Дисертації з теми "Inégalité sociale – Histoire"
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Joigneaux, Christophe. "Des processus de différenciation dès l'école maternelle : historicités plurielles et inégalité scolaire." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083607.
Повний текст джерелаAlmost 40 years ago, statistical studies have been arguing that pre-schooling tends to reduce future failure risks at school without reducing social inequalities related to schooling. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the processes of differentiation related to schooling which are underlying this double fact. To this aim, we have tried to analyse the theoretical schemes existing concerning school failure and « scholar form » in the Sociology of education researches. We attempted to understand how a multiplicity of histories are intertwined in the processes of differentiation, namely pupils’ familial histories embodied in predispositions, curricular histories embodied in taught and required knowledge, materials’ histories embodied in action plans or pedagogical supports, and classes’ histories embodied in habits and reciprocal perceptions. This led us to cross a corpus of institutional and professional texts (ministerial texts, books and reviews concerning pre-school) published since the beginning of the 19th century with qualitative data collected during one year in two classes of the upper level of preschool. This research enabled us to better understand how the difficulties faced in preschool as well as in follow-up schooling by pupils from lower classes backgrounds are mainly due to the scriptural nature of exercises and action plans combined with the way these exercises and action plans are “differentiated” by their teachers depending on the status conferred to pupils in the classroom
Raster, Tom. "Essays in Historical Political Economy : trade, Innovation, and Forced Labor." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0041.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is a collection of three essays on trade, innovation, and forced labor that leverage natural experiments and novel microdata in economic history. Chapter 1 provides the first causal evidence of the effect of individual pioneers — first movers on trade links — on aggregate trade. I collect detailed data on all 1.4 million voyages between Baltic Sea ports and the rest of the world from 1500 until the 1850s, including 47,000 pioneering voyages that first connected two towns. I study the effect of pioneering on subsequent trade in a gravity model of yearly port-pair trade and instrument pioneering at the granular voyage level with (i) quasi-random en-route encounters with captains from new ports and (ii) rerouting due to the unpredictable obstruction of previous destinations by sea ice. I find that 10% of the total value of the trade is due to recent pioneering. A single pioneering voyage increases town exports by 25–33% for the 12% links that persist. Survival is higher for pioneered ports that are more distant from the origin port or existing trade partners in terms of kilometers, product mix, religion, or language. However, pioneers tend to select less distant ports. Therefore, returns are greatest when sea ice removes this selection and forces pioneers to experiment with exogenously determined ports. Pioneering spills over onto other traders, reducing the private returns of pioneers. This raises concerns about insufficient ex-ante pioneering and underlines the importance of policies that foster pioneering, particularly with distant destinations. Chapter 2 studies a major hypothesized driver of entrepreneurship and innovation: Admiration of business people and the bourgeoisie that incentivizes individuals to emulate the achievements of those with high social status, the so-called Bourgeois Values (McCloskey, 2010). We test this theory by devising a new measure of bourgeois values from first names in the US census, which we find to be strongly correlated with entrepreneurship and income. For identification, we leverage the ad hoc road trips of two prominent public exponents of bourgeois values in the early 20th century: Henry Ford and Thomas Edison. Referring to themselves as the Vagabonds, Edison and Ford quasi-exogenously exposed different localities to prominent bourgeois role models across several road trips between 1918 and 1924. Visits by the Vagabonds cause an increase in our measure of bourgeois values, which in turn increase income and the frequency of entrepreneurship. Our findings suggest that culture and values drive innovation and that even moderate shocks to cultural values can have lasting effects. Chapter 3 empirically tests the main hypothesized determinant of labor coercion (Domar, 1970): labor scarcity. I obtain quasi-exogenous variation in labor scarcity from immense spatial dispersion in deaths from three plagues in the Baltics (1605-6, 1657, 1710-2), which I show is uncorrelated to a host of local, pre-plague characteristics. To measure the intensity of labor coercion, I hand-collect thousands of serf labor contracts in Estonia, which capture the work obligations of serfs. I find that labor scarcity substantially increases coercion. I find that this effect is enhanced by the lack of outside options and increased labor monopsony power, in line with theoretical models. Investigating the consequences of (labor-scarcity instrumented) coercion, I find negative effects on education and increased migration. Taken together, these findings highlight the conditions under which labor scarcity raises coercion and provide suggestive evidence of why it does not in other cases (e.g., in Western Europe following the Black Death)
Guillaumond, Julien. "L’Irlande de 1922 à 2002 : l’impossible route vers une société plus juste ?" Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030135.
Повний текст джерелаBeginning with the Celtic Tiger years, Ireland’s remarkable economic growth and the inequalities existing in its wake, this PhD tries to re-assess the issue of contemporary inequalities in modern societies emphasising the Irish case from 1922 to 2002. To what extent did inequalities exist in Ireland prior to the advent of the Celtic Tiger? What were Irish attitudes to inequalities and how have they evolved? Do Irish people care about equality? Based on an economic, social, historical and political analysis resting on recent comparative studies of the development of welfare state systems and the varying extents of their redistributive agendas as well as on reflections on inequalities and fairness in our societies, this thesis aims to show that current inequalities in Ireland can best be understood in the light of an inability to create a more just society from 1922 onwards. The author argues that three particular sets of factors, demographic and economic factors, political factors, and Irish mentalités have, in close interaction with one another, provided a strong framework which has prevented the advent of a more just society between 1922 and 2002
Novokmet, Filip. "Entre communisme et capitalisme Essais sur l’évolution des inégalités de revenus et de patrimoines en Europe de l’Est 1890-2015 (République Tchèque, Pologne, Bulgarie, Croatie, Slovénie, Russie)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0162/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation studies the evolution of income and wealth inequality in former communist countries in Eastern Europe from the nineteenth century up to the present. It brings together chapters that explore the historical inequality trends in six different countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia and Russia. We construct novel datasets that allow detailed analysis of inequality trends, providing at the same time broad historical and international perspective
Corbion, Sylviane. "Éducation tout au long de la vie et logiques sociales de formation professionnelle : le cas des enseignants spécialisés du premier degré en charge de l’aide pédagogique aux élèves en grande difficulté scolaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080124.
Повний текст джерелаAs a prominent indicator of the French school system's structural problems, France’s public authorities' willingness to take action in order to reduce inequalities in schools and to include all school-going groups finds itself up against school management policies and concrete organizational difficulties. This situation raises the issues of what training and practices teachers have when they are confronted with students' heterogeneity and the multiple contexts in which they practice their profession. This research paper aims to contribute to the study of primary school teachers, especially those in charge of specialized help for students in great difficulty, by shedding light on the social influences involved in professional trajectories and the logic behind training in lifelong learning. It is based on the lessons learned from an observation survey (direct, participatory and peripheral), a follow-up of two groups of teachers in training who were the subjects of a case study and nearly two hundred interviews. Its methodology is original for sociology because it integrates a collection of twenty-five professional real-life stories of specialized teachers. Its data was cross-referenced on content analysis scales using studies and statistics, training programs, reports and official texts. In order to identify its specificity, it seeks to characterize the problems encountered by teachers who will reposition themselves according to their students’ needs (pedagogical, educational, social support). Thus a certain logic of action and training emerges that will exert an influence on the biographical trajectory of the individuals involved
Cintract, Aurélien. "L'inégalité devant la mort : Approche socio-anthropologique de la mortalité différentielle en France." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1004/document.
Повний текст джерелаIf we look through sociology, anthropology, demography and history, one may notice that death, being abiological phenomenon, a natural fact, is also a cultural fact in front of which men are not equal. For, despitethe progress made throughout history regarding life expectancy, death does not strike everyone the same way.After having thoroughly analysed mortality statistics according to different variables (gender, employment,education, marriage settlement, housing), we insist on living conditions-mainly on working conditions-whichmay have consequences on a person's physical and psychological state. We show how way of life, housing, theenvironment or even affiliations can affect life expectancy. Disadvantaged backgrounds, made vulnerablebecause of their living conditions, since they cannot avoid some factors of risk, are even more subject to causesthat may lead to a pathology, sooner or later. In that respect, we can talk about a social inequality againstmorbidity, that is to say an inequality against all the various factors which may lead to disease, then to death.Thanks to our research, we learn that unequal death is a result of unequal social conditions. Mortality statisticsdepict the sum of the inequalities, lived and integrated. Eventually, the highest death rates of the dominatedclasses could be read as a product of domination. Indeed, the socio-anthropological approach tries to make alink between a social issue, emphasizing on phenomena of domination through social relationships, andbiological effectors of behaviours, giving an overall vision, in a proper anthropological way of the phenomenonstudied. Finally, death is culturally established
Bonnet, Florian. "French spatial inequalities in an historical perspective." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis has a dual purpose. First, it presents the methods used to build two new historical databases relating to departments. The first database provides the departmental lifetables for the period 1901-20-14. The second database provides the departmental distributions of income over the period 1960-2014. Second, this thesis presents the first work resulting from the joint use of these two databases and other statistics: they concern both the dynamics of spatial inequalities and some specific historical events. Thus, the analysis of the spatial distribution of the population since the middle of the 19th century allows to understand the dynamics induced by the rural exodus, but also by the new trends of today's migrations. The analysis of mortality inequalities over the last 200 years shows that inequalities have fallen dramatically since the end of the 19th century, while the geography of excess mortality has changed. Finally, the analysis of spatial income inequalities reveals a continuous decline since the 1920s. This decline occurred only since 1950 spatial inequalities are observed using a synthetic indicator of welfare, combining both mortality inequalities and income inequalities. The thesis ends with the analysis of internal migrations during the Second World War: these migrations were massive, and clearly oriented towards the free zone. These results testify both to the impact of this event on French demography, and to the quest for freedom of the French of that time, little hampered by the demarcation line
Paré, Pierre-Olivier. "Évolution des impacts de cinq transformations sociales sur la progression du niveau de vie des Québecois de 1986 à 2016." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70285.
Повний текст джерелаSince the end of the Second World War, Quebec society has undergone major changes that may have influenced the recent increase in the standard of living of Quebecers: i) major school reforms; ii) the change from the Fordist model of production to the post-Fordist model of production; iii) increased contribution of women to the labor market; iv) the change from the modern family model to the contemporary family model; and v) the aging of the population. The main objectives of this thesis are, on the one hand, to better understand how these transformations could have affected the increase in the standard of living from 1986 to 2016 and, on the other hand, to highlight the inequalities in the standard of living between households according to their characteristics. To do this, we propose to examine the evolution of the standard of living from a macroeconomic perspective, using real GDP per capita, and from a microeconomic perspective using adjusted income. Some of our variables had negative impacts on the standard of living (changes in the demographic profile of the population, the decrease in the number of workers per household, the decrease in the number of hours worked level as well as changes in household composition). Other variables had nuanced impacts or little impact (changes in the age and sex of the primary maintainer, the decrease in household size and the stagnation of employment income). On the other hand, certain variables had positive impacts (the evolution of the employment rate, the growth of productivity, the decrease in the number of dependent children per household, the increase in the level of education and the growth government transfers).
Labar, Kelly. "Inégalités sociales en Chine : quelle réalité ?" Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272994.
Повний текст джерелаZamora, Vargas Daniel. "De l'égalité à la pauvreté :les reconfigurations de l'assistance et les transformations de l'Etat social Belge (1925-2015)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/217788.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Gutiérrez, Alicia Beatriz. "Estrategias de reproducción social en situaciones de pobreza urbana : historia barrio pobre de la ciudad de Cordoba (Argentina)." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0078.
Повний текст джерелаThis is a study of urban poverty through the history of a poor quarter in Cordoba, Argentina. Urban poverty is analyzed through the different forms of capital (objetivated or incorporated) that can be mobilized, as many other resources, in function of the available instruments of reproduction. Particular attention is paid to the trajectories and strategies of accumulation, maintenance and mobilization of the social capital through the different ways of collective and domestic organization and to the corresponding networks of interchange they own (networks of specialized indirect reciprocity, networks of deferred intergenerational interchange). Articulated with the political structures, with the evolution of social policies and with the deterioration of the conditions of living and survival, the strategies show the inequality in the scope of manoeuvre and the social differences they induce; from the forms of monopolization of the collective social capital up to the commercial restructuring and the limitations that point out the existence of economic thresholds of strategic restructuring, specially in the matter of schooling, these differentiations formulate questions about the social impact and meaning of resistance strategies and restructuring. In these analysis as a whole, the role of women appears as a determinant in the maintenance of traditional intergenerational interchanges as well as in the sexual division of work, as it can be seen in collective restructuring strategies – they are the agents or promotors in the individual as well as in the social aspects
Alfonsi, Jérémy. "Les réseaux personnels des jeunes : formes de sociabilité et parcours inégaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0125/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis proposes to understand the biographical trajectories of young French people according to the influence of their personal relationships. We expose the contexts of life and the differents modes of sociability that shape networks with unequal forms and effects on destinies. At the entrance of adult life, individuals are invited to invest the major roles that will characterize their positions in the social world. How are personal relationships mobilized on these occasions ? Who intervene precisely ? What resources and constraints do they offer ? To answer these questions, we interviewed at lenght about thirty young adults with contrasted social origins living in Montpellier. Together, we have retraced more than 200 major sequences that have punctuated their lifecourse, in order to reveal the episodes in which their relations played a decisive role. We have also reconstituted with them the circle of close bonds which have accompanied them in the main dimensions of their social life. The analysis of the characteristics of nearly 400 relationships, their history and the contours of the personal networks they form, has enabled us to reveal very heterogeneous entourage, able to constrain the trajectories or to open sometimes to new horizons. Lastly, the very precise examination of sociability practices revealed cultural differences that contribute to the development of networks with such distinct forms and effects. Thereby, this research allows to better understand how relational supports unequally sustain the evolution of individuals in the social world
Tsafack, Temah Chrystelle. "Le rôle des inégalités de revenu et de genre dans l'évolution de l'épidémie du VIH/Sida en Afrique sub-saharienne." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281162.
Повний текст джерелаHavard, Sabrina. "Contribution de la pollution atmosphérique aux inégalités socio-spatiales de santé : analyse écologique du risque d'infarctus du myocarde dans l'agglomération de Strasbourg." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1B120.
Повний текст джерелаHavard, Sabrina. "Contribution de la Pollution Atmosphérique aux Inégalités Socio-Spatiales de Santé :Analyse Écologique du Risque d'Infarctus du Myocarde dans l'Agglomération de Strasbourg." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362785.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude a été conduite dans la Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg (CUS, Bas-Rhin) à l'échelle du quartier de résidence (IRIS). Les infarctus du myocarde survenus parmi la population âgée de 35 à 74 ans entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 31 décembre 2003 (n = 1193) ont été recueillis auprès du registre bas-rhinois des cardiopathies ischémiques. Les concentrations horaires de pollution atmosphérique (NO2, PM10, O3 et CO) ont été modélisées par IRIS à l'aide du modèle ADMS Urban. Le niveau socio-économique des IRIS a été estimé à l'aide d'un indice de défaveur construit par analyse en composantes principales à partir des données du recensement.
Nous avons tout d'abord cherché à évaluer le degré d'injustice environnementale qui prévalait sur notre zone d'étude afin de vérifier l'hypothèse d'un différentiel d'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique selon le niveau socio-économique des IRIS. Notre analyse de régression spatiale a démontré l'existence d'inégalités socio-économiques dans l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique ; les quartiers de défaveur moyenne, localisés aux abords des principales infrastructures routières entourant le centre urbain, étaient les plus exposés à la pollution liée au trafic.
Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à examiner l'association entre le niveau socio-économique des IRIS et la survenue de l'infarctus du myocarde afin de vérifier l'hypothèse d'inégalités sociales de santé sur notre zone d'étude. Notre analyse bayésienne a montré l'existence de forts gradients socio-économiques du risque d'infarctus du myocarde chez les hommes et les femmes et mis en exergue une vulnérabilité particulière des femmes vivant dans les quartiers les plus défavorisés.
Nous avons finalement exploré la contribution de la pollution atmosphérique aux inégalités sociales de santé en examinant si le niveau socio-économique des IRIS modifiait les effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur le risque d'infarctus du myocarde. Notre analyse cas-croisés a révélé un effet plus élevé de la pollution particulaire chez les individus vivant dans les quartiers défavorisés, en particulier les femmes âgées de 55 à 74 ans. Ces résultats, au vu de ceux précédemment rapportés, semblent s'expliquer davantage par un différentiel de sensibilité que par un différentiel d'exposition. La recherche des mécanismes responsables de cette sensibilité exacerbée nécessite d'être poursuivie dans de futurs travaux afin que des actions de santé publique efficaces puissent être mises en œuvre pour protéger ces populations vulnérables.
Cintract, Aurelien. "L'inégalité devant la mort : Approche socio-anthropologique de la mortalité différentielle en France." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942716.
Повний текст джерелаKengue, Mamayou Pascal. "La microfinance en Tunisie et en Egypte : un outil au service du développement local." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713847.
Повний текст джерелаMunayeno, Muvova. "Les infections sexuellement transmissibles (maladies vénériennes) et la santé publique au Congo: contribution à l'histoire socio-épidémiologique des IST en milieux urbains (1885-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210102.
Повний текст джерелаnégligée par des chercheurs africains spécialistes en sciences sociales, en raison notamment du tabou
qui entoure la sexualité dans ce continent. Toutefois, les dernières décennies ont donné lieu à plusieurs
recherches menées principalement par les Européens africanistes sur ces pathologies grâce à
l’émergence de la pandémie actuelle du Sida. La plupart des travaux réalisés sont axés sur les facteurs
de risque, les mécanismes de diffusion, les croyances et les attitudes populaires face à ces maladies, les
politiques de lutte, etc. Mais les études historiques consacrées aux IST sont très rares. Celles qui
existent ont surtout mis en évidence la dimension démographique axée sur le problème de la dénatalité
en laissant dans l’ombre le contexte socio-historique et les conditions socio-épidémiologiques de
propagation de ces affections. Au moment où le Sida fait des ravages dans le monde et tout
particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne, l’intérêt d’une réflexion historique sur les IST au Congo
n’est plus à démontrer.
Contrairement à une affirmation classiquement admise dans la littérature, selon laquelle la
lutte contre les IST au sein de la population congolaise fut un franc succès pour les autorités coloniales
surtout après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, cette thèse montre plutôt l’augmentation de la prévalence
des IST dans le temps. Les archives inédites et l’analyse des données révèlent que cette progression
continue est la conséquence de l'urbanisation accélerée et de la monétarisation de la société et de la sexualité entraînant des modes de vie propres à la société coloniale urbaine. Les villes issues de ce processus deviendront non seulement des espaces
d’acculturation et de modernité, mais aussi des lieux d’expansion de ces maladies. Le développement
de la prostitution et la multiplicité des partenaires sexuels, à travers les unions plus libres et
momentanées, sont les principaux facteurs explicatifs de cette observation.
On présente généralement de manière panégyrique l’oeuvre sanitaire coloniale de la Belgique
au Congo comme ‘‘modèle’’. Pourtant, aucune étude n’a déjà été menée pour examiner, de manière
chiffrée, les aspets liés aux différences de santé entre les Congolais et les Blancs. Cette
dissertation vient combler les lacunes existantes dans ce domaine. De ce point de vue, il en résulte de
fortes inégalités et des déséquilibres persistants de santé entre ces deux types de populations. Les Congolais beaucoup plus
nombreux, socialement défavorisés, ne bénéficient que d’une situation peu ou moins favorable ;tandis
que les Blancs, socialement plus favorisés, bénéficient en général d’une meilleure situation sanitaire.
Plusieurs indicateurs élaborés dans ce travail sont révélateurs de cette réalité coloniale, en termes
d’équipements sanitaires, d’accès et d’utilisation de soins et d’état de santé différencié./
The issue of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa has long been neglected by
researchers African social scientists, particularly because of the taboo surrounding sexuality in Africa.
However, recent decades have resulted in several research conducted mainly by the European
Africanists on these diseases through the emergence of the current pandemic of AIDS. Most of studies
are focused on risk factors, distribution mechanisms, the popular attitudes about these infections,
control policies. But historical studies on STI are seldom examined. Those that exist are mainly
concerning the demographic dimension focuses on the problem of declining birth, leaving the socio-historical
and socio-epidemiological spread of such diseases. While AIDS is ravaging the world and
especially in sub-Saharan Africa, one thing to mention is that the interest of historical reflection on
STI in the Congo is obvious.
Contrary to an assertion conventionally accepted in the literature, that the fight against
gonorrhea and syphilis among the Congolese population was a success for the colonial authorities,
especially after the Second World War, our thesis shows rather the increasing prevalence of STI. The
archives and analysis of data indicates this continued progress is the result of special conditions of
industrialization and urbanization colonial that make people vulnerable. Cities from this historical
process will not only areas of acculturation and modernity, but also places for expansion of these
diseases. The development of prostitution and multiple sexual partners through free and temporary
unions are the main factors explaining this observation.
It has generally praises how the actions of Belgian colonial health in the Congo as 'model'.
However, no study has been conducted to establish or to compare quantitatively the health status
between Blacks (Congolese) and Withes (Europeans in majority). This essay shows the social health
inequalities among these two populations. The Congolese many in number, but more socially
disadvantaged have only less favorable conditions to health. While the white people, socially
privileged, generally have better health status. Several indicators developed in this study are revealing
of the colonial reality in terms of sanitation, access and use of care and health status differential.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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De, Franca Catalao Igor. "Différence, dispersion et fragmentation sociospatiale : explorations métropolitaines à Brasilia et Curitiba." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037942.
Повний текст джерелаVerjus, Anne. "La citoyenneté politique au prisme du genre. Droits et représentation des individus entre famille et classe de sexe (XVIIIème-XXIème siècles)." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998659.
Повний текст джерелаMirza, Maryam. "L'Intimité inter-classes 5 : une étude de la littérature féminine anglophone contemporaine de l'Inde et du Pakistan." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3048.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation is a detailed analysis of ten contemporary Anglophone novels by women writers from India and Pakistan. It explores and evaluates the politics as well as the poetics of the literary depiction of cross-class love and friendship in Anglophone literature of the Indian sub-continent, which is often considered ‘elitist'. The figure of the subaltern lies at the heart of our study and by focusing on the portrayal of the negotiation of class, caste and gender identities in the Indian sub-continent, this dissertation moves away from postcolonial studies' customary focus on the notion of hybridity, often conceived solely in East/West or North/South terms. The texts examined reveal not only the tenuousness of cross-class relationships but also underscore their subversive possibilities. The ethical ramifications of questions of form are also explored as are the ways in which the poetics of a text can both confirm and contradict its politics
Roupnel-Fuentes, Manuella. "Une rupture totale : le licenciement massif des salariés de Moulinex." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003942.
Повний текст джерелаNajib, Kawtar. "Dynamiques socio-spatiales et modes d'habiter des espaces urbains : comparaison de Besançon, Mulhouse et Strasbourg." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976011.
Повний текст джерелаMo, Zhexun. "A Few Essays on the Political Economy of Inequalities in Africa and China." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0057.
Повний текст джерелаThis Ph.D. dissertation speaks to my general research interests at the intersections of development economics, political economy and economic history. Specifically, my research agenda centers around two main axes. On the one hand, by digitizing large-scale historical datasets, I explore the long-term vicissitudes of inequalities in multi-dimensional forms in both Africa and East Asia, in particular their historical determinants (via the advent and end of colonialism, the rise and fall of different political regimes, etc) and their long-run interactions with contemporary development and growth outcomes. On the other hand, I zoom in from a more micro perspective, by designing cross-country survey experiments, in order to understand how people subjectively perceive inequalities and form preferences for redistribution, especially in developing countries where the strong presence of traditional institutions and unique growth trajectories could have shaped citizens to view inequality and development in alternative manners and the insights from which could also inform policy-making for more sustainable development in the longer run. In this Ph.D. thesis, I attempt to answer these questions centering around the aforementioned research dimensions in four chapters, traversing the territories of West Africa and East Asia. In the first chapter, I examine the historical determinants over the design of French colonial institutions in West Africa. In particular, I zoom in on one of the most draconian forced labor episodes embedded in the conscription system at the time, specifically in colonial Mali where military reservists were exploited for public works and railway construction, and estimate the long-term developmental repercussions of colonial forced labor by hand-collecting an enormous historical dataset on colonial soldiers in Mali together with my colleagues researching on development in contemporary Mali. In my second and third chapters, I depart away from colonialism in West Africa, and dive into investigating inequality perceptions and the formation of redistributive preferences in contemporary China. Via two consecutive survey experiments with my co-authors, we find that Chinese citizens’ attitudes towards inequalities and preferences for redistribution differ significantly from the western ideals,and we attempt to rationalize this unique set of preferences with China’s transitional economic experience and low political agency of the population. In my final chapter, I go back into the history of China in the 20th century, and together with my co-authors, we estimate the long-run evolution of Chinese national wealth accumulation from the founding of the Republic of China (1911) till 2020. We find very striking patterns with regards to the dynamics of wealth accumulation of a country having undergone drastic political and development trajectories over the past century, which paves the way for more dialogues on understanding the intricate relationship between inequality and growth in China and the developing world at large in the future
Dumont, Mikael. "Les réjouissances populaires en Amérique française et la construction d’identités sociales (1770-1870)." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23430.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the social roles of popular celebrations in rural French-speaking communities of North America between 1770 and 1870. It approaches the subject of festivals by looking more precisely at the festivity. The main objective is to highlight how the festivities, which we call popular celebrations, influence the functioning of North American francophone societies. What roles do popular celebrations play in the social life of the inhabitants of these societies? What impacts do they have on individual and collective identities? Do they retain the same characteristics from one society to another or do they adapt to different environments and contexts? How do they develop and evolve over time? What are the elements that influence their evolution? In order to answer these questions, the focus is on studying certain popular celebrations among four rural populations of French origin, namely the inhabitants of the St. Lawrence Valley, the Detroit region, the Illinois Country and Louisiana (more specifically, the inhabitants of Acadian origin). Based on published monographs, personal manuscripts, church correspondence, fictional literature and the work of folklorists, each of the five chapters represents a case study that shows how popular celebrations are influenced by the context in which people live and how festive sociability is involved in the construction of different social identities, such as those relating to race, gender and class. In the first chapter, a look at the weddings of Canadians and Louisianans of Acadian origin in the late 18th and mid-19th centuries reveals that food, drink, music and dance are very much in evidence, but above all that these festivities are the scene of many rites of passage for the new couple, and often more particularly for the wife, allowing the community to control the recognition and formalization of their social and sexual union. In the second and third chapters, the analysis of the guignolée, Epiphany and especially the carnival in Canada, Detroit and the villages of the Illinois Country shows that this festive period is influenced by the winter climate of the northern colonies and that it remains a key moment in the social life of the inhabitants. Among other things, it is synonymous in all three regions with meetings, dinners and balls during which residents determine who has the right to court with whom, that is, young people of the same social rank, and those who are an integral part of their community and those who are excluded from it, that is, poorer residents (St. Lawrence Valley) or Blacks and Indigenous people (Illinois Country). In the fourth chapter, the study of the evolution of the Sunday culture of Louisianans of Acadian origin highlights how, despite the success, over time, of the Catholic Church in its attempts to impose the sanctification of this day, house balls persist, being transferred to Saturdays, and contribute to the construction of this population’s racial identity. In the last chapter, an examination of the evolution of the May Day celebrations shows the effectiveness of reciprocal relationships in reinforcing and strengthening the social hierarchy in rural Canada, that is, between country people and a member of the local elite (seigneur or militia captain). This thesis enriches the existing historiography of festival in French America, which hardly addresses the subject of rural popular celebrations from the perspective of festive sociability. It shows that these celebrations are closely linked to the contextual aspects of each of the four regions studied, i.e. the demography, the presence of other ethnic groups, the climate, the geography, the gender relations, the economy, the political situation and the social hierarchy. Francophone inhabitants of rural areas adapt their popular celebrations to the particularities of their society, but those celebrations still preserve, sometimes until the 1870s, their regulatory functions of reproducing social, economic, gender and racial hierarchies. In other words, they are a tool that allows these Francophones not only to affirm their identity of French origin, but also to clearly identify the people who can or cannot claim this identity and the inequalities that are produced within this process.