nutrients and few specific brain regions. We present a first study in term-born infants, comprehensively correlating 73 maternal nutrients with infant brain morphometry at the regional (61 regions) and voxel (over 300 000 voxel) levels. Both maternal nutrition intake diaries and infant MRI were collected at 1 month of life (0.9 ± 0.5 months) for 92 term-born infants (among them, 54 infants were purely breastfed and 19 were breastfed most of the time). Intake of nutrients was assessed via standardized food frequency questionnaire. No nutrient was significantly correlated with any of the volumes of the 61 autosegmented brain regions. However, increased volumes within subregions of the frontal cortex and corpus callosum at the voxel level were positively correlated with maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids, retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin B12, both with and without correction for postmenstrual age and sex (P < 0.05, q < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction). Omega-3 fatty acids remained significantly correlated with infant brain volumes after subsetting to the 54 infants who were exclusively breastfed, but retinol and vitamin B12 did not. This provides an impetus for future larger studies to better characterize the effect size of dietary variation and correlation with neurodevelopmental outcomes, which can lead to improved nutritional guidance during pregnancy and lactation.

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Fillmore, Paul T., John E. Richards, Michelle C. Phillips-Meek, Alison Cryer, and Michael Stevens. "Stereotaxic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Atlases for Infants from 3 to 12 Months." Developmental Neuroscience 37, no. 6 (2015): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000438749.

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Background: Accurate labeling of brain structures within an individual or group is a key issue in neuroimaging. Methods for labeling infant brains have depended on the labels done on adult brains or average magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates based on adult brains. However, the features of adult brains differ in several ways from infant brains, so the creation of a labeled stereotaxic atlas based on infants would be helpful. The current work builds on the recent creation of age-appropriate average MRI templates during the first year (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, and 12 months) by creating anatomical label sets for each template. Methods: We created stereotaxic atlases for the age-specific average MRI templates. Manual delineation of cortical and subcortical areas was done on the average templates based on infants during the first year. We also applied a procedure for automatic computation of macroanatomical atlases for individual infant participants using two manually segmented adult atlases (Hammers, LONI Probabilistic Brain Atlas-LPBA40). To evaluate our methods, we did manual delineation of several cortical areas on selected individuals from each age. Linear and nonlinear registration of the individual and average template was used to transform the average atlas into the individual participant's space, and the average-transformed atlas was compared to the individual manually delineated brain areas. We also applied these methods to an external data set - not used in the atlas creation - to test generalizability of the atlases. Results: Age-appropriate manual atlases were the best fit to the individual manually delineated regions, with more error seen at greater age discrepancy. There was a close fit between the manually delineated and the automatically labeled regions for individual participants and for the age-appropriate template-based atlas transformed into participant space. There was close correspondence between automatic labeling of individual brain regions and those from the age-appropriate template. These relationships held even when tested on an external set of images. Conclusion: We have created age-appropriate labeled templates for use in the study of infant development at 6 ages (3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, and 12 months). Comparison with manual methods was quite good. We developed three stereotaxic atlases (one manual, two automatic) for each infant age, which should allow more fine-grained analysis of brain structure for these populations than was previously possible with existing tools. The template-based atlases constructed in the current study are available online (http://jerlab.psych.sc.edu/NeurodevelopmentalMRIDatabase).

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9

Geyer, J. Russell. "Infant Brain Tumors." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 3, no. 4 (October 1992): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3680(18)30626-0.

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Swain, James E., and S. Shaun Ho. "Baby smile response circuits of the parental brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001615.

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AbstractThe parent-infant dyad, characterized by contingent social interactions that develop over the first three months postpartum, may depend heavily on parental brain responses to the infant, including the capacity to smile. A range of brain regions may subserve this social key function in parents and contribute to similar capacities in normal infants, capacities that may go awry in circumstances of reduced care.

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Thomason, Moriah E., Jasmine Hect, Rebecca Waller, Janessa H. Manning, Ann M. Stacks, Marjorie Beeghly, Jordan L. Boeve, et al. "Prenatal neural origins of infant motor development: Associations between fetal brain and infant motor development." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941800072x.

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AbstractFunctional circuits of the human brain emerge and change dramatically over the second half of gestation. It is possible that variation in neural functional system connectivity in utero predicts individual differences in infant behavioral development, but this possibility has yet to be examined. The current study examines the association between fetal sensorimotor brain system functional connectivity and infant postnatal motor ability. Resting-state functional connectivity data was obtained in 96 healthy human fetuses during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Infant motor ability was measured 7 months after birth using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Increased connectivity between the emerging motor network and regions of the prefrontal cortex, temporal lobes, posterior cingulate, and supplementary motor regions was observed in infants that showed more mature motor functions. In addition, females demonstrated stronger fetal-brain to infant-behavior associations. These observations extend prior longitudinal research back into prenatal brain development and raise exciting new ideas about the advent of risk and the ontogeny of early sex differences.

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Dawson, Geraldine, Amber D. Rieder, and Mark H. Johnson. "A Developmental Social Neuroscience Perspective on Infant Autism Interventions." Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 5, no. 1 (December 11, 2023): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-042753.

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Research on early biomarkers and behavioral precursors of autism has led to interventions initiated during the infant period that could potentially change the course of infant brain and behavioral development in autism. This article integrates neuroscience and clinical perspectives to explore how knowledge of infant brain and behavioral development can inform the design of infant autism interventions. Focusing on infants ≤12 months, we review studies on behavioral precursors of autism and their neural correlates and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of infant autism interventions. We then consider how contemporary developmental social neuroscience theories of autism can shed light on the therapeutic strategies used in infant autism interventions and offer a new perspective that emphasizes improving child outcome and well-being by enhancing infant–environment fit. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research that incorporates brain-based measures to inform individualized approaches to intervention and discuss ethical issues raised by infant autism interventions. Readers are referred to Supplemental Table 1 for a glossary of terms used in this article.

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Raz, Gal, and Rebecca Saxe. "Learning in Infancy Is Active, Endogenously Motivated, and Depends on the Prefrontal Cortices." Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084841.

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A common view of learning in infancy emphasizes the role of incidental sensory experiences from which increasingly abstract statistical regularities are extracted. In this view, infant brains initially support basic sensory and motor functions, followed by maturation of higher-level association cortex. Here, we critique this view and posit that, by contrast and more like adults, infants are active, endogenously motivated learners who structure their own learning through flexible selection of attentional targets and active interventions on their environment. We further argue that the infant brain, and particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is well equipped to support these learning behaviors. We review recent progress in characterizing the function of the infant PFC, which suggests that, as in adults, the PFC is functionally specialized and highly connected. Together, we present an integrative account of infant minds and brains, in which the infant PFC represents multiple intrinsic motivations, which are leveraged for active learning.

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Ramesh, Patil Vinodkumar, Jaware Tushar Hrishikesh, and Manisha S. Patil. "Infant’s MRI Brain Tissue Segmentation using Integrated CNN Feature Extractor and Random Forest." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 1s (January 18, 2023): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i1s.6002.

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Infant MRI brain soft tissue segmentation become more difficult task compare with adult MRI brain tissue segmentation, due to Infant’s brain have a very low Signal to noise ratio among the white matter_WM and the gray matter _GM. Due the fast improvement of the overall brain at this time , the overall shape and appearance of the brain differs significantly. Manual segmentation of anomalous tissues is time-consuming and unpleasant. Essential Feature extraction in traditional machine algorithm is based on experts, required prior knowledge and also system sensitivity has change. Recently, bio-medical image segmentation based on deep learning has presented significant potential in becoming an important element of the clinical assessment process. Inspired by the mentioned objective, we introduce a methodology for analysing infant image in order to appropriately segment tissue of infant MRI images. In this paper, we integrated random forest classifier along with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) for segmentation of infants MRI of Iseg 2017 dataset. We segmented infants MRI brain images into such as WM- white matter, GM-gray matter and CSF-cerebrospinal fluid tissues, the obtained result show that the recommended integrated CNN-RF method outperforms and archives a superior DSC-Dice similarity coefficient, MHD-Modified Hausdorff distance and ASD-Average surface distance for respective segmented tissue of infants brain MRI.

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Schipper, Lidewij, Gertjan van Dijk, and Eline M. van der Beek. "Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development." OCL 27 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020001.

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The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

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Wilson, Roneé E., Hamisu M. Salihu, Maureen W. Groer, Getachew Dagne, Kathleen O’Rourke, and Alfred K. Mbah. "Impact of Maternal Thyroperoxidase Status on Fetal Body and Brain Size." Journal of Thyroid Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/872410.

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The obstetric consequences of abnormal thyroid function during pregnancy have been established. Less understood is the influence of maternal thyroid autoantibodies on infant outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of maternal thyroperoxidase (TPO) status on fetal/infant brain and body growth. Six-hundred thirty-one (631) euthyroid pregnant women were recruited from prenatal clinics in Tampa Bay, Florida, and the surrounding area between November 2007 and December 2010. TPO status was determined during pregnancy and fetal/infant brain and body growth variables were assessed at delivery. Regression analysis revealed maternal that TPO positivity was significantly associated with smaller head circumference, reduced brain weight, and lower brain-to-body ratio among infants born to TPO+ white, non-Hispanic mothers only, distinguishing race/ethnicity as an effect modifier in the relationship. No significant differences were noted in body growth measurements among infants born to TPO positive mothers of any racial/ethnic group. Currently, TPO antibody status is not assessed as part of the standard prenatal care laboratory work-up, but findings from this study suggest that fetal brain growth may be impaired by TPO positivity among certain populations; therefore autoantibody screening among high-risk subgroups may be useful for clinicians to determine whether prenatal thyroid treatment is warranted.

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Alghamdi, Norah Saleh, Fatma Taher, Heba Kandil, Ahmed Sharafeldeen, Ahmed Elnakib, Ahmed Soliman, Yaser ElNakieb, Ali Mahmoud, Mohammed Ghazal, and Ayman El-Baz. "Segmentation of Infant Brain Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 5377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115377.

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This study develops an atlas-based automated framework for segmenting infants’ brains from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For the accurate segmentation of different structures of an infant’s brain at the isointense age (6–12 months), our framework integrates features of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (e.g., the fractional anisotropy (FA)). A brain diffusion tensor (DT) image and its region map are considered samples of a Markov–Gibbs random field (MGRF) that jointly models visual appearance, shape, and spatial homogeneity of a goal structure. The visual appearance is modeled with an empirical distribution of the probability of the DTI features, fused by their nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and allocation to data clusters. Projecting an initial high-dimensional feature space onto a low-dimensional space of the significant fused features with the NMF allows for better separation of the goal structure and its background. The cluster centers in the latter space are determined at the training stage by the K-means clustering. In order to adapt to large infant brain inhomogeneities and segment the brain images more accurately, appearance descriptors of both the first-order and second-order are taken into account in the fused NMF feature space. Additionally, a second-order MGRF model is used to describe the appearance based on the voxel intensities and their pairwise spatial dependencies. An adaptive shape prior that is spatially variant is constructed from a training set of co-aligned images, forming an atlas database. Moreover, the spatial homogeneity of the shape is described with a spatially uniform 3D MGRF of the second-order for region labels. In vivo experiments on nine infant datasets showed promising results in terms of the accuracy, which was computed using three metrics: the 95-percentile modified Hausdorff distance (MHD), the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and the absolute volume difference (AVD). Both the quantitative and visual assessments confirm that integrating the proposed NMF-fused DTI feature and intensity MGRF models of visual appearance, the adaptive shape prior, and the shape homogeneity MGRF model is promising in segmenting the infant brain DTI.

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Gunz, Philipp, Simon Neubauer, Dean Falk, Paul Tafforeau, Adeline Le Cabec, Tanya M. Smith, William H. Kimbel, Fred Spoor, and Zeresenay Alemseged. "Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth." Science Advances 6, no. 14 (April 2020): eaaz4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729.

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Human brains are three times larger, are organized differently, and mature for a longer period of time than those of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Together, these characteristics are important for human cognition and social behavior, but their evolutionary origins remain unclear. To study brain growth and organization in the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis more than 3 million years ago, we scanned eight fossil crania using conventional and synchrotron computed tomography. We inferred key features of brain organization from endocranial imprints and explored the pattern of brain growth by combining new endocranial volume estimates with narrow age at death estimates for two infants. Contrary to previous claims, sulcal imprints reveal an ape-like brain organization and no features derived toward humans. A comparison of infant to adult endocranial volumes indicates protracted brain growth in A. afarensis, likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning in hominins.

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Berger, Paige, Catherine Monk, Ravi Bansal, Siddhant Sawardekar, Jasmine Plows, Tanya Alderete, Kelsey Schmidt, Michael Goran, and Bradley Peterson. "Association of Prenatal Zinc Consumption With Newborn Brain Tissue Organization and Resting Cerebral Blood Flow." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_015.

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Abstract Objectives Animal studies have shown that exposure to zinc in the prenatal and postnatal periods is essential for brain structure and functioning in rat pups. Yet, no human studies have examined whether zinc is associated with brain tissue microstructure and metabolism in infants, the basis for neurodevelopmental outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to determine associations of maternal zinc intake in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain tissue microstructure and resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in newborns. Our secondary aim was to examine associations of maternal zinc intake in lactation with neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. Methods Mothers (N = 41) were recruited during pregnancy for a prospective cohort study. Mothers completed 24-hour dietary recalls in each trimester. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) were performed on infants using a 3.0 Tesla MRI at 3 weeks. Maps were constructed for DTI measures, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), and ASL measures of rCBF. For the secondary aim, a separate cohort of mothers (N = 125) completed 24-hour dietary recalls at 1 and 6 months, and the Bayley-III Scales were administered at 24 months to assess cognition. Linear regressions were used to examine associations. Results Adjusting for postmenstrual age, infant sex, infant birth weight, and total energy intake revealed that maternal zinc associated inversely and diffusely with DTI measures. Of note, maternal zinc associated inversely with infant FA toward the midbrain in each trimester (Ps < 0.01), and with infant MD in the peripheral cortex during the first and third trimesters (Ps < 0.01). Maternal zinc also correlated positively with infant rCBF toward the hindbrain (P < 0.01). Moreover, maternal zinc at 1 month (B = 0.03, P = 0.04), but not 6 months (B = 0.02, P = 0.50), associated positively with infant cognitive development scores at 24 months. Conclusions Our findings indicate that early exposure to zinc is associated with features of brain tissue microstructure, metabolism, and cognitive functioning in infants. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (K99 HD098288); National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH093677); National Institute Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK110793).

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Somantri, Budi. "Pengaruh Terapi Pijat Bayi Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Bayi Usia 1-12 Bulan di Puskesmas." Jurnal Keperawatan 'Aisyiyah 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33867/jka.v5i1.65.

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Absract Infant mortality in Indonesia is usually caused due to a number of factors the basic needs of a infant that was not met well. One of the basic needs to sleep. Sleep will stimulate development of brain and body. A worse of quality sleep will impact to the growth of infant. One of the implementation that can improve quality of sleep thorough infantâ€™s massage therapy. The purpose of this study was to effect of infantâ€™s massage therapy to the quality of sleep at ages 1-12 months. The sampling technique used purposive. Total samples consisted of 30 subjects who were divided into 15 respondents as a treatment group, and 15 respondents as a control group. Each experiment group was given a massage program for 6 times in a week Inclusion criteria that mother of respondents could communicate well, cooperative, and infants who become the respondents were healthy without congenital disease or physical defect, and the ages around 1-12 months. Research method used quasi experiment and design used posttest only control group on experiment group and control group. Results of statistical tests in this study showed the significant influences and there was average quality of sleep on the experiment and the control group after infants were getting massage with p value ( Ï = 0.002) < 0.05. Based on the results of this research, it was suggested to perform the measurement of infant quality of sleep by using pre test, using more accurate parameters, and increase the number of research samples. Keywords: infant massage therapy, quality of sleep

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Bjertrup, Anne, Nellie Friis, Mette Væver, and Kamilla Miskowiak. "Neurocognitive processing of infant stimuli in mothers and non-mothers: psychophysiological, cognitive and neuroimaging evidence." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (January 9, 2021): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab002.

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Abstract Emerging evidence indicates that mothers and non-mothers show different neurocognitive responses to infant stimuli. This study investigated mothers’ psychophysiological, cognitive and neuronal responses to emotional infant stimuli. A total of 35 mothers with 4-month-old infants and 18 control women without young children underwent computerized tests assessing neurocognitive processing of infant stimuli. Their eye gazes and eye fixations, galvanic skin responses (GSRs) and facial expressions towards infant emotional stimuli were recorded during the tasks. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during which they viewed pictures of an unknown infant and, for mothers, their own infants. Mothers gazed more and had increased GSR towards infant stimuli and displayed more positive facial expressions to infant laughter, and self-reported more positive ratings of infant vocalizations than control women. At a neural level, mothers showed greater neural response in insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and occipital brain regions within a predefined ‘maternal neural network’ while watching images of their own vs unknown infants. This specific neural response to own infants correlated with less negative ratings of own vs unknown infants’ signals of distress. Differences between mothers and control women without young children could be interpreted as neurocognitive adaptation to motherhood in the mothers.

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FEFERBAUM, RUBENS, EDNA M. A. DINIZ, MARCELO VALENTE, CLÁUDIA R. GIOLO, RENATA A. VIEIRA, ANA L. S. GALVANI, MARIA E. J. CECCON, MARIA C. K. ARAUJO, VERA L. J. KREBS, and FLÁVIO A. C. VAZ. "Brain abscess by citrobacter diversus in infancy: case report." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 58, no. 3A (September 2000): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2000000400023.

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Citrobacter diversus is closely related to brain abscess in newborn infants. We describe a case of brain abscess by this bacteria in a newborn infant and his clinical and cranial computed tomographic evaluation until the fourth month of life and discuss therapeutic management of this patient.

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Gilard, Vianney, Kévin Beccaria, John C. Hartley, Stéphane Blanot, Sophie Marqué, Marie Bourgeois, Stephanie Puget, Dominic Thompson, Michel Zerah, and Martin Tisdall. "Brain abscess in children, a two-centre audit: outcomes and controversies." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316730.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to better characterise clinical presentation, management and outcome in infants and children with brain abscess.MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective, multicentre study in two national reference centres over a 25-year period (1992–2017). During this period, 116 children and 28 infants (age <1 year) with brain abscess were treated.ResultsThe median age at diagnosis was 101.5 (range: 13–213) months in children and 1 (0–11) month in infants. Significant differences were observed between children and infants. The most common predisposing factor was meningitis in infants (64% of cases vs 3% in children), while it was otolaryngology-related infection in children (31% of cases vs 3.6% in infants). Infants presented more frequently with fever and meningism compared with children. 115 patients were treated with aspiration and 11 with excision. Reoperation was required in 29 children vs 1 infant. The overall mortality rate was 4% (3.4% for children, 7.1% for infants). At 3-month follow-up, the outcome was favourable in 86% of children vs in 68% of infants.ConclusionThere is a clear difference between children and infants with brain abscess in terms of predisposing factors, causative organisms and outcome. Despite surgical drainage and directed antibiotic therapy, 25% of patients with brain abscess require reoperation. Mortality is improved compared with historical series; however, long-term morbidity is significant particularly in the infant population.

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Brown, Gemma. "NICU Noise and the Preterm Infant." Neonatal Network 28, no. 3 (May 2009): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.28.3.165.

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Premature infants in the NICU are often exposed to continuous loud noise despite research documenting the presence and damaging effects of noise on the preterm infant’s development. Excessive auditory stimulation creates negative physiologic responses such as apnea and fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Preterm infants exposed to prolonged excessive noise are also at increased risk for hearing loss, abnormal brain and sensory development, and speech and language problems. Reducing noise levels in the NICU can improve the physiologic stability of sick neonates and therefore enlarge the potential for infant brain development. Recommendations include covering incubators with blankets, removing noisy equipment from the incubator environment, implementing a quiet hour, educating staff to raise awareness, and encouraging staff to limit conversation near infants.

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Fuhr, Tanja, Henning Reetz, and Carla Wegener. "Comparison of Supervised-learning Models for Infant Cry Classification / Vergleich von Klassifikationsmodellen zur Säuglingsschreianalyse." International Journal of Health Professions 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijhp-2015-0005.

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AbstractCries of infants can be seen as an indicator for several developmental diseases. Different types of classification algorithms have been used in the past to classify infant cries of healthy infants and those with developmental diseases. To determine the ability of classification models to discriminate between healthy infant cries and various cries of infants suffering from several diseases, a literature search for infant cry classification models was performed; 9 classification models were identified that have been used for infant cry classification in the past. These classification models, as well as 3 new approaches were applied to a reference dataset containing cries of healthy infants and cries of infants suffering from laryngomalacia, cleft lip and palate, hearing impairment, asphyxia and brain damage. Classification models were evaluated according to a rating schema, considering the aspects accuracy, degree of overfitting and conformability. Results indicate that many models have issues with accuracy and conformability. However, some of the models, like C5.0 decision trees and J48 classification trees provide promising results in infant cry classification for diagnostic purpose.

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Schiff, Steven J., Abhaya V. Kulkarni, Edith Mbabazi-Kabachelor, John Mugamba, Peter Ssenyonga, Ruth Donnelly, Jody Levenbach, et al. "Brain growth after surgical treatment for infant postinfectious hydrocephalus in Sub-Saharan Africa: 2-year results of a randomized trial." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 28, no. 3 (September 2021): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.2.peds20949.

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OBJECTIVE Hydrocephalus in infants, particularly that with a postinfectious etiology, is a major public health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors of this study aimed to determine whether surgical treatment of infant postinfectious hydrocephalus in Uganda results in sustained, long-term brain growth and improved cognitive outcome. METHODS The authors performed a trial at a single center in Mbale, Uganda, involving infants (age < 180 days old) with postinfectious hydrocephalus randomized to endoscopic third ventriculostomy plus choroid plexus cauterization (ETV+CPC; n = 51) or ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS; n = 49). After 2 years, they assessed developmental outcome with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition (BSID-III), and brain volume (raw and normalized for age and sex) with CT scans. RESULTS Eighty-nine infants were assessed for 2-year outcome. There were no significant differences between the two surgical treatment arms in terms of BSID-III cognitive score (p = 0.17) or brain volume (p = 0.36), so they were analyzed together. Raw brain volumes increased between baseline and 2 years (p < 0.001), but this increase occurred almost exclusively in the 1st year (p < 0.001). The fraction of patients with a normal brain volume increased from 15.2% at baseline to 50.0% at 1 year but then declined to 17.8% at 2 years. Substantial normalized brain volume loss was seen in 21.3% patients between baseline and year 2 and in 76.7% between years 1 and 2. The extent of brain growth in the 1st year was not associated with the extent of brain volume changes in the 2nd year. There were significant positive correlations between 2-year brain volume and all BSID-III scores and BSID-III changes from baseline. CONCLUSIONS In Sub-Saharan Africa, even after successful surgical treatment of infant postinfectious hydrocephalus, early posttreatment brain growth stagnates in the 2nd year. While the reasons for this finding are unclear, it further emphasizes the importance of primary infection prevention and mitigation strategies along with optimizing the child’s environment to maximize brain growth potential.

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Shahid, Ahmad Daniyal, Haitao Zhu, Hong Yan Lu, Ming Chang, Abdul Malik, Murad Ali Sher, and Walid Ullah Adil. "The Early Prognosis Value of Activin A in Premature Infants’ Brain Injury." Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science (ISSN: 2208-2425) 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v3i3.622.

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The purpose of this research is to explore the predictive value of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and neonatal blood activin A in early brain injury in preterm neonates. 98 cases of premature infants were divided into brain injury group and control group according to the cranial imaging examination, and the brain injury group was further divided into mild brain injury group and severe brain injury group. The activin A level was measured in both preterm brain injury group and control group with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, then the comparisons of activin A levels between brain injury group and control group, mild and severe brain injury group were implemented to find out their differences. The results demonstrated that activin A levels of umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and 3-day-old premature infant peripheral blood in brain injury group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), activin A levels of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and 3-day-old infant blood in the severe brain injury group were significantly higher than the mild brain injury group (P<0.05), intragroup comparison among the brain injury group showed amniotic fluid and 3-day-old premature infant serum activin A levels were significantly higher than umbilical cord blood (P<0.05), activin A has a certain value in early prediction and severity assessment of preterm brain injury. Keywords - Activin A , severity levels, preterm neonates, intraventricular hemorrhage

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Student. "ANENCEPHALIC ORGAN DONORS." Pediatrics 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.2.a42.

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[There are] two policy choices: we can abandon attempts to justify use of anencephalic infants as organ donors because there is currently no clinically accepted means to declare brain death in these infants; or we can carry out the research necessary to establish a clinically valid procedure for doing so. A Canadian group has decided to take the second route and experiment on methods to use as organ donors anencephalic newborns who can be validly declared brain-dead on classic criteria. The group has developed a basic protocol that calls for the parents to agree, prior to birth, that: (1) the infant will be resuscitated; (2) periodic testing will be done to determine brain death (removal from the ventilator at six-to-twelve-hour intervals for a ten-minute period to determine ability to breathe spontaneously; (3) organ donation is acceptable; and (4) a definite time limit (to be determined by the parents but not more than fourteen days) after which the infant will be removed from the ventilator and permitted to die. Low-dose morphine is administered to prevent potential suffering on the part of the infant, although whether anencephalic newborns can suffer is unknown.

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Martinez-Torteya, Cecilia, Caleb J. Figge, Michelle A. Gilchrist, Maria Muzik, Anthony P. King, and Matthew Sorenson. "Prenatal intimate partner violence exposure predicts infant biobehavioral regulation: Moderation by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 1009–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000329.

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AbstractThe ability to regulate stress is a critical developmental milestone of early childhood that involves a set of interconnected behavioral and physiological processes and is influenced by genetic and environmental stimuli. Prenatal exposure to traumatic stress and trauma, including intimate partner violence (IPV), increases risk for offspring biobehavioral regulation problems during childhood and adolescence. Although individual differences in susceptibility to prenatal stress have been largely unexplored, a handful of studies suggest children with specific genetic characteristics are most vulnerable to prenatal stress. We evaluated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene (BDNF) as a moderator of the effect of prenatal IPV exposure on infant temperamental and cortisol regulation in response to a psychosocial challenge. Ninety-nine mother–infant dyads recruited from the community were assessed when infants (51% female) were 11 to 14 months. Maternal reports of IPV during pregnancy and infant temperament were obtained, and infant saliva was collected for genotyping and to assess cortisol reactivity (before and after the Strange Situation Task). Significant genetic moderation effects were found. Among infants with the BDNF Met allele, prenatal IPV predicted worse temperamental regulation and mobilization of the cortisol response, while controlling for infant postnatal exposure to IPV, other maternal traumatic experiences, and infant sex. However, prenatal IPV exposure was not associated with temperamental or cortisol outcomes among infant carriers of the Val/Val genotype. Findings are discussed in relation to prenatal programming and biological susceptibility to stress.

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Iov, Tatiana, Cristina Furnică, Sofia Mihaela David, and Diana Bulgaru-Iliescu. "Medical, Forensic and Social Quandaries of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Today." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/118.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is described as the sudden, unexplained death (with no attributable cause, during sleep) of a seemingly healthy child before reaching the first year of life. Statistically, SIDS is recognized today as a leading cause of death in infants aged 1 to 12 months. In the present article the authors have analyzed known risk factors, classifications and current standards of forensic investigation while highlighting the necessity of detailed clinical history, autopsy, scene of death examination and lab findings (radiology, metabolic anomalies, infectious diseases and toxicology) in SIDS diagnosis. For an infant death to be considered SIDS, all other possible causes of death must be first excluded, the diagnosis requiring detailed collection and analysis of antemortem patient data and a complete autopsy. Although the forensic methods of today are more exact, the distinction between SIDS and other causes of death (e.g. unintentional asphyxiation, infanticide) remains very difficult in some cases.

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Swain, James E. "Brain-based sex differences in parenting propagate emotion expression." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 5 (October 2009): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990124.

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AbstractParent-infant emotional expressions vary according to parent and infant gender. Such parent-infant interactions critically affect infant development. Neuroimaging research is exploring emotion-related brain function that varies according to gender, and regulates parenting thoughts and behaviors in the early postpartum. Through specific brain functions, parenting serves to program the infant brain for the next generation of sex-specific emotional expression.

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32

Iacono, Dieg. "Is Brain Aging Retreating to an Infant Brain?" American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 1, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.01.000505.

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Bennett, D. D. "Mysteries Surround Infant Brain Damage." Science News 127, no. 15 (April 13, 1985): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3969700.

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34

Badr (Zahr), Lina Kurdahi, and Isabell Purdy. "Brain Injury in the Infant." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 20, no. 2 (April 2006): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005237-200604000-00011.

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&NA;. "Brain Injury in the Infant." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 20, no. 2 (April 2006): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005237-200604000-00012.

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Cooke, R. W. I. "Perinatal and Infant Brain Imaging." Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.60.6.597.

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Speidel, B. "Ultrasound of the Infant Brain." Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.60.11.1109-a.

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Gould, Paula. "Imager reveals infant brain damage." Physics World 19, no. 2 (February 2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/19/2/12.

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Bates, Elizabeth. "Language and the infant brain." Journal of Communication Disorders 32, no. 4 (July 1999): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00015-5.

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Chen, Yu-Han, Joni Saby, Emily Kuschner, William Gaetz, J. Christopher Edgar, and Timothy P. L. Roberts. "Magnetoencephalography and the infant brain." NeuroImage 189 (April 2019): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.059.

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Ghebremeskel, Keb, Martin Leighfield, Margaret Ashwell, T. A. B. Sanders, and Sheela Reddy. "Infant brain lipids and diet." Lancet 340, no. 8827 (October 1992): 1093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)93109-z.

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Yahalom, Barak, Umeshkumar Athiraman, Sulpicio G. Soriano, David Zurakowski, Elizabeth A. Carpino, Gabriel Corfas, and Charles B. Berde. "Spinal Anesthesia in Infant Rats." Anesthesiology 114, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31821b5729.

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Background Previous studies in infant rats and case-control studies of human infants undergoing surgery have raised concerns about potential neurodevelopmental toxicities of general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is an alternative to general anesthesia for some infant surgeries. To test for potential toxicity, a spinal anesthesia model in infant rats was developed. Methods Rats of postnatal ages 7, 14, and 21 days were assigned to no treatment, 1% isoflurane for either 1 h or 6 h, or lumbar spinal injection of saline or bupivacaine at doses of 3.75 mg/kg (low dose) or 7.5 mg/kg (high dose). Subgroups of animals underwent neurobehavioral testing and blood gas analysis. Brain and lumbar spinal cord sections were examined for apoptosis using cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining. The lumbar spinal cord was examined histologically.Rats exposed to spinal or general anesthesia as infants underwent Rotarod testing of motor performance as adults. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with general linear models, Friedman tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests, as appropriate. Results Bupivacaine 3.75 mg/kg was effective for spinal anesthesia in all age groups. Impairments in sensory and motor function recovered in 40-60 min. Blood gases were similar among groups. Brain and spinal cord apoptosis increased in rats receiving 6 h of 1% isoflurane, but not among the other treatments. All groups showed intact motor performance at adulthood. Conclusions Spinal anesthesia is technically feasible in infant rats and appears benign in terms of neuroapoptotic and neuromotor sequelae.

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Mohd Nordin, Ashikin, Jean Jun Ong, Juriza Ismail, Norazlin Kamal Nor, Sau Wei Wong, Noor Dina Hashim, Fahrin Zara Mohammad Nasseri, et al. "Silent Mastoiditis Associated with Pneumococcal Meningitis." Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 27, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51407/mjpch.v27i2.118.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) can cause a wide spectrum of diseases which includes upper respiratory tract infection as well as more severe invasive disease such as meningitis. Meningitis may be caused by invasion of the organism through the blood brain barrier, either via haematological spread or from an adjacent focus of infection such as the ears. We describe two infants with pneumococcal meningitis and silent mastoiditis. They both presented with a classical history to suggest meningitis with no apparent focus of infection. A brain imaging was done in the first infant to look for the underlying cause of his focal seizure and in the second infant, to assess for complications of meningitis, as he had a slow recovery. While they did not have any clinical signs to point towards the diagnosis, they were both diagnosed to have acute mastoiditis from brain imaging. We would like to highlight the importance of brain imaging in excluding silent mastoiditis in infants with meningitis, particularly in those whose clinical course appears atypical.

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Clark, Brian J., G. G. W. Adams, and Philip J. Luthert. "Retinal haemorrhages in infant head injury." Brain 125, no. 3 (March 2002): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf067.

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Nolvi, Saara, Jetro J. Tuulari, Tuomas Lavonius, Noora M. Scheinin, Satu J. Lehtola, Maria Lavonius, Harri Merisaari, et al. "Newborn white matter microstructure moderates the association between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant negative reactivity." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (June 2020): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa081.

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Abstract Maternal postpartum depression is a prominent risk factor for aberrant child socioemotional development, but there is little understanding about the neural phenotypes that underlie infant sensitivity to maternal depression. We examined whether newborn white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter maturity, moderates the association between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant negative reactivity at 6 months. Participants were 80 mother–infant dyads participating in a prospective population-based cohort, and included families whose newborns underwent a magnetic resonance/diffusion tensor imaging scan at 2–5 weeks of age and whose mothers reported their own depressive symptoms at 3 and 6 months postpartum and infant negative emotional reactivity at 6 months. The whole-brain FA moderated the association between maternal depressive symptoms and mother-reported infant negative reactivity at 6 months after adjusting for the covariates. Maternal depressive symptoms were positively related to infant negative reactivity among infants with high or average FA in the whole brain and in corpus callosum and cingulum, but not among those with low FA. The link between maternal depressive symptoms and infant negative reactivity was moderated by newborn FA. The variation in white matter microstructure might play a role in child susceptibility to parental distress.

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Kuchan, Matthew J., Søren K. Jensen, Elizabeth J. Johnson та Jacqueline C. Lieblein-Boff. "The naturally occurring α-tocopherol stereoisomer RRR-α-tocopherol is predominant in the human infant brain". British Journal of Nutrition 116, № 1 (16 травня 2016): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516001719.

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Abstractα-Tocopherol is the principal source of vitamin E, an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy brain function. Infant formula is routinely supplemented with synthetic α-tocopherol, a racaemic mixture of eight stereoisomers with less bioactivity than the natural stereoisomer RRR-α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol stereoisomer profiles have not been previously reported in the human brain. In the present study, we analysed total α-tocopherol and α-tocopherol stereoisomers in the frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HPC) and visual cortex (VC) of infants (n 36) who died of sudden infant death syndrome or other conditions. RRR-α-tocopherol was the predominant stereoisomer in all brain regions (P<0·0001) and samples, despite a large intra-decedent range in total α-tocopherol (5–17 μg/g). Mean RRR-α-tocopherol concentrations in FC, HPC and VC were 10·5, 6·8 and 5·5 μg/g, respectively. In contrast, mean levels of the synthetic stereoisomers were RRS, 1–1·5; RSR, 0·8–1·0; RSS, 0·7–0·9; and Σ2S 0·2–0·3 μg/g. Samples from all but two decedents contained measurable levels of the synthetic stereoisomers, but the intra-decedent variation was large. The ratio of RRR:the sum of the synthetic 2R stereoisomers (RRS+RSR+RSS) averaged 2·5, 2·3 and 2·4 in FC, HPC and VC, respectively, and ranged from 1 to at least 4·7, indicating that infant brain discriminates against synthetic 2R stereoisomers in favour of RRR. These findings reveal that RRR-α-tocopherol is the predominant stereoisomer in infant brain. These data also indicate that the infant brain discriminates against the synthetic 2R stereoisomers, but is unable to do so completely. On the basis of these findings, investigation into the impact of α-tocopherol stereoisomers on neurodevelopment is warranted.

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Erny, Erny, Okky Prasetyo, and Ayly Soekanto. "The Impact of Using Gadgets at Early Age on The Brain Development of Infants and Children (Literature Review Article)." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v11i2.2225.

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The use of gadgets is currently very evenly distributed in almost all age groups with screen times that are increasingly worrying, especially in infants and children. The influence of these devices can cause many problems not only social problems but especially health problems that have a long-term impact. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by early use of gadgets in infants and children should be prevented by parents' understanding of the effects of using these devices. The purpose of writing this review article describes health problems that may arise due to the use of gadgets in children in an uncontrolled time. This literature review article was analyzed from 25 journals with topics of infant and toddler brain development, gadgets, electromagnetic waves and their impact on infant and toddler brain development. Search using pubmed central, google scholar, article in journals indexes Scopus Q1-4 and Sinta 1-4 from year 2002-2022. 25 journals were obtained and overall showed the impact of gadgets in the brain development.

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Sirois, Sylvain, and Denis Mareschal. "An Interacting Systems Model of Infant Habituation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 8 (October 2004): 1352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042304778.

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Habituation and related procedures are the primary behavioral tools used to assess perceptual and cognitive competence in early infancy. This article introduces a neurally constrained computational model of infant habituation. The model combines the two leading process theories of infant habituation into a single functional system that is grounded in functional brain circuitry. The HAB model (for Habituation, Autoassociation, and Brain) proposes that habituation behaviors emerge from the opponent, complementary processes of hippocampal selective inhibition and cortical long-term potentiation. Simulations of a seminal experiment by Fantz [Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146, 668–670, 1964] are reported. The ability of the model to capture the fine detail of infant data (especially age-related changes in performance) underlines the useful contribution of neurocomputational models to our understanding of behavior in general, and of early cognition in particular.

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Marshall, Peter J., and Andrew N. Meltzoff. "Neural mirroring mechanisms and imitation in human infants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1644 (June 5, 2014): 20130620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0620.

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Studying human infants will increase our understanding of the nature, origins and function of neural mirroring mechanisms. Human infants are prolific imitators. Infant imitation indicates observation–execution linkages in the brain prior to language and protracted learning. Investigations of neural aspects of these linkages in human infants have focused on the sensorimotor mu rhythm in the electroencephalogram, which occurs in the alpha frequency range over central electrode sites. Recent results show that the infant mu rhythm is desynchronized during action execution as well as action observation. Current work is elucidating properties of the infant mu rhythm and how it may relate to prelinguistic action processing and social understanding. Here, we consider this neuroscience research in relation to developmental psychological theory, particularly the ‘Like-Me’ framework, which holds that one of the chief cognitive tasks of the human infant is to map the similarity between self and other. We elucidate the value of integrating neuroscience findings with behavioural studies of infant imitation, and the reciprocal benefit of examining mirroring mechanisms from an ontogenetic perspective.

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Critchley, Ariane. "Baby brain: Neuroscience, policy-making and child protection." Scottish Affairs 29, no. 4 (November 2020): 512–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0341.

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This paper is concerned with the co-opting of neuroscientific findings into social work practice with infants at risk of harm. The value of neuroscience to our understanding of infants and infant care remains contested. For ‘infant mental health’ proponents, neuroscientific findings have become a powerful tool in arguing for the importance of nurture and care in the early years. However, critical perspectives question the selective use of neuroscientific evidence, and the impact that the ‘first three years’ agenda has actually had on families. In social work, much of our involvement with very young children is centred around risk. It is also concentrated on children born into families and communities experiencing multiple disadvantages. The emphasis on the vulnerability of infants and very young children has changed child protection social work in significant ways. Many of the children subject to child care and protection measures are very young, or not yet born. This paper draws upon findings from a study which followed families through the process of pre-birth child protection assessment. It is argued that it is necessary to engage critically with the ‘first three years’ narrative that has become dominant in Scottish policy making and the impact this has had on child protection practice and the lives of families. The paper argues for a broader interpretation of ACEs focused on community and public health across the life course.

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