Дисертації: "Industries Environmental aspects Victoria"

1

Biehl, Markus. "The value of clean manufacturing strategies for manufacturing management under the influence of environmental policy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30330.

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2

袁縕思 and Wan-sze Cissie Yuen. "A study of the impact of environmental issues after China's entry intothe world trade organization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41548814.

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3

Yuen, Ping-shu Gomez, and 袁秉樞. "Is reclamation necessary in Victoria Harbour?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254810.

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4

Li, Zhe 1974. "The environmental Kuznets curve reexamined for CO₂ emissions in Canadian manufacturing industries /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80319.

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Recent studies of the environmental Kuznets curve raise questions regarding the relationship between environmental indicators and GDP and the fundamental reasons that explain this relationship. In response, this thesis presents one-sector and two-sector models to analyze the alternative causal relationships between an environmental indicator and GDP at different stages of economic development. These models analyze how economic scale, technology, preferences, and economic structure influence the causality and shape of the relationship. These theoretical studies are followed by two empirical studies. The first tests the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in Canadian manufacturing industries. The second explores several factors as the fundamental causes that influence the CO2 emissions in the same industries. Factors, such as economic scale, preferences, technological progress, structural change, and energy input, are found to be crucial in the determination of CO2 emissions. The empirical results are positive, but there are data limitations. The empirical studies can be re-evaluated as more data becomes available.

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5

Wong, Chin-yee, and 黃靜儀. "The development of the rural economy in China and its impact on the environment since 1978: a case study ofSichuan and Guangdong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195375X.

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6

甘綺翠 and Yee-tsui Michelle Kam. "Global environmental issues and strategic implications to Hong Kong industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574262.

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7

Chan, Yuet-ling, and 陳月玲. "Reclamation and pollution in Hong Kong with special reference to Victoria Harbour." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254494.

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8

Lwanga, Margaret Jjuuko Nassuna. "An investigation into the representations of environmental issues relating to Lake Victoria, Uganda, and their negotiation by the lakeside communities." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001577.

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The state of the environment is increasingly present as an urgent concern for contemporary political, social, cultural and physical life. Yet the roles of the mass media (radio, television and newspapers) in shaping and influencing crucial public awareness, debates and environmental decision-making remain inadequately understood. Positioned as a critical studies inquiry into media representations and audience reception, this study forms part of a wider project amongst media scholars and culture critics on the relationship between media textual production and consumption. It explores how one radio station in Uganda, Central Broadcasting Service (CBS) radio, represents and constructs the environmental crises faced by Lake Victoria, especially pollution and overfishing. The focus is on the Victoria Voice radio documentaries aired on CBS radio in the year 2005. The study further explores how three lakeside communities negotiate these issues as radio broadcasts. It recognises that while the mass media contribute significantly to creating public awareness about such social concerns, their likelihood of having a direct and predictable impact on social behaviour is slight. The context and the lived experiences at the reception stage where the decisions are made on whether to adopt an innovation are ultimately the factors which impact on how they are negotiated. The thesis is informed by the theoretical and analytical framework of Cultural Studies as well as the Participatory Approach to Communication for Development perspectives. The study is specifically informed by the theories of ‘discourse’ (Foucault, 1980a, 1981) and the ‘circuit of culture’ (du Gay et al., 1997 and Johnson, 1987) and these provided the conceptual framework for investigating the representations, the production and the consumption of media texts. Predominantly qualitative methods have been employed in data collection and analysis. In the first place, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 1995a, 1995c) of the radio texts has interrogated the discourses and discursive practices of CBS’ Victoria Voice environmental radio programmes in order to consider its representations of particular issues and consequently the discourses it privileged. Qualitative methods of participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were deployed to investigate the negotiation of the texts by the lakeside communities. This research establishes that the Victoria Voice radio texts foreground three contesting types of discourses: the discourse of basic economic survival and livelihoods is articulated largely by the ordinary people, the lakeside communities; the discourse of sustainable development, particularly the protection and sustainability of Lake Victoria, by scientists and environmental experts; and the discourse of modernisation and corporate investment by politicians and/or policy makers and industrialists. The texts, to a large degree, reaffirm the hegemonic relations of power in Ugandan society, and thus contribute to the maintenance of the status quo. The selection of an elite category of informers (scientists, experts, politicians, policy makers) serves to marginalise the less powerful ordinary people (the fisher folk, farmers and other eyewitnesses). The construction of the elite as active and speaking subjects within the various debates introduced in these programmes, for example, works both to obscure and endorse the unequal power relations. At the reception side, while the lakeside communities attest to the relevance of the programmes in providing information on the issues concerning Lake Victoria and other aspects of their livelihood, they also recognise the power relations that underpin the sets of representations. Amongst these sets is government’s complicity with industry, in line with their economic policies and the global capitalist economy, while espousing the rhetoric of nature conservation. The study argues that sustainable solutions for the crises on Lake Victoria should take into account the socio-historical and cultural contexts of the lakeside communities. For the Ugandan media, particularly radio, there is a need to rethink the nature of the coverage, which tends to neglect the contextual factors, such as local socio-economic and cultural factors within which environmental issues and problems occur and which, as this thesis establishes, greatly influences the way people make sense of environmental issues and problems. I posit that the Participatory Approach that seeks to address the communities’ most pressing concerns should be adopted – to include more of the communities’ voices and involve them in the production of radio programmes.

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9

Feddersen, John Alexander. "Essays in international economics and the environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:aa2b64d1-d4cd-4f8f-b83c-1b1ad435f2ea.

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I consider the influence of foreign environmental policy on domestic manufacturing activity using theory and empirics. A tractable three-country spatial model yields a theory of locational com- parative advantage in the production of pollution-intensive manufactured goods: greater market access to countries with stringent environmental policy encourages output in the polluting sector. Operationalizing the model empirically, I find robust evidence that high market access to countries with stringent environmental policy increases manufacturing value added. Both the theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that estimates of the Pollution Haven Effect that ignore third country environmental policy - yet make the stable unit treatment value assumption - can be misleading. Chapter Two We investigate the impact of short-term weather and long-term climate on self-reported life satisfaction using panel data. We find robust evidence that day-to-day weather variation impacts life satisfaction by a similar magnitude to acquiring a mild disability. Utilizing two sources of variation in the cognitive complexity of satisfaction questions, we present evidence that weather bias arises because of the cognitive challenge of reporting life satisfaction. Consistent with past studies, we detect a relationship between long-term climate and life satisfaction without individual fixed effects. This relationship is not robust to individual fixed effects, suggesting climate does not directly influence life satisfaction. Chapter Three This chapter considers the related policy challenges of deindustrialisation and 'leakage' which can arise when environmental regulation is differentiated across regions. A dynamic two-region 'New Economic Geography' (NEG) model is adopted in which agglomeration forces may make firms tolerant of regulatory disadvantage. Each region ratifies an international environmental agreement (IEA) requiring it to tax transboundary pollution created by local firms. In contrast to previous NEG studies, the model adopted is considerably more tractable, enabling comparative static analysis to be conducted analytically rather than through computer simulation. The model is extended to consider the relationship between the prescribed tax rates and deindustrialisation caused by the relocation of firms. Firm relocation in response to a given tax differential depends crucially on trade costs and the initial location (configuration) of industry. For some industry configurations, agglomeration forces are strong and a set of tax differentials exist which cause no international relocation of polluting firms. For other initial industry configurations in which agglomeration forces are weaker, the same set of tax differentials may cause complete inter-national relocation to the less stringently regulated region. Trade liberalization can actually make industry less likely to relocate in response to a regulatory disadvantage. The model is further extended to consider the issue of carbon leakage, which arises in the regulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For relatively low tax differentials, agglomeration forces create rents which tend to anchor industry in the higher taxing region, avoiding carbon leakage. If the tax differential is too great, however, agglomeration forces cause all firms to relocate to the lower taxing region where they optimally emit more GHGs. Environmental outcomes may therefore be improved by reducing the tax rate in the higher taxing region in order to discourage industry relocation. When industry is diversified between regions, firms respond to higher (lower) relative domestic taxes by increasing (decreasing) output and polluting more (less).

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10

Dimberio, Amy M. "Status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana manufacturing industries." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774760.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana's manufacturing industries and to describe the relationship between policy, workforce size, and manufacturing type. Of the 493 questionnaires distributed, 181 (36.7%) were returned. Approximately 67% percent of the industries reported having some type of restrictive policy with the majority of those policies not allowing smoking at the worksite except in designated areas. Most policies were developed within the last five years and were implemented due to a concern for employee health. Workforce size was directly related to the prevalence of significant restrictions. Those companies employing greater then 100 employees were the most likely to have a policy whereas the employing less than 11 were the least likely to have a policy. Standard industrial classifications 34 (fabricated metal products) and 35 (machinery, except electrical) had less restrictive policies as compared to other S.I.C. classifications. A follow up on 10% (n=30) of the nonrespondents yielded similar results to those who did respond.
Department of Physiology and Health Science

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11

余經浩 and King-ho Yu. "Overview on environmental management in Hong Kong construction industries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255383.

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12

Kauls, Angela L. "The impact of tourism on the physical environment of third world countries : a case study of Negril, Jamaica." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/483413.

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Unplanned and rapid growth of tourism can be perilous to the natural and socio-cultural environment of communities and regions. Unplanned tourism can destroy the unique landscapes upon which it depends. This problem is particularly severe in third world nations which are hosting a new generation of tourism in hopes of economic survival.This paper presents a case study which supports the above contentions by identifying changes that have taken place in Negril, Jamaica, through a discussion of the causes and effects of rapid, poorly planned tourism development in that town. This provides the basic framework within which the author raises questions suggest ideas to promote more appropriate and culturally and sensitive changes in present land use policies in the city of Negril.
Department of Landscape Architecture

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13

Page, Andre Paul. "The barriers and opportunities of resource efficiency and cleaner production within a South African context." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2800.

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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
This research study investigates how environmental tools such as Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production (RECP) can contribute to sustaining and supporting economic growth in South Africa. Resource optimisation is crucial when considering the concept of sustainable development. It also contributes to addressing the challenges of global warming and climate change, which in turn threaten industrial growth and sustainability in the long term. The study places emphasis on the barriers that prevent industry from implementing RECP recommendations, and identifies opportunities that could potentially reposition businesses should they consider implementation. It also promotes other sustainability tools that are available through collaboration with international entities, and this could be of great benefit to the South African industry. Factors of unemployment and urbanisation restricts national growth to some degree, hence the study explores how RECP can contribute to job retention by introducing new resource optimisation methodologies for the manufacturing sector, Moreover, it examines the imbalance between the demand as well as limitations of these resources. Through the compilation of data collated from questionnaires completed by industry, government and civil society participants, this study looks at achieving a balance between environmental sustainability and growth. It also looks at aligning this balance with the integration of specific economic and environmental policies, which also includes social aspects. What comes through significantly in this research is the lack of awareness within industry in terms of RECP, as well as the importance of prioritising the uptake of environmental initiatives to ensure that industry is compliant with the stringent policies and legislation designed by government to drive the sustainability process. Consequently the study shows that communication between public and private sector, as well as the awareness raising and marketing of sustainability to consumers need to be improved. An analysis of the various government support mechanisms is conducted, in respect of how industry could potentially leverage growth and drive positive change within their businesses. In addition to RECP, emphasis is placed on other Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) initiatives and tools that could possibly entrench sustainable practices and help with their incorporation into their business strategies.

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14

Lau, Kit-wah, and 劉潔華. "Implications of a certified environmental management system on Hong Kong industries: cost and benefit analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254305.

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15

Haycocks, Scott Gavin. "Mining and environmental factors in selecting an underground versus a quarry mining system." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020049/.

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16

Xongo, Nosipho. "The impact of mining on infrastructure development and poverty reduction in mining communities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018576.

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There is a growing concern from government, communities, civil society and mining companies on the sustained development of the impact of mining on communities and the benefits of mineral development. Communities are more vocal in expressing their expectations for benefits and on the other hand mines are concerned about profits and maintaining a social licence to operate. This study critically evaluates the impact mining has on socio-economic development in mining communities. The focus area of the study is the West Rand District Municipality in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The ‘impact’ refers to the mine’s contribution to infrastructure development and poverty reduction projects in areas where the mine is operating and sourcing labour from. Forecasts for better performance in the future will be assessed. Issues such as community consultation, identification of projects, development forums, the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and partnerships are addressed. The literature was reviewed from existing national and international research on the topic. The study starts from two assumptions. The first is that minerals are potentially a great resource of wealth for poor countries. The second assumption is that minerals have the potential to benefit the local population through the creation of indirect employment, skills transfer, enhancing the capacity of health and education services, improved infrastructure and small and medium business opportunities. Poverty levels are viewed on a national and international scale. The study reveals problems, with existing approaches, on mine community development. It concludes that the impact of mining on infrastructure development and poverty reduction projects can be huge, but only if a variety of demanding preconditions are met. The study concludes that the reality of mineral led development in mine communities has not lived up to a roaring promise.

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17

Al-Halawani, Al-Tamimi Hatem. "Energy management in the Jordanian cement industry." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2588.

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Energy is essential to economic prosperity and quality of life. However it can have detrimental effects on the environment if not used properly. Moreover, if energy resources are scarce in a given country, then its use will impose economic and financial burdens on the national economy. The cement industry is energy-intensive, which adds a micro dimension to the macro issues mentioned above. Reducing energy consumption without due consideration to production requirements is not an optimal situation. What is needed is to arrive at a situation whereby energy is used rationally. The concept of rational use of energy has two embedded principles. The first is increased energy-use efficiency and the second is environmental protection. Jordan Cement Factories (JCF), located in a developing country where energy resources are not indigenously available and, therefore, costly energy requirements are imported, have realised the importance of addressing the energy management and conservation issues. This thesis describes the efforts initiated and conducted by the author, to address the research problem of improving energy usage through the application of effective management techniques aimed at reducing energy consumption per unit of cement produced. This present research has been concerned with energy management and efficient use of energy. The Jordan Cement Factories were used as a vehicle to demonstrate the proposed research methodology that aimed at improving energy consumption and thus operational efficiency. The methodology is based on establishing statistically significant relationships between interacting problem factors, and assessing the economic impact of improving these factors. Economic evaluation entailed the development of economic models and an application methodology combined with illustrative case studies. Consequently, the problem of energy management has been presented in a wider perspective that addressed the whole management system at the organisation. Towards that end, it was first necessary to show the significance of energy cost with respect to the overall manufacturing costs. The analysis of production costs, which demonstrated the significance of energy costs, was followed by the investigation and examination of the basic management factors that have direct impact on energy consumption at the JCF. Among these factors are, for instance, production line availability, production rate, average number of stoppages, and average duration of stoppages. These factors were determined using preliminary data analysis and the experience and technical knowledge of the researcher. The statistical analysis proved the existence of strong relationships between energy consumption and management factors. Several models were developed for a set of selected production lines, in the JFC at Fuhais and Rashadiya plants. These statistical models were generated using actual data for electrical energy and fuel consumption. The derived models have demonstrated the existence of strong relationships between energy consumption and management control factors; for instance, the values of R2 range from 60% to 90%. This implies that an equivalent percentage of the variations in energy consumption can be attributed to the selected management factors. The economic model developed in this research is concerned with demonstrating that effective management practices associated with proper maintenance and housekeeping can result in highly significant savings in energy usage. Although a simplistic methodology was used to evaluate the economic impact of any improvement programme, the economic treatment showed that the cost of improvement is actually negligible compared to the realisable savings in energy usage. The research has dealt with the details of developing a coherent energy management model whose objective is to establish transformational management processes of certain high-level management factors into daily operations and controls. The high-level management .factors are the same factors used as independent variables in the statistical and economic models, which statistically proved to be the major factors affecting the energy consumption at JCF. The research has also presented a detailed analysis of the organisational and procedural aspects of energy management with concentration on management functions, especially planning, controlling, executing, organising, and auditing. A detailed mapping and analysis of these functions as the main components of an Energy Management System (EMS) resulted in establishing job descriptions, organisational charts, work instructions and procedures for all-important functions of the EMS. The type of work described in this thesis could be extrapolated for application in other industries, particularly energy-intensive ones, to arrive at the objective of rational use of energy at the national and international levels. Comprehensive studies would need to be carried out for each type of industry prior to implementation. The cost benefit analysis presented in this research proved, beyond any doubt, the importance of implementing the EMS in JCF. As a result of this implementation it is demonstrated that huge annual savings were realised. Finally, as a result of improving energy control factors, introducing energy conservation measures and employing management techniques at JCF to guarantee the effectiveness of all such activities, resulted in an annual savings amount to about USS 3.5 million. Therefore, if the same or similar actions are undertaken by all cement, or other highly energy intensive industries then the savings could reach billions of dollars.

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18

Beukes, Cecilia Johanna. "A management accounting strategy for mining rehabilitation." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192007-131232/.

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19

Basak, Rishi. "Environmental management systems and the intra-firm risk relationship." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0034/MQ64316.pdf.

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20

Jordan, Matthew. "Procuring industrial pollution control : the South Australian case, 1836-1975." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj816.pdf.

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21

Tomlin, Sharynn Musick. "Total Quality Environmental Management: A Study of the Relationship between Quality Practices and Environmental Performance of the Standard and Poor 500 Companies." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278106/.

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22

Schmitt, Harold Rolf. "A strategic reconnaissance level methodology for assessing power supply alternatives for northern mining." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24915.

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This study develops and tests a methodology that can be utilized for a reconnaissance level assessment of electric power supply alternatives for medium-scale mining in northwestern British Columbia. The study is organized into four parts. Part one characterizes the public planning framework of the study area. Present and future use trends of the region's natural resources, in particular minerals and energy, are reviewed, and a typology of public preferences for their development is established. Part two carries out a literature-based review of the conceptual basis of normative decision-making. Specific energy project evaluation approaches are introduced. This establishes a theoretical framework for constructing the methodology. Part three presents the energy project assessment methodology. Part four applies the methodology to the RED-CHRIS deposit. Salient features of parts three and four which form the core of the study, are outlined below. Energy Project Assessment Methodology The central part of the study proposes a strategic, reconnaissance-level methodology for evaluating energy supply alternatives for medium-scale mining. Its scope is defined by; a) inclusion of strategic elements such as emphasis on priorities, analytical continuity, robustness, and adaptiveness, and b) adoption of a reconnaissance approach which reflects an intention to accommodate preliminary information at an appropriate level of complexity and comprehensiveness. The essence of the methodology entails three inter-related components: 1) Core Information Environment - Identifies and focuses on defining the energy supply issues for a particular undeveloped mineral deposit. 2) Basic Evaluation Environment - Assesses the viability of potential alternatives through the application of multiple criteria and formal decision-making procedures. 3) Peripheral Evaluation Environment - Assesses strategic information which is independent of the focused problem, but can exert an influence on the outcome of both the core and basic environments. Each component contains strategic data bases and analytical processes that assist the analyst to proceed from initial problem identification to selection of alternatives. Within and between the three structural component information is refined in an iterative fashion. This maintains a current perspective on the problem environment and leads to a more confident appraisal of the favoured energy alternatives for a mineral deposit. Case Study Analysis: RED-CHRIS copper-gold deposit situated southeast of Iskut was selected for a case study application of the methodology. Typical production schedule ranging from 8 to 20 years would require corresponding installed electrical capacity of 7.5 to 23.5 Megawatts. Key points which emerged from an analysis of this deposit's energy supply alternatives form the mine planner's perspective are: 1) Interest groups concerned with planning, developing, or regulating energy supply for RED-CHRIS include: a) Mineral deposit owners whose objective it is to maximize profit b) Societal interests whose objective it is to maximize economic, social and environmental well-being aspects of the project. c) Public policy interests whose objective it is to maximize economic, political, and social welfare within national and provincial energy policy. 2) Energy supply candidates identified and examined, include: diesel-electric, high voltage grid extension, small-hydroelectric, coal and biomass-fired generation, natural gas, peat, geothermal, wind and solar. 3) Comparison of different small-scale energy applications for remote areas is made difficult because of technical, political, and environmental uncertainties. 4) Satisficing and Dominance can be successfully applied from the mine planner's perspective to key decision criteria to narrow the various energy supply alternatives. 5) Small-hydro is the most favourable alternative at this juncture, followed by diesel. Coal-fired generation and biomass are comparable, and may be more favourable than diesel under certain circumstances. Other alternatives are presently unsuitable. General Conclusions: Application of the methodology is limited by the interaction between analytical design, available physical resources, and uncertainty in the operating environment, human values and external decisions. The methodology appears sufficiently robust and comprehensive to be adapted to other deposits in the region. Commonly shared information requirements combined with the iterative nature of information processing, can be used to reduce the resource demands and improve the efficiency of subsequent applications. Finally, it is recommended that the value sensitivity of the methodology be tested by applying it from more than one perspective to the same deposit.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

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23

Boshoff, Genevieve Ann. "Development of integrated biological processing for the biodesalination of sulphate- and metal-rich wastewaters." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003958.

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The substantial pollution threat to the South African environment from acid mine drainage (AMD) effluents has been well documented. Due to the juvenile nature of acidity in these flows, any remediation strategies implemented will need to function effectively and at low cost for long periods of time. The widespread use of sulphate reducing biological systems for the treatment of such effluents, and in particular large volume flows, has been limited. The supply of inexpensive electron donor and carbon sources, as well as appropriate reactor designs capable of handling large volume flows, have been identified as among the principal factors limiting development of this technology. The broad aim of the research programme reported here was to undertake an evaluation of the feasibility of an algal-bacterial integrated ponding system for the treatment of AMD, and the waste stabilisation pond (WSP) as an appropriate reactor design for this application. The study attempted to demonstrate the feasibility of individual unit operations in a proposed process train using complex organic carbon serving as the electron donor source for the sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). Studies were undertaken as laboratory and pilot-scale investigations. Tannery effluent was shown to be a functional carbon source for biological sulphate reduction, with effective removal of sulphate and organics being recorded. In turn, the use of biological sulphate reduction for the treatment of tannery effluent was demonstrated. Algal biomass was shown in laboratory studies to function as an effective carbon source for biological sulphate reduction. It is known that micro-algae produce large quantities of photosynthate which is released to the growth medium under conditions of physiological stress. The potential for the use of photosynthate production in high rate algal ponding systems and its manipulation and use as a sustainable carbon source for sulphate reduction was investigated. Growth of a mixed culture of Dunaliella under conditions of light, temperature and salinity stress demonstrated production of large quantities of organic carbon. However, growth was inhibited at high temperatures. An elevation of salinity levels led to a decrease in growth of Dunaliella, but to increased organic carbon production. Spirulina spp., on the other hand, grew well at higher temperatures but showed the highest organic carbon production, and release to the medium, under low light conditions. These results led to a proposed process for the integration of algal ponding into an integrated system for the treatment of AMD. The algal biomass may be fed into the anaerobic digester as a carbon source, or it may be passed into a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) where it is stressed to enhance the organic carbon content. This can then be fed into the anaerobic digester as a carbon source. The impact of high levels of sulphide in the water feeding to the algal growth compartment was investigated. Spirulina spp. isolated from a tannery waste stabilisation pond was shown to be a sulphidophilic strain of cyanobacterium, capable of being adapted to high concentrations of sulphide. Dunaliella salina on the other hand was less tolerant. These results demonstrated the practical use of algal biomass providing an oxygen-rich cap for odour control on the surface of the facultative pond as well for the secondary treatment of sulphide-rich overflow to the High Rate Algal Pond. The ability of micro-algae to elevate the pH of their surrounding environment was evaluated as a functional precipitant and neutralisation reagent for acidic metal containing wastewater. Spirulina spp. was shown to perform effectively. D. salina was less functional in this environment. Anacystis spp. was effective in elevating the pH of a defined medium as well as a zinc-rich effluent. These results indicated the practicality of a neutralising function for algal ponds in the treatment of AMD. Metal removal in the system was found to be a combined function of sulphide precipitation, removal by binding to micro-algal biomass and extracellular polymeric substances. The feasibility of waste stabilisation ponding technology use for the treatment of large volume AMD effluents was provisionally demonstrated. It was shown that complex carbon sources would be used as efficient electron donors for sulphate reduction. The integration of algal ponding into the system provides for the generation of a sustainable carbon source, odour control with the recycling of oxygen-rich water onto the top of the facultative pond, secondary treatment of the anaerobic digester overflow, and the neutralisation of the incoming acidic effluents and removal of heavy metals. Integration of the individual unit operations, the feasibility of which has been provisionally demonstrated in this study, into a continuous process train is being investigated in follow-upstudies.

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24

Salahuddin, Sharmin. "Extended producer responsibility in Asia drivers and barriers /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34614758.

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25

Wiegard, Jean, and JWiegard@groupwise swin edu au. "Quantification of Greenhouse Gases at Visy Industries using Life Cycle Assessment." Swinburne University of Technology. School of Engineering and Science, 2001. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20030729.140753.

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Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are vital components of the earth�s atmosphere, trapping heat around the earth, maintaining temperatures necessary for human existence. Until the Industrial Revolution, these gases existed in a natural equilibrium with the environment. Since that time, anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning and land clearing have increased the quantity of GHGs, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), in the earth�s atmosphere. Evidence indicates that global warming is occurring as a result of the additional accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. International response to climate change resulted in the 1997 development of the Kyoto Protocol. If the Protocol is ratified, developed countries will be legally bound to reduce their GHG emissions in accordance with negotiated emission reduction targets. At the beginning of the year 2001, the Protocol was still to be ratified. With the possibility of future GHG emission restrictions, some Australian companies have started quantifying their GHG emission levels. One such company is Visy Industries, the largest privately owned paper packaging manufacturing company in the world. Visy�s core business is the manufacture of cardboard boxes from recycled paper. As part of its future operations, a kraft pulp and paper mill is presently being built in New South Wales, Australia. The environmental decision support tool, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), was used to quantify Visy�s CO2 and CH4 emissions across the entire life cycle of the Visy paper recycling and virgin papermaking processes. Commercially defined LCA models were developed for both papermaking processes. GHG emissions estimated by each model were compared and the effect of different energy sources, technologies and manufacturing processes on CO2 and CH4 emissions were assessed. The majority of emissions in the two Visy papermaking models were due to fossil fuel derived energy sources and the decomposition of wood fibre in Solid Waste Disposal Sites (SWDSs). Results were used to propose appropriate GHG reduction strategies and business opportunities. GHG reduction strategies included increasing the use of renewable energy, reducing the volume of solid waste rejects sent to SWDS, incinerating solid waste rejects with energy recovery and sourcing steam from third party providers. Proposed GHG business opportunities included increasing the production of Greenpower from the pulp and paper mill for sale to the grid. This thesis is an example of the practical application of current GHG knowledge and LCA methodology that was undertaken in an environment where technical, political and commercial guidelines at both a national and international level were still evolving. Nevertheless, the thesis is not a critical review of LCA methodology. The LCA support tool was able to quantify CO2 and CH4 emissions across the life cycle of the Visy recycling and virgin papermaking processes. The chosen functional unit, the assumptions and exemptions made, and the placement of the system boundaries, were found to be critical to the Visy LCA results.

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26

Yu, Jieqiong, and 余洁琼. "The effectiveness of extended producer responsibility in motivating eco-design changes: perspectives from China'selectrical and electronics industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47185934.

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Extended producer responsibility (EPR) as a holistic approach to product stewardship has been increasingly incorporated into environmental policy agenda in the last two decades. One major expectation of EPR is to prevent environmental problems at source by providing appropriate incentives for product eco-design changes. However, available studies empirically examining the actual influence of EPR on eco-design are limited. This research therefore aims to fill the research gap by evaluating the effectiveness of existing EPR programmes in driving eco-design changes from the perspective of China’s electrical and electronic (EE) industry, and shed some light on the prospects of EPR development in China. Based on the analytical framework developed from reconstructed intervention theory, three intensive empirical studies have been carried out. The first study examines the perception and responses of 50 China’s EE manufacturers regarding the EU EPR programmes (i.e. the WEEE and RoHS Directives). The second study investigates the responses of 36 China’s EE manufacturers to the Chinese EPR programmes (i.e. China WEEE and China RoHS legislation) and identifies possible factors that exert causal impact on the occurrence of eco-design. In order to gain a deeper insight into the practical manifestations of effective EPR implementation in the private sector, three company case studies have been conducted in the third stage of the research, serving as an important supplement to the first two studies. The three studies show that EPR programmes in a stringent regulatory approach focusing on products’ environmental properties such as substance bans can exert strong influence on design changes. However, mandated recycling legislation seems to have little driving effect for companies to change product design. The research points to the weakness of collective producer responsibility that is currently adopted in many EU Member States for WEEE implementation in achieving continuous eco-design improvements. It highlights the significance of realising the principle of individual producer responsibility in EPR programmes for achieving this goal. Based on an attributability assessment, the research further shows that there are a number of factors that influence the adoption of eco-design in China, and the link between legislative EPR programmes and eco-design is complex and evolving. Not only may the EPR programmes have different existing, anticipating and potential effect on the incorporation of eco-design, but they may have very different driving influence on environmental laggards and leaders. In this regard, this research suggests that there is no one-stop solution for EPR in China. A mixed mechanism that integrates various policy instruments such as administrative, economic and informative instruments, in conjunction with cooperation and infrastructure facilities, would be the most effective means to implement EPR in the context of China, thereby achieving the goal of sustainable production and consumption.
published_or_final_version
Kadoorie Institute
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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27

Tsang, Chun-fa, and 曾淳法. "Embracing the principles of sustainable development: the case of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251729.

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28

Tondhlana, Lawrence. "Factors affecting environmental sustainability of the downstream oil industry in Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2709.

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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
The oil industry has been a major contributor to economic development in many countries; providing jobs, revenue, infrastructure and businesses to third parties. However, this development has also come with adversity on the physical environment. The oil industry accounts for the highest Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in the world, making it the number one polluter. In addition, South Africa has been regarded as the biggest polluter in Africa, with fossil-based fuel cited as the major cause of environmental degradation. South Africa’s physical environment is also cited as having degraded more than most countries in Africa. This proposition requires players in the oil industry to urgently address this situation. As the future of economic development is likely to be spearheaded by the oil industry, concerns have been raised at the slow rate of addressing oil companies’ operations which causes the environment to be less sustainable. This study uses a qualitative content analysis to explore the oil companies’ actions towards addressing environmental adversity caused by their unsustainable operations. In order to be environmental sustainable, oil companies must; incorporate environmental sustainability into missions and visions, financial investment into sustainable initiatives, involve top management in environmental programs, engage stakeholder, comply and align organisational processes and operations with environmental legislations and introducing renewable energy.

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Mahomed, Shenaaz Ismail. "Descriptive study of the oestrogenicity of run off water from small-sized industry in the Pretoria West area /." Diss., Access to E-Thesis, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06132005-133600/.

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30

Lum, Yuen-ling, and 林婉玲. "Feasibility study on scrap tires burning in Hong Kong cement industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253477.

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31

Prabawani, Bulan. "An exploratory examination of the factors influencing Indonesian SME's sustainability practices in the textile and chemical industries." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/576.

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All firms have an impact on the environment in which they operate, for example in the exploration and processing of environmental resources to make a profit. Manufacturing firms, in particular have the potential to pollute the environment with dangerous liquid and solid wastes. Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make a significant contribution to the global economy in both developing and developed countries. Individually, SMEs appear to have little environmental impact, but accumulatively, they have a considerable impact, not only economically but also environmentally. However, managing environment impact is not usually core business for SMEs. SMEs often suffer from a lack of internal resources and capabilities. For example they can have limited access to credit given their high risk, limited warranty, and lack of managerial experience or track record in managing aspects such as financial, production, and sales data. In terms of environmental issues, SMEs often attract little attention from the media, although government does support environmental management initiatives. Consequently, SME owner managers can be indifferent to, or unable to implement, sustainability practices. Thus, natural resources become objects of exploitation or over exploitation. Although there are many differences in sustainability definitions, all definitions have at their heart the same objective, that is, how today‘s firms‘ needs are fulfilled such that they do not harm the future. This is evident in definition of sustainability in the business field as ―one that creates profits for its shareholders while protecting the environment and improving the lives of those with whom it interacts‖ (Savitz & Weber, 2006, p.x). Thus, the concept of sustainability is not one which is solely orientated to economic aspects or profit, but also to social and natural aspects, in terms of the triple bottom line (TBL) in undertaking business. Indonesian SMEs in the manufacturing industry are a source of significant employment; however, they suffer a range of issues. The Asian Development Bank (2005) reported that industrial waste and pollution in Indonesia is out of control, while regulation and enforcement by government is completely inadequate. Studies have shown Indonesia‘s chemical based manufacturers contribute to air pollution, contamination of water sources, and depletion of groundwater through improper and illegal disposal of solid and hazardous waste. The focus of this thesis is SMEs sustainability: perceived benefits, drivers for and barriers to sustainability. As such this is a study of the natural, social, and economic dimensions that make up the concept of sustainability in relation to Indonesian SMEs. The literature identifies a range of natural, social and economic factors influencing sustainability and these were collated into a model. Eight case studies of SMEs in the Central Java chemical and textile industries were undertaken to refine the measures in the model of sustainability. The overall sustainability of the case study firms was also assessed while hypotheses were constructed as to the relationships between constructs and firms sustainability practices based on firm types and size, as well as industry. A survey of 215 chemical and textile SMEs was then undertaken to test the refined model and develop a final model. The model was developed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) or a measurement model, which included some second order factors for dependent latent variables, and then followed by a structural model which combined each final measurement model. The final model was found to have a high fit (.971 CFI,/df, .041 RMSEA, and .081 RMR) with efficiency as a critical factor influencing sustainability practices. Overall the study found that sustainability practices were not first priority for these SMEs although they were more inclined towards the present interests in the Sustainable Value framework developed by Hart and Milstein (2003). Indonesian SMEs emphasised resource consumption and civil society issues. In terms of the level of sustainability this group of SMEs were found to have moved ‗beyond the level of legal compliance‘ in terms of their sustainability practices. While Hubbard‘s (2009) Sustainability Balanced Scorecard stresses a balance between the economic as well as the natural and social dimensions of sustainability, this balance was not evident for these Indonesian SMEs. The SME owner managers were also more concerned with the social dimension of sustainability and this was at odds with their perception of the government‘s concern being with the natural dimension of sustainability. However moral mandate was evident as a driver for the natural and social dimensions of sustainability as has been found in other studies of SMEs in developed countries such as New Zealand and the Netherland.

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Fappi, Devanir André. "Micro e ultrafiltração como pós-tratamento para reúso de efluentes de abatedouro e frigorífico de suínos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1273.

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Fundação Araucária; CAPES
As indústrias alimentícias utilizam considerável volume de água para suprir a demanda de processos. Devido a isso, observa-se um grande volume gerado de efluentes que necessitam ser tratados para garantir o destino final adequado. Tendo em vista a crescente escassez de água, procedimentos de racionalização do uso da água e o reúso de efluentes tratados surgem como soluções para estes problemas. A aplicação de processos de separação por membranas no tratamento de efluentes da indústria alimentícia para reúso apresenta-se como um processo de tratamento avançado apropriado. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização dos processos de separação por membranas como tratamento avançado de águas residuárias agroindustriais provindas de um abatedouro e frigorífico de suínos, da região oeste do Paraná, visando à possibilidade de reúso destes efluentes. Para isso, foi necessário: realizar a caracterização físico-química dos efluentes agroindustriais; avaliar o emprego de microfiltração, ultrafiltração, e microfiltração seguida de ultrafiltração em diferentes condições operacionais de pressão aplicada à membrana, e avaliar a qualidade do efluente obtido pelos processos de separação com membranas, considerando o atendimento das exigências técnicas, legais e sanitárias para diferentes usos industriais. Os resultados mostraram que os processos de separação por membranas apresentaram, de uma maneira geral, uma sensível melhora na qualidade do efluente final quando comparados com o atual sistema de pós-tratamento empregado pela indústria (flotador físico-químico), que promove eficiências de remoção nas faixas oscilantes de 3% a 29%, 44% a 70%, 40% a 46% e 50% a 58,5%, aproximadamente, para os parâmetros sólidos totais voláteis, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal e DQO, respectivamente. A microfiltração apresentou as seguintes faixas de eficiência de remoção, aproximadas: sólidos totais voláteis (51% - 64%), turbidez (83% - 99%), nitrogênio amoniacal (21% - 24%) e DQO (64% - 72%). A ultrafiltração apresentou as seguintes faixas de eficiência de remoção, aproximadas: sólidos totais voláteis (23% - 51%), turbidez (87% - 99%), nitrogênio amoniacal (54% - 69%) e DQO (77% - 85%). A realização do ensaio de microfiltração seguido de ultrafiltração nas melhores condições experimentais investigadas obteve resultados satisfatórios na remoção de aproximadamente 97% para a turbidez, 17% para os sólidos totais voláteis, 67% para a DQO, 38% para o nitrogênio amoniacal, 96% a 99,95% para os coliformes termotolerantes e 93 a 99,69% para os coliformes termorresistentes. Com o aumento da pressão para a microfiltração e ultrafiltração foi obtido maior fluxo permeado e melhor qualidade do efluente final. Embora os efluentes tenham proporcionado distintos valores de fluxo permeado, foram obtidas curvas de desempenho bastante semelhantes, caracterizando-se por uma queda do fluxo permeado nos primeiros minutos de filtração, seguido de um período onde ocorre declínio gradual, com uma tendência ao equilíbrio. De acordo com os requisitos físico-químicos e microbiológicos mínimos exigidos para o reúso de efluentes tratados, a microfiltração e a ultrafiltração atenderam alguns dos parâmetros monitorados, alcançando a qualidade exigida para o reúso em torres de resfriamento, lavagem de pisos, irrigação de áreas verdes, lavagem de veículos, proteção contra incêndio e descarga sanitária.
The food industry uses large volumes of water to meet the demand processes. Because of this, there is a large volume of generated waste that need to be addressed to ensure proper final destination. In view of the growing scarcity of water, the use rationalization of procedures of the water and the reuse of treated effluent arise as solutions to these problems. Application of separation processes by membranes in the treatment of wastewater for reuse food industry presents itself as an appropriate advanced treatment process. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of membrane separation processes as advanced treatment of agroindustrial wastewater stemmed from a swine slaughterhouse, the western region of Paraná, aiming at the possibility of recycling these effluents. For this it was necessary: to define the physical-chemical characterization of the agro-industrial effluents; evaluate the use of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration then under different conditions of pressure applied to the membrane, and evaluate the quality of the effluent obtained by separation processes with membranes, considering the care of the technical, legal and health requirements for different uses industrial. The results showed that membrane separation processes presented in a general way a considerable improvement in final effluent quality compared with the current tertiary treatment system used by the industry (physicochemical flotation) which promotes removal efficiencies in oscillating ranges from 3% to 29%, 44% to 70%, 40% to 46%, 50% to 58.5%, approximately, for the parameters: total volatile solids, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen and COD, respectively. Microfiltration had the following removal efficiency ranges, approximate: total volatile solids (51% - 64%), turbidity (83% - 99%), ammonia nitrogen (21% - 24%) and COD (64% - 72%). Ultrafiltration showed the following removal efficiency ranges, approximate: total volatile solids (23% - 51%), turbidity (87% - 99%), ammonia nitrogen (54% - 69%) and COD (77% - 85%). The completion of the test microfiltration followed by ultrafiltration under the best experimental conditions investigated achieved satisfactory results in the removal of approximately 97% for the turbidity, 17% total volatile solids, 67% for COD, 38% for ammonia nitrogen, 96% to 99.95% for thermotolerant and 93 to 99.69% for the heat-resistant coliforms coliforms. With increasing pressure to microfiltration and ultrafiltration permeate flux was increased and better quality of the final effluent. Although the effluents have provided separate permeate flow rates, very similar performance curves were obtained, characterized by a drop in permeate flux during the first minute filtration followed by a period where there is a gradual decline, with a tendency toward equilibrium. According to the physicochemical requirements and minimum microbiological required for the reuse of treated wastewater, microfiltration and ultrafiltration attended some of the monitored parameters, achieving the required quality for reuse in cooling towers, floor washing, irrigation of green areas , washing vehicles, fire protection and sanitary discharge.

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33

"Corporate environmental management in Hong Kong: case study of hotel and property management industries." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890573.

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by Chui Kar Yee, Ma Ying Ying Naomi.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-40).
ABSTRACT --- p.i
Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION
Objective --- p.1
State of the Environment --- p.2
Environmental Awareness --- p.4
Group Groups in Hong Kong --- p.5
Government Action --- p.8
Chapter CHAPTER II --- CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT --- p.11
Sustainable Development --- p.13
ISO14001 --- p.14
Chapter CHAPTER III --- CASE STUDY OF GREEN BUSINESSES IN HONG KONG
Environmental Performance --- p.20
Motivations and Benefits for Adopting Environmental Strategies --- p.25
Environmental Hurdles --- p.26
Consumer and Environmental Performance --- p.27
Key Success Factor in Corporate Environmental Management --- p.30
Chapter CHAPTER III --- CONCLUSION --- p.32
APPENDIX
Table 1: List of ISO 14001 Certified Companies in Hong Kong --- p.34
BILIOGRAPHY --- p.38

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34

"Chemical pollution arising from heavy inorganic industries in Richards Bay - an assessment." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3509.

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The industrial port of Richards Bay on the eastern seaboard of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa has undergone rapid growth over the last 25 years. This industrial growth has inevitably led to an increase in the anthropogenic pollutant inputs in the area. However, the degree of this contamination has not previously been assessed not been accompanied by an awareness of its environmental impacts. This project serves to assess the current environmental situation of the area and provide background levels against which the environmental impacts of further growth in the area can be assessed. The main pollution point sources in the area were identified as a pulp and paper plant, a sulfuric acid/fertiliser plant and aluminium smelters. The chemical and physical processes involved within these industries were identified and discussed in detail. The common inorganic pollutants emitted by these industries were identifies as trace metals, sulfur dioxide, NOx gases and fluoride. It was these pollutants that therefore became the focus of this study. Reservoirs within Richards Bay that may become sinks for contamination were identified and water, sediment and soil samples were taken from these reservoirs. The samples were analysed for trace metal contamination, pH, alkalinity and fluoride levels. Analysis of the acidity and alkalinity of water, sediment and soils samples demonstrated that there is presently no long-term acidification of the environment in Richards Bay. The only samples that showed increased acidity were the soils taken from the roadside sites immediately outside the industries. This lack of overall acidification indicates that, at present, there are no detrimental effects of acidic emissions on the hydrosphere and geosphere. Only cursory investigations were conducted into the fluoride levels found in water samples. None of the samples analysed demonstrated detectable amounts of fluoride present. Comprehensive trace metal analyses were performed on the water, sediment and soil samples through the use of ICP-AES. Levels obtained were compared with levels from samples taken from relatively uncontaminated background sites. Trace metal analysis indicated contamination of the freshwater reservoirs when compared with the background, while the soils and saltwater reservoirs remain largely uncontaminated. However, the contaminated areas did not show levels greater than quality guideline concentrations. Further studies should be conducted with regards to the trace metal contamination of the biosphere and the bioavailability of the contaminants already present in the waters, sediments and soils. More detailed investigations should also be conducted into the levels of atmospheric pollutants and fluoride levels in all reservoirs.
Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

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35

Ramalope, Deborah. "Air pollution control measures implemented by the South African iron and steel industries." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9967.

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M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
With the rapid expansion of the industries in South Africa, environmental problems including air pollution have been increasing. Among industries that cause air pollution is the iron and steel industry. Air pollution impacts negatively on the environment and therefore the measures implemented to improve air quality by this industry were investigated. The purpose of this thesis was to critically analyse the air pollution control measures implemented by the iron and steel industry in South Africa and to find out what they are doing to address the problem of air pollution, as well as their processes in involving and encouraging community involvement with regard to environmental issues. The key findings from this study were that the South African iron and steel companies are doing their best in trying to control the problem of air pollution. Some of them do not only rely on the South African legislation, they also do self-regulation by monitoring and controlling the air pollution problems even if not strictly required to by legislation. The iron and steel industry does also involve communities, through participation in public environmental forums. Air pollution has always been an issue in South Africa, but due to a lack of enabling legislation in the country, many people were not aware of their environmental rights. Now that the South African Constitution highlights the rights of people to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing, people are becoming more aware and have started taking the issue of air pollution in a very serious light. With the new environmental legislation including the National Environmental Management Act 108 of 1009 and the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Bill (Draft 1, April 2003), most of the issues relating to air pollution will be dealt with in a better and more enforceable way.

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36

Ololade, Olusola Oluwayemisi. "Evaluation of the sustainability and environmental impacts of mining in the Rustenburg Region." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8087.

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Ph.D.
This study evaluates the environmental impacts of platinum mining in the Rustenburg region and the development of the region into a sustainable society, post the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in 2002. The region has been the location of intensive mining and metallurgical processing of platinum group minerals and chromium for more than three decades. Many studies have focused on the impacts of individual mines on their immediate environment and the sustainability of their operations. This study takes an holistic approach, looking at environmental changes across a larger area and the evaluation of the implementation of sustainable development principles in the region in the decade following the Johannesburg WSSD summit, using a multi-disciplinary approach. The debate concerning a suitable definition for sustainability within the mining context was followed through a literature review. In a strict sense, there is a paradox - mining is inherently unsustainable because of the finite, non-renewable nature of mineral resources. To resolve this paradox, two concepts of sustainability emerged: weak sustainability, in which economic capital replaces natural capital; and strong sustainability, prevention and minimising any environmental damage. These two concepts of sustainability were examined within the mining context, and the conclusion reached in this study is that the weak sustainability concept is more realistic and useful in the mining industry, since diverse environmental impacts cannot be avoided during mineral extraction. However, this does not mean that the environmental impacts should be neglected; instead they should be minimised. Sustainability is then achieved when the total amount of capital (i.e. both natural and economic) is constant or increases. Medium-resolution satellite data (Landsat and ASTER images) were used to map land cover/use to quantify the changes between 1973 and 2007, over 205 209 hectares of the Rustenburg region. The most important land cover/use change was the conversion of grassland to agricultural lands and mining areas. Changes in mine tailings storage facilities in terms of size and vegetation status were analysed. Landscape metrics (fragmentation index) were used to interpret the statistics derived from the land cover/use change to give an indication of the functioning of the ecosystem. Tailings samples were collected from two tailings storage facilities. Grain size analysis of the tailings samples was conducted to determine the percentage of particles with diameter ≤2.5 μm and ≤10 μm. Chemical analyses of samples were performed to determine elements of major concern because of their enrichment in the tailings and their potential toxicity. An analysis of the weather data acquired from the weather station located within the area was presented in the form of wind roses. Information on particle-size distributions obtained from the tailings samples and local meteorological data were used to carry out a detailed dispersion model of fugitive dust from mine tailings storage facilities.

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37

Meidinger, Barbara Ann. "Mined-land revegetation studies and descriptive prediction models." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22113.

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38

Pallangyo, Daniel Mirisho. "Environmental impact assesment [sic] for mining activities in Tanzania : legal analysis." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5728.

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In this study, an analysis of laws pertaining to environmental protection in the mining in Tanzania is done. The study develops understanding of various environmental laws and institutions for the purposes of setting context and clarity for the subsequent chapters. The major discussion evolves around environmental protection offered in Tanzania mining and investment laws. In understanding this, a detailed discussion of coverage of environmental issues in the Tanzania Mining Act, 5 of 1998 and the Tanzania National Investment Act, 26 of 1997 is made. After this discussion, the recommendations are given. Despite Tanzania mining, especially large-scale mining being one of the main growing industries in Tanzania, it is concluded that environmental management in mining has been hindered by inadequate legal protection, lack of coordination, insufficient funding and expertise. As a result there has been uncontrolled extraction of minerals and the use of unsafe mining methods and severe environmental damage and appalling living conditions in the mining communities. The challenge associated with the mining sector today in Tanzania is ensuring sustainability and integrating environmental and social concerns into mineral development programmes. Sustainable mining development requires balancing the protection of the flora and fauna and the natural environment with the need for social and economic development. To address the environmental problems associated with mining, the Government's policy is to reduce or eliminate the adverse environmental effects of mining, improve health and safety conditions in mining areas, and address social issues affecting local communities. EIA is recommended as one of the major tools for achieving these solutions and has been discussed.
Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

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39

Mitchell, Clyde Geoffrey. "Towards improved corporate social and environmental reporting in South Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3669.

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This thesis contributes towards improving corporate social and environmental reporting (CSR) in South Africa, by determining what about CSR would need to be and could be improved. The sources of information for this were twofold. A comprehensive literature review, besides providing the background to the study, determined what specific criticisms have been levied against existing CSR disclosure and CSR systems. This thesis argued that many of these limitations arise out of the many primarily rule-based systems in existence and use, and that CSR should rather be based on sound fundamental principles and a conceptual framework, and be an enforceable standard i.e. with legal backing to ensure compliance. The second source of information on possible areas of improvement was from the users and or the stakeholders. In Part I of the thesis, these users or stakeholders were surveyed to determine which areas of reporting were important, and which needed to be better reported. What was important was that significant expectation gaps were found in CSR specifically regarding reporting the impacts on employees, the public and consumers and the physical and biotic environment. This provided evidence for the need for improvements in actual reporting in these traditional CSR areas, and hence il, . justification for the work ofthis thesis. Having identified areas of weakness and potential improvement in current CSR, an analysis was required to be performed to determine how these areas could be better reported. An assessment would need to be made if in fact these areas could be measured (and hence reported), which was undertaken in Part 2 of the thesis. The thesis revealed the need for improved CSR, and a greater degree of accountability and transparency by business that improved CSR could provide. It was argued that reporting, other than financial, which includes CSR should be prepared using a conceptual framework of principles, similar to that used in financial reporting, and thus a principle-based approach to CSR should be used as opposed to a rule based one. It was noted that such a principle-based approach would address many of the qualitative criticisms levelled against CSR practices, and current rule based systems. Using a systems based approach, a framework of interactions and impacts caused by businesses on social and physical systems was developed, which was used as the basis for a suggested CSR model. The model was validated using a peer and expert review process, and by comparison to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), which was used to represent international and South African best practice. However, it was noted that potential measurement difficulties would be encountered if the proposed model were used. It would also need to be determined what practical barriers would exist to implementingthese CSR models in business, which was the objective of Part 3 of this thesis. When the practical implementation of a comprehensive CSR system was evaluated in industry, both the proposed model and the GRI were considered. An important part ofthe measuring process was noted to be company risk assessment, often undertaken by the company's insurers. Where environmental impacts, health and safety, or other potential impacts (e.g. accidents or spills in the transport industry having significant impacts on other road users), were noted to be a significant risk, measurement systems and control procedures had been put in place by most companies. Perhaps the most significant part of risk, besides the potential loss in earning capacity, is potential litigation. Common law litigation would encourage companies to monitor and protect the health of their workers and consumers. Legislation e.g. National Environmental Management Act and Air Quality Act, would encourage companies to monitor their environmental impacts. Thus a combination of risk and legislation encourages monitoring and measurement. The findings of the third part of the thesis suggest that increased pressure should be placed on companies to become IS014001 certified as this would facilitate increased CSR reporting, however, this in itself is unlikely to occur unless increased pressure is placed on companies by (legal of customer). The author suggests that IS014001 certification would be more effective in ensuring environmental protection, than simple CSR disclosure. Significant challenges exist to the possible implementation of many of the key areas identified in the proposed CSR model (specifically where measurement problems exist), and no companies were found to be in a position to report on these aspects comprehensively. The findings of this thesis include that existing legislation and financial imperatives influenced measurement and recording of certain impacts and influences. At the same time, many managers suggested that lack of financial (and other resources), as well as the absence of legal requirements were some of the reasons why other impacts and influences were not measured. Thus it could be concluded that legislation enforcing CSR, together with financial incentives (or penalties for failure to meet such standards), could play a significant role in improving CSR in South Africa.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

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40

Zhang, Alice Tianbo. "When Nature Meets Human Nature: Essays on the Social Impacts of Energy Infrastructure and Environmental Policy." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-dww6-bb93.

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A key challenge confronting modern policymakers is to ensure that economic development is both socially just and environmentally sustainable. Toward that goal, effective government regulations require the accurate quantification of their associated costs and benefits. An extensive theoretical and empirical literature in economics has shown the benefits of government policies in addressing market failures and providing public goods. But few studies have credibly identified the social costs and distributional impacts of existing policies. My dissertation integrates new data and empirical methods from economics and earth sciences to investigate the social impacts of energy infrastructure and environmental policy. Chapter 1 uses the Three Gorges Dam in China as a natural experiment to provide the first evidence of the social and economic impacts of dam-induced inundation on population displacement and labor market reallocation. Chapter 2 examines the political economy implications of wind turbine construction on United States congressional elections. Chapter 3 employs original data from a large-scale survey to study the social benefits of environmental quality improvements. Overall, results from these papers inform future research on the social impacts of energy and environmental policy and highlight the importance of unbiased policy evaluations.

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41

Male, Paul C. "Pressurised membrane bioreactor treatment of an inhibitory petrochemical wastewater." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24784.

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42

Stephens, Michael Leslie. "The economics of multiple-use forestry with reference to wood production and conservation of the Leadbeater's possum in the central highlands of Victoria." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145163.

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43

Potgieter, Frederick Theodore. "'n Ondersoek na die versteuring van die fauna in die Elsburg-Natalspruitsisteem deur die industriële en mynaflope in die Johannesburg-Oos-Randse gebiede." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11822.

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44

Nkobane, Molebogeng Precious. "Evaluation of heavy metals in soil : a case study of platinum tailing dam site." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18299.

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Mining industry has been identified as the main sustenance of the South African economy, however the negative impacts of the industry on the ecological systems cannot be over emphasized due to the released waste which is mostly heavy metals into the environment. The study evaluated six heavy metal (A1, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Cr) contents in a tailings dam from a specific mine site. Two sets of samples for the investigation were measured, that is, one in year 2012 and the other in year 2013. In the year 2012, the sample set was only taken at a distance profile of 500 meters from the foot of the dam, whereas the sample set taken in the year 2013 was for the 500 and 1500 meter distance profiles from the foot of the dam. The year 2012 and 2013 sample sets for the 500m distance profile were sampled very similarly to each other. A kilogram of each sample was taken as per grid format. The samples at varied depths were taken at 0-cm depth for the top layer, 20cm depth for the second layer, and 30cm depth for the third layer. The samples for the surface varied distance were taken at 1 m, 2m, 3m, and 4m away from each 500m and 1500 sampling points. The 2012 samples were analysed using characterization methods namely ICP MS and The 2013 samples were analysed using the ICP OES. The comparison of the field results for the six heavy metals studied (A1, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) was performed using statistical analytical methods, namely ANOVA. The statistical analysis results for heavy metals (A1, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) from sample and 2013 revealed that the group means are not significantly different from each other which means that there is no significant difference in (A1, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) concentrations with respect to both depth and distance. The observations from both 2012 and 2013 indicate the results of the samples are in agreement. In addition, the comparative average concentrations of the three results obtained reach the same conclusion that the tailing dam probably does not introduce considerable or significant amounts of these metals (A1, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) into the surrounding soils.
Chemical Engineering
M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

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45

Modimoeng, Keabetswe. "The effects of corporate social responsibility on community dispute resolutions in the South African mining sector." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2610.

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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017.
The South African mining sector has over the years been perceived to be exploitative and not responsive to the investment interest of immediate stakeholders where they extract (local communities and labour). The perception of non-investment has resulted in amongst others, extensive community and labour unrests leading up to mass killings of mine workers at Marikana by the South African Police. The South African government has enacted policies to guide Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the sector but the historic problems associated with this sector persists. As a result of community concerns around mining CSR, communities are mobilising around civic organisations, with the aim of brining the mining sector to account and fostering community development in their localities. This research explores and analyses if the mining sector adheres to CSR in their ventures and how communities perceive the sector’s activities and CSR approaches. The epistemological foundations of this research are mainly positivist adopting theoretical assumptions of the stakeholder theory. The research methods are however those of mixed methods – quantitative sequential qualitative methods. The subsequent research designs are a survey in the quantitative methods and exploratory interviews in the qualitative methods. Data was gathered using a survey questionnaire in the quantitative methods and recorded phenomenological interviews in the qualitative methods. Data was gathered from a sample of 200 community members in the two sampled mining areas of Marikana (100) and Carletonville (100). The former is a platinum belt and the latter is an old gold mining area. To augment quantitative data from the field survey sequential qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews (phenomenological interviews) with mining company executives, government leaders, trade unions leadership as well as community members in Makhado and Tshikondeni mining sites. The researcher encountered various limitations including travels to remote areas with lengthy distances on gravel roads, and respondents’ “over-researched” attitudes especially in Marikana and Makhado. The findings suggest that the mine workers’ location, living and working conditions influence their understanding and therefore definition of CSR. Although numerous CSR definitions emerged in the case of Marikana CSR was equated to basic service provision similar to those provided for by the municipality like houses, schools, roads and clinics. In the case of Carletonville which is a well-developed mining town, CSR meant skills development, local enterprise development and provision of bursaries. It emerged that the majority of community members are not aware of the CSR programmes implemented in their localities. Respondents further cited collusive corrupt activities between the mining companies, traditional authorities and municipal leadership as the main deterrent to CSR and to local economic development. Overall findings suggest that the mining sector is adherent to CSR legislation at the minimal level but this does not meet the needs and expectations of community members. The mismatch between community expectations and their understanding of CSR does not align with government policy on CSR requirement of the mining sector. The study recommends, among others, that bold and decisive government enforcement of penalties, which include consistent revoking of mining licences for non-CSR compliance by mining companies. The thesis also highlights the implications for managers as the rise of civic organisations propels a new engagement approach between mining companies and communities. This new approach would have inherent challenges such as delays in reaching consensus and exposing mining companies to internal community politics. Additionally, the study recommends future research be focused on evaluating constitutional powers of traditional leaders in relation to community interests in mining CSR. Furthermore, research could be conducted to establish previous compliance records on post-mining social commitments and environmental rehabilitation of mining companies in South Africa. This thesis brings to the fore, an illustration of the emergent bargaining power communities has and how it compels mining corporates to engage with communities more consultatively. Failure to do so, result in situations such as Coal of Africa impasse in the Makhado area where losses amounting to billions of Rands are incurred.
D

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46

Dobeyn, Ciranne Joy. "Greening small business : assessing the level of environmental awareness and practice in small businesses in Edenvale." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5547.

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With increased public environmental awareness and support for environmental protection, business success is becoming more dependant on environmental performance. Many large companies have acknowledged this and are engaged in corporate environmentalism to work towards the goal of ecological sustainability. The small business sector has an equally important role to play in sustainable development since their combined impact on the environment is significant. The extent to which the small business sector in South Africa has adopted a pro-environmental attitude however, has not been established. This research therefore attempts to ascertain the level of environmental awareness and practice within small business. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from a sample population of small businesses in Edenvale, Gauteng. The sample population represented a variety of economic sectors. The quantitative data was analysed statistically by calculating the percentage of respondents or responses and by performing a test of proportions. The qualitative data was used to clarify the findings. The results suggested that the overall level of environmental awareness and practice within the small businesses was very low. Environmental issues were not considered to be a part of the business agenda as small business managers were unaware of the environmental impacts of their business activities. Moreover, there was a lack of both environmental pressures and information. The majority of the small businesses were therefore environmentally inactive. A small proportion of the businesses were environmentally reactive in that they had started to address environmental issues. This was however, only in response to environmental pressures and not through their own volition. Furthermore, unless subjected to environmental pressures or given incentives, the small businesses were not planning to integrate environmental practices into their business activities in the future.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

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47

Jordan, Matthew. "Procuring industrial pollution control : the South Australian case, 1836-1975 / Matthew Jordan." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21773.

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48

Mackin, Nancy. "Architecture, development and ecology : Garry Oak and Peri - urban Victoria." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10661.

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This thesis seeks to explain how site-scale design decisions can assist retention of rare plant communities concentrated in and near settled areas. To do so it focuses on a specific species and development context. Explanations are sought through examination of case studies of landuse developments in proximity to retained Garry oak plant communities located in the perimeter of Victoria, British Columbia. In the study region, exponential declines in species populations, health, and diversity of rare Garry oak ecosystems have been largely attributed to impacts from land-use developments. Over the past century, land-use developments have transformed the floral, spatial, structural and functional characteristics of the settled landscape. Isolated islands of imperiled plant associations remain on protected bioreserves: for recruitment and connectivity, these rare fauna rely on private-land greenways. Architectural teams have the potential to influence the decision-making processes that create ecologically-vital greenspace on private land, thereby enhancing survival for declining plant communities. Case-study evidence for the importance of land-use decisions on diminishing Garry oak meadow is gathered through vegetation surveys conducted on Garry oak meadow in proximity to six architectural projects on Victoria's western edge. Observed changes in growth extensions are then categorized in relation to human activities associated with built form, and correlated with principles from Landscape Ecology. An ARC of design strategies, developed in primary research by K. D. Rothley is adapted for architectural use as follows: firstly, AREA of a plant community is kept free of encroachment by the orderly frame established around vegetation; secondly, RARE SPECIES and habitat are identified with borders or signage; thirdly, CONNECTIVITY between retained landscapes is secured by siting roads and buildings to minimize ecosystem fragmentation. To effectively communicate preexisting landscape ecology principles, grouped under the ARC of strategies, illustrations and key-word phrases are developed. These principles, when integrated into architectural teams' structural knowledge, extend the architects' perceived role beyond aesthetics and economic efficiency. Enhancing habitat value through retention or restoration of rare ecosystems at the margins of suburban development, becomes an additional realm of influence for professional teams designing the spatial configurations of peri-urban landscapes.

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49

Maswanganyi, Tinyiko Collins. "Social justice, corporate social responsibility and the South African mining industry." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/23927.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA), Applied Ethics for Professionals Johannesburg, 2016
The South African Mining Industry is confronted by a continual wave of labour unrest due to the unfulfilled socio-economic expectations of its employees and surrounding communities. The industry reportedly also has a very high wage gap between the mine workers and executives. This essay advocates for extensive Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by the South African mining industry not only to help address the socio-economic issues in and around mining communities but also to restore stability and ensure that the industry flourishes. As part of advancing my position, I show that the implementation of enlarged CSR by the mining industry is consistent with Rawls's account of justice and with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the South African government's Mining Charter. I argue that by embracing the concept of enlarged CSR and collaborating with its supplier base towards this end, the mining industry can improve socio-economic conditions and prevent the collapse of the industry much to the benefit of the mining industry and its stakeholders, including the citizens of South Africa at large who benefit from tax revenues generated by the industry.
MT2018

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50

"Towards the development of an organisation development model for the mining industry." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11986.

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D. Litt. et Phil.(Leadership in Performance and Change)
The aim of this study was to develop an organisation development model to support organisational change and transformation in a dynamic, continuously changing business environment, specifically for the mining industry in South Africa. Literature revealed that there is a tendency to employ universal and generic models to challenges of organisational change, whereas successful 00 needs a situation specific or contextualised approach. The field of OD reflects a paucity of empirical research, necessitating a greater research competence and more in-depth, robust empirical 00 studies to answer to 'contemporary contextual and environmental challenges. A further call is voiced towards OD to resolve organisational change challenges from a systemic perspective, which has been a central tenet of the field. A number of research participants from a South African company that has been implementing organisational change and transformation interventions in the mining sector, were selected by means of purposive sampling. A modernist qualitative approach with the case study as research strategy was utilised during the development of the model. Various data collection techniques were utilised with grounded theory as a data analysis technique to explore and systematically develop the concepts and categories of the model. Atlas.ti, together with manual coding procedures were utilised to systematically organise and analyse the rich descriptive data. Credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability were ensured by following the guidelines presented in the literature. In the literature study, the sample's narrative was critically contrasted against the established scientific knowledge base of OD, considering specifically taxonomies, models and theories related to the emergent OD model. The resulting model deviates from the established perspectives on OD, in that it reflects a hybrid of several fields of study endeavour. The latter is consistent with a business practice perspective that integrates and deal with a single application domain, compared to a science-informed perspective which conducts research largely within defined (and confined) disciplinary boundaries. The OD model has implications for the mining industry in South Africa, and the development of grounded theory should facilitate the application thereof in future research.

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