Дисертації з теми "Industriel emissions"

Le secteur industriel du traitement des déchets génère des émissions gazeuses induisant des nuisances odorantes auprès des populations riveraines des installations. Ces effluents gazeux contiennent une grande diversité de composés volatils : oxygénés (acides gras volatils, cétones, aldéhydes, alcools), azotés et soufrés (hydrogène sulfuré (H2S), diméthylsulfure (DMS), diméthyldisulfure (DMDS) et méthanethiol (MT)). Ces effluents gazeux sont traités par un dispositif approprié que sont les bioprocédés. Néanmoins, les seuils de perception des composés odorants et plus particulièrement ceux des composés soufrés, très bas, obligent à atteindre des efficacités d'abattement particulièrement élevées, faute de quoi le résiduel de concentration peut être à l'origine d'un impact notable sur les populations riveraines. L'objectif de cette étude est donc d'améliorer les performances de ces procédés biologiques par la mise en oeuvre de filières de traitement. L'originalité de ce travail est d'évaluer les performances d'épuration d'un mélange de composés soufrés par la mise en oeuvre du couplage de deux procédés biologiques que sont le lit percolateur et le biofiltre.Le premier résultat de ce travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer l'impact du pH sur l'activité de dégradation de composés soufrés en mélange (H2S, DMS et DMDS) en mettant en oeuvre des microcosmes. La valeur du pH de la phase aqueuse a une influence sur l'efficacité d'élimination des DMS et DMDS. Une élimination complète de ces derniers est observée pour une gamme de pH comprise entre 5 et 7. Les performances de ce couplage ont été comparées avec celles observées dans le cas de biofiltres seuls (dupliquats). Après une phase d'acclimatation, un fonctionnement stable est maintenu en conditions opératoires stationnaires. Les potentialités du couplage ont été mises en évidence, les niveaux d'abattement des DMS et DMDS étant supérieurs (de l'ordre de 20%) pour le couplage de bioprocédés. La composante microbiologique a fait l'objet d'une attention particulière en évaluant les densités de deux populations connues pour dégrader ces composés soufrés (Hyphomicrobium et Thiobacillus thioparus) par q-PCR au sein du biofiltre couplé au filtre percolateur et des biofiltres de référence. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence la présence de ces deux populations à des taux élevés (104 copies du gène ADNr-16S/ng ADN extrait pour Thiobacillus thioparus et 104-106 copies du gène ADNr-16S/ng ADN extrait pour Hyphomicrobium). La répartition de ces deux populations est similaire dans les deux cas (couplage et biofiltres seuls).Face à des perturbations représentatives de celles observées sur site, la robustesse du couplage a pu être mise en évidence, les niveaux d'efficacité d'avant les chocs sont récupérés dans un délai inférieur ou égal à 72 heures après l'arrêt de la perturbation. Enfin, une application sur site (équarrissage) a été conduite sur une période de trois mois et a permis de valider les résultats de laboratoire et de montrer l'adaptabilité d'un tel système face à la variabilité d'un effluent réel.

Freight transport is a large contributor to emissions of CO2 and to mitigate its environmental impact is essential in strive for a sustainable future. Existing reports usually discuss the issues from a national or global perspective, but rarely provide any concrete or practical information on an organizational level. This report aims to describe the key driving factors of CO2 emissions caused by freight transport and recommend suitable measures for organizations to mitigate their environmental impact. To do this, a case study at Atlas Copco’s business area Industrial Technique (ITBA) is performed, four different business scenarios are created and the emissions from the scenarios are simulated. ITBA is a decentralized organization with most of the production sites and sub suppliers in Europe. Over 90% of the finished goods are sent to a distribution center in Belgium and then delivered to the customers. Today, most customers are located in Europe and this market accounts for nearly 80% of the distributed weight. However, ITBA believe in a strong growth in the North American and Asian markets and that the customer base will look much different in 2020. More customers at longer distances from the distribution center will lead to a heavily increased use of air freight, resulting in higher emission levels. This study shows a clear correlation between the total CO2 emissions and the share of air freight. In order for ITBA to expand their business and at the same time lower their emissions, actions are required. This report shows that a lower share of air freight and the use of several decentralized distribution centers can reduce the emissions significantly. Other means to lower the emissions include relocation of production sites, education to increase the awareness within the organization and including environmental performance when evaluating third party logistics.

Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais
Developed under the scope of the emissions control, this work is intended to evaluate and analyze the emissions of atmospheric pollutants by industrial sources. Considering the impact of the atmospheric emissions in the environment and in the human health and welfare, it’s of major importance the evaluation of the compliance of the industrial atmospheric emissions. Along the treatment of the data base it was possible to observe that still there’s a high fraction of industries that are far from the desirable limit standards. To better evaluate the results obtained from the measurements of the industrial sources it’s presented a review of the National legislation and it revisions along the years. Analyzing the results from the emission sources for the several parameters is possible to conclude that there’s still much space to improve and to spread the monitoring of industrial atmospheric emissions in the Portuguese territory. It’s from the interest of all that this kind of works, that provide a resumed overview of the efficiency of the emission control tools in Portugal, help to reflect and promote a discussion around the new pathways that the national and international legislations need to follow.
Desenvolvido no âmbito do controle de emissões, este trabalho destina-se a avaliar e a analisar as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos por fontes industriais. Considerando o impacto das emissões atmosféricas no ambiente e na saúde humana e bem-estar, é de grande importância a avaliação da conformidade das emissões atmosféricas industriais. Ao longo do tratamento da base de dados foi possível observar que ainda há uma elevada fracção de indústrias que estão longe dos padrões limite desejáveis. Em alguns casos estas excedências estão relacionadas a um comportamento de negligência ou por desconhecimento. Para melhor avaliar os resultados obtidos a partir das medições das fontes industriais é apresentada uma observação sobre a legislação nacional e das suas revisões ao longo dos anos. Analisando os resultados das fontes de emissão para os vários parâmetros é possível concluir que há ainda muito espaço para melhorar e difundir a monitorização das emissões atmosféricas industriais no território Português. É do interesse de todos que este tipo de pesquisas, que proporcionam uma visão resumida da eficiência das ferramentas de controlo das emissões em Portugal, ajude a reflectir e a promover uma discussão em torno dos novos caminhos que a legislação nacional e internacional precisa de seguir.

The purpose of the thesis is to determine how ABB’s treasury department (GTO) should respond to an increasing awareness and interest in the carbon credit markets. Emission caps have been introduced on national levels and also for certain industries in Europe as a consequence of the Kyoto Protocol. This allows for trading of certain carbon credits as well as for the creation of new credits. ABB is a company which has many solutions for efficient energy use; solutions that aim to reduce electricity cost and in the prolongation also emissions. The awareness of the carbon market is growing within ABB, but no carbon credit generating projects have been completed and the initiatives are scattered. The thesis describes the Kyoto Protocol and its implementation within EU, the markets available for trading by companies as well as what instruments and derivatives exist. With the underlying regulations described an empirical study of ABB’s involvement is conducted. The study shows that ABB has few installations with emissions caps and that the potential for generating new credits as a way to increase profit is quite big. However, there have been no carbon generating projects registered up to this point and there are many barriers to overcome before ABB receives any carbon credits.To ensure a thorough analysis, a model of factors affecting ABB’s carbon credit involvement is formed. The model is based on the available literature on the subjects organizational performance, transfer pricing, project- and financial risk and risk management.GTO’s immediate response should be to set up a pool to which subsidiaries with compliance requirements are to send their carbon credits. The pool will then redistribute the credits so that each subsidiary’s needs are fulfilled and finally settle the net remainder on the open market. A unit independent of GTO, called Group Carbon Operations (GCO) in the thesis, should be formed in the near future with responsibility to actively follow the progress of CDM pilot projects and to facilitate their implementation. Depending on the outcome of these pilot-projects ABB can then either, in case of a negative outcome, quickly end the direct CDM involvement and reach closure or, in case of a positive outcome, further develop the GCO department to profit from ABBs involvement in the CDM market. In case of a positive outcome, the GTO should be further involved regarding risk handling and internal pricing.

Petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in Thailand. Although the petrochemical industry is aware of its environmental responsibility and environmental management and controls have been implemented; the industry was motivated to advance their environmental performance in order to be able to tackle: the issue of global climate change, the rising local concern over environmental impact; the new forms of trading barrier; and the national goal towards sustainable growth. This study developed a carbon budget for Thai petrochemical industries, which covered 52 products from upstream, intermediate and downstream petrochemical industries together with plastics and derivatives industries. The study, it evaluated the need for carbon emissions reduction, assessed the possible emissions reduction and identified areas for carbon emissions mitigation. The developed carbon budget of Thai petrochemical industries for the year 2008 was 11 Mtonnes CO2eq (±10%) and the emission intensity was 0.63 ktonnes CO2eq per ktonne of production (±10%). It was found that Thai petrochemical industries had relatively low carbon emissions in comparison to other Thai industries and to chemical industries of other countries. Despite this result and the fact that there was currently no carbon emissions reduction obligation for Thai industries, it was suggested that the petrochemical industries should still advance their environmental performance and technologies, which would help in preparing themselves for the potential future reduction obligations. It would also lead to less environmental management expenditure better green competitiveness, sustainable development of the industries and a better living standard for the country. Accordingly, it was estimated that carbon emissions of Thai petrochemical industries could be reduced by 25-61% through adapting current best practice and the mitigation action should be started with enhancing energy efficiency at onsite utility plants. This result implies that Thai petrochemical industries did not need to resort to difficult or extraordinary solutions to make a substantial emissions reduction. Rather, what is needed is a good investment in existing effective technologies, engineering and environmental management. Other mitigation areas are development of less- or zero- carbon intensive material and energy, development of cleaner technologies, and carbon capture and storage.

En zone urbaine ou industrialisée, la qualité des sols est particulièrement impactée par les émissions chroniques de contaminants. Pourtant, ces écosystèmes fragiles et fondamentaux sont non renouvelables à échelle de vie humaine, et leur préservation est essentielle pour répondre aux enjeux sanitaires et environnementaux actuels. Ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments de connaissance sur la contamination métallique de sols urbain soumis à des retombées de poussières industrielles. Il s'intéresse particulièrement à la ville de Gravelines, située en bordure nord-ouest de l'agglomération dunkerquoise (Nord, France), à proximité de plusieurs industries métallurgiques et sidérurgiques. La signature chimique et morphologique de retombées de poussières (collectées au coeur de la ville) montre que dans certaines conditions météorologiques (vents de nord-est), la proportion de particules issues de sources industrielles est supérieure à 80% (particules riches en carbone, poussières d'alumine, laitiers, oxydes de fer...). Des enrichissements significatifs en métaux, détectés dans les retombées, permettent d'identifier les éléments Cr, Ni, Mo comme principaux traceurs des activités métallurgiques. La recherche de ces métaux traceurs dans les sols conduit à une évaluation de la vulnérabilité spatiale des sols de Gravelines aux retombées de poussières. Alors que l'hypothèse d'une pollution métallique généralisée est écartée, des niveaux de contamination notables en éléments traceurs métalliques sont identifiés à proximité des industries émettrices (ceinture de végétation, jardins ouvriers et cimetière au nord-est de la ville). Les profils de concentrations établis sur ces zones traduisent, en effet, un apport atmosphérique de contaminants, notamment dans les 3 premiers centimètres du sol. L'intégration des poussières dans les matrices pédologiques est, par ailleurs, confirmée par observation en microscopie électronique d'une lame mince de sol contaminé. Sous forme mobile dans les sols, les métaux traceurs des activités industrielles peuvent être toxiques pour les organismes vivants. L'étude de leur mobilité générale dans les sols de Gravelines révèle une relative stabilité de Cr, Ni et Mo, indiquant leur faible biodisponibilité lorsqu'ils sont issus de sources industrielles. Les sols étudiés présentent des niveaux d'écotoxicité intermédiaires. Ces derniers peuvent toutefois être ponctuellement plus élevés dans les zones les plus impactées par les dépôts industriels. Bien que le degré d'écotoxicité ne puisse être directement relié aux métaux apportés par les poussières industrielles, ce travail souligne tout particulièrement la question de l'usage des sols exposés à de tels dépôts
In urban or industrialized areas, soil quality is particularly affected by chronic emissions of contaminants. Yet these fragile and fundamental ecosystems are non-renewable on a human timescale, and their preservation is essential to respond the current health and environmental challenges. This work provides new knowledge on metallic contamination of urban soils submitted to industrial dust deposition. It focuses, in particular, on the town of Gravelines, located in the Dunkerque agglomeration (Northern France) close to several metallurgical and steel industries. The chemical and morphological signature of dust fallout (collected in the city center) shows more than 80% of particles coming from industrial sources (carbon-rich particles, alumina dust, slag, iron oxides, etc.) in certain weather conditions (northeast winds). Significant metal enrichment detected in the dust fallout allows to identify the elements Cr, Ni and Mo as the main tracers of metallurgical activities. Concentrations of tracer metals in soils enables an assessment of the spatial vulnerability of Gravelines soils to dust fallout. While the hypothesis of generalized metallic pollution has been ruled out, significant levels of contamination in tracer elements were identified in the vicinity of emitting industries (in the northeast areas of the town). Concentration profiles in these areas suggest an atmospheric input of contaminants, with higher metal enrichment in the soil subsurface. The integration of dust into soil matrices is partially confirmed by electronic microscopic observations of a thin section of contaminated soil. When mobile in soils, trace metals from industrial activites can be toxic to living organisms. A study of their general mobility in Gravelines soils reveals the relative stability of Cr, Ni and Mo, indicating their low bioavailability when derived from industrial sources. Globally, the studied soils show intermediate levels of ecotoxicity. However, the latter one is punctually higher in areas most affected by industrial deposits. Although this toxicity was not directly related to the industrial dust-borne metals, this work is particularly highlights the question of the use of soils exposed to such deposits

This thesis reports on two chemical acoustic emission studies of importance to Canadian Industry. The first demonstrated that the rate of evolution of hydrogen and oxygen from electrodes in an electrolysis cell may be conveniently monitored via its ultrasonic acoustic emission, in a non-intrusive manner. The apparatus used in this work consisted of a nickel anode, a stainless steel cathode, and a saturated calomel reference electrode, all situated in a three-chamber cell containing sodium hydroxide electrolyte solutions of various concentrations. The potential necessary for evolution of both hydrogen and oxygen was conclusively determined by the onset of bursts of acoustic emission. Individual acoustic emission signals, captured using a broadband transducer mounted on the working electrode, contained frequencies from 16 kHz to as high as 800 kHz. These were correlated with the release of streams of bubbles from the electrode's surface, both visually and via a chart recorder trace of peak acoustic intensity vs. time. Trends in several time-domain signal descriptors were observed with an increase in the applied voltage. Acoustic power spectra were obtained by averaging spectra from many acoustic signals. Estimates of rate of emission were made by integration of the peak acoustic level. The effects of applied potential and electrolyte concentration on the multiple bursts of acoustic emission were characterized and are presented as a system response surface. Increasing the applied potential resulted in greater rates of bubble emission, which increased the intensity of acoustic emission, but produced, essentially, an identical acoustic power spectrum. The extent of acoustic emission at high concentrations (2.0 M) and high applied potentials (3.0 - 4.0 V) was less than expected, which suggested a decrease in efficiency under these conditions. Evolution of gas from the electrolysis was compared with the root mean square (RMS) voltage of the acoustic signal. The acoustic RMS was found to correlate linearly with gas volume produced, and consequently it correlated linearly with current measurements. Further studies indicate that the formation of oxides on a clean electrode surface was accompanied by limited acoustic activity, but no such emissions were found for electrodes in which the oxide coating was already present. The second study sought to improve the method that industry uses to determine the sensitivity of compounds to impact. This method is particularly important in measuring the safety of handling explosive compounds in transport, and in storage. The apparatus used presently involves the dropping of a weight from a height onto a small sample, which is confined in a specially designed enclosure. A positive result only occurs when enough energy was supplied to cause an explosion. Whether a result is positive or negative is somewhat open to the interpretation of the operator. Signs of a positive result include smoke, piercing of a diaphragm, or the formation of a dark residue within the sample enclosure. The amount of potential energy (height x weight) required to cause a positive result in at least 50% of tests is termed the sensitivity value. Used in this conventional fashion, the instrument produced a single YES/NO decision per experiment. Many experiments were required to characterize each sample, in what is a very tedious procedure. In this present work it is shown that acoustic emission can be used to effectively monitor controlled explosive reactions occurring within the drop weight tester sample cavity. The acoustic emission resulting from the impact was captured using a broadband transducer mounted on a clip, which rested on the sample holder. Frequencies from 100 kHz to 1 MHz were captured. This has resulted in an automatic method for distinguishing between a positive and a negative result in calibration and solid sample tests. Spectrogram (plots time vs. frequency emission) analysis suggests that acoustic emission may be used to probe the mechanism of the explosion within the sample container. The high irrepeatability of results for the nitromethane samples was due to the piercing of the "O-ring" surrounding the sample, rather than the expected rupture of the diaphragm situated above it. The results show that better design of the present drop weight apparatus must be undertaken to improve the reproducibility. Acoustic emission will provide a useful means to quantify that improvement.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate

This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, June, 2018
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. "© 2008." "June 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 126-128).
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology holds potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector. Industrial CCS applications, however, are more challenging to analyze than CCS in the power sector - mainly due to the vast heterogeneity in industrial and fuel processes. I focus on emission sources from cement and investigate the estimated costs associated with CCS in cement production. These costs are evaluated based on a variety of factors, including the technological maturity of the capture process, the amount of CO2 captured in different parts of a plant, the percentage of CO2 captured from the entire plant, and the energy requirements to operate the CCS addition. With the goal of integrating industrial CCS into an energy-economic model, the costs obtained from the literature are used to determine two values: the percent increase in total costs for an industrial plant with CCS and the breakdown of costs into shares of capital, labor, fuel, and other costs. I introduce the industrial CCS options into the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, a global energy-economic model that provides a basis for the analysis of long-term growth of the industrial sector, and then I discuss different scenarios for industrial CCS deployment in different parts of the world. I find that in scenarios with stringent climate policy, CCS in the industrial sector is an important mitigation option. Industrial CCS reduces global emissions by an additional 5% by cutting industrial emissions by up to 45%, all while allowing for high levels of industrial production throughout the end of the century. In total, industrial CCS can increase welfare and consumption by up to 70% relative to a global economy under a 2-degree Celsius policy without industrial CCS.
by Jessica N. Farrell.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society

This thesis describes a unique industrial symbiosis employing algae at the core of a novel industrial system that integrates fossil-power generation, carbon capture, biofuel production, aquaculture, and wastewater treatment. A new modelling framework capable of designing and evaluating material and energy exchanges within an industrial ecosystem is introduced. Results, focusing on CO2 flows, demonstrate the potential for CO2 emissions reduction through carbon reuse and recycling. Significantly, this thesis shows the positive potential of this new complex industrial symbiosis and of the modelling framework by demonstrating a high degree of flexibility in terms of integrated material and energy flow analysis. Details of this algae-centred eco-industrial park and a demonstration of its workings through preliminary techno-economic calculations are presented. Results show that a proposed eco-park that generates 660 MW power plant and several material co-product streams (biofuel, chemicals), reduces net CO2 emissions significantly by 62% (equivalent to 1,9 million t/yr) as compared to a 660 MW stand-alone power plant. This reduction is achieved through the recycling and utilisation of captured CO2 in the algae feed. Using a 100% renewable option, zero CO2 emissions may be targeted, but noting that this option is limited because it comes without materials co-production. Also, the overall unit production cost of algae-centred eco-industrial park proposed significantly lowered by 60% compared to the overall unit production cost needed from combining all stand-alone plants together. Feedstock and equipment overall budgets have more impacts compared to other sensitivity analysis carried. The effectiveness of evaluating energy technology transitions towards future low-emission energy and chemical systems is discussed.

From the mid-1970s and on, the contribution to air pollution of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from gasoline passenger cars in the developed world has been reduced through co-evolution of regulation and commercial introduction of catalytic emission control technology, now part of hundreds of millions of cars, trucks and buses worldwide. This dissertation is a disaggregated study of the global introduction of catalytic emission control technology as a measure to reduce local air pollution. The introduction of the “three-way” catalyst for gasoline passenger cars is studied for four countries. Present innovation in diesel engine emission control is studied. Technological change is analyzed regarding the process of innovation, the innovation system and its stakeholders. Results are evaluated for implications for innovation and regulatory policy for coming environmental challenges. Automotive catalysis is an example of environmentally motivated innovation, including problem definition, public regulation, corporate market and non-market strategies, invention, variety, selection, technology transfer, mass diffusion and the ongoing coevolution of emission-abating policies and technical development. Common denominators for successful technological or market innovations is a participatory dialogue around structured and tiered regulatory roadmaps, international competition, support by international networks and conducive local public opinion. The near-global introduction of the three-way catalyst was complex and highly dependent on local context and conditions, suggesting that any general “global” innovation and regulation strategy to address present and future local or global problems must be reviewed with an understanding of local barriers and drivers for environmentally motivated innovation. Given the stakeholders and technical challenges of different technological regimes to mitigate climate change, it is concluded that increased fuel efficiency and the introduction of plug-in hybrids are possible trajectories for sustainable mobility.
Sedan mitten av 1970-talet har utsläppen av kolmonoxid, kolväten och kväveoxider från bensindrivna personbilar reducerats genom samordnad utveckling av lagstiftning och kommersiell introduktion av katalytisk avgasrening, som nu är en del av hundratals miljoner bilar, lastbilar och bussar över hela jorden. Denna avhandling är en disaggregerad studie av den i det närmaste globala introduktionen av katalytisk avgasrening för fordon, som åtgärd för att minska lokala luftföroreningar. Introduktionen av ”trevägskatalysatorn” för bensinbilar studeras i fyra länder. Pågående innovation för dieselavgasrening studeras. Teknisk förändring analyseras med avseende på innovationsprocessen, innovationssystemet och dess respektive intressenter. Resultaten används för att analysera konsekvenser för styrmedel för att åtgärda miljöproblem i vardande. Fordonskatalys är ett exempel på en miljömotiverad innovation, inklusive problemdefinition, lagkrav, företagens marknadsstrategier och marknadspåverkan, innovation, utbud och urval, tekniköverföring, storskalig spridning samt den fortlöpande ömsesidiga utvecklingen av teknik och policy för att reducera emissioner. Gemensamma nämnare för exempel på lyckosamma introduktionsprocesser är en inkluderande dialog kring etappvisa lagkrav, internationell konkurrens, stöd och samarbete i internationella nätverk samt en tydlig opinion för förändring. Introduktionen av trevägskatalysatorn var och är komplex och beroende av lokal kontext och regionala villkor. Kommande ”globala” teknikförändringar måste utvecklas med en förståelse för varje enskild nation eller marknad och dess specifika barriärer och drivkrafter för miljömotiverad innovation. Givet intressenter och tekniska utmaningar i olika teknologiska regimer med potential att reducera klimatförändringar är ökad bränsleeffektivisering och introduktion av s.k. plug-in-hybrider möjliga utvecklingsvägar för hållbar mobilitet.
Desde los años 70 y adelante, la contribución a la polución atmosférica de emisiones de monóxido de carbono, hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno proveniente de la combustión de los autos a gasolina, ha sido mitigado, por co-evolución entre regulación e introducción comercial de sistemas catalíticos de control de emisiones. Esos sistemas ahora forman parte de cientos de millones de autos, camiones y buses en todo el mundo. La presente tesis es un estudio desagregado de la introducción cerca de global de sistemas de control de emisiones catalíticos, como medida para reducir la contaminación atmosférica local. Se examina el proceso de introducción del convertidor catalítico “de tres vías” para autos a gasolina en cuatro países. Se estudia la innovación presente en el área de sistemas de control de emisiones de motores diesel. El cambio tecnológico es analizado viendo el proceso y el sistema de innovación y los distintos grupos de interés. Los resultados se usan para analizar las implicaciones en cuanto a innovación y política de regulación para enfrentar los desafíos medioambientales actuales. Catálisis automotriz es un ejemplo de innovación motivado ambientalmente, incluyendo definición del problema, regulación pública, estratégicas corporativas dentro y fuera de mercado, variedad, selección, transferencia de tecnología, difusión masiva y la coevolución continuo entre política de reducción de emisiones y desarrollo tecnológico. Denominaciones comunes para innovaciones exitosas, tecnológicas o de mercado, son un diálogo dinámico sobre planes de regulación estructurados en etapas, competición internacional, apoyo y coordinación de redes internacionales, y opinión local beneficiario. La introducción global del catalizador de tres vías fue compleja y altamente relacionada con el contexto local y condiciones locales, sugiriendo que estrategias “globales” de innovación y regulación para tratar los desafíos de hoy y mañana deben ser diseñados con entendimiento de factores locales a favor y en contra para innovación ambientalmente motivado. Dado los grupos de interés, los desafíos tecnológicos y las trayectorias presentes en el área de mitigación del cambio climático, se concluye que el aumento de uso eficiente de combustible y la introducción de vehículos híbridos enchufables (plug- in) son alternativas viables para el transporte sustentable.
(japanese) 1970年代の中頃から今日に至るまで，先進国においては，自動車触媒技術の導入と規制との相互作用によって、ガソリン乗用車から排出される一酸化炭素CO，炭化水素HC，窒素酸化物NOxによる大気汚染への寄与率は減少している。現在では、この自動車触媒はディーゼル乗用車、トラックやバスなどを含めて何億台もの自動車で使われている。 この論文は，各地域での大気汚染を解決する手段としての触媒の地球規模での導入に関する調査研究である。ガソリン乗用車への三元触媒導入の過程を４か国比較で行うと共に，現在取り組まれているディーゼル機関の排出ガス制御についても研究した。これらの例の技術革新について、その内容を、技術革新に係る利害関係者（ステークスホルダー）の観点から技術の変革について分析した。これらの結果から，将来の環境問題に対応するためのイノベーションと規制に関する政策への示唆を行なった。 自動車用触媒は，問題定義，規制，市場原理に基づくないしは市場原理に基づかない戦略，開発，多様性，選択，技術移転，技術普及，そして今もなお進化する排出ガス削減に関する規制（政策）と技術開発との相乗効果，等々を含んだ「環境保護に起因する技術革新」の良い例である。 技術革新、および普及の成功例に共通していることは， 1. 構造的かつ段階的な「目標へのロードマップ」を巡る相方向の会話， 2. 国際競争力， 3. 国際的ネットワークによるサポート， 4. 地域社会に支持された意見, 等が挙げられる。 三元触媒の導入はほぼ全世界に及ぶが，その過程は複雑で、地域（国）の事情に強く依存する。つまり、現在または未来の、各国（地域的）または地球規模の問題に焦点を当てた「世界的」技術革新や規制戦略は、地域よって異なる障害の存在や、環境保護の視点に立った技術革新を推進する潜在力への理解なしには成り立たないことを意味するのである。 気候変動を緩和するための様々な技術体系からの技術的挑戦および関係者（ステークスホルダー）の意見を考慮すると，燃費向上とプラグイン・ハイブリッドの導入が，交通部門における持続可能な発展への道のりであると言える。
QC 20100517

Recent studies of the environmental Kuznets curve raise questions regarding the relationship between environmental indicators and GDP and the fundamental reasons that explain this relationship. In response, this thesis presents one-sector and two-sector models to analyze the alternative causal relationships between an environmental indicator and GDP at different stages of economic development. These models analyze how economic scale, technology, preferences, and economic structure influence the causality and shape of the relationship. These theoretical studies are followed by two empirical studies. The first tests the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in Canadian manufacturing industries. The second explores several factors as the fundamental causes that influence the CO2 emissions in the same industries. Factors, such as economic scale, preferences, technological progress, structural change, and energy input, are found to be crucial in the determination of CO2 emissions. The empirical results are positive, but there are data limitations. The empirical studies can be re-evaluated as more data becomes available.

At present, it is difficult and costly to measure directly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the wastewater treatment system. Application of model will reduce measurement cost and quickly obtain the forecast data set of GHG emissions. This study developed a mathematical model for both steady and dynamic states to calculate GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment systems for industrial paper processing. These models are constructed based on mass balance equations of species, including substrate balance equations, biomass balance equations for reactors of treatment systems, stoichiometric coefficiences of species in biochemical reactions and biological processes. The obtained equations were solved based on algorithm of Runge-Kutta and the model was programmed by MATLAB. Results of applying the model to calculate GHG emissions from the paper industrial wastewater treatment system at Bai Bang and Tan Mai plants are as follows: total GHG emissions and emission factor are 3,070.3 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.38 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Bai Bang plant (8,000 m3/day) and 7,413.6 kgCO2-eq/day, 0.74 kgCO2- eq/m3, respectively for Tan Mai plant (10,000 m3/day). The research evaluated a number of influencing factors, such as temperature, flow rate of influent, and substrate concentrations, to GHG emissions at the Tan Mai paper plant.
Hiện nay, việc đo đạc trực tiếp phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải còn khó khăn và tốn kém. Việc áp dụng mô hình sẽ giảm được chi phí đo đạc và nhanh chóng có được bộ số liệu dự báo một cách tương đối về phát thải KNK. Nghiên cứu đã thiết lập được mô hình toán ở trạng thái ổn định và trạng thái không ổn định để tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính (CO2, CH4, N2O) từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải sản xuất giấy. Các mô hình này dựa trên các phương trình cân bằng chất của các cấu tử bao gồm các phương trình cân bằng cơ chất, các phương trình cân bằng sinh khối trong các bể phản ứng và các hệ số tỷ lượng của các chất tham gia các phản ứng sinh hóa. Các phương trình được giải bằng thuật toán Runge-Kutta và mô hình được lập trình trên ngôn ngữ MATLAB. Mô hình được áp dụng tính toán phát thải khí nhà kính từ hệ thống xử lý nước thải tại nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng và nhà máy giấy Tân Mai, được kết quả như sau: tổng phát thải khí nhà kính (KNK) và hệ số phát thải là 3.070,3 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,38 kg CO2-tđ/m3 tại Nhà máy giấy Bãi Bằng (8.000 m3/ngày) và 7.413,6 kg CO2-tđ/ngày, 0,74 kg CO2-tđ/m3 nhà máy giấy Tân Mai (10.000 m3/ngày). Nghiên cứu đã đánh giá được một số các yếu tố ảnh hưởng như nhiệt độ, lưu lượng nước thải và nồng độ cơ chất dòng vào đến sự phát thải KNK tại nhà máy giấy Tân Mai.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Mechanical Engineering."--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Chapter 1: Tradable Permits under Environmental and Cost-reducing R&D: This chapter models simultaneous investments in both environmental and cost-reducing R&D by asymmetric Cournot duopolist. Pollution rights (emission permits) are allocated by the regulator and can be traded between firms. Both R&D competition and cooperation are considered. In a three-stage game, firms first invest in R&D, then trade permits, and then compete in output. The strategic interaction between different types of R&D investments is analyzed. It is found that giving more permits to one firm induces it to conduct more cost-reducing but less environmental R&D. The second-best optimal allocation of pollution rights is also analyzed. This allocation matters for social welfare under R&D competition, but is irrelevant under R&D cooperation. Moreover, the optimal allocation depends on R&D spillovers. This paper also studies the grandfathering of permits based on historical output. Compared with the second-best optimal allocation, the higher the emissions reduction level, the more likely that grandfathering allocates too few permits to the large firm and too many permits to the small firm. Adding an R&D budget constraint leads firms to under-invest in cost-reducing R&D relative to environmental R&D. Chapter 2: Tradable Permits under Environmental R&D between Upstream and Downstream Industries: This chapter models the simultaneous investments in environmental R&D by both downstream and upstream industries, with two symmetric firms within each industry competing à la Cournot. Pollution rights are allocated by the regulator, and firms can trade permits. R&D competition, intra-industry (horizontal), inter-industry (vertical) and both intra- and inter-industry (generalized) R&D cooperations are considered. In a four-stage game, firms first invest in R&D, then trade permits, then upstream firms compete in intermediate good production, and finally downstream firms compete in final food production. The strategic interactions between R&D investments are analyzed. It is found that an increase in either vertical or horizontal R&D spillovers reduce the permit price but increase production, but the spillover effects on R&D investments are ambiguous and they depend on the number of permits that a firm receives from the government. However, firms undertake more R&D under generalized cooperation than vertical cooperation, irrespective of spillovers and the allocation of permits, and this results in higher social welfare under generalized cooperation than vertical cooperation. The optimal allocation of pollution rights by the regulator is also considered. This allocation matters for social welfare under R&D competition and horizontal cooperation, but is irrelevant under vertical and generalized cooperations. Chapter 3: Is There a Principle of Targeting in Environmental Taxation?: This chapter studies whether the "principle of targeting", which is referred to by Dixit (1985) as the tax formulae for dirty goods have "additivity property" (Sandmo 1975) and externality-generating sources should be directly targeted (Bhagwati and Johnson 1960), can be applicable in the presence of a uniform commodity tax with an additional emissions tax. We consider three perfectly competitive markets, one of them produces a non-polluting good and the other two produce polluting goods. The regulator chooses optimal taxes on all three markets to maximize social welfare and finances an exogenous public expenditure. First all, it is found that the additivity property does not hold under differentiated taxes, and is even further weakened with a uniform commodity tax. It is also shown that the Pigouvian tax is unlikely to apply on the top of the uniform commodity tax. Furthermore, if there is only tax instrument available -- i.e. either the uniform commodity tax or the emissions tax -- then the uniform commodity tax (emissions tax) induces higher social welfare when marginal social damage is low (high).

Industrial ecology is a field of study that encourages the use of closed-loop material cycles to achieve sustainability. Loop closing requires the movement of materials over space, and has long been practiced in the iron and steel industry. Iron and steel (ferrous) scrap generated in the U.S. is increasingly exported to countries in Asia, lengthening the transportation distance associated with closing the loop on the iron and steel life cycle. In order to understand the environmental cost of transporting this commodity, an activity-based maritime transportation model and a theoretical in-land transportation model are used to estimate emissions generated. Results indicate that 10.4 mmt of total emissions were generated, and emissions increased by 136 percent from 2004 to 2009. Increases in the amount of emissions generated are due to increases in the amount of scrap exported and distance it is transported.

One technology that makes concrete without cement and does not have the associated carbon footprint is geopolymer concrete. This technology utilizes waste fly ash from power stations and mixes it with activating chemicals to form a binder with similar or better properties than cement. Not only does this technology directly reduce carbon emissions by replacing cement it also utilizes the waste bi-product from power stations and prevents it from going to landfill. Concrete is composed of coarse aggregates, sand and cementitious paste. It seemed possible to make geopolymer concrete from 100% waste. The aggregates would come from recycled concrete and hard brittle bottom ash from power stations, the sand would come from foundries and the fly ash binder would also come from the same power station as the bottom ash. All of these materials are waste and would all be dumped in landfill. Where would one find all these waste materials in one place? The industrial suburb of Kwinana outside Perth is home to a large number of industries producing all these wastes. To find products that have a specification that these materials would suit was a material with a relatively low specification, one such specification is the concrete masonry units’ specification. For this to be adopted the mix design would then have to be altered to a drier type mix without any slump. As recycling facilities do not make a range of products it was decided to crush the aggregates in the laboratory specifically for this research and to blend all the waste materials. Numerous combinations were blended, analysed and assessed to establish which blends would best suit the aims and scope of this research. Eventually three blends were selected that encompassed all the waste products.To find the right mix design proved challenging as these masonry products generally require a mix to have zero slump. It was decided to test across all the known and analysed water to geopolymer solids ratios for each of the mixes and establish the best mix based on compressive strength, workability and slump A known mix design based on research into low calcium Class F geopolymer concrete, developed at Curtin University using natural aggregates, was applied to these selected recycled waste mix designs. The benefit was to be able to compare the results of this research to a known result. Flash setting, an unknown phenomenon in geopolymer concrete, did occur in the low water mixes, but in spite of this, geopolymer concrete was successfully manufactured. The compressive strengths were substantially lower than those of the design mix and more research is required in this regard, however an indirect relationship was observed between the amount of bottom ash and the compressive strength. The high degree of LOI (loss of ignition) in both ashes, porosity of recycled aggregates, angularity, degree of fineness of the fines and flash setting are all possible factors influencing the properties of the geopolymer concrete. More research is recommended in a number of these areas to be able to understand and develop this technology further in order to make this a practical and robust technology in the quest to find solutions to our warming planet and our changing climate.

Metals have been used by humans for thousands of years, and this has resulted in increased concentrations in the biosphere. The environment around point-sources, such as mines and smelters, are of particular concern, as metals may accumulate to high concentrations, and potentially reach levels toxic to the local flora and fauna. This thesis focuses on the effects on pied flycatcher populations of two such point-sources, a lead mine and enrichment plant, and a sulfide ore smelter. Mining activities at the lead mine ceased in 2001 and pied flycatcher populations were assessed before and after the closure. At the sulfide ore smelter, pied flycatchers were studied during the 1980s. Since then, the metal emissions to air from the smelter (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc) have been greatly reduced (by 93 – 99%). Pied flycatchers from these two contaminated environments differed in their responses to reduced atmospheric deposition. At the mine site, nestling responses reflected the reduced atmospheric deposition and less lead accumulated in their tissues. However, lead levels were still high enough to cause negative effects on blood status (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [ALAD], hemoglobin [Hb], hematocrit [ht], and mean cell hemoglobin concentration) and reproduction (reduced clutch size, increased mortality and reduced breeding success), as was observed when the mine was in operation. Along the pollution gradient away from the smelter, nestling concentrations reflected the metal load in the soil pool, accumulating over time, rather than the atmospheric deposition. This resulted in only a minor response to decreased metal deposition (slightly reduced liver lead concentrations at 3.5 – 90 km from the smelter). This suggests that in environments with highly polluted soils, decreased inputs of atmospheric metal deposition have only minor impacts, and recovery from contamination should not be expected within decades. The high metal concentrations in the vicinity of the smelter contributed to poorer blood status (ALAD, Hb and ht), induced oxidative damage and defenses, and decreased reproduction (increased mortality and reduced breeding success). There were only minor improvements in blood and reproductive variables at 3.5 km from the smelter.
Metaller är grundämnen som inte kan bildas eller förstöras av människan. De förekommer i mineraler i berggrunden och finns överallt på jorden. Människans användning av metaller har dock medfört att de återfinns i högre halter i miljön än de annars skulle gjort. Trots att metallerna kan spridas och transporteras långa sträckor med luftmassorna, är det främst kring källorna, såsom metallindustrier, man kan hitta metaller i tillräckligt höga halter för att orsaka skada på växter och djur. I denna avhandling presenteras undersökningar av hur svartvit flugsnappare (Ficedula hypoleuca) påverkas kring två metallindustrier i norra Sverige. Det ena är en numera nedlagd blygruva med anrikningsverk i Laisvall, där vi studerade populationer av svartvit flugsnappare före och efter att industrin stängdes. Det andra är smältverket Rönnskärsverken, utanför Skelleftehamn, som varit i drift sedan 1930-talet. I föroreningsgradienten från smältverket studerades effekter av 20 års kraftigt minskade metallutsläpp till luften som följd av förbättrade reningstekniker. Resultaten kring industrierna visar att fåglarna svarade olika på de minskade metallutsläppen. Kring blygruvan minskade halterna av bly i flugsnapparungar med samma takt som nedfallen (mätt i mossa) och bytesdjuren (myror). Däremot, kring smältverket, var fåglarna fortfarande exponerade för höga halter av de giftiga ämnena arsenik, kadmium, kvicksilver och bly, på i princip samma nivåer som 20 år tidigare, trots att utsläppen minskat med 93 – 98%. Orsaken till detta tros vara skillnader på föroreningsgraden i markens översta lager, mårskiktet. Vi kunde visa att flugsnapparna kring smältverket främst fick i sig metallerna från marken, som efter flera årtionden med utsläpp från industrin innehöll mycket höga metallhalter. Detta kan förklara att fåglarna trots att utsläppen var låga, fortfarande var utsatta för stor metallexponering. Det snabba svaret på minskad metallspridning (bly och zink) som flugsnapparna vid blygruvan visade, antar vi berodde på att mindre mäng metaller fanns i marken. Trots minskningen var metallhalterna i fåglarna vid gruvområdet fortfarande tillräckligt höga för att, liksom vid smältverket, påverka fåglarnas hälsa. De uppvisade bl.a. låga blodvärden och tecken på oxidativ stress. Vidare var ungdödligheten förhöjd, vilket ledde till lägre häckningsframgång. Slutsatsen är att markens innehåll av metaller har stor betydelse för återhämtningsförloppet för svartvit flugsnappare efter minskat metallnedfall, och att en relativt snabb återhämtning kan förväntas i områden med något lägre metallhalter i mårskiktet, medan återhämtning i områden där marken är kraftigt förorenad inte kan förväntas förrän efter flera årtionden, även om nedfallet upphört nästan helt.

The concept of integration of industries in urban setup is the current trend among researchers and engineers in the field of industrial ecology and environmental engineering. Trend of urbanization forces an increasing human demand for energy, materials, water and other resources. Urban symbiosis nowadays is closely related to the controlling of urban metabolism. Closing material loops works as an effective way for a circular economy where theoretically no waste is generated. In this thesis work, an investigation has been made for studying current symbiotic activities in the city of Linköping and look for any potential energy or by-product synergies from industrial activities and the urban waste streams. Some of the companies have been found to be already engaged in such type of activities, directly or indirectly. Hence, uncovering symbiotic activity is also an important task to consider while assessing the feasibility of a network of industries and urban settlement. Finally, it is concluded that the symbiotic activity in the city of Linköping is developing with discovering of new opportunities from waste and by-products from industries and the city area.  The municipal utility company Tekniska Verken and its subsidiary Svensk Biogas could play the role as anchor tenants and the aeronautics company SAAB, for its huge production line, has good potential to participate in exchange of physical materials.

The aim of this study was to explore the spatial variation in household greenhouse emissions from local transportation in Trondheim, the reasons for this variation, and explore scenarios of what bearing these variations might have on greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Data from a national travel survey was used together with modal emissions coefficients to model the average emissions per capita for 46 geographic zones in Trondheim. Linear regression was used to explain the variation in average emissions using a number of explanatory variables identified from the literature. The regression models explained around 75–80 per cent of the spatial variation in average emissions (0.75 ≤ adj r2 ≤ 0.79), with centre distance explaining the majority of variation. Using a regression function containing centre distance and access to public transport as explanatory variables, five scenarios were constructed for emissions in 2030, which suggest that centralisation of new residential building developments and improvement in the public transport network could limit the growth in annual greenhouse gas emissions to approximately 10 per cent in the presence of approximately 30 per cent population growth.

One technology that makes concrete without cement and does not have the associated carbon footprint is geopolymer concrete. This technology utilizes waste fly ash from power stations and mixes it with activating chemicals to form a binder with similar or better properties than cement. Not only does this technology directly reduce carbon emissions by replacing cement it also utilizes the waste bi-product from power stations and prevents it from going to landfill. Concrete is composed of coarse aggregates, sand and cementitious paste. It seemed possible to make geopolymer concrete from 100% waste. The aggregates would come from recycled concrete and hard brittle bottom ash from power stations, the sand would come from foundries and the fly ash binder would also come from the same power station as the bottom ash. All of these materials are waste and would all be dumped in landfill. Where would one find all these waste materials in one place? The industrial suburb of Kwinana outside Perth is home to a large number of industries producing all these wastes. To find products that have a specification that these materials would suit was a material with a relatively low specification, one such specification is the concrete masonry units’ specification. For this to be adopted the mix design would then have to be altered to a drier type mix without any slump. As recycling facilities do not make a range of products it was decided to crush the aggregates in the laboratory specifically for this research and to blend all the waste materials. Numerous combinations were blended, analysed and assessed to establish which blends would best suit the aims and scope of this research. Eventually three blends were selected that encompassed all the waste products.
To find the right mix design proved challenging as these masonry products generally require a mix to have zero slump. It was decided to test across all the known and analysed water to geopolymer solids ratios for each of the mixes and establish the best mix based on compressive strength, workability and slump A known mix design based on research into low calcium Class F geopolymer concrete, developed at Curtin University using natural aggregates, was applied to these selected recycled waste mix designs. The benefit was to be able to compare the results of this research to a known result. Flash setting, an unknown phenomenon in geopolymer concrete, did occur in the low water mixes, but in spite of this, geopolymer concrete was successfully manufactured. The compressive strengths were substantially lower than those of the design mix and more research is required in this regard, however an indirect relationship was observed between the amount of bottom ash and the compressive strength. The high degree of LOI (loss of ignition) in both ashes, porosity of recycled aggregates, angularity, degree of fineness of the fines and flash setting are all possible factors influencing the properties of the geopolymer concrete. More research is recommended in a number of these areas to be able to understand and develop this technology further in order to make this a practical and robust technology in the quest to find solutions to our warming planet and our changing climate.

This study is aimed at developing policies for energy efficiency by observing the past changes of energy use in Indonesia???s manufacturing sector over the period 1980???2000, and to investigate mitigation options for energy-related CO2 emissions in the sector. The first part of the study uses decomposition analysis to assess the effect of the changes in energy consumption and the level of CO2 emissions, while the second part investigates energy efficiency improvement strategies and the use of economic instruments to mitigate CO2 emissions in the manufacturing sector. Economic activity was the dominant factor in increasing energy consumption over the whole period of analysis, followed by the energy intensity effect and then the structural effect. The increase in aggregate energy intensity over the period 1980-2000 was mainly driven by the energy intensity effect. In turn, the technical effect was the dominant contributor to changes in energy intensity effect, with the fuel-mix effect being of lesser importance. Changes in CO2 emissions were dominated by economic activity and structural change. Sub-sectors that would benefit from fuel switching and energy efficiency improvements are the textile, paper, and non-metal sub-sectors. Three main options for reducing CO2 emissions from the manufacturing sector were considered: the imposition of a carbon tax, energy efficiency initiatives, and other mitigation measures. A carbon tax was found to reduce sectoral emissions from the direct use of oil, gas and coal, but increased the demand for electricity. At the practical level, energy efficiency improvements can be implemented by adopting energy efficient technologies that can reduce aggregate energy intensity up to 37.1 per cent from the base-year level, estimated after imposition of a carbon tax at $30 per tonne of carbon. A major priority for energy efficiency improvements was found to be in the textile and the paper and chemical sub-sectors. A mitigation measure such as the Clean Development Mechanisms could be encouraged in order to reduce projected emission levels. The preferred option would be the adoption of energy efficient technologies in the textile, chemical, paper and non-metal sub-sectors.

El sector de pasta i paper és considerat un dels set sectors industrials més intensius en consum energètic. La producció i consum d'electricitat i de vapor esdevenen les fonts majoritàries d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle en aquest sector industrial. Les fàbriques papereres poden assolir objectius de reducció d'emissions mitjançant reducció en origen (substitució de combustibles, introducció d'energies renovables) o bé a partir de mesures d'eficiència energètica en el propi procés. En aquest context, s'ha desenvolupat un mètode de distribució d'emissions que permet assignar a cada unitat d'operació del procés paperer, el seu grau de responsabilitat en emissions. També s'han avaluat diferents mètodes de càlcul de factors d'emissió de vapor i electricitat, tant per plantes de cogeneració com per sistemes individuals. A partir d'aquesta avaluació s'han proposat nous mètodes alternatius als analitzats. Aquests mètodes i els factors d'emissions s'han aplicat a dues fàbriques papereres catalanes.
Pulp and paper sector is considered one of the seven industrial sectors with a higher energy intensive profile. Power and steam production and consumption are the main responsible for green house gas emissions of this industrial activity. Paper industries can achieve reductive emission targets by considering emissions origin (replacing fuels, aplying renewable energies) as well as improving energy efficiency of the process itself. An emission allocation tool has been developed with the purpose of approaching to each unit operation of the papermaking process its related emissions share. In addition, energy-emission factors regarding power and steam generation in combined heat and power plants and in single heat and power systems have been evaluated. Some new methods for calculating different emission factors have been proposed after the analysis. Two Catalan paper mills have been used as case-studies to apply, both allocation method and emission factors.

À ce jour, l'identification des sources de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) a fait l'objet de nombreuses études, afin de déterminer leur contribution à la pollution atmosphérique. Néanmoins, le comportement dynamique de l'atmosphère, dans sa dimension micro-météorologique, n'a jamais été pris en compte dans une approche sources-récepteur. Celui-ci est pourtant essentiel dans l'interprétation des mesures physico-chimiques de la pollution de l'air en champ proche, dans une région urbaine sous influence industrielle. La complexité de ces zones d'études provient non seulement des différents modes d'émissions et de la variété des activités industrielles, mais aussi des phénomènes météorologiques à multi-échelles, qui influent la dispersion et le transport à petite échelle spatiale (typiquement quelques kilomètres). En nous appuyant sur la mesure de 85 COV (dont 23 COV oxygénés) sur une durée de plusieurs mois, nous avons développé une méthodologie novatrice, associant lors de l'analyse des résultats d'un modèle sources-récepteur PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) des grandeurs météorologiques, pour identifier des sources et comprendre leur comportement dynamique. En introduisant la turbulence verticale, pour la première fois dans ce type d'analyse, la température et le rayonnement solaire, comme paramètre d'analyse des facteurs de comportements ont pu être différenciés, permettant de distinguer les modes d'émissions diffuses et canalisées. Ainsi, nous avons pu classer les sources des COV par nature et par mode d'émissions, et également mettre en évidence des masses d'air âgées contenant des espèces secondaires
Recently, sources apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has been the subject of a great numbers of studies, in order to determine their contributions to atmospheric pollution. However, the dynamical behavior of atmosphere, within its micro-meteorological scale, has never been taken into account in the sources-receptor approach, yet it is the main factor to interpret near-field physic-chemical measurements of air pollution, in an urban area under industrial influences. The complexity of such a study area results from not only the emission modes and the various industrial activities, but also the meteorological phenomenon in multi-scale, which influences the dispersion and transport in a small scale (tipically several kilometers). With measurements of 85 VOC (including 23 oxygenated VOC) during several months, we have developed an innovative methodology, associating the results of the PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) modeling and the meteorological parameters, in order to identify the sources and to understand their dynamical behaviors. By introducing the vertical turbulence for the first time in this kind of analysis, the temperature and the solar radiation, as parameters of factor analyses, two behaviors have been distinguished, leading to identify the emissions near ground and in the upper part of surface layer. In this way, we have labeled the sources according to their nature as well as their emission mode, and we have highlighted the aged air mass containing secondary pollutants

An integrated MFA (Material Flow Analyse) model was developed for Russia, based on the year 2009. Integration was done between MFA, energy and greenhouse gas (GHG).Technologies in all production related processes of aluminium cycle were analyzed. Energy consumption and emissions were calculated throughout the aluminium cycle. This technology information and calculations were used in my scenarios for possible reduction of emissions.After the agreement with my supervisor the historical in-use stock was not done. Assumption here is that demand will increase.A sensitivity analyze was not conducted due the fact that that type of analyze can not be used for large changes in the system.If all scenarios are implemented then the decrease of total GHG emissions in aluminium production in Russia will equal to 22.3% and decrease in the total energy consumption will equal to 38,4%.

In this study, we developed and standardized a sanding method to evaluate the emission of airborne particles from products that contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under different conditions, including three types of sandpaper and three sanding disc speed. We also characterized the emission of the airborne particles from one neat epoxy test sample, four CNTs-incorporating test samples with different CNTs loading, and two commercial products. The total number concentration, respirable mass concentration, and particle size number/mass distribution of the emitted particles were calculated and compared, followed by an electron microscopy (EM) analysis. These data suggest that the sanding process can produce substantial quantities of airborne particles. Also, the emission of airborne particles was associated with different test conditions. EM analysis of the airborne particle samples showed embedded CNTs protruding from the outer surface, which was different from CNTs-incorporating bulk material. Our study suggests a potential generation of particles during the life cycle event of sanding. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the potential human health hazard in other life cycle events.

Atmospheric pollutants in the state of Qatar are derived from flaring and fugitive emissions due to a combination of new energy projects, operational conditions and plant operational problems. This research is the first attempt to quantitatively assess key atmospheric pollutants in Qatar, in accordance with the Kyoto agreements to reduce greenhouse gas production. Two datasets were analysed: 1. Between 2000 and 2002, data collected by industrial plants, as part of their own procedures, were assembled using a proforma questionnaire, to compile data on fuel consumption, fuel type, chemical characteristics, heat value, specific gravity etc, from industries in Qatar. The survey involved the oil & gas industry, petrochemical factories, power & desalination plants. Fuel data includes sulfur & nitrogen contents, chemical composition of flared gas and C content, some data compiled on road transport and fuel consumption. Analysis revealed significant atmospheric pollution. 2. Independent air-quality monitoring stations collected data between 2003 and 2005 to compare with data provided by industry. Three locations were chosen because of proximity to industrial plants: Mesaieed on the southeast coast, Dukhan on the west coast, and Halul Island, an offshore installation 30 km east of Qatar in the Arabian Gulf. Five key tropospheric pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, O3 and PM10), wind speed and wind direction, were monitored hourly from three stations located near gas installations across Qatar. Registered levels of CO, NO2 and SO2 were within Qatari and European Standards. PM10, however, was higher than the standards in all three stations and measured daily O3 levels were sometimes higher than the reference for Halul Island. Therefore, in contrast to industry data, the monitoring sites showed much pollution is below (better than) accepted thresholds, the difference between the two datasets illustrating the complexity involved in correctly monitoring pollution, and the effect of wind direction and dispersal of pollutants. Therefore these results have stimulated a comprehensive response to pollution monitoring in Qatar between 2005 and the present day, leading to reduction in flaring and fugitive emissions over the last few years, by as much as 50% in some operations, as a result of more careful operational planning, upgrading and better controls applied to new and existing projects. This research therefore provided much of the stimulus for emission reduction in Qatar, currently being investigated under the Clean Development Mechanism and Technology Transfer.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are vital components of the earth�s atmosphere, trapping heat around the earth, maintaining temperatures necessary for human existence. Until the Industrial Revolution, these gases existed in a natural equilibrium with the environment. Since that time, anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning and land clearing have increased the quantity of GHGs, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), in the earth�s atmosphere. Evidence indicates that global warming is occurring as a result of the additional accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. International response to climate change resulted in the 1997 development of the Kyoto Protocol. If the Protocol is ratified, developed countries will be legally bound to reduce their GHG emissions in accordance with negotiated emission reduction targets. At the beginning of the year 2001, the Protocol was still to be ratified. With the possibility of future GHG emission restrictions, some Australian companies have started quantifying their GHG emission levels. One such company is Visy Industries, the largest privately owned paper packaging manufacturing company in the world. Visy�s core business is the manufacture of cardboard boxes from recycled paper. As part of its future operations, a kraft pulp and paper mill is presently being built in New South Wales, Australia. The environmental decision support tool, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), was used to quantify Visy�s CO2 and CH4 emissions across the entire life cycle of the Visy paper recycling and virgin papermaking processes. Commercially defined LCA models were developed for both papermaking processes. GHG emissions estimated by each model were compared and the effect of different energy sources, technologies and manufacturing processes on CO2 and CH4 emissions were assessed. The majority of emissions in the two Visy papermaking models were due to fossil fuel derived energy sources and the decomposition of wood fibre in Solid Waste Disposal Sites (SWDSs). Results were used to propose appropriate GHG reduction strategies and business opportunities. GHG reduction strategies included increasing the use of renewable energy, reducing the volume of solid waste rejects sent to SWDS, incinerating solid waste rejects with energy recovery and sourcing steam from third party providers. Proposed GHG business opportunities included increasing the production of Greenpower from the pulp and paper mill for sale to the grid. This thesis is an example of the practical application of current GHG knowledge and LCA methodology that was undertaken in an environment where technical, political and commercial guidelines at both a national and international level were still evolving. Nevertheless, the thesis is not a critical review of LCA methodology. The LCA support tool was able to quantify CO2 and CH4 emissions across the life cycle of the Visy recycling and virgin papermaking processes. The chosen functional unit, the assumptions and exemptions made, and the placement of the system boundaries, were found to be critical to the Visy LCA results.

A comprehensive deposition and dispersion model was built for the South African Highveld and Waterberg areas using CALPUFF with the aim of studying the effects of biogenic NOx emissions on sulphur and nitrogen deposition. The effect of industrial H2S emission on sulphur deposition was also investigated for the Highveld. Emission sources inventoried or the Highveld and Waterberg area included industrial sources, vehicle exhaust emissions, household fuel burning emissions and emissions from power stations. The Highveld model was the most extensive. Three scenarios were modelled: average rainfall year (2001), below average rainfall year (2003) and above average rainfall year (2010). The modelling domain was 350 km × 350 km. The Waterberg priority area was only modelled for 2006 and the domain size was 130 km ×100 km. To quantify biogenic soil NOX emissions, models was constructed for both areas using land use data from CALMET, rainfall data and atmospheric ground level temperatures covering each modelling domain. Use was made of work done by Yienger and Levy (1995). To accommodate CALPUFF each area was divided into smaller area sources, each with a specific hourly NOX emission rate. The biogenic NOx emitted made up 3.96 %, 4.14 % and 3.34 % of total released NOx for 2001, 2003 and 2010 respectively. This is significantly more than is released by household fuel burning, small industrial sources and biomass burning. Dry nitrogen deposition rates were affected most, adding between 1.69 - 6.19 % at various receptor locations. Wet deposition rates were affected very little (0.13 % to 0.75 %). Effect on total nitrogen deposition rates ranged from 0.32 % to 1.77 %. CALPUFF was unable to account for H2S conversion to SO2 in its reaction scheme model, therefore conversion rates had to be approximated from observations made on the Highveld by Igbafe (2007). Assuming different conversion percentages for each season, and inputting the converted emissions rates as SO2 emissions sources into CALPUFF, it was predicted that H2S contributes an average of 4.85 %, an average of 5.95 %, and an average of 5.15 % for wet S, dry S and total S deposition respectively Highveld dispersion and deposition predictions are reported on for the three modelling periods of 2001, 2003 and 2010. The modelled biogenic emissions were included in the model. Spatial plots for wet, dry and total S and N deposition were produced. Wet, dry and total S and N deposition rates at specific receptor locations are reported on. Waterberg biogenic emission are only 2.3 % of total NOx emissions for the Waterberg area and would affect nitrogen deposition values very little compared to the nitrogen deposition produced by the emissions from Matimba and Medupi power stations. Because of this it was decided not to run a CALPUFF dispersion and deposition model for the Waterberg area.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Chemical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

The results from this study show that it is possible to obtain data series on the steel scrap collection based on mass balance model on the crude steel production figures by steelmaking reactor type and additional knowledge on process metallurgy as well as information on inputs and outputs into the reactors with an area correlation coefficient of 0,91 compared to data obtained from trade statistics. Furthermore, the study shows that based on a new method it is possible to calculate the time duration of mass flows on a continuous basis. Furthermore, two complementary statistical dynamic material flow models that can be used to calculate the societal recycling rates of steel was constructed. These statistical models contribute to a standardized way of obtaining consistent results. The new models are able to segregate the non-recirculated amounts of steel into the hibernating steel stock available for future collection from the amounts of losses based on statistics. The results show that it is possible to calculate the amounts of steel scrap available for steelmaking at a given point in time. In addition, based on the new models it is possible to calculate recycling trends in society. Also, the models are able to calculate robust forecasts on the long-term availability of steel scrap, and test if forecast demand of steel scrap exceeds a full recovery. This due to that the steel scrap generation is a function of the collection rate of steel scrap. Also, a method for obtaining representative samplings on the alloy content in steel scrap called random sampling analysis (RSA) was developed. The results from the RSA show that it is possible to optimize the recovery of valuable elements in the production process of steelmaking based on the information on the composition of steel scrap.

QC 20151020

Increased availability of natural gas has boosted research and development efforts to further increase gas turbine performance. Performance has been increased remarkably and unit cost reduced due to achievements gained in improving thermodynamic cycles and cooling technologies. However, increased complexity in power industry regulations and fluctuations in fuel price have indicated that all the aforementioned improvements in gas turbine performance could not cope with the increased competition in the gas turbine industrial market. Innovation within the aero-derivative concept has enabled further significant improvement in the performance of industrial gas turbines. It allows a more beneficial approach than developing new designs of industrial gas turbines owing to reduced designing time and cost. Objectives in this project focus on developing a methodology of design and assessing aeroderivative gas turbine engines derived from a 130-seat aircraft engine. Developed methodology includes techno-economic and environmental assessment, conducted through further developments of models based on Techno-economic and Environmental Risk Assessment (TERA) philosophy, to be applied in further industrial applications. Tools used in this investigation include a significant literature research on the development of aero-derivative gas turbine technologies, including thermodynamic cycles and its land-based applications. Turbomatch is a homebased code developed in Cranfield University, used in calculating design point and predicting off-design performance of parent aero-engine and the aeroderivative engines developed. Excel and FORTRAN code are also used in calculating engine’s design parameters, and creating a model of life estimation Creep. Moreover, FORTRAN code is used for building emission and economic models for power generation and combined heat and power applications. Finally, MATLAP code is used in creating a small model for generating performance TXT files, and running marine integrated models platform. All models needed to develop the methodology have been created, and calculations of an engine’s performance and assessment were conducted based on this developed methodology. Sensible results are generated from the investigated methodology and they show acceptable designs of aero-derivative engines on different thermodynamic cycles. Based on the acceptable level of technology and material thermal barriers, all design and off-design performance limitations of new developed aero-derivative engines have been determined for a wide range of ambient conditions. Techno-economic and environmental assessment performed through implementing the developed aero-derivative engines on power generation and marine applications under different operating scenarios. Results of operating the engines on power generation and marine applications have been investigated and compared. It is observed that engines respond differently when operating under different environmental profiles, depending on the number of units engaged and their thermodynamic cycle as well as mechanical configurations. Also, the selected specific gas turbine engine can be the best economical choice for operating on determined scenario, while it cannot be when operating in different scenarios. Assessment of developed engines on the investigated application shows how the lowest specific cost (small engine size) can constitute important criteria in engine selection.

Questo lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di valutare come differenti qualità di pellet di legno, in accordo con la norma EN 14961-2, e la diversa potenza termica di una moderna stufa domestica influenzino le relative emissioni prodotte. La norma EN 14961-2 prevede una serie di proprietà per il pellet di legno con valori caratteristici per ogni classe di qualità, A1, A2 e B. Per simulare le condizioni cui sono sottoposte le emissioni in aria ambiente, il campionamento del particolato è stato effettuato per mezzo di un tunnel di diluizione. Per valutare e confrontare le emissioni prodotte della stufa a pellet, i dati ottenuti sono stati espressi come fattori di emissione cioè il rapporto tra la quantità di inquinante emesso e i MJ sviluppati dalla combustione. Dallo studio emerge che il pellet di più scarsa qualità mostra emissioni maggiori di CO, NOx, PM, ioni solubili, e la formazione di IPA con alta tossicità: questo implica un maggior impatto sulla salute dell’uomo e sull’ambiente. Inoltre la combustione di pellet di bassa qualità di tipo B causa frequenti problemi di combustione dovuti all’alta percentuale di ceneri, portando a maggiori emissioni di prodotti da combustione incompleta (TC, IPA, PM). La maggior potenza di funzionamento della stufa limita l’emissione di prodotti di combustione incompleta, TC, CO, PM e IPA, ma aumenta la tossicità di quest’ultimi.

Traffic and parking congestion are significant issues at many universities nationwide. The delays experienced result in wasted time, money, and fuel for students, faculty and staff, not to mention the negative contributions to the environment. This paper quantifies the amount of vehicle emissions generated during an average morning peak hour in the university environment. Using VISSIM and CMEM microsimulation packages, a model is created for California Polytechnic State University- San Luis Obispo to aggregate the collective transportation behaviors and practices of the campus and recognize the implications these behaviors pose on the transportation network as a whole. Reasonable estimates are generated for overall HC, CO, and NOx type emissions as well as fuel consumption. Scenarios are proposed which reflect the sensitivity of outputs to key input parameters. The findings of this research can be useful for future campus planning and the ideas can be extended to similar environments with traffic and parking problems such as business parks, corporate campuses, downtown districts, and special event venues.

From a bottom-up perspective, the assessment of flow rate of stack flue gases is crucial being the very first brick of the calculation. With the concentration of pollutant, it gives access to the amount of pollutant released in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, flow rate measurement has not been well-framed and can be poorly controlled, leading to large uncertainties. The recent launch of the European Standard EN 16 911 has enlighten the lack of expertise concerning the flow rate assessment in the industry. That is why RECORD, the project sponsor, conscious of the possible lack of expertise and the possible unreliability of the measurement is willing to understand the requirements; theoretical, technical and regulatory; for a reliable pollutant emissions measurement in accordance with the EU regulation in the field of waste treatment and incineration. Thus, this study offers the theoretical, operational and regulatory keys to realize a reliable flow rate measurement. 9 methods are identified for stack flue gases flow rate measurement. For each of these methods an ID-card, based on bibliographical researches, supplier’s interviews and representatives of the industry’s feedbacks, has been built containing information required for a reliable measurement. This thesis will contribute to a report that will offers all the keys for a reliable velocity/flow rate measurement in the waste treatment (domestic waste incineration mainly but it can also be useful in every industry that releases flue gas in the atmosphere: chemistry, steel manufacture, etc.). Moreover, this study proposes an analysis of the European Standard related to flow rate measurement in the industry and enlightens the key information related to these standards for an industrial operator. Finally, in relation with the complete report published on the RECORD website, a comparison tool of the 9 technologies is created to guide the industrial in their flow rate measurement. Once the best technology has been selected thanks to the comparison tool, the ID-card gives the key to realize a reliable measurement with the selected method. Finally, the theoretical part and the standard analysis have to be used as a frame for all the technologies.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
84
Abstract A PAH(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) stack- sampling system and PS-1 sampling system were used to investigate the PAH emission for 10 industrial boilers and for the ambient air of petrochemical-industry (PCI) area. The fuels used for these 10 boilers include a heavy oil, a diesel, a co- combustion of heavy oil and nature gas (HO+NG) and a co- combustion of coke oven gas and blast furance gas (COG+BFG). The main objectives of this study are to investigate the concentration, composition, emission rate and emission factor of twenty-one individual PAHs in the boiler flue gas, and compared the difference of PAHs in the boiler flue gas and in ambient air Twenty-one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by gas chromatography / mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Total-PAH concentration in the fuel gas of 32 measured data for these 10 boiler stacks ranged between 11.6 and 363 ug/Nm3 and averaged 75.3 ug/Nm3. Total-PAH concentration in anbient airof PCI averaged 1203 ng/m3. In the boiler flue gas, the mean fraction of PAH-homologue mass(F%) counted for the total-PAH mass were 57%, 13.6%, 24.4% and 24.4% for the 2-ring, 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs,respectively. ThePAHs in the stack flue gas were dominant in the lower molecular weight PAHs. Phase distribution of the total-PAHs in the flue gas was mainly inthe gas phase. Phase distribution of the total-PAHs averaged 96% in the gas phase. The emission factors of total-PAHs were 2750, 1170, 1150 and 83.2 ug/kg-fuel for the heavy oil, diesel, HO+NG and COG+BFG fueled-boiler,respectively. Nap is a most predominant PAH occurred in the stack flue gas.The emission factor of BaP for both heavy oil and diesel-fueled boilers arefairly constant and are approximately 1.0 ng/kcal of heat generated or 10.0 ug/kg- fuel consumed.

碩士
國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
102
The purpose of this study is to, on the basis of Taiwan input-output analytical tables 2006, examine the energy usage and CO2 emission of the industrial exports of Taiwan. Furthermore, data collected from 2006 to 2012 Energy Balance Sheets from Bureau of Energy and National Accounts Yearbook from General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan are organized as units of sectors to build hybrid input-output table of each year from 2006 to 2012. From this input-output analysis, the top five industries are: 1. Drugs and Medicine, Chemical Material, Chemicals, Rubber and Plastics Manufacturing. 2. Base Metal Manufacturing. 3. Electronic Components, Computer, Electronics, and Optical Products Manufacturing. 4. Electric and Machinery Equipment Manufacturing. 5. Transport Equipment and Parts Manufacturing. Then, conduct energy and CO2 multiplier analysis, which determines the proportion of energy usage and CO2 emission changes induced by goods and service exports when industries’ final demand increases one unit. As a result, the energy and CO2 emission multiplier of Electronic Components, Computer, Electronics, and Optical Products Manufacturing are the highest among all, indicating highly energy and CO2 intensified industry. The direct and indirect energy used and CO2 emissions are 25,662,486 107 kcal and 156,772,694 tonnes. Throughout the study, we recognize how industrial exports have effects on the industries and environment of Taiwan and propose policy implication and suggestion.

M.Phil.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) can be defined as one of the project-based mechanisms established under the Kyoto protocol mechanism as a supplementary measure to assist Annex 1 parties meet their emission reduction targets through investing in project activities that reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to sustainable development in Non–Annex 1 countries. These projects reduce GHG emissions and generate credits called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that the Annex 1 party can use to meet their emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol [Curnow & Hodes, 2009]. While countries such as China and India have benefited remarkably from the CDM, African countries (including South Africa (SA)) have failed to maximise the financial benefits offered by this mechanism. Even though South Africa is leading, in terms of the number of registered CDM projects in Africa, it is still lagging far behind other developing regions in this regard. The South African leaders in CDM project development are in the private sector. This research aims to identify the constraints that inhibit large scale implementation of CDM projects by Gauteng Municipalities and to investigate the reasons why South African municipalities are lagging behind the private sector in CDM project development, and identify opportunities for further development of CDM projects. This identification was achieved by compiling a list of known barriers (then investigating these barriers together with a number of other factors that may impact negatively on the CDM market in South Africa) The study was conducted using qualitative research techniques, which utilises methods such as participant observation, in-depth interviews and/or focus groups. Three different groups of respondents were identified: (i) the European CER buyers; (ii) the project developers/ CDM consultants in South Africa; and (iii) the Gauteng municipal officials responsible for CDM project development. A separate questionnaire was compiled for each of the three target groups, with purpose of drawing conclusions about the prevailing status of the South African CDM market from the perspectives of these three different groups. Three previous studies have been conducted to investigate the barriers of implementing CDM in South Africa, examining the problem from various perspectives. Little et al. [2007] conducted a study that focused on the inhibiting and facilitating factors affecting the implementation of CDM by South African industries. Wilson [2007] focused on the barriers against and drivers for the implementation of CDM within the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality - this study drew conclusions about CDM implementation in municipalities based on the experiences of this single municipality. Winkler and van Es [2007] dealt with the opportunities and constraints of the CDM implementation in energy efficiency projects throughout South Africa.

The outcome of Kyoto protocol and other National and International agreements influence the design and operation of wastewater treatment facilities by restricting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are recognized as one of the larger minor sources of GHG emissions that produce CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O during the treatment processes. The overall on-site and off-site greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by WWTPs of food processing industry were estimated by using an elaborate mathematical model. Three different types of treatment systems were examined in this study which included aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid anaerobic/aerobic processes. The overall on-site emissions were 1952, 1992, and 2435 kg CO 2 e/d while the off-site emissions were 1313, 4631, and 5205 kg CO 2 e/d for the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems respectively. The on-site biological processes made the highest contribution to GHG emissions in the aerobic treatment system while the highest emissions in anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems were obtained by off-site GHG emissions due to on-site material usage. Biogas recovery and reuse as fuel were shown to cover the total energy needs of the treatment plants for aeration, heating and electricity for all three types of operations, and considerably reduced GHG emissions by 512, 673, and 988 kg CO 2 e/d from a total of 3265, 6623, and 7640 kg CO 2 e/d for aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. In the end, recommendations were given on feasible approaches to reduce GHG emissions from WWTPs.

L'asthme est une des principales maladies chroniques de l'enfance. Elle a été associée à l'exposition aux polluants de l'air extérieur provenant de sources régionales éloignées et du trafic routier. Les mélanges de polluants provenant de sources industrielles et leurs effets peuvent ne pas être les mêmes que ceux provenant du trafic routier et de sources régionales. Pourtant, contrairement aux associations entre les polluants provenant de sources régionales et liées au trafic et l'asthme chez les enfants, les associations avec l'exposition des communautés aux émissions de polluants atmosphériques industriels n'ont pas été systématiquement évaluées. En outre, bien que des réductions substantielles des émissions industrielles de particules fines (PM2.5) et de dioxyde de soufre (SO2) aient été constatées dans les pays industrialisés au cours des dernières décennies, les associations entre les variations géographiques et temporelles des émissions industrielles de polluants atmosphériques et la variation de la morbidité de l'asthme chez les enfants ont été sous-étudiées. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié l'association entre la morbidité liée à l'asthme et les émissions de polluants atmosphériques industriels chez les enfants. Nous avons d'abord évalué l'association entre l'exposition aux émissions industrielles de polluants atmosphériques et l'asthme chez les enfants sur la base des écrits scientifiques. Nous avons ensuite évalué les associations entre les variations spatiales et temporelles des émissions industrielles de polluants atmosphériques et la variation spatiale de la morbidité liée à l'asthme au Québec. Pour le premier objectif, nous avons consulté des bases de données bibliographiques afin d'identifier les études sur l'association entre l'exposition des enfants à la pollution atmosphérique provenant de sources industrielles et l'asthme, en incluant les symptômes d’asthme, la respiration sifflante et la bronchiolite. Lorsque possible, nous avons effectué des méta-analyses des résultats avec effets aléatoires. Pour le deuxième et le troisième objectifs, nous avons effectué des analyses écologiques spatiales et temporelles à partir de données pour de petites zones géographiques (n=1386) dans la province de Québec. Pour le deuxième objectif, nous avons mis en relation les émissions industrielles de PM2.5 et de SO2 obtenues à partir de l'Inventaire national des rejets de polluants et d'autres variables telles que les niveaux régionaux de PM2.5, le revenu annuel médian des ménages et le pourcentage de la population d'enfants exposés à la fumée de tabac secondaire (FTS) avec le nombre total d'admissions à l'hôpital pour asthme chez les enfants de moins de 13 ans par petite région (données de la base MED-ÉCHO: Maintenance et exploitation des données pour l'étude de la clientèle hospitalière), pour les années 2002 à 2011, avec des modèles binomiaux négatifs additifs généralisés. Pour le troisième objectif, nous avons mis en relation les émissions industrielles de PM2.5 et de SO2, ainsi que les autres variables environnementales et sociodémographiques mentionnées ci-dessus, avec le nombre annuel de nouveaux cas d'asthme chez les enfants âgés de <13 ans de la base de données SISMACQ (Système intégré de surveillance des maladies chroniques du Québec) pour les années 2002 à 2011, avec des modèles binomiaux négatifs à effets fixes (modèles statistiques pour les données de panel). Dans ces modèles, les niveaux régionaux de PM2.5 provienaient de données satellitaires, le revenu médian du recensement, la FTS d'une enquête pancanadienne et la pollution atmosphérique liée au trafic a été estimée avec les kilomètres de routes principales dans de petites zones. La revue systématique a montré que la moitié des études publiées sélectionnées utilisaient un devis d'étude transversal, que la proximité binaire écologique était la principale méthode d'exposition utilisée dans 15 des 36 articles, tandis que les résultats de l'asthme étaient divers mais principalement recueillis par questionnaires et à partir des services de santé. Les rapports de cotes (RC) combinés de la méta-analyse des études cas-croisés avec hospitalisation pour asthme et bronchiolite chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans étaient de 1.02 (IC95% : 0.96-1.08; I2 = 56%) par 10 ppb d'augmentation de la concentration moyenne quotidienne de SO2 ; pour les PM2,5, les RC combinés étaient de 1.02 (IC95% : 0.93-1.10; I2 = 56%) par 10 μg/m3 d'augmentation de la concentration moyenne quotidienne. Dans les études transversales sur la prévalence de l'asthme et la respiration sifflante chez les enfants, les RCs combinés, pour la proximité résidentielle à des industries étaient respectivement de 1.98 (IC95% : 0.87-3,09; I2 = 71%) et 1.33 (IC95% : 0.86-1.79; I2 = 65%). Les résultats des analyses écologiques spatiales et temporelles ont suggéré que les émissions industrielles de PM2.5 et de SO2 n'étaient pas liées à la morbidité liée à l'asthme. Le risque relatif (RR) pour les admissions à l'hôpital pour l'asthme selon le modèle spatial multivarié était de 1.0009, par augmentation d'une tonne de PM2.5 (95%IC : 0.9982-1.0037); le RR pour le SO2 par augmentation d'une tonne était de 0.9999 (95%IC: 0.9997-1.0001). En outre, le RR pour les nouveaux cas d'asthme chez les enfants à partir des modèles temporels multivariés était de 0.99 pour 1000 tonnes de SO2 (95%IC : 0.99-1.00) et également de 0.99 pour 100 tonnes de PM2.5 (95%CI : 0.98-1.00). Néanmoins, on a constaté une diminution de 3.29 % du taux de cas d’asthme (95%CI : 2.44-4.14) pour chaque diminution de 1 ug/m3 des niveaux régionaux de PM2.5. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les émissions industrielles de polluants atmosphériques ont une influence limitée sur la morbidité liée à l’'asthme. Ceci contraste avec ce à quoi on pourrait s'attendre sur la base de la littérature publiée qui fait état des effets de la pollution atmosphérique provenant de sources autres que les industries. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une meilleure évaluation de l'exposition et de meilleurs devis d'études devraient être adoptés dans les études futures pour évaluer l'association entre la morbidité liée à l'asthme et les émissions industrielles de polluants atmosphériques chez les enfants.
Asthma is a main chronic childhood disease. It has been associated with exposure to outdoor air pollutants from remote regional and traffic sources. Pollutant mixtures from industrial sources and their effects may not be the same as those from traffic and regional sources. Yet contrary to associations between pollutants from these sources and asthma in children, associations with community exposures to industrial air pollutant emissions have not been systematically assessed. Furthermore, although substantial reductions in industrial emissions of fine particles (PM2.5) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) have been noted in industrialized countries over the past decades, associations between the geographic and the temporal variations of industrial air pollutant emissions and the variation of asthma morbidity in children have been understudied. In this dissertation, we aimed to investigate the association between asthma morbidity and industrial air pollutant emissions in children. We first assessed the association between exposure to industrial air pollutant emissions and asthma in children based on available evidence. We then assessed the associations between the spatial and the temporal variations in industrial air pollutant emissions and the spatial and temporal variations in asthma morbidity in Québec. For the first objective, we searched bibliographic databases to identify studies on the association between children's exposure to air pollution from industrial point-sources and asthma-related outcomes, including: asthma, asthma-like symptoms, wheezing and bronchiolitis. Where possible, we performed random-effects meta-analyses of results. For the second and third objectives, we conducted spatial and temporal ecological analyses based on data for small geographic areas (n=1386) in the province of Québec. For the second objective, we related industrial emissions of PM2.5 and SO2 obtained from the National Pollutant Release Inventory and other variables such as regional levels of PM2.5, median annual household income and the percentage of the population of children exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) to the total count of asthma hospital admissions in children younger than 13 years of age per small area (data from the database MED-ÉCHO: Maintenance et exploitation des données pour l'étude de la clientèle hospitalière), for the years 2002 to 2011, with negative binomial General Additive Models. For the third objective, we related industrial emissions of PM2.5 and SO2, as well as other environmental and sociodemographic variables mentioned above, to the yearly numbers of asthma onset cases in children aged <13 years from the database QICDSS (Québec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance system) over the years 2002 to 2011, with fixed effects negative binomial models (statistical models for panel data). In these models, regional PM2.5 levels were from satellite data, the median income from the census, ETS was from a pan Canadian survey and traffic related air pollution was estimated with kilometers of major roads in small areas. The systematic review highlighted that half of the selected published studies used a cross sectional study design, ecological binary proximity was the main exposure method used in 15 out of 36 articles, while asthma outcomes were diverse but mainly collected by questionnaires and healthcare services. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) from the meta-analysis from case-crossover studies with hospitalisation for asthma and bronchiolitis in children younger than 5 years old was 1.02 (95%CI: 0.96-1.08; I2 = 56%) per 10 ppb increase in the daily mean concentration of SO2; for PM2.5, the pooled ORs was 1.02 (95%CI: 0.93-1.10; I2 = 56%) per 10 μg/m3 increase in the daily mean concentration. In cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of asthma and wheezing in children, pooled ORs in relation to residential proximity to industries were 1.98 (95%CI: 0.87-3.09; I2 =71%) and 1.33 (95%CI: 0.86-1.79; I2= 65%), respectively. Results of the spatial and temporal ecological analyses suggested that industrial emissions of PM2.5 and SO2 were not related to asthma morbidity. The relative risk (RR) for asthma hospital admissions from the multivariate spatial model was 1.0009, per increase of one ton of PM2.5 (95%CI: 0.9982-1.0037); the RR for SO2 per increase of one ton was 0.9999 (95%CI: 0.9997-1.0001). Additionally, the RR for new asthma onset cases in children from the multivariate temporal models were 0.99 per 1000 tons of SO2 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00) and also 0.99 per 100 tons of PM2.5 (95%CI: 0.98-1.00). Nonetheless, there was a 3.29% decrease in the rate of cases (95%CI: 2.44-4.14) per 1 ug/m3 decrease in the regional PM2.5 levels. Overall, our results suggest that industrial air pollutant emissions have limited influence on asthma morbidity. This is in contrast with what would be expected based on the published literature that report effects of air pollution from sources other than industries. The results suggest that better exposure assessment and better study designs should be adopted in future studies to assess the association between asthma morbidity and industrial air pollutant emissions in children.

碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所碩士在職專班
99
Dioxin is one of the most toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In recent years, many countries are investigating the concentrations and distributions of dioxin in the stack gas and wastes from nonferrous secondary metal smelting industries to understand its generation and distribution. With the above-mentioned information, they are able to make suggestions for the source reduction and process modification. This study aims to compare the characteristics of dioxin generation from secondary copper smelting industry with three different feedstock compositions, which are primarily composed of copper, copper scrap recycling in plant and copper scrap recycling plant outside. As for aluminum secondary metal smelting industry, the characteristics of dioxin formation with three feedstock compositions that mainly consists of aluminum cutting material, tire aluminum ring and aluminum scraps are investigated. Even if the feedstock ratios are different, the results indicate that the contributions of dioxin congeners in stack gas and waste are similar. Moreover, the international toxicity equivalency concentration contributed by the same species are close as well. 10-20% of the international toxicity equivalency concentration is from PCDD while the rest is attributed to PCDF. PCDF is the dominating species. The dominating species for PCDD and PCDF are 12378-PeCDDand 2378-TCDD, and 23478-PeCDF and 234678-HxCDF, respectively. Furthermore, the dioxin concentration from copper secondary metal smelting industry (2.92~12.4 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) is significantly higher than that from aluminum secondary metal smelting industry (0.14~0.25 ng I-TEQ/Nm3). For both industries, dioxin tends to accumulate on the particle surface because of its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, dioxin is mostly distributed in solid phase. While the particles in stack gas are collected by the air pollution control equipment, the dioxin concentration in solid phase decreases as well (0.13~0.40 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) and it meets the emission standard (1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm3). In contrast, PCDD/F concentrations based on toxic equivalent in fly ashes ranged from 0.466 to 28.8 ng I-TEQ/g. That is significantly higher than the standard for the hazardous industrial waste regulated by Taiwan EPA. Hence, how to properly dispose of highly dioxin contaminated fly ash remains a great concern.