Дисертації з теми "Industries minières – Pays en voie de développement"
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Kinda, Harouna. "L'économie politique de la gouvernance des industries extractives et du financement du développement durable : La Transparence est-elle Avantageuse ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0156.
The 2030 Agenda from the International Conference on Financing for Sustainable Development in Addis Ababa highlighted the priority of all national and international resource flows, policies, and agreements with economic, social, and environmental stresses. Resource-rich developing countries (RRDCs) are encouraged to focus on transparency and governance in the extractive industries in order to improve domestic resource mobilization (DRM). This thesis investigates the environmental and economic impacts of the political economy of extractive industry governance in resource-rich developing countries.Chapter 1 revisits the links between man-made and natural capital in developing countries, focusing on the case of forest cover loss. Considering a theoretical model of income maximization, we assess through empirical observation the impact of extractive industries on forest cover loss. Based on a panel of 52 resource-rich developing countries from 2001-2017, we adopt a dynamic specification with the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system to address the inherent bias. Our main results show that the total rent from the extractive industries harms the forest. In contrast, oil rents contribute to reducing forest cover loss. In addition, we find that natural resource tax revenues contribute to reducing forest cover loss.Chapter 2 assesses the "treatment effect" of implementing the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) standard on deforestation in resource-rich developing countries. Using a sample of 83 resource-rich developing countries from 2001–to 2017, we use entropy balancing methods to address the self-selection bias associated with EITI membership. Compared with the non-EITI country, the results show that implementing the EITI standard significantly reduces the loss of forest cover by approximately 300–760 ha. This result supports the conclusion that EITI, but not a panacea, is an effective policy program for limiting the negative impacts on forests partly caused by extractive industries.Chapter 3 assesses the "treatment effect" of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) membership on tax revenues through two main channels. The first (direct effect) works through an equitable and transparent resource tax regime. The second is the indirect effect EITI has on non-resource revenue once transparency enhances accountability and resource allocation to productive expenditures. Using a sample of 83 resource-rich developing countries from 2001 to 2017, we use propensity score matching (PSM) and a control function approach to address the self-selection bias associated with EITI membership (the dates of countries' commitment, candidacy, and compliance). Results show that EITI commitment or candidates significantly and positively affect tax revenue collection compared to non-EITI. EITI compliance generates a considerable surplus of tax revenues compared to noncompliance. The results are robust, with a substantial increase in non-resource tax revenues, income tax, and resource tax revenue.Chapter 4 hypothesizes that the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, an international norm that aims to promote transparency in natural resources management, may mitigate this negative impact. We empirically support this hypothesis using the Fixed-Effects and Entropy Balancing methods in a panel of 71 resource-rich countries, including 30 EITI and 41 non-EITI countries, between 1995 and 2019. Our results are robust to using different sets of controls and alternative measures of financial development. In addition, we discuss the transmission channels through which the financial resource curse may occur
Tessougue, Daniel Amagoin. "Problèmatique de l'implantation des sociétés minières dans un pays en voie de développement : cas du Mali." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR30012.
The economy of Mali is based on the agriculture. The country expect the mines to play a dynamic role in its development. Therefore, the foreign investor has to be attracted by the country. Mali had to create a legislative and institutional framework that is favourable for investment. It would be through a stable political system, the adoption of a legislation that promote employment thanks to the emergence of a community corporate law, and also the legal system and mining administration reform. Regarding this last constituent, the country made some concessions that we analysed as infringements of its sovereignty: stability clause, and inviolability clause for example. From then on, Mali intend to take advantage of the extractive activity thanks to legal mechanisms such as subcontracting and supply agreements which help the country not only to acquire an industrial base but also to promote the Malian knowledge and know how. Finally, the integration clause will place the mining company at the heart of the development problems
Atangana, Pierre Rolland. "Privatisation, tarification et équité dans les industries de réseaux électriques des pays en développement : cas des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10064.
Rasoamanandray-Renaivosoa, Lala. "Droit d'auteur et développement." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4018.
The question is to know if the protection of the royalty is likely to be of an interest for the countries of the south since the latter are before any users of works coming from the industrialized countries. Our objective was to show that because of the high cost of the royalties of royalty which the countries of the south have many difficulties of honouring, of measurements could be adopted to avoid importing works protected by the royalty. With this intention, a solution would consist in motivating the creators in these countries so that in their turn, they produce the intellectual goods necessary to their development. Indeed, as long as the rights of the creators are not the subjects of an effective protection by legislative and lawful provisions good worked out, as long as they do not feel not reassured by a rational management their rights, creation as well as the cultural companies will remain a myth, and national culture dedicated to the inexistence. However, it is that it is the cultural inheritance of a country which makes its richness bus used in a honest and equitable way, it can as well ensure its cultural development as econonomic. Thus, contrary to a perception according to which the royalty is of an interest only for the rich countries, we are convinced that it should also be the subject of a protection in the poor countries since such an initiative would be a stimulative potential of the creativity, in which case, it would become a factor of development
Bomsel, Olivier. "Dynamique économique des pays miniers en développement et instabilité des marchés de matières premières minérales." Paris, ENMP, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ENMP0166.
Hamadama, Nana. "Les obstacles à la création d'emplois dans les petites et moyennes industries des pays en voie de développement : le cas du Cameroun." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STETT090.
The study of the development of the South's countries really took its development after the Second World W ar in a context characterized by the reconstruction of the savings of the European countries destroyed by the conflict, the entry of numerous "underdeveloped" countries in the independence and the distribution of the Ford Mode! in the North's countries. In the prospect of the development of these underdeveloped said countries, sorne theories are elaborated. These are going to take into account the structure of the world eco nom y, in particular of that of the countries of the North, to propose in emerging co un tries a theoretical and ideological frame susceptible to be convenient for them. And so, on the basis of thehypothesis that the underdevelopment is a consequence of the sub-industrialization, the development of the productive sector through the bulks of production was proposed to them. According to main! y three strategies, this approach of industrialization is the abject of a wide use in these countries. But after sorne decades of experience, the results of this mode! of industrialization remain variable according to countries or even continents. If in Asia and in Latin America, we note a substantial progress in the industrial development, in Africa, on the other hand, the productive sector remained quasi-stagnant with a marginal contribution in particular in terms of job creation in spite of the means granted on its transformation. From the middle of the seventies, the branch of industry begins a phase of transformation. We attend the emergence and the development of the small and average structures of production. This category of companies arouses many interests in consideration its characteristics and its capacities to bring answers in particular to the problem ofunemployment. According to sorne approaches and strategies, these structures of production develop as well in the industrial nations as in the developing countries and contribute significantly to the creation of jobs and the wealth, to the distribution of the homes of production and to the local development. But in spite of the importance of small and mediumsized industries (SMSI) in an economy, in particular in terms of job creation, remain sorne obstacles which try to slow down their efforts. The strategy of management of the organized company, the mode of organization of the system in which belongs the company and factors resulting from the environment outside the company are considered as main factors of obstacle to the job creation in SMSI. Considering that the small and medium-sized industries of the Cameroonian economy, in consideration of their bad performance in terms of job creation, put in front of obstacles, we opted for the exogenous approach (that is the obstacles result from the outside environment), which suits to the context of developing countries, to identify and quantify these elements of obstacle. The results of the data analysis obtained from an investigation led to the national leve! with 68 SMSI shows that the obstacles which slow down the job creation in the EC-SMSI result as well from institutions of financing as from public authorities. It is about the absence of the support of public authorities, about the high leve! of the tax system, about the high leve! of the interest rate of the Jo ans and about the conditions of the informal financing. In the prospect of the elaboration of the po licy of job creation by the EC-SMSI atthe national and regionallevels, sorne recommendations are formulated
Rakotondrazafy, Jocelyne. "Investissements directs étrangers et industrialisation des pays en développement : cas de Madagascar et de Maurice." Bordeaux 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR40012.
The attractiveness of nations to become host countries of foreign direct investment (fdi) is not favorable to poor countries which are however in need of industrial investment. The environment that conditions the functioning of a firm is weak in developing countries. Variables of localization of fdis represent the very factors of industrialization. The economic variables are an expression of the technical limits for fdi reception. The political variables account for government policies that promote or facilitate activities of foreign enterprises. In order to define foreign investors motivations for establishing themselves in madagascar and mauritius, we chose to limit our analysis to the textile and clothing industry, their sector of preference. Low labor cost seems to be the determinant factor for both countries for down market products exported to europe. We then examine the effect of these fdi. There represent an investment component of the host country because they stimulate investment and generate financial resource. Furthermore, fdi contributes to the growth of the host countries'international trade. In front of the background of the globalization, neighboring countries such as madagascar and mauritius could benefit from a firms'strategy of industrialization zone. Fdis'impact on the industrialization process is analyzed on the level of growth and industrial development. Fdi in textile/garment industry has brought dynamism to the sector though there is no local rooting. Attracting foreign investment means reinforcing the host countries'policy for industrial development by pursuing efforts to improve the investment climate, but also by proceeding to an upper stage of development
El, waddi Sanaa. "Marchés intermédiaires et différenciation des produits dans les filières agroalimentaires." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020069.
Mint, Beddy Mariem. "Régulation des télécommunications et environnement institutionnel : le cas des pays en développement." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20006.
Recent developments in the organisation of telecommunications, especially concerning regulatory frameworks, raise some questions. The first one concerns what regulatory model would be able to sustain competition, favoured by the rapid technological progress, and attract private investment. The second one concerns the implementation of regulation in developing countries, characterized by a weak institutional environment. We intend to clarify this controversy issues. Using a transaction costs framework, we conclude for the need of an independent regulation. We also emphasize the importance of the establishment of such regulation in developing countries. This is corroborated by an empirical research. Beyond a qualitative analysis on the cases of some developing countries, the effectiveness of regulation is analysed through econometric studies. Using a dataset of 19 OCDE countries during 1992-2001, our results reveal the efficiency of an independent regulation to the development of telecommunications. The beneficial impacts of this regulation's model appear on the competition, investment, telephonic penetration and pricing
Essabri, El Mostafa. "Firmes multinationales et système agro-alimentaire : étude à partir d'un échantillon." Rennes 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REN11012.
Food-industry is a basic activity in the majority of national economies. This activity is dominated by multinational firms and knows a proces of the internationalization of production. But this is not a new phenomena : many important firms played a historical deal in europe supply. What is new is botht the rapid development of the proces and strategy changes of the firms. In the past, firms' strategy in developing countries was mainly based on shipment of developed countries market, now it turns to obtain market share locally. The proces of internationalization lead to the establishment of a world agro-business system which provoked many changes in developing countries. As a consequence, patternes of production, consumption have been homogeneised and many peoples eliminated from the system. Other actors participed to the proces of internationalization, namely, world organisations and some developed economies
Ba, Ndeye Lika. "The importance of financial development for infrastructures performance in developing countries : the case of the energy sector." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0063.
The main goal of this dissertation is to highlight the beneficial effects of financial development on the performance of infrastructure industries, hence on economic growth, in developing countries through a set of empirical analyses on the energy sector. In the first chapter, we find a gradual but positive and significant global effect of financial reforms on the overall size and liquidity of the sector. The second chapter assesses the extent to which the level of development of a country's financial sector draws private participation in energy projects financing. We find that a financial sector that offers proper financing solutions and risk-mitigating tools indeed contributes to improving private participation. Our findings also provide evidence that economic development, macroeconomic stability, country risk, and institutional development are significant determinants of a country's appeal to private investors. Putting together these results, the third chapter makes the hypothesis of the existence of a significant empirical link between the power and financial sectors reforms the effects of which are reflected in in the power sector's performance. We find that private participation and independent regulation have significantly improved power supply and operational efficiency. Interestingly, the effects of the unbundling of the sector and the creation of an autonomous regulator have been exacerbated by the development of the financial systems. These findings suggest that deeper and more liquid financial markets have eased access to long-term financing for operators allowing them to upgrade their networks and improve performance
Tourki, Monhom. "Les contrats internationaux de concession de service public et de partenariat public privé dans les pays en voie de développement : dans les secteurs des industries de réseaux (électricité,télécommunications, eau, assainissement) et des grands équipements d'infrastructure (les grands ouvrages publlics utiles au transport et à la production/ routes, ports, aéroports, etc...)." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0052.
The infrastructure and public services are in crisis in many developing countries (LDCs), and for various reasons (lack of funds, public mismanagement). This situation represents a major stumbling block preventing the economic and social development today and sustainable development in these countries. It must be remedied as quickly and efficiently as possible, but the technical and financial resources required far exceeds local capabilities. Developing countries must therefore resort to the (foreign) private sector participation for the implementation of infrastructure and the management of public services. This remedy can be done within the framework of a Public Private Partnership (PPP) which represents the middle ground between the " all public " and " private everything " and which offers state a lot of technical, financial, economic, social and even political advantages. Because of all these inputs, the use of different forms of PPP (leasing, concession, BOT. . . ) is actively promoted by the international financial institutions, the WTO and development agencies who see it as an instrument for sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The use of PPP was nevertheless criticized by its detractors (some associations, NGOs,. . . ) who expose some irregularities (remedies imposed, imbalance of power in favor of the multinationals,. . . ) which caused the failure of some projects. But this should not prevent developing countries reaping the greatest contributions of the private sector and to try to exploit the infrastructure done in an efficient manner allowing widespread access to quality services. The PPP can be a tool for sustainable development as long as all the success factors come together (a good legal and financial montage of contracts, involvement of civil society and users). The PPP is also a means of international solidarity and a complement to other efforts to be strengthened such as official development assistance (ODA), debt concellation, decentralized cooperation,. .
Zida, Raguidissida Emile. "Les industries culturelles dans les pays francophones d'Afrique subsaharienne : cas du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAL022/document.
THESIS SUMMARYAfrica is no exception to the debates on the cultural industries, already in vogue, at the global level. Although well developed in the North, cultural industries are less developed in Africa. In the continent, while some countries have successful models of development in this sector, like Nigeria or South Africa, the cultural industries in francophone countries of sub-Saharan Africa are still in a precarious level. This seems likely due to a late awareness of their issues, socio-political considerations, or a misunderstanding of the roles of the actors. Hence our interest in studying the role of public authorities in the process of cultural industries development in Burkina Faso, through the following subject: Cultural industries in francophone countries of sub-Saharan Africa: case of Burkina Faso. To carry out our reflection on the subject, the methodology consisted as well of a theoretical brusaillage and field investigations, allowing to confirm the hypotheses emitted.In Burkina Faso, the cultural industries are dynamic, by their organization, despite some shortcomings in the development of cultural sectors. This dynamic, favorable to the implementation of major initiatives and cultural events, makes the country as a "cultural crossroads" in Africa. Cultural industries generate considerable social, political and economic impacts for the country. However, these profits are the subject of conflicts between mainly industrial culture sector and the public sector. It is therefore essential that public authorities and cultural private sector work in synergy, with well-defined roles, to take the challenges seriously, for a more viable, dynamic and sustainable sector
Rabemanambola, Maholy Félicien. "Le "triangle laitier" malgache." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF20007.
Rossignol, Raphaël. "Dimensions stratégiques et sécuritaires de I'exploitation des ressources naturelles d'Afrique subsaharienne par la Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0140.
The purpose of this thesis is to consider the economic and political relations between China and sub-Saharan Africa to the extent that they involve security issues. The selected angle is used to link three perspectives, starting from a classical approach measuring the real importance and describing the mechanisms of China-Africa economic relations. Then follows a more detailed discussion about the terms of the exploitation of African natural resources by Chinese publicly owned companies. Finally ensues an analysis of the role played by those of these Chinese enterprises that work in the defense industry at large. This thesis examines how China deploys strategic thinking around the competition between Beijing and the Western powers for the operation and control of African natural resources. In this context, the risks faced by Chinese companies are represented as well by the political instability of some of the countries where they operate, and by the interventions of foreign powers in these conflicts to protect competing interests of those in Beijing. These conflicts are indeed likely to break Chinese supplies to prevent Chinese companies to operate and even to overthrow or weaken political allies of Beijing. To counter those risks, China is increasing its military commitment to the continent by selling its trading partners defenses in the form of weapons and military training. These exchanges involve the Chinese defense industries, which are also conglomerates operating in the exploitation of natural resources. These companies are therefore at the heart of this competition between China and the Western powers, as part of their activities (arms transfers) is expected to offset the destabilization caused by the other party (the exploitation of natural resources)
Balaam, Konamadji Ngomdodji. "La protection intégrée de l'environnement dans les zones d'exploitation pétrolière des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de l'on-shore tchadien." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3014.
Despite the isolation of Chad, the need for economic and social development led the government of Chad to explore and produce oil reserves. As these deposits are neither "delocalizable or movable" nor "deteriorisable or destructible", their exploitation in onshore context and natural environments with breeding vocation raises specific problems that international law and most legal systems in developing countries have difficulties to overcome until now. These include issues related to the ecological and social’s footprint of onshore oil industries. The Chadian’s law related to oil is still tiny and is at its embryonic level therefore it doesn’t take into consideration detailed environmental concerns. Chad's environmental law and land’s law didn’t also take into account risks associated with the exploration, exploitation and transport by pipeline of hydrocarbons in their plans. They also didn’t address issues related to the restoration of abandoned or end-of-life’s oilfields. In this context, if the legislator does not carry out reforms in order to simultaneously take into account petroleum operations and environmental concerns in an integrated legal system, there is a risk of "a second Niger Delta in Doba’s oilfield"
Mejia, betancur Liliana Patricia. "Les actions artistiques et culturelles comme outils de transformation socioculturelle en zones vulnérables de Medellín, Colombie (1980-2016)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD050.
In Medellín, Colombia, art through its various forms has been a way of socio-cultural transformation of the city badly harmed by violence during the eighties and nineties, in particular in fragile parts of the city, because of the war between groups involved in narcotrafficking and other offending gangs. Due to this in 1991 community leaders, artists and citizens thought of developing strategies to solve violence problems through various ways involving artistic and cultural matters such as comparsa so as to regain foot on their territories as well as sowing peace in their sections of the city. Thus several manifestation occurred in fragile sections and the people succeeded in crossing streets reknown for being invisible boundaries (Gouëset, 1992) and obtained positive results for the community. Theseevents were organized by various artistic groups of the city and opened the way to dialogue for peace negociations with these offending groups. Today, these art groups are still presentin these sensitive areas and still work for the social and cultural transformation of theirterritory.Most of the cultural managers responsible for these organisations are amateurs: they learned their job through praxis. Nevertheless, several weak elements were detected at the level of the cultural aspects they introduced. One should note that the problem of culture in Latin America is relatively new : it was initiated in the 1990’s and just in the 2000’s its function is beginning to be recongnized. Today, these art groups are still present in these fragile sections of the city and still work for the social and cultural transformation of their territory (Gumucio, 2011).Yet the aim of this research centers on the scientific analysis of the management of culture and how it has acted during the last three decades. Hence, first we shall explore the work carried out in view of social and communal transformations. We then center ourresearch on the means used to implant these new cultural aspects. This study also considersthe cultural training required and finally, the ideal cultural profile of the managers who aim at social transformation of vulnerable districts
Bonou, Jeacques Gbenonman. "Le droit des pesticides au Bénin : conditions de mise sur le marché et la responsabilité des distributeurs." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD077/document.
The rapid development of the chemical industry in the world and the unsuspected and often insidious risks of chemicals have enabled the international community to regulate the marketing of these chemicals. For example, texts and international conventions regulating trade in these products have been developed. The majority of these instruments aim to promote economic development without undermining public health and the environment. The application of these international instruments has only reached maturity in the industrialized countries but poses a real societal problem in the developing countries. The effectiveness of these rules in developing countries, and especially in Benin, is problematic. States must ratify these instruments and transpose them into national legislation.The Beninese legislator has indeed followed this approach through Act No. 91-004 of 11 February 1991 on phytosanitary regulations in Benin and the framework law on the environment, the provisions of which apply to chemical substances or pesticides. Have these different laws made it possible to achieve the objectives of agricultural protection, public health and the environment? How can the Beninese distributors be held liable for damages related to these products? The answers to these questions allowed us to note deficiencies in these laws and that the Beninese legislator must modernize its legislation with the aim of reinforcing the supervision of these products. As for national accountability mechanisms, reform at this level is essential. Otherwise liability schemes do not allow distributors to be held accountable. The mechanisms of responsibility in the positive law contain inadequacies for an effective implementation of the responsibility of the distributors. These shortcomings are as real in terms of civil and criminal liability. The legislator must thoroughly review the entire system applicable to distributors, while modernizing the law of civil liability with the recognition of the objective liability for dangerous activities. Consequently, the liability of legal persons should be enshrined in criminal law
Randrianarison, Hanitra Michele. "À travers les expériences canadiennes en matière d’industries minières, les leçons à tirer pour Madagascar pour bâtir une croissance économique sans grande répercussion sur l’environnement." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11227.