Статті в журналах: "Inefficiency determinant"

1

Tsolas, Ioannis E. "Efficiency Analysis of Lignite Mining Operations Using Production Stochastic Frontier Modeling." Mining 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining1010007.

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This paper proposes a stochastic frontier model for measuring both technical and environmental performance at the mine level by using a translog production function. The Kardia Field opencast lignite mine of the Greek Public Power Corporation (PPC), S.A. is the topic of the case study. Efficiency ratings are derived over a long period of time using annual operating data, and in addition, the determinants of inefficiency are established by means of the technical inefficiency effects model. In the light of the results, there is a strong correlation between technical and environmental efficiency; the results are validated by those produced by data envelopment analysis (DEA). In addition, the stripping ratio is identified as the statistically significant determinant of performance. The proposed framework could be used as an instrument to measure the efficiency of lignite mining operations and to identify the drivers of performance.

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Purwono, Rudi, and Mohammad Zeqi Yasin. "THE CONVERGENCE TEST OF INDONESIA BANKING INEFFICIENCY: DO MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS MATTER?" Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 21, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i1.946.

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This paper analyzes the inefficiency convergence of Indonesian banks using StochasticFrontier Analysis and panel data estimation, covering the period after financial crisis2008 until 2017. This paper also investigates the determinant of this inefficiencyimplying the convergence. To estimate the inefficiency rate, proxied by price ofloan, this paper uses three inputs including price of labor, price capital, and price offund. Our analysis shows that during 2008-2017 the inefficiency score converged ata speed of 26.2 %. Furthermore inflation, gross domestic product, and exchange ratesignificantly affect the growth of inefficiency convergence. This paper contributes tothe empirical literatures particularly on banking research. Overall, the findings implythat policymakers can mitigate the effects of the global financial crisis by loweringinterest rate, providing fiscal stimulus, as well as protecting the poorest from financialdeterioration.

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3

D’Orio, Giovanni. "Do ownership and board composition matter? Efficiency and corporate governance in some UK privatised firms." Corporate Board role duties and composition 1, no. 2 (2005): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv1i2art1.

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The main aim of this paper is to analyse the role of privatisation and corporate governance reform and modification in the firm’s organisation for the efficiency of the sample firms. Data Envelopment Analysis estimation will be used to understand the level of efficiency achieved by the Management Decision Unit and the stochastic frontier approach will analyse inefficiency in its components (i.e. if inefficiency is due to an adverse state of the world - statistical noise - or if it can be explained with the determinant of other factors such as corporate governance).

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Ereta, Astereye Enyew, Eshetu Yadecha Bedada, and Tesfaye Ginbare Gutu. "Determinants of banks’ cost efficiency: a case study of selected commercial banks, Ethiopia." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i3.9368.

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This study examines the determinants of cost efficiency commercial banks’ in Ethiopian using balanced panel data with a sample of 13 commercial banks over the period 2010-2017 by paying a translog stochastic cost frontier approach. The identification and selection of inputs and outputs variables was based on the intermediation approach. Accordingly, three input variables (cost of labor, cost of capital, and cost of fund) and two output variables (total loans and other earning assets) are used in the study. Furthermore, five banks specific and one macroeconomic variable are included to examine their effect on cost efficiency. So as to examine the effect of determinant variables which are associated with banks efficiency, a single stage maximum likelihood estimation method is applied to stochastic frontier cost function. The empirical estimations were accomplished by Appling a single stage maximum likelihood function assimilated into Stata software. The estimation is based on conditional mean model concepts. The finding shows that from bank specific factors, return on assets (ROA), and intermediation ratio have positive and significant for intermediation (IR) and insignificant for ROA with cost inefficiency. On the other hand, Bank size (lnTA), Credit risk (CR) and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) have a significant negative coefficient with cost inefficiency. GDP also has negative but insignificant with inefficiency. Therefore, banks are recommended to improve and sustain their efficiency by maintaining available proportion of capital adequacy ratio and attract high value, low interest-bearing demand deposits.

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Wicaksono, Eko, and Yuventus Effendi. "DETERMINAN EFISIENSI NELAYAN DI INDONESIA: SEBUAH ANALISIS STOCHASTIC FRONTIER." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v14i1.6868.

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Pemerintah Indonesia saat ini sangat serius memberantas penangkapan ikan ilegal di wilayahnya. Pengurangan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal oleh kapal asing di Indonesia berarti pengurangan persaingan yang signifikan antara nelayan asing dan domestik. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa, dengan menurunnya kompetisi dengan nelayan asing, nelayan domestik harus mampu meningkatkan jumlah tangkapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efisiensi teknis dan juga faktor penentu inefisiensi nelayan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan fungsi produksi yang meliputi usaha nelayan dan capital sebagai input. Analisis stochastic frontier digunakan untuk menguji faktor penentu inefisiensi pada produksi ikan di antara 156 nelayan di seluruh Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi ikan sangat bergantung pada jumlah awak dan jenis kapal sesuai yang diharapkan. Dalam hal inefisiensi, penelitian ini mengklaim bahwa kepemilikan telepon seluler merupakan penentu signifikan untuk mengurangi inefisiensi, diikuti oleh kepemilikan kapal dan nilai alat tangkap. Temuan tersebut menyiratkan bahwa koordinasi antara nelayan, kepemilikan kapal dan alat penangkap ikan penting untuk efisiensi nelayan. Determinants of Fisher’s Efficiency in Indonesia: A Stochastic Frontier AnalysisIndonesian government has been recently fought against illegal fishing in the territory. Reduction in illegal fishing means a significant reduction in competition among foreign and domestic fishers. This study suggests that domestic fishers must be able to increase their fish capture as the competition with foreign fishers decreased. This study aims to identify technical efficiency level as well as to identify the determinants of inefficiency among fishers across Indonesia. This study utilizes a production function including fishers’ efforts and capital as input. A stochastic frontier analysis is used to examine the inefficiency determinants on fish production among one hundred and fifty six fishers across Indonesia. The result indicated that fish production depended significantly on the number of crew and expected type of boat. This study claims that cell phone is a significant determinant to reduce inefficiency, ship ownership and the value of fishing gear respectively. These finding implies that coordination among fishers, boat ownership and fishing gear are necessary for the fishers’ efficiency.

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6

Rameshan, P., and M. L. Trivedi. "Intra-firm Allocation of Organizational Effort: Inter-firm Variations in Indian Industry." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 20, no. 4 (October 1995): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919950404.

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The degree of organizational efficiency of a firm is a crucial determinant of its business success. But, organizational efficiency itself is dependent on the level and effectiveness of the organizational effort spent by the firms. This paper by Rameshan and Trivedi, therefore, attempts to examine the inter-firm variations in the intra-firm allocation of organizational effort. It also focuses on the effectiveness of the effort allocated to different areas of action which is required to tackle the scores of inefficiency elements prevailing in the firms.

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Kalangi, Lidya Siulce, Stanly Oktavianus Bryneer Lombogia, Jeane Pandey, and Andi Yulyani Fadwiwati. "Analysis of technical efficiency and determining factors of the broiler business in North Sulawesi." Livestock and Animal Research 20, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/lar.v20i1.58264.

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Objective: The broiler business with the partnership model has become a choice of society in improving their living. In certain circumstances, however, broiler farmers receive income far beyond their expectations due to declining production, because of some impacts of inefficient input utilization and worse management. The research, then, aims to estimate the technical efficiency of broiler farming business with an open house system and a partnership business pattern, as well as to analyze the determining factors.Methods: The purposive sampling was employed to identify 80 farmers. In detail, the parameter of production function of the Stochastic Frontier was estimated by using Maximum Likelihood Estimations (MLE) method and Frontier 4.1 program. Results: The estimated value in the statistic model (γ=0.8634) depicts that the hypothetical result of the production function model was assumedly better, so the production function of Cobb-Douglas was able to explain the existing data related to a phenomenon of the technical inefficiency in broiler business. The calculation result of the value of restriction parameter of LR test was 89.99, was greater than the critical value of the Kodde and Palm Table (=19.384), by the significance level at p<0.01. This means the existing inefficiency effects in the stochastic model. Further, the value of sigma square with the parameter value of 0.0133 was statistically significant by the trust level of 99%, describing that the production variation contributed by technical inefficiency was 1.33%. Conclusions: In conclusion, the value of technical efficiency obtained by broiler farmers under the partnership model in the open-house system was 0.95. Then, the determining variables of the broiler production were feeds, vitamins, medicine, working hours, and the total of electricity. Determinant variables that could reduce technical inefficiency were age, farming experience, and ownership status of lands/cages.

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8

Kumar, Satinder, and Parminder Singh. "Technical Efficiency in the Small Scale Industrial Sectors of Punjab and Haryana - A Comparative Analysis." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-011-0020-0.

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Technical Efficiency in the Small Scale Industrial Sectors of Punjab and Haryana - A Comparative AnalysisThe present study deals with the inter-temporal variations of technical efficiency in the small scale industrial sector of Punjab and Haryana and compares the performance of both states with the small scale industrial sector of India. Data spanning over the period 1972-73 to 2006-07 has been utilized to estimate technical efficiency with the help of data envelopment analysis (DEA) based upon efficiency scores. The empirical analysis confirms that there exists 0.176 percent and 0.470 percent technical inefficiency in the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and Haryana, respectively. However, at the aggregated All-India level, the technical inefficiency score is 0.449. Thus, the small scale industrial sector of Punjab is comparatively more efficient than that of Haryana and All-India. Moreover, the reform process has adversely affected both the managerial and scale efficiencies of Haryana, whereas an improvement in managerial efficiency has been observed in the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and All-India. The empirical analysis showed that in the post-reform period both at the All-India level and in Haryana technical inefficiency scores are increasing, whereas in Punjab it is decreasing. Thus, it can be inferred that scale efficiency is an important determinant of technical efficiency in explaining the performance of the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and Haryana.

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9

Shkodra, Jehona, and Hysen Ismajli. "Determinants of the credit risk in developing countries: a case of Kosovo banking sector." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(4).2017.08.

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The determinant of the credit risk of banks in a developing country have limited data to analyze and limited participation in literature. Determinants of credit risk are very important in order to define the non-performing loans (NPL) in Kosovo banking systems. Even though banking system in Kosovo is the newest in region, it is comparable with banking systems to all places in regions (Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc.).The main purpose of this paper is to classify some factors that influence credit risk in commercial banks in Kosovo. The research includes seven commercial banks for the period 2006–2015. Data analysis and interpretation are processed with Statistical Program for Social Sciences SPSS v.19.0.The effect of variations in the determinants of credit risk exposure is based on using a multivariate panel regression model. Our empirical results suggest that a significant relationship exists between credit risk and the following variables: Profitability (ROE and ROA), Inefficiency (IE), Loans to deposit ratio (LDR), Credit growth (CG) and Deposit rate (DR), while variables of Solvency (SR) and Credit rate (CR) are not statistically significant in terms of credit risk.

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Abdulai, Adams, Simon Cudjoe Fialor, John Eudes Andivi Bakang, and Emmanuel Tetteh Jumpah. "Technical and Resource Use Efficiency of Urban Vegetable Farming in the Kumasi Metropolis: A Stochastic Frontier Approach." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2018.8.2/1005.2.92.103.

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The changing food demands by the teeming urban population, job search, and sector profitability have made vegetable production indispensable as it contributes to increased incomes and livelihoods of urban dwellers.This study investigated the current level of productive efficiency (technical and allocative) of vegetable farmers in the Kumasi Metropolis using cross-sectional data obtained from 135 sampled farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using the stochastic frontier approach to estimate firm-specific technical efficiencies and the factors that influence efficiency levels. The results show that inefficiency exists among the sampled vegetable farmers as they currently achieve an average technical efficiency score of 66.7%. Allocative efficiency estimates for land and labour revealed that both factors of production are over utilised by farmers. The age of the farmer is the main socio-economic determinant of technical efficiency.The study recommends that farmers be educated on the correct use of inputs by extension agents. The government policy of recruiting community extension agents under the ‘planting for food and jobs’ programme is in line with addressing inefficiency in the production sector and should be promoted.

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Ferdiana, Nita, and Teguh Sugiyarto. "State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs): The Role in Economic Development and The Determinant of Its Performance." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 11, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.11.2.2022.91-107.

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The Indonesian government conduct several strategies to enhance the SOE’s performance. However, some financial indicators show that reform program has not optimally achieved the objective to enhance the SOE performance. Therefore this paper is aimed to discuss some underlying factors that influence the SOE performance. As a result, the study found that contribution of Indonesia SOEs to economy is relatively low and stagnant. Besides that, many SOEs have not yet operated optimally. The regression result show the financial condition of the SOE is getting better when it have higher ability to generate profits and pay off debts. In addition, ability to pay off the debts is more important to maintain the financial performance of SOEs, than ability to generate profit. This study also indicate inefficiency in managing employee and policy formulation in Indonesia’s SOE.

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Kusumaningsih, N. "The technical efficiency of rice farming and mobile phone usage: a stochastic frontier analysis." Food Research 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2023): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(1).595.

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Although there is growing literature on the role of mobile phones in shaping the price and market structure of agricultural products, the role of mobile phones in farming practices is mostly unexplored. This paper aimed to fill the gap in the literature by investigating whether the mobile phone is a determinant in improving the technical efficiency of rice farming in Indonesia. Rice is the most important agricultural commodity in Indonesia because it is the staple food for around 270 million people. In addition, it also plays a major role in carving the country’s inflation expectation as well as economic stability. This study uses a production function that includes labour, harvest area and seeds as inputs. The stochastic frontier analysis is employed to examine the level of technical efficiency of rice farming in Indonesia as well as whether mobile phone usage can improve technical efficiency. This study utilizes 2120 rice farm household data obtained from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)-5 in 2014. The results from the inefficiency model show that mobile phone usage is significantly correlated to the decrease in inefficiency in rice farming along with farmers’ education and irrigation implementation. However, rice farming on farmers’ land is significantly correlated to the increase in inefficiency, which implies that rice farming on rented land is more efficient. The technical efficiency level of rice farming In Indonesia obtained from the production function model is 0.59. In addition, the size of the harvest area and the use of superior seeds are positively and significantly correlated to output. However, the number of labour is not significantly correlated to the level of rice production.

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13

Raffer, Kunibert. "Friedrich List and Dutch Disease: two sides of the same coin?" Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 40, no. 3 (July 2020): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572020-3118.

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ABSTRACT Comparing List’s development problem to Dutch Disease, as generalized by Bresser-Pereira, one sees quite a few similarities. While the exchange rate was understandably of no concern to List, it is meanwhile one if not the most important determinant of trade flows. This generalized Dutch Disease approach is a valuable contribution to the debate on appropriate economic policies in Southern countries. It shows a way to counter mal-developments. It certainly deserves further discussion because quite a few countries suffer from it. Bresser’s arguments fit very well into other unorthodox approaches that also tried to counter the inefficiency of really existing markets with workable proposals, which orthodoxy has quite successfully supressed. This paper also makes a proposal that might help for agro-exporting countries.

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Vuyolwethu Nkohla, Tumi, S. Munacinga, N. Marwa, and R. Ncwadi. "Determinants of Technical Efficiency of Public Universities in South Africa." African Journal of Business and Economic Research 17, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2022/v17n3a12.

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Using a second-stage Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) model, this paper seeks to determine the drivers of efficiency for 23 public universities in South Africa for the period 2009-2016 with special attention given to the funding–efficiency nexus. Our Tobit results indicate that quality of staff, government funding, student fees, private income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita are positive factors of efficiency, while the proportion of non-white to white staff was found as the determinant of inefficiency. It was concluded that adequate funding and proper management of income by the universities, economic growth and employment of high educated academic staff can increase efficiency levels of the public universities in South Africa. On the other hand, an increase of non-white to white staff in the South African public universities is a threat to the universities’ efficiency. It is, therefore, vital to allocate adequate funding for universities to improve their efficiency.

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Nwokedi, Theophilus C., Obed C. Ndikom, Lazarus I. Okoroji, and Jonathan Nwaorgu. "Determinant Port-related Factors Affecting the Flow of Shipping Trade and Logistics in Nigerian Seaports." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2021-0024.

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Abstract The need to eliminate bottlenecks to port operations in Nigeria was a fundamental goal of the port privatization about 2 decades ago. Current trends in ports management; however, suggest existence of numerous inefficiency challenges reflected in long ship turnaround time, increasing trend of cargo dwell time, high cargo pilferage risk rate, poor condition of port infrastructure and superstructure, multiple charges and government agencies, cumbersome cargo clearance & examination procedures, port congestion related delays particularly in Apapa and Onne ports, etc. The study identifies the decisive port-related factors constraining the flow of shipping trade in Nigerian ports using a survey to obtain data on the influence of the identified factors on the flow of shipping trade in Nigerian ports. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the data obtained. The results indicate that high cargo pilferage risk profile, long ship turnaround time and increasing trend of cargo dwell time constitute the significant port-related factors constraining the flow of shipping in Nigerian ports. It can be concluded that terminal operators should prioritize solutions to the problems of high cargo pilferage risk profile, long ship turnaround time and increasing cargo dwell time, which constitute the major constraints to the flow of shipping trade.

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Ndze, Yekpu Eleen. "An Assessment of Self Confidence as A Determinant of Students Academic Achievements in The University of Bamenda." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 12 (2022): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61230.

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This study sets out to study self confidence as a determinant of students Academic achievements in the University of Bamenda. Building self confidence is salient as far as success in academics is concerned. Low academic achievements are indicators of internal inefficiency which could equally affect external efficiency adversely. Low academic achievements could to a certain extent be attributed to lapses in self confidence building by students. This to a large extent could adversely influence students’ self efficacy in academics. Within the context of this study, 412 students were selected to constitute the sample of the study. The purposive sampling technique was adopted and the main instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. The tool for data analysis was the spearman rank correlation and the following results were obtained: for the hypothesis one, it was found that goal setting significantly influences students academic achievement by 73.9%(p-value<0.05), while in the second hypothesis vicarious learning influences students academic achievement by 63.2%(p-value<0.05). Based on these results we conclude that self confidence significantly affects students academic achievement in the university of Bamenda.

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17

Karo-Karo, Esra Frandika, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, and Sri Hartoyo. "Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kubis Petani di Kabupaten Karo." Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 39, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v39n1.2021.51-68.

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English Karo Regency is the center of cabbage production in North Sumatra Province. The cabbage farming productivity in North Sumatra Province is low compared to other provinces on the island of Sumatra. This study aims to evaluate the cabbage farmings economic feasibility and technical efficiency. Farming feasibility was evaluated financially whereas technical eficiency was measured using the stochastic Cobb-Douglas production function in two categories, marginal and non-marginal farmings. The data was collected through a survey in February-June 2020 with respondents of 58 farmers for each categories. The results showed that the marginal farmings were technically efficient but were not profitable if land rent and labor cost were inputed. In contrary, the non-marginal farmings were technically inefficient but were profitable. This indicates that the poor but efficient hypothesis is true. The significant determinants of of the marginal farmings technical inefficiency were farmer’s age, labor ratio, land ownership, and farmer group membership. The study failed to find any significant determinant of technical inefficiency of the non-marginal farmers. The techical efficiency and profitablity of the cabbage farmings could possibly increased by increasing farmers’ participation in farmers group, building irrigation, developing agricultural institutions and trainings on good seedling practices. Indonesian Kabupaten Karo adalah sentra utama produksi kubis di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Tingkat produktivitas usaha tani kubis di Provinsi Sumatera Utara relatif rendah dibandingkan provinsi lainnya di Pulau Sumatera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan ekonomi dan efisiensi teknis usaha tani kubis. Kelayakan usaha dianalisis secara finansial, sedangkan efisiensi teknis diukur dengan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas stokastik dalam dua kategori usaha tani, yaitu petani gurem dan bukan gurem. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei pada Februari–Juni 2020 dengan responden 58 petani untuk setiap kategori yang dipilih purposif. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usaha tani kubis skala gurem efisien secara teknis namun tidak menguntungkan jika biaya tenaga kerja keluarga dan sewa lahan diperhitungkan. Sebaliknya, usaha tani kubis berskala bukan gurem tidak efisien secara teknis namun menguntungkan secara finansial. Artinya, hipotesis ‘poor but efficient’ berlaku. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap inefisiensi teknis usaha tani gurem hingga tingkat nyata 10% adalah usia petani, rasio tenaga kerja, status lahan, anggota kelompok tani, sedangkan untuk usaha tani bukan gurem tidak ditemukan faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi yang memengaruhi efisiensi teknis hingga tingkat nyata 10%. Efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usaha tani kubis masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan meningkatkan partisipasi petani dalam kelompok tani, membangun saluran irigasi, memfasilitasi tumbuh kembangnya lembaga pertanian dan memberikan pelatihan menyemai bibit yang baik.

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Hřebíková, Barbora, and Lukáš Čechura. "An Analysis of the Impacts of Weather on Technical Efficiency in Czech Agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 5 (2015): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563051645.

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Although weather is a significant determinant of agricultural production, it is not a common practice when analysing production to control for its impact. The problem is methodological, since it is difficult to find a proper proxy variable for weather in these models. The aim of this study is to investigate these issues. First, several possibilities for describing weather and its inclusion into stochastic frontier models are defined and discussed. Then, the explicit impact of weather on the technical efficiency of Czech farmers in different regions of the Czech Republic for the period 2004–2009 is analyzed and discussed. We use a proxy variable in the form of Iowa indices in the production analysis, in order to capture the impact of weather on technical efficiency. A stochastic frontier production function model in the form of the BC Model is defined, and weather enters the model as a variable explaining technical inefficiency. The paper arose within the framework of solution of the 7thFP EU project COMPETE no 312029.

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Maredza, Andrew. "Internal Determinants Of Bank Profitability In South Africa: Does Bank Efficiency Matter?" International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 5 (August 23, 2014): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i5.8770.

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In a study conducted by Ncube (2009) to evaluate bank cost and profit efficiency, it was established that South African banks were more efficient at managing costs than generating profits. In this paper, the aim is to complement this particular work by exploring the internal determinants of bank profitability but with more focus on the impact of bank efficiency. Applying a two step-methodology framework to a panel of four small banks and four large banks for the period 2005-2011, total factor productivity efficiency (TFPE) scores were generated using the DEA methodology. Within the first stage, the intermediation approach was followed in which bank inputs included total operating expenses, labour, fixed assets, and total deposits while interest income, non-interest income and gross loans were considered as output variables. Each bank`s efficiency score for each of the periods was then evaluated based on its distance from the constructed efficiency frontier. In the second stage analysis, the Generalised Least Squares Fixed Effects Model was then performed to examine the impact of TFPE among other internal determinant factors on bank profitability indicators, specifically return on average assets (ROAA) and net interest margin (NIM). The obtained empirical findings showed that high total factor productivity efficiency and capital adequacy lead to higher profitability, while high cost inefficiency, diversification activities, large bank size, and high credit risk leads to lower profitability. Of great importance was that both models confirmed the positive role of attaining efficiency as an important driver of profitability among banks.

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20

Samad, Abdus, and Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous Chowdhury. "Comparative Bootstrap DEA Technical Efficiencies and Determinant Factors: Evidence From the Islamic Banks of Bahrain and United Arab Emirates." Research in World Economy 10, no. 3 (July 25, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n3p291.

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Applying the Bootstrap DEA method the paper obtained the technical efficiencies of the Islamic banks of Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) using the panel data of 2011-2016. The paper found the 95 percent confidence interval mean bias-corrected overall technical efficiencies (OTEBC) of the Islamic banks of Bahrain was less than that of UAE. The OTEBC of Bahrain and UAE was 85.4 percent and 99.1 percent respectively suggesting the average inefficiency (14.6 percent) of the Islamic banks of Bahrain was higher than that (0.5 percent) of the UAE bank and the difference was significant. The paper applied the Simar-Wilson regression (both sided truncated) for determining the efficiency factors. The regression results of pooled data found that non-performance loan to total assets (NPLTA), loan to total assets (LOATA), profitability index (ROA), and bank-size (LOGTA) were significant factors. The regression results found that the efficiency of the Islamic banks was positively related to ROA and negatively related to NPLTA, LOANTA, DEPTA, and LOGTA. Results of regression, running the regression separately for Bahrain and UAE, confirmed the findings of pooled results. The country wise regression results of the Bahrain and UAE Islamic banks found that the NPLTA, LOATA, and LOGTA were significant factors and they are negatively related to the efficiency of the Islamic banks. The finding of this paper that LOANTA was negatively related to bank TE supported the finding of Zelenyuk (2015).

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Ouyang, Ching, M. Juanita Martinez, Lisa S. Young, and Karen U. Sprague. "TATA-Binding Protein–TATA Interaction Is a Key Determinant of Differential Transcription of Silkworm Constitutive and Silk Gland-Specific tRNAAla Genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 1329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.4.1329-1343.2000.

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ABSTRACT We have investigated the contribution of specific TATA-binding protein (TBP)–TATA interactions to the promoter activity of a constitutively expressed silkworm tRNAC Ala gene and have also asked whether the lack of similar interactions accounts for the low promoter activity of a silk gland-specific tRNASG Ala gene. We compared TBP binding, TFIIIB-promoter complex stability (measured by heparin resistance), and in vitro transcriptional activity in a series of mutant tRNAC Ala promoters and found that specific TBP-TATA contacts are important for TFIIIB-promoter interaction and for transcriptional activity. Although the wild-type tRNAC Ala promoter contains two functional TBP binding sequences that overlap, the tRNASG Ala promoter lacks any TBP binding site in the corresponding region. This feature appears to account for the inefficiency of the tRNASG Alapromoter since provision of either of the wild-type TATA sequences derived from the tRNAC Ala promoter confers robust transcriptional activity. Transcriptional impairment of the wild-type tRNASG Ala gene is not due to reduced incorporation of TBP into transcription complexes since both the tRNAC Ala and tRNASG Ala promoters form transcription complexes that contain the same amount of TBP. Thus, the deleterious consequences of the lack of appropriate TBP-TATA contacts in the tRNASG Ala promoter must come from failure to incorporate some other essential transcription factor(s) or to stabilize the complete complex in an active conformation.

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Kumar Singh, Sudhir, and Vijay Kumar Bajpai. "Estimation of operational efficiency and its determinants using DEA." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 7, no. 4 (November 18, 2013): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-03-2013-0009.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to benchmark the performance of state-owned coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) and test whether plant-specific knowledge in terms of quality of coal, size, age and make of plant contribute to an improvement in plant efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology that is utilized in the study follows a nonparametric approach of data envelopment analysis (DEA) with sensitivity analysis and Tobit regression model. The input-oriented DEA models are applied to evaluate the overall, pure technical and scale efficiencies of the CFPPs. Further, slack analysis is conducted to identify modes to improve the efficiency of the inefficient plants. Sensitivity analysis based on peer count and the removal of variables is carried out to identify the benchmark power plant. Through Tobit and bootstrap-truncated regression model, the paper investigates whether a plant's specific knowledge influences its efficiency. Findings – The DEA analysis demonstrates that nine plants are technically purely efficient.The slack analysis reveals that reducing the consumption of oil is the most effective way to improve the efficiency of inefficient plants. Mattur plant is the benchmark for most of the inefficient plants. Regression result suggests that quality of coal and size of plant significantly affect the inefficiency of the sample plants. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited MAKE plant achieved higher efficiency in comparison to mixed MAKE. Originality/value – This study is one of the few published studies that benchmark the performance of state-owned CFPPs. This research carried out taking some new uncontrollable parameters of power plant utilities of India. Research work also identifies the possible causes of inefficiency and provides measures to improve the efficiency of the inefficient power plant.

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Asiaei, Kaveh, and Ruzita Jusoh. "A multidimensional view of intellectual capital: the impact on organizational performance." Management Decision 53, no. 3 (April 20, 2015): 668–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2014-0300.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore intellectual capital (IC) from a multidimensional perspective and its relationship with organizational performance (OP) within Iranian public listed companies. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data from Chief Financial Officers in 128 companies within Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and analyzed using partial least squares regressions. Findings – The findings suggest that organizational culture plays a significant role in developing human capital and structural capital while trust is a major determinant of all the IC components, namely human, structural, relational, and social capital. The results also confirm that the investment in human, structural, and relational capital could potentially bring about OP improvement in Iranian public listed companies. Practical implications – A synthesis of various sub-elements of IC supports executives in detecting, capturing, and assessing the different kinds of knowledge resources which must be taken into consideration individually for maximizing OP. Such multidimensional and comprehensive conceptualization of IC would assist organizations to remedy the inefficiency in the exploitation of IC and thereby providing a robust system in order to capture and measure IC more effectively. Originality/value – This study combines literature on IC across diverse academic fields. The multidimensional conceptualization of IC with four sub-dimensions (i.e. human, structural, relational, and social capital) as well as supplementing two antecedent constructs (trust and organizational culture) offer a more systematic manner to synthesize several knowledge-based drivers toward performance which have not been addressed simultaneously in a comprehensive framework.

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Mahajan, Varun, D. K. Nauriyal, and S. P. Singh. "Efficiency and Its Determinants: Panel Data Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017738416.

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The study determines the efficiency of Indian pharmaceutical firms and its determinants in the pre- and post-product patent regime. Overall inefficiency in the industry is higher due to the inefficient conversion of inputs into output rather than through scale inefficiency. The study finds that the Product Patent Act has a negative impact on efficiency. Ownership, capital imports intensity and size variables are positively related with efficiency scores whereas age, time dummy and size square variables are inversely related. The study supports the finding that with an increase in mergers and acquisitions, a movement towards diversifying operations, the use of advanced imported foreign technology, investment in fixed assets and judicious allocation of resources for marketing activities could improve firm performance. For future policy implications, the small firms may either merge into bigger entities or manufacture pharmaceutical products for other companies, so as to raise operational scale and improve capacity utilisation. JEL Classification: C02, C61, D2, L65

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Oredegbe, Abayomi. "Cost Efficiency Determinants: Evidence from the Canadian Banking Industry." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n1p86.

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This study examines the cost efficiency of the banking industry in Canada. Utilizing 12 years of data (i.e., 2006 to 2017), and a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA), it provides insight on the determinants of the industry’s cost efficiency. It finds that the industry is cost inefficient, and that it could reduce costs by 11.52 percent. The cost inefficiency is due to technical and allocative inefficiencies, with technical inefficiency playing a dominant role. The technical efficiency decomposition shows that pure technical efficiency improved, but the scale efficiency deteriorated. The analysis of the determinants of cost efficiency reveals that deposit conversion into loans, high capitalization, and managerial tolerance for increase in administrative expense drive cost efficiency. On the other hand, market power and diversification diminish cost efficiency. In addition, the impact of profitability and credit risk are inconsequential to cost efficiency. This study contributes to literature by providing insights unique to Canada. Managers in the industry, policy makers, and regulators can point to these findings as empirical evidence supporting measures aimed at increasing the industry’s competitiveness and resilience.

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Asche, Frank, and Kristin H. Roll. "DETERMINANTS OF INEFFICIENCY IN NORWEGIAN SALMON AQUACULTURE." Aquaculture Economics & Management 17, no. 3 (July 3, 2013): 300–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2013.812154.

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Parmeter, Christopher F., Hung-Jen Wang, and Subal C. Kumbhakar. "Nonparametric estimation of the determinants of inefficiency." Journal of Productivity Analysis 47, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11123-016-0479-x.

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Canedo, Jorge Alexandre, Fabiana Rondão, Carlos Gil Ferreira, Bruno Lemos Ferrari, and Clarissa Mathias. "Lessons From Implementing a Clinical Research Network in Brazil." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 42 (April 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_349949.

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In this article, we discuss the strategy designed by a private oncology group to offer patients access to new technologies and treatments via a recently created research program, and we describe how the patient journey was the motivation for developing standard assistance flows and processes to integrate areas of care. The increase in Brazilians’ life expectancy has raised the incidence of cancer, and it is now the second leading cause of death. Because it is a multifactorial disease, cancer treatment has several challenges. We elected to approach cancer research using a strategic program to obtain national attention and visibility. Starting in 2007, the initial project included three phases: phase I, diagnosis of units in major metropolitan areas; phase II, project design, with a central-office operation model; and phase III, implementation, with launch and integration of research activities at selected units. The foundation of the program was the construction of departmental and interdepartmental flows, standard operating processes, and guidelines (regulatory, ethical, legal, and financial). Recruitment of qualified professionals was another critical, successful determinant. The benefits of an additional central office include improved research-project distribution. Another advantage of the program is attracting and retaining trained professionals with alternative direct or indirect sources of revenue. We increased our corporate and academic partnerships, adhered to deadlines and noted an improvement in turnaround times, and we increased clinical staff engagement and motivation. Some barriers continue to challenge the program's continued expansion, including Brazilian regulatory authority approval, tax inefficiency, and a growing demand for qualified professionals. Research sites offering high-quality care are a reality in Brazil; they offer multiple lines of treatment in the public and private sectors.

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Rocha, Alcides, Flavio F. Arbex, Priscila A. Sperandio, Frederico Mancuso, Mathieu Marillier, Anne-Catherine Bernard, Maria Clara N. Alencar, Denis E. O'Donnell, and J. Alberto Neder. "Exercise intolerance in comorbid COPD and heart failure: the role of impaired aerobic function." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 1802386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02386-2018.

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Impaired aerobic function is a potential mechanism of exercise intolerance in patients with combined cardiorespiratory disease. We investigated the pathophysiological and sensory consequences of a low change in oxygen uptake (ΔV′O2)/change in work rate (ΔWR) relationship during incremental exercise in patients with coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and systolic heart failure (HF).After clinical stabilisation, 51 COPD–HF patients performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test to symptom limitation. Cardiac output was non-invasively measured (impedance cardiography) in a subset of patients (n=18).27 patients presented with ΔV′O2/ΔWR below the lower limit of normal. Despite similar forced expiratory volume in 1 s and ejection fraction, the low ΔV′O2/ΔWR group showed higher end-diastolic volume, lower inspiratory capacity and lower transfer factor compared to their counterparts (p<0.05). Peak WR and peakV′O2were ∼15% and ∼30% lower, respectively, in the former group: those findings were associated with greater symptom burden in daily life and at a given exercise intensity (leg discomfort and dyspnoea). The low ΔV′O2/ΔWR group presented with other evidences of impaired aerobic function (sluggishV′O2kinetics, earlier anaerobic threshold) and cardiocirculatory performance (lower oxygen pulse, lower stroke volume and cardiac output) (p<0.05). Despite similar exertional hypoxaemia, they showed worse ventilatory inefficiency and higher operating lung volumes, which led to greater mechanical inspiratory constraints (p<0.05).Impaired aerobic function due to negative cardiopulmonary–muscular interactions is an important determinant of exercise intolerance in patients with COPD–HF. Treatment strategies to improve oxygen delivery to and/or utilisation by the peripheral muscles might prove particularly beneficial to these patients.

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Rodrik, Dani. "When Ideas Trump Interests: Preferences, Worldviews, and Policy Innovations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.1.189.

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Ideas are strangely absent from modern models of political economy. In most prevailing theories of policy choice, the dominant role is instead played by “vested interests”—elites, lobbies, and rent-seeking groups which get their way at the expense of the general public. Any model of political economy in which organized interests do not figure prominently is likely to remain vacuous and incomplete. But it does not follow from this that interests are the ultimate determinant of political outcomes. Here I will challenge the notion that there is a well-defined mapping from “interests” to outcomes. This mapping depends on many unstated assumptions about the ideas that political agents have about: 1) what they are maximizing, 2) how the world works, and 3) the set of tools they have at their disposal to further their interests. Importantly, these ideas are subject to both manipulation and innovation, making them part of the political game. There is, in fact, a direct parallel, as I will show, between inventive activity in technology, which economists now routinely make endogenous in their models, and investment in persuasion and policy innovation in the political arena. I focus specifically on models professing to explain economic inefficiency and argue that outcomes in such models are determined as much by the ideas that elites are presumed to have on feasible strategies as by vested interests themselves. A corollary is that new ideas about policy—or policy entrepreneurship—can exert an independent effect on equilibrium outcomes even in the absence of changes in the configuration of political power. I conclude by discussing the sources of new ideas.

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Nomani, Rubab Fatema, and Alok Sen. "Efficiency and Its Determinants: Firm-level Evidences from Micro Enterprises in Dibrugarh District of Assam." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal) 46, no. 2 (June 2019): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419852516.

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This study estimates technical efficiency and examines its determinants in the micro-manufacturing enterprises in Dibrugarh, one of the most developed districts in the state of Assam in India. It is based on cross-sectional firm-level primary data, collected through a field survey from 115 micro-manufacturing enterprises in the district. The results of the data envelopment analysis suggests that the average technical efficiency score of the firms is quite low, which indicates a high degree of technical inefficiency in the production process. Further efficiency in the enterprises is more due to the inefficient conversion of inputs into outputs rather than due to scale inefficiency. An attempt has also been made to identify some firm-specific and entrepreneurial background variables responsible for inefficiency using the maximum likelihood Tobit regression model. The study reveals that skilled labour, firm-age, firm-size, experience of entrepreneur and gender of entrepreneur have a positive association with efficiency but the magnitude of influence is small. From a policy perspective, it is recommended that policies for rational downsizing of existing firms, along with their rehabilitation and reorganisation should be adopted to promote firm’s efficiency performance. The empirical evidences also point to the need for industry-specific policy guidelines.

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Sielskas, Agata. "Determinants of hospital inefficiency. The case of Polish county hospitals." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0256267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256267.

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Local hospitals play a crucial role in the healthcare system. In this study, the efficiency of Polish county hospitals is assessed by considering characteristics of hospitals that may determine their performance, such as the form of ownership, size, and staff structure. The main goal was to analyze the effect of three possible determinants on efficiency: ownership, the presence of an Emergency Department, and the presence of an Intensive Care Unit. The study covered different subgroups of hospitals and different approaches of inputs and outputs. An input-oriented radial super-efficiency DEA model under variable returns to scale was used for the efficiency analysis, and then differences between distributions of efficient and inefficient units were evaluated using a Chi-square test. A Kruskal-Wallis test was also used to analyze differences in mean efficiency. Inefficiency scores were regressed with hospital characteristics to test for other determinants. These results did not confirm differences in efficiency concerning ownership. However, in some subgroups of hospitals, running an Emergency Department or an Intensive Care Unit had a significant effect. Tobit regression results provided additional insight into how an Emergency Department or Intensive Care Unit can affect efficiency. Both cases had an effect of increasing inefficiency, and the data suggested that the department/unit size plays an important role.

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Onumah, E. E., B. Brümmer, and G. Hörstgen-Schwark. "Productivity of the hired and family labour and determinants of technical inefficiency in Ghana’s fish farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2010): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/38/2009-agricecon.

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This paper examines the productivity of hired and family labour and determinants of technical inefficiency of fish farms in Ghana. A modified Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function which accounts for zero usage of family and hired labour is employed on cross-sectional data of 150 farmers collected in 2007. The results reveal that family labour, hired labour, feed, seed, land, other costs and extension visit have a reasserting influence on fish farm production. Findings also show that family and hired labour used for fish farming production in Ghana may be equally productive. The combined effects of operational and farm specific factors (age, experience, land, gender, pond type and education) influence technical inefficiency although individual effects of some variables may not be significant. Mean technical efficiency is estimated to be 79 percent. Given the present state of technology and input level, the possibility of enhancing production can be achieved by reducing technical inefficiency by 21 percent through adoption of practices of the best fish farm.

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Yao Séraphin, PRAO, and DIABATE Salimata. "The Determinants of the Efficiency of Ivorian Commercial Banks: A Study Using the Non-Parametric Approach." International Business Research 15, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v15n11p30.

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The objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of banking efficiency in Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this objective, we used annual data covering the period from 2004 to 2017, for fifteen Ivorian banks. Methodologically, we first used the non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to determine the efficiency scores. The results show that Ivorian banks are technically inefficient. Second, we used a Tobit model to identify the determinants of bank efficiency. The Tobit regression identifies return on equity, regulatory capital, size, and credit as the main determinants of the technical efficiency of Ivorian banks. In addition, bank liquidity and ownership, GDP growth rate, and inflation are sources of inefficiency in Ivorian banks. The study recommends that banks manage their resources rationally to finance the economy efficiently. At the level of the monetary authorities, they should ensure that banks apply regulatory standards.

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Ortega, Leonardo E., Ronald W. Ward, and Chris O. Andrew. "Technical Efficiency of the Dual-Purpose Cattle System in Venezuela." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 3 (December 2007): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023373.

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A stochastic production frontier model was estimated to provide standard measurement of technical efficiency of the dual-purpose cattle system located in Zulia State, Venezuela. This system is based on local and low-cost inputs, but has been considered to be inefficient because of its low partial productivity indices when compared with those used in developed countries. Results indicate that the efficiency of this system is reasonably high, downplaying the general idea of inefficiency. Likewise, the efficiency of this system has the potential for improvement through public policies and managerial decisions based on the determinants of technical efficiency.

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Kang, Min-woo. "Efficiency of Foreign Exchange and Its Related Derivatives Market: Evidence From Korea." International Journal of Financial Research 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v10n2p92.

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This study aims to test the efficiency of the Korean foreign exchange market and examine its determinants by employing several well-established methodologies based on current theoretical arguments on the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis and covered interest rate parity. The empirical findings indicate that the foreign exchange market and its related derivatives markets were inefficient during the period 2006-2016, but have improved considerably after the 2008-2009 financial crisis. As the inefficiency prevailed for a long time, emphasis is on the presence of risk premia in the international financial market and the role of central bank intervention.

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De Jorge-Moreno, Justo, and Oscar Rojas Carrasco. "Technical efficiency and its determinants factors in Spanish textiles industry (2002-2009)." Journal of Economic Studies 42, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2013-0085.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide new evidence about the technical efficiency and its determinants in Spanish textile sector during the period 2002-2009. The empirical results suggest that the effects of trade liberalization have led to higher levels of inefficiency in the Spanish sector, due to the lack of flexibility of firms to adjust to the environment, and perhaps to aggressive competition with fuzzy rules of the game. Controlling for specific factor like age, intensity of capital, salary by worker, regions and market share, the authors have obtained that the interaction between market share and size indicates that as firms have more size are also more inefficient. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the stochastic frontier production function is considered, specifically, a panel data version of Battese and Coelli (1995), in which the technical inefficiency is estimated from the stochastic frontier and simultaneously explained by a set of variables. This approach avoids the inconsistency problems of the two-stage approach used in other empirical works when analyzing the inefficiency determinants. Findings – This work provides new evidence about the technical efficiency and its determinants can be due to environmental or firm-specific factors in Spanish textile sector during the period 2002-2009. The authors have estimated the Cobb-Douglass stochastic production frontier following Battese and Coelli (1995) model to analyze an unbalanced panel. Originality/value – The empirical results suggest that the trend of the inefficiency shows a curvilinear behavior in the form of U (turning point third-quarter of 2004). This result is related to the efficiency analysis through Kernel distributions (in static and dynamic form) confirmed a clear process of divergence. In the period 2002-2005 the efficiency of the firms analyzed maintained higher levels than the 2005-2009 period where there is deterioration. This may be related to the increased competition due to the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement in January 2005 and the entry of Chinese products in 2004.

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Kumbhakar, Subal C., and Kai Sun. "Derivation of marginal effects of determinants of technical inefficiency." Economics Letters 120, no. 2 (August 2013): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.04.041.

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Salas-Velasco, Manuel. "Resource misallocation and production inefficiency." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 1272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2017-0091.

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Purpose Recent studies have linked differences in aggregate productivity to misallocation of resources across firms. In contrast, the purpose of this paper is to study the macroeconomic performance of OECD economies from a production efficiency point of view and estimated the determinants of (in)efficiency with particular emphasis on misallocation of labor. Design/methodology/approach Following the pioneering work of Battese and Coelli, the authors proposed a parametric methodology to construct a world frontier that serves as a benchmark to compare the relative position of each country. The non-negative technical inefficiency effects are assumed to be a function of explanatory variables. By doing this, determinants of technical inefficiency are explicitly introduced in the model. Findings The results revealed that OECD countries to operate efficiently should expand their aggregate output by 22.6 percent without consuming more resources. A novel finding is that higher skill mismatch is associated with higher production inefficiency. Conversely, more flexible labor markets, and better management and human resource practices, lowered the inefficiency in production. The paper also analyzed the underlying factors driving skill misallocation in the job market. In this regard, a well-functioning education and training system and greater flexibility in the determination of wages are associated with lower levels of mismatch between the skills of individuals and those required by the jobs. Practical implications The measurement of the productive efficiency of an economy (or country) is crucial to governments. It is important to know how far a given economy can be expected to increase its output by simply increasing its efficiency, without absorbing further resources. In other words, it is relevant to know if a country could produce more with the same resources and, therefore, could increase per capita income and welfare. In this type of analysis what also matters is to identify what factors or variables explain that greater or lesser ability of a country to convert its resources into aggregate production. Originality/value Much research on efficiency measurement has focused on the firm or industry level, mainly to study the efficiency of financial institutions. Efficiency studies using aggregated data across countries are rare in the literature of efficiency. This paper aimed to contribute to filling that shortage evaluating the macroeconomic performance of a sample of OECD countries from the production efficiency point of view.

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Martínez, Homero, and Andrew M. Tomkins. "Nutritional Management of Diarrhoea." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 4 (December 1995): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600409.

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Diarrhoeal disease may cause, precipitate, or exacerbate protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition through five possible mechanisms: 1) reduced food intake-reduction of food intake during diarrhoea may be due to the child's anorexia, maternal food-withholding behaviour, or both; 2) decreased absorption of nutrients-structural damage to the intestine, as well as the physical action of increased intestinal movement and reduced fluid transit time, interact to produce decreased absorption of nutrients; 3) increased catabolic losses-under the influence of the inflammatory process, diarrhoea of infectious origin induces an average daily negative nitrogen balance of 0.9 g/kg/day, as muscle protein is converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis by the liver; this glucose is used as a fuel by tissues to sustain the hypermetabolism associated with fever; 4) nutrient loss from the intestine-in diarrhoea nutrients are lost directly from the intestinal tract; 5) metabolic inefficiency due to micronutrient deficiency-the increased rate of tissue synthesis displayed by children recovering from protein-energy malnutrition may be hampered by a limited supply of nutrients from the body pool, which in turn may not be replenished fast enough by dietary intake. The two main driving forces that determine nutritional care of the sick child in the home are advice from healthcare providers (mainly physicians) and the mothers’ own beliefs; a third determinant of care is the social support network available to mothers or social pressure to act in a determined way. Therefore, health providers should be knowledgeable about appropriate feeding management of illness, and should provide sound advice to mothers. The likelihood that mothers will follow the recommendations given by the health-care system (whether formal or informal) will be greater if these conform to mothers’ cultural norms and their explanatory model of disease. Feeding practices followed in health facilities should be consistent with those advised for the mothers at home. In order to make a successful change in a given practice, culture-sensitive interventions should be used.

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Baten, M. A., and A. A. Kamil. "A stochastic frontier model for measuring online bank profit efficiency." South African Journal of Business Management 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v42i3.499.

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This study revisited an alternative profit efficiency function specified by Berger & Mester, (1997) and we applied Battese & Coelli, (1995) inefficiency model as a unified and consistent framework in exploring the determinants of important factors causing profit efficiency differential on banking industry in Bangladesh. Using stochastic frontier technique we estimated bank specific profit efficiency for the period 2000 to 2007. This study attempted to examine the changes in the profit efficiency in accordance with NBs (Nationalized Commercial Banks), ISBs (Islamic Banks), FBs (Foreign Banks) and PBs (Private Banks) and significant variations of efficiencies across different kinds of banks in time periods. We found that the profit inefficiency has declined over the reference period and Translog Production Function is more preferable than Cobb-Douglas Production Function. Our results showed that Nationalized Commercial Banks were significantly inefficient and on the contrary ISBs, FBs, and PBs were efficient in producing profit and noteworthy. The estimated year wise average efficiencies of the sample banks from the profit efficiency model was 0.664 while group wise average profit efficiency was 0,639. Dhaka Bank is highly efficient with score 0.89 and AB Bank was found lowest efficient with score 0,35 according to the sample data.

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LARI, LEONARD RANG’ALA, Dr LUCY JEPCHOGE RONO, and Prof PHILIP MULAMA NYANGWESO. "DETERMINANTS OF TECHNICAL INEFFICIENCY OF SACCOS IN KENYA: LOAN OUTPUT SLACK ANALYSIS." American Journal of Finance 2, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajf.306.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the determinants of technical inefficiency of Saccos in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. This study collected secondary data analyzed from the audited reports of the licensed deposit taking Saccos and macro-economic indicators sources over the research period. It focuses on environmental and specific Saccos’ predictors affecting inefficiency of Saccos and measured the pure technical inefficiencies of Saccos during a period of pre-regulation and regulation. The explanatory research design was used. The financial reports data collected from a census of 46 Saccos was analyzed at two levels. First involves estimation of technical inefficiency by employing non-parametric DEA method and second concerned determination of inefficiency using parametric SFA. The log truncated panel data was used for a period of 8 years (2007-2014). The study was designed to address general objective of establishing the technical inefficiency, the macro-economic and specific Saccos variables determining the technical inefficiency of Saccos.Findings: The study concludes that all predictors jointly influence inefficiency and that are significant given loan to members’ output slack (LM) or loan output inefficiency. Further, LM slack regression reflects significant random normal error as indicated by Gamma (1.45E-32), and DEA result indicated 0.024 mean inefficiency.Contribution to theory, policy and practice: The regulators or board may not utilize the output loan slack regression to specifically measure the management inefficiency impact on Saccos’ operation while the Saccos predictor variables have significant influence on inefficiency. In addition, the random normal error indicates the influence of agency theory in Saccos is insignificant as the role of management influence given loan slack is minimal. The introduction of variables such as NPTA, MP, FLIB, CA, FI and LP in the financial reports of Saccos and inefficiency benchmarking using DEA and stochastic mechanism are important in regulation.

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Yamaguchi, Kazuo. "The flow of information through social networks: diagonal-free measures of inefficiency and the structural determinants of inefficiency." Social Networks 16, no. 1 (January 1994): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(94)90011-6.

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Zahrnt, Valentin. "Gain Claiming and Inefficiency in WTO Negotiations." International Negotiation 12, no. 3 (2007): 363–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234007x240691.

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AbstractThe present article argues that bargaining over how the gains from cooperation in the WTO should be shared between governments constitutes a major obstacle to multilateral liberalization. Since each government is uncertain about how other governments evaluate possible WTO agreements and their best alternatives to a negotiated agreement, it has an incentive to engage in aggressive gain claiming, hoping to shape the resulting agreement in its own favor. However, aggressive gain claiming may result in delay and reduced ambition of an agreement, it may damage states' systemic interest in the effective and stable functioning of the WTO, and it may provoke peer pressure. How governments frame these benefits and costs and how they coordinate their negotiating positions in bargaining coalitions also shapes their gain claiming strategies. The hypotheses about the determinants of gain claiming submitted in this article are based on a series of interviews conducted with members of national delegations and WTO employees, as well as on a survey of national delegations.

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Poll, D. I. A. "On the relationship between non-optimum operations and fuel requirement for large civil transport aircraft, with reference to environmental impact and contrail avoidance strategy." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1258 (December 2018): 1827–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.121.

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ABSTRACTThe general problem of determining cruise fuel burn is addressed by considering the variation of the product of engine overall efficiency and airframe lift-to-drag ratio, (ηoL/D), with Mach number and lift coefficient. This quantity is the aerothermodynamic determinant of fuel burn rate. Using a small amount of real aircraft data and exploiting normalisation, it is found that near universal relationships exist between the key variables. With this major simplification, an analytic, near exact solution is derived in which the aircraft-related input data are reduced to just three parameters, namely the optimum value of (ηoL/D) and the lift coefficient and Mach number combination at which it occurs. These are quantities that are either available from open information sources or can be estimated using established analytic methods. By introducing models of the take-off and climb and the descent and landing phases, the method is extended to provide accurate trip fuel estimates.It is shown that there is an ideal flight level (IFL) at which the fuel consumption rate is a minimum for all speeds in the normal cruise operating range. Furthermore, the IFL at the end of cruise is approximately the same for all aircraft, whilst the IFL at the beginning of cruise depends, primarily, on the distance to be flown. There is little dependence on the size of the aircraft, or its take-off mass.In the context of the ‘fuel-based’ assessment of operational inefficiency, the method is further developed to determine the sensitivity of the trip fuel requirement to changes in the operational parameters governed by air traffic management (ATM). The result is two simple equations. These are used to estimate the current ATM fuel burden. At the global level, this is about 20% with more than half being attributable to flights of less than 1,200 km.Finally, the method is used to estimate the fuel burn penalty associated with reducing contrail formation by simply avoiding those regions of the atmosphere that are supersaturated with respect to ice. If the aircraft is at the IFL when avoiding action is required, flying below the supersaturated region minimises the additional fuel use. Even when multiple evasive manoeuvres are needed, the additional trip fuel requirement is expected to be less than 0.5%.

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Schmidt, Alexandra M., Ajax R. B. Moreira, Steven M. Helfand, and Thais C. O. Fonseca. "Spatial stochastic frontier models: accounting for unobserved local determinants of inefficiency." Journal of Productivity Analysis 31, no. 2 (December 25, 2008): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11123-008-0122-6.

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47

Lien, Gudbrand, Subal C. Kumbhakar, and Habtamu Alem. "Endogeneity, heterogeneity, and determinants of inefficiency in Norwegian crop-producing farms." International Journal of Production Economics 201 (July 2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.04.023.

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48

Tesema, Tolesa. "Determinants of Production Efficiency of Maize-Dominated Farmers in Western Parts of Ethiopia in Gudeya Bila District: Evidence under Shifting Cultivation Area." Scientific World Journal 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3355224.

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Background. In Ethiopia, maize is produced as major food crop that is based on traditional methods of production, and there exists inefficiency in the use of available scarce resources. Thus, poor people are failing to achieve rapid economic growth, development, and food security still today in the country. Hence, the best possible means of achieving development is through increasing the production efficiency of farmers. Thus, to estimate the levels of production efficiency, this study specifically used only data of farmers who are producing without ploughing by oxen and without using fertilizers in the study area under shifting cultivation. Method. Stochastic frontier production is used to estimate the technical efficiency score, and the cost frontier model is used to estimate production efficiency. To determine the determinants of production efficiency, the Tobit model was used in this study. Result. The Tobit model results show that loss due to wild animals, experience of household, and off-farm income had a negative impact on production efficiency of farmers. Regarding the positive determinants of production efficiency, land conservation practice and mobile use have a positive influence. Conclusion and recommendation. The farmers in the study area are inefficient in the production of maize. Since the loss of maize products is high due to wild animals such as pigs, apes, and monkeys that results in production inefficiency, the agricultural policies and strategies of Ethiopian governments should be directed toward providing tourism to protect those wild animals. Additionally, to increase the production efficiency, construction of terraces and soil bunds to conserve land and supporting the farmers by providing network facilities for mobile usage that boost maize production efficiency of farmers is essential for policymakers.

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49

Tesema, Tolesa. "Determinants of Production Efficiency of Maize-Dominated Farmers in Western Parts of Ethiopia in Gudeya Bila District: Evidence under Shifting Cultivation Area." Scientific World Journal 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3355224.

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Background. In Ethiopia, maize is produced as major food crop that is based on traditional methods of production, and there exists inefficiency in the use of available scarce resources. Thus, poor people are failing to achieve rapid economic growth, development, and food security still today in the country. Hence, the best possible means of achieving development is through increasing the production efficiency of farmers. Thus, to estimate the levels of production efficiency, this study specifically used only data of farmers who are producing without ploughing by oxen and without using fertilizers in the study area under shifting cultivation. Method. Stochastic frontier production is used to estimate the technical efficiency score, and the cost frontier model is used to estimate production efficiency. To determine the determinants of production efficiency, the Tobit model was used in this study. Result. The Tobit model results show that loss due to wild animals, experience of household, and off-farm income had a negative impact on production efficiency of farmers. Regarding the positive determinants of production efficiency, land conservation practice and mobile use have a positive influence. Conclusion and recommendation. The farmers in the study area are inefficient in the production of maize. Since the loss of maize products is high due to wild animals such as pigs, apes, and monkeys that results in production inefficiency, the agricultural policies and strategies of Ethiopian governments should be directed toward providing tourism to protect those wild animals. Additionally, to increase the production efficiency, construction of terraces and soil bunds to conserve land and supporting the farmers by providing network facilities for mobile usage that boost maize production efficiency of farmers is essential for policymakers.

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Nurrahma, Tsurayya. "Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan terhadap Efisiensi Teknis Perusahaan pada Industri Manufaktur Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 82–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v14i1.316.

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AbstractHaving data sample in 1987, 1995, and 2008, this research aims to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on technical efficiency of Indonesian manufacturing firms since deregulation in the 1980s. In addition, the research also analyzes the impact of other efficiency determinants coming from firm characteristics and market structure. Technical inefficiency score is estimated by using stochastic production frontier model, whereas the impact of efficiency determinants is analyzed by using Ordinary Least Squared model (OLS). For each year observed, liberalization has different impacts on technical efficiency. However, as liberalization continues, it has facilitated firms to produce towards their full technical efficient production-level.Keywords: Trade Liberalization, Firm Technical Efficiency, Manufacturing Industry, IndonesiaAbstrakDengan mengambil sampel tahun 1987, 1995, dan 2008, studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap efisiensi teknis perusahaan dalam industri manufaktur Indonesia sejak deregulasi pada tahun 1980-an. Selain itu, dianalisis pula pengaruh faktor determinan efisiensi lainnya yang berasal dari karakteristik internal perusahaan dan struktur industri. Nilai inefisiensi teknis diestimasi dengan model stochastic production frontier, sedangkan analisis pengaruh faktor determinan efisiensi teknis menggunakan model Ordinary Least Squared (OLS). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi perdagangan memiliki dampak berbeda terhadap efisiensi teknis pada setiap tahun yang diamati. Namun, liberalisasi akhirnya dapat memfasilitasi perusahaan dalam meningkatkan performanya, melalui peningkatan nilai efisiensi teknis.Kata kunci: Liberalisasi Perdagangan, Efisiensi Teknis Perusahaan, Industri Manufaktur, Indonesia

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