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Статті в журналах з теми "Industrial steel storage rack"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Rafiqul Haque, A. B. M., and M. Shahria Alam. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of Industrial Rack Clad Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 4 (November 2013): 1311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/080611eqs195m.

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Анотація:

A rack clad building (RCB) is a type of warehouse building system built using steel storage racks as the seismic force resisting system. Generally, these rack systems are larger and taller compared to the conventional steel storage racks commonly used in warehouses. These buildings have peripheral racks that can support the claddings. These rack systems possess some unique properties, such as the members built using thin-walled perforated steel sections and the beam-to-column connection utilizing a teardrop connector in the down-aisle direction. Due to the pinched-type hysteretic behavior of these connections, the structure shows unique behavior under lateral loading. To date, very little research has been carried out to determine the seismic performance of an RCB. Current building codes have no provisions for designing a RCB against seismic loading. This study presents a direct displacement-based design (DDBD) procedure for designing these structures in the down-aisle direction.

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2

Riumin, V., Y. Solodovnik, and K. Riumina. "DETERMINATION OF BASE PLATE STIFFNESS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 171 (October 17, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-4-171-63-69.

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In recent trends the development of structural steel using cold formed steel section plays a vital role in main frame construction of portal frames. These frames find its use in the construction of economic industrial, agricultural and residential buildings due to its lightweight and robustness. With the major claims in comparison with hot rolled steel profiles, cold formed steel possesses low cost, highly versatile with standard design procedures. Among various structural designs, industrial storage racks are the most prominent structures constructed using cold formed steel. It has been widely incorporated with the rational space utilization in warehouses and factories for goods storage. These rack systems have been classified as static and dynamic types. The adjustable pallet rack was found to be the commonly used static system. It consists of transversal beams and column upright which is grounded with base plate connections. This system provides the stability in down aisle direction. The beams (stringers) have boxed cross-sections while columns (uprights) are open thin walled perforated to accept the tabs of beam end- connectors, which join beams and columns together without bolts or welds. This paper addresses the problem of determining the stiffness and strength of steel storage rack base plate assemblies. Base plate assemblies are usually bolted to an upright and to a concrete floor, and they are used to provide resistance against the flexural buckling of the upright and/or the overall down-aisle buckling of the frame. The semi-rigid stiffness is usually determined by means of a test of two pre-loaded uprights connected to a concrete block in a dual-actuator set-up. Guidance for conducting the test is provided in the European Standard EN 15512. However, several aspects of the test need clarification, notably the test set-up and the transducer arrangement for measuring the rotations of the base plate. Keywords: storage rack, base plate assembly, initial rotational stiffness.

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3

Neiva, Luiz, Juliane Aparecida Braz Starlino, Guilherme Elias, Arlene Maria Cunha Sarmanho, and Vinícius Nicchio Alves. "Industrial storage system continuous perforated uprights: a combined design proposal." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 2 (2022): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.2.204.

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Анотація:

Brazilian standards for design of cold-formed steel (ABNT NBR 14762:2010, 2010) and design of pallet racks (ABNT NBR 15524-2:2007, 2007) have different procedures to determine the strength of columns under axial compression, using different buckling curves. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of using cold-formed Brazilian standard buckling design curve instead of the formulations of the pallet-rack design standard to study the use viability of the equations in the calculation procedure for computing the uprights compressive strength. This strength was calculated in four ways: one using the original equations of pallet-rack Brazilian standard, and the other three using adaptations of the buckling curve from the cold-formed steel design standard. A theoretical and numerical procedure based on finite element analysis concerning local, global, and distortional buckling and imperfections was performed. Furthermore, experimental results were also consulted to determine the effective area of studied cross-sections considering the effects of local buckling and the presence of continuous perforations. The results show that the proposed modifications are consistently correlated to the results obtained using the original equations of ABNT NBR 15524, indicating the viability of using the buckling curve of ABNT NBR 14762.

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4

Sarawit, Andrew T., and Teoman Peköz. "Notional load method for industrial steel storage racks." Thin-Walled Structures 44, no. 12 (December 2006): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2007.01.003.

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5

Álvarez, Oscar, Nelson Maureira, Eduardo Nuñez, Frank Sanhueza, and Ángel Roco-Videla. "Numerical Study on Seismic Response of Steel Storage Racks with Roller Type Isolator." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010158.

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Анотація:

This research evaluates the effectiveness of using a roller-type base isolation device with tensile strength in reducing the dynamic response of industrial steel storage racks. These were subjected to a seismic input acting separately in both directions of the structure. The seismic record obtained from the earthquake that occurred in Llolleo, Chile, on 3 March 1985, was used as input. This earthquake was scaled in the frequency domain, adjusting its response spectrum to coincide with the design spectrum required by NCh2745. In the calculations of this spectrum, the most hazardous seismic zone (zone 3) and soft soil (soil III) that amplifies the effect of the low frequencies of the earthquake were considered. These frequencies are the ones that have the most affect on flexible structures such as high racks and systems with base isolation. Numerical time-history analyses were performed in fixed base racks and base isolation racks. In both cases, the models include semi-rigid connections with capacity for plastic deformation and energy dissipation. Parametric analyses were carried out considering the most relevant variables, using an algorithm programmed in MATLAB software. The maximum relative displacement, maximum basal shear load, and maximum absolute floor acceleration were considered as responses of interest. The results showed the effectiveness of using the base isolation device by reducing the absolute accelerations between approximately 75% and 90%, compared to the same fixed rack at its base. This makes it possible to reduce the vulnerability of the stored load to overturn under the action of a severe earthquake.

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6

Crosier, Jeff, Mark Hannah, and David Mukai. "Damage to steel storage racks in industrial buildings in the Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.425-428.

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Анотація:

On September 8, a team investigated damage to industrial structures in Christchurch due to the Darfield Earthquake. While there was very little damage to structures regardless of age and framing system, damage to steel storage racks varied from no damage to complete collapse. This paper reports on the observations about the damage to steel racks, reviews pertinent design standards, and makes some preliminary conclusions about the performance of steel storage racks in the Darfield earthquake.

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7

Jeon, Jong-Su, Hyoungsuk Choi, Youngdeuk Seo, Chunggil Kim, and Gwanghee Heo. "Seismic Performance of Steel Industrial Storage Racks Subjected to Korea Earthquakes." Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 22, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2018.22.3.149.

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8

Basaglia, Cilmar, and Dinar Camotim. "Buckling Analysis of Thin-Walled Steel Structural Systems Using Generalized Beam Theory (GBT)." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 15, no. 01 (January 2015): 1540004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455415400040.

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Анотація:

This paper deals with the application of beam finite element models based on generalized beam theory (GBT) to analyze the buckling behavior of four thin-walled steel structural systems, namely (i) beams belonging to storage rack systems, (ii) pitched-roof industrial frames, (iii) portal frames built from cold-formed rectangular hollow section (RHS) profiles and (iv) roof-supporting trusses, exhibiting different support conditions and subjected to various loadings. In particular, taking advantage of the GBT unique and structurally clarifying modal features, it is possible to assess how different geometries and/or bracing arrangements affect (improve) the local, distortional and/or global buckling behavior of the above structural systems. The accuracy of the GBT-based buckling results is assessed through the comparison with values yielded by rigorous shell finite element analyzes carried out in the code ANSYS. In spite of the disparity between the numbers of degrees of freedom involved, which are orders of magnitude apart, there is a virtual coincidence between the critical loads and mode shapes provided by the GBT (beam) and ANSYS (shell) finite element analyzes.

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9

Clifton, Charles, Michel Bruneau, Greg MacRae, Roberto Leon, and Alistair Fussell. "Steel structures damage from the Christchurch earthquake series of 2010 and 2011." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.297-318.

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This paper presents preliminary field observations on the performance of selected steel structures in Christchurch during the earthquake series of 2010 to 2011. This comprises 6 damaging earthquakes, on 4 September and 26 December 2010, February 22, June 6 and two on June 13, 2011. Most notable of these was the 4 September event, at Ms7.1 and MM7 (MM as observed in the Christchurch CBD) and most intense was the 22 February event at Ms6.3 and MM9-10 within the CBD. Focus is on performance of concentrically braced frames, eccentrically braced frames, moment resisting frames and industrial storage racks. With a few notable exceptions, steel structures performed well during this earthquake series, to the extent that inelastic deformations were less than what would have been expected given the severity of the recorded strong motions. Some hypotheses are formulated to explain this satisfactory performance.

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10

Freitas, A. M. S., M. S. R. Freitas, and F. T. Souza. "Analysis of steel storage rack columns." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 61, no. 8 (August 2005): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.02.004.

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11

Firouzianhaji, Ahmad, Nima Usefi, Bijan Samali, and Peyman Mehrabi. "Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041821.

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Анотація:

Full-scale shake table investigations are strongly required to understand the actual performance of storage racks and to improve the rack design guidelines. This paper presents the results of full-scale shake table tests on New Zealand standard storage rack frames with two-bay and two-level to determine the dynamic characteristics of a standard rack structure and to measure the damping of the system. The experimental program was conducted in three phases. First, the identification parameters including the natural frequency and damping of the system were determined through a series of preliminary tests. Then, shake table tests were performed to capture the inelastic response of rack frames under low to medium intensities of El-Centro ground motion. Finally, the shake-table tests were repeated with scaling down the time domain and broader ranges of ground motion intensities to consider the performance of taller rack systems. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the damping of the system is also provided based on the test results. The performance of the rack frame is described through an extensive set of measurements, including rack displacement, pallet sliding, the acceleration of a concrete block and rack frame and the damping of the system in the down-aisle direction. The results indicate that the standard rack frames are able to endure large inelastic deformations without loss of stability.

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12

Hancock, Gregory J. "Distortional Buckling of Steel Storage Rack Columns." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 12 (December 1985): 2770–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:12(2770).

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13

Shah, S. N. R., N. H. Ramli Sulong, R. Khan, M. Z. Jumaat, and M. Shariati. "Behavior of Industrial Steel Rack Connections." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 70-71 (March 2016): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.08.026.

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14

Filiatrault, Andre, Peter S. Higgins, Assawin Wanitkorkul, James A. Courtwright, and Robert Michael. "Experimental Seismic Response of Base Isolated Pallet-Type Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 3 (August 2008): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2942375.

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This paper presents the results of uniaxial and triaxial shake table tests performed on directly anchored and base isolated steel pallet storage racks loaded with simulated and real merchandise. The new base isolation system provides seismic isolation in the cross-aisle direction of a rack only, while providing similar restraints as conventional bolted base plates in the down-aisle direction. The objective of the isolation in the cross-aisle direction is to reduce the horizontal accelerations of the rack in order to reduce content spillage and structural damage during a major seismic event, without interfering with normal material handling operations. Base isolation is not provided in the down-aisle direction since the range of down-aisle natural periods of typical rack structures is already similar to that of typical base isolated structures. The results of the seismic tests clearly demonstrated the improved structural performance of rack structures incorporating the new cross-aisle base isolation system. Cross-aisle absolute accelerations and interstory drifts of the base isolated rack structure were reduced considerably compared to the values measured in the same rack conventionally anchored at its base. The base isolation system also had an effect in reducing the down-aisle accelerations. The base isolated racks met the performance objectives recommended in the FEMA 460 document “Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Public” both for life safety under the Design Earthquake (DE) and for collapse prevention under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE).

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15

Casafont, Miquel, Francesc Roure, Magdalena Pastor, Jordi Bonada, and Teoman Peköz. "Distortional buckling test for steel storage rack columns." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 166, no. 8 (September 2013): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.12.00055.

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16

RASMUSSEN, K. J. R., and B. P. GILBERT. "ANALYSIS-BASED 2D DESIGN OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 05 (October 2011): 929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004403.

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The paper presents a study of the capacities of steel rack frames based on linear analysis (LA), geometric nonlinear analysis (GNA), and geometric and material nonlinear analysis (GMNIA). In the case of linear and geometric nonlinear analyses, the design is carried out to the Australian cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS4600. The study includes braced, unbraced, and semi-braced frames, and compact and noncompact cross sections. The paper shows axial force and bending moment paths for geometric and geometric and material nonlinear analyses, and explains the differences observed in the design capacities obtained using the different types of analysis based on these paths. The paper provides evidence to support the use of advanced GMNIA for the direct design of steel rack frames without the need for checking section or member capacities to a structural design standard.

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17

Yu, Shao Feng, and Yao Ge. "Stability Study on Perforated Columns in Steel Storage Racks under Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.889.

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Steel storage rack structures have always been the mainly used type of those cold-formed thin-walled steel elements. Recently, it becomes more important to study its stability and bearing capacity. This paper selects a typical type of rack column-channel column and performs lots of analyzing work about overall buckling, local buckling and distortional buckling of perforated columns with different openings by using the finite element method.

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18

Deng, Tianyang, Yu Niu, Lingfeng Yin, Zhiqiang Lin, and Zhanjie Li. "Load Distribution Optimization of Steel Storage Rack Based on Genetic Algorithm." Buildings 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111782.

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The distribution of load has high uncertainty, which is the main cause of a rack structure’s instabilities. The objective of this study was to identify the most unfavorable and favorable load distributions on steel storage racks with and without bracings under seismic loading through a stochastic optimization—a genetic algorithm (GA). This paper begins with optimizing the most unfavorable and favorable load distributions on the steel storage racks with and without bracings using GA. Based on the optimization results, the failure position and seismic performance influencing factors, such as the load distributions on the racks and at hazardous positions, are then identified. In addition, it is demonstrated that the maximum stress ratio of the uprights under the most unfavorable load distribution is higher than that under the full-load normal design, and it is not the case that the higher the center of gravity the more dangerous the steel storage rack is, demonstrating that the load distribution pattern has a significant impact on the structural safety of steel storage racks. The statistics of the distributions of the load generated during the optimization of the GA and the contours of the probability distributions of the load are generated. Combining the probability distribution contours and the GA’s optimization findings, the “convex” distribution hazard model and the “concave” distribution safety model for a steel storage rack with bracings are identified. In addition, the features of the distribution hazard model and the load distribution safety model are also identified for steel storage racks without bracings.

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19

Sideris, Petros, Andre Filiatrault, Martin Leclerc, and Robert Tremblay. "Experimental Investigation on the Seismic Behavior of Palletized Merchandise in Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3283389.

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The seismic hazard associated with failure of storage racks in retail facilities open to public depends on the behavior of the rack frames and the response of stored merchandise. In this study, the seismic behavior of palletized merchandise stored on shelves of pallet-type steel storage racks is investigated and the concept of incorporating slightly inclined shelving is proposed as a measure for mitigating merchandise shedding. Pull tests and shake table tests are conducted. The main objective of the pull tests is to investigate the frictional behavior at the interface between loaded pallets and rack shelves. The major objective of the shake table tests is to characterize the dynamic response of the palletized merchandise under earthquake excitation imposed at the base of rack structures, and determine experimentally the pallet shedding fragility under an ensemble of ground excitations representative of the seismicity of the Western United States. The combination of wooden pallets and shelves with wire decking of waterfall type, typical of many rack installations, is considered. The results of the pull tests indicate that the frictional coefficient at the pallet-to-shelf interface varies between 0.37 and 0.45 for a range of loads between 0.55 kN and 13.00 kN. From the results of the shake table tests, the concept of inclined shelving appears to be very effective. An inclination of only 3.5° reduced the observed seismic merchandise shedding fragility to zero for the ground excitations considered.

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20

Zhao, Xianzhong, Tuo Wang, Yiyi Chen, and K. S. Sivakumaran. "Flexural behavior of steel storage rack beam-to-upright connections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 99 (August 2014): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.04.007.

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21

Shaker, Fattouh M. F., Zekriat Mamdooh, Ahmed Deifalla, and Mohamed M. Yehia. "Experimental Investigations of the Behavior of Stiffened Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Sections Subjected to Axial Compression." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060812.

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Анотація:

Cold-formed steel sections are becoming popular for different steel structures, because they have a high resistance against different straining actions, with a minimal weight compared with hard steel sections. Recently, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections have been used in many applications, such as perforated upright storage racks. Experimental research into the behavior of steel storage rack uprights subjected to axial compression is presented in this paper. First, tensile tests determined the material qualities of the cold-formed steel uprights. Then, seventeen perforated specimens were examined under axial compression, with five different cross-sections, three different web heights and thicknesses, and varying lengths. The study’s goals were to find out how perforations affect the performance and failure mode of steel storage rack uprights, to discuss the interaction of distortional and global buckling, and to verify the accuracy of using the direct strength method (DSM) for predicting the ultimate strength before failure in buckling interactions for perforated uprights. It was found that the failure modes of perforated specimens with stiffeners generally cannot be well predicted using the direct strength method. However, when the modifications proposed by Xianzhong Zhao et al. are used, the accuracy is acceptable.

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22

Cheng, Bo, and Zhen Yu Wu. "Experimental Study on Lateral Stiffness and Dynamic Properties of Steel Drive-in Storage Racks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.730.

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The static and free vibration tests were carried out to investigate the initial lateral stiffness and dynamic properties of steel drive-in storage racks. The bracing configuration and friction between pallets and rail beams were taken into consideration. The static test results indicate that the tested storage racks show sideways and torsional deformation modes under the single-point horizontal force. Both top plan bracings and back spine bracings can change the load transfer through the rack framework, strengthen the initial lateral stiffness of racks, but only back spine bracings can affect the natural frequency and damping ratio of racks. The friction force between pallets and rail beams makes pallets act as links to connect adjacent rack columns, so the pallets are beneficial factors to increase the lateral stiffness of storage racks. Compared with unload racks, the natural frequencies of loaded racks are smaller.

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23

Casafont, Miquel, Maria Magdalena Pastor, Francesc Roure, Jordi Bonada, and Teoman Peköz. "Design of Steel Storage Rack Columns via the Direct Strength Method." Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 5 (May 2013): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000620.

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24

Casafont, Miquel, Maria Magdalena Pastor, Francesc Roure, and Teoman Peköz. "An experimental investigation of distortional buckling of steel storage rack columns." Thin-Walled Structures 49, no. 8 (August 2011): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.03.016.

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25

Trouncer, A. N., and K. J. R. Rasmussen. "Flexural–torsional buckling of ultra light-gauge steel storage rack uprights." Thin-Walled Structures 81 (August 2014): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.10.001.

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26

Bernuzzi, Claudio. "European and United States approaches for steel storage pallet rack design." Thin-Walled Structures 97 (December 2015): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.08.012.

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27

Dai, Liusi, Xianzhong Zhao, and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Flexural behaviour of steel storage rack beam-to-upright bolted connections." Thin-Walled Structures 124 (March 2018): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.12.010.

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28

Trouncer, A. N., and K. J. R. Rasmussen. "Ultra-light gauge steel storage rack frames. Part 1: Experimental investigations." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 124 (September 2016): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.05.014.

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29

Zhao, Xianzhong, Liusi Dai, and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Hysteretic behaviour of steel storage rack beam-to-upright boltless connections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 144 (May 2018): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.01.006.

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30

Dai, Liusi, Xianzhong Zhao, and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Cyclic performance of steel storage rack beam-to-upright bolted connections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 148 (September 2018): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.012.

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31

Gilbert, Benoit P., Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Nadia Baldassino, Tito Cudini, and Leo Rovere. "Determining the transverse shear stiffness of steel storage rack upright frames." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 78 (November 2012): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.06.012.

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32

Filiatrault, Andre, Peter S. Higgins, Assawin Wanitkorkul, and James Courtwright. "Experimental Stiffness of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Rack Tier Drop Connectors." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 12, no. 4 (November 2007): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2007)12:4(210).

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33

Connor, Ian. "Performance of steel storage racks in the Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.2.61-70.

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The author inspected 18 racking installations at various food storage facilities in Christchurch for damage from the 4th September 2010 Darfield Earthquake. The type of racking installations and damage suffered are listed with some photographs of specific damage. The damage ranged from minor to complete collapse with large product loss. Although inspection access was limited, the collapse mechanism for racking installations is assessed and suggested. The damage inspected indicated some variation in the application of design approaches and potential areas where the behaviour of rack structures may not have been fully understood during design. General conclusions are drawn from the damage inspections, and suggestions offered for the refinement and improvement of racking design approaches.

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Talebian, Nima, Benoit P. Gilbert, Dane Miller, and Hassan Karampour. "Biaxial bending design of solid steel storage rack uprights in global buckling." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 196 (September 2022): 107395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107395.

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Talebian, Nima, Benoit P. Gilbert, Nadia Baldassino, and Hong Guan. "Finite Element Modeling of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Upright Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.251.

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Steel storage racks, commonly assembled from cold-formed steel profiles, are braced in the cross-aisle direction, where bracing members are typically bolted between two uprights forming an “upright frame”. Especially for high-bay racks and racks supporting the building enclosure, accurately determining the transverse shear stiffness of upright frames is essential in calculating the elastic buckling load, performing earthquake design and serviceability checks. International racking specifications recommend different approaches to evaluate the said transverse shear stiffness. The Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI) Specification conservatively uses an analytical solution based on Timoshenko and Gere's theory while the European (EN15512) and Australian (AS4084) Specifications recommend testing to be conducted. Previous studies have shown that Finite Element Analyses (FEA), solely using beam elements, fail to reproduce experimental test results and may overestimate the transverse shear stiffness by a factor up to 25. This discrepancy is likely attributed to the local deformations occurring at the bolted joints. In this paper, a commercially used upright frame configuration has been modeled using shell elements in FEA and the response is verified against published experimental test results. A good correlation is found between the FEA and test results, concluding that shell elements are able to fully capture the behaviour of the upright frame. Future studies on the use of the FE model are also presented.

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Zhao, Xianzhong, Chong Ren, and Ru Qin. "An experimental investigation into perforated and non-perforated steel storage rack uprights." Thin-Walled Structures 112 (March 2017): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.11.016.

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El Kadi, Bassel, and G. Kiymaz. "Behavior and design of perforated steel storage rack columns under axial compression." Steel and Composite Structures 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2015): 1259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.5.1259.

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El Kadi, Bassel, Cumhur Cosgun, Atakan Mangir, and Guven Kiymaz. "Strength upgrading of steel storage rack frames in the down-aisle direction." Steel and Composite Structures 23, no. 2 (February 10, 2017): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.2.143.

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Filiatrault, André, Peter S. Higgins, and Assawin Wanitkorkul. "Experimental Stiffness and Seismic Response of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Rack Connectors." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 11, no. 3 (August 2006): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2006)11:3(161).

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Zakian, Pooya, Behnam Ordoubadi, and Erfan Alavi. "Optimal design of steel pipe rack structures using PSO, GWO, and IGWO algorithms." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 11 (March 27, 2021): 2529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211004116.

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Design optimization of industrial structures is of great importance for engineers in order to provide a cost-effective structural design. Meanwhile, pipe rack is a skeletal industrial structure subjected to various types of loading such as gravity, seismic, piping, and thermal forces. While there are many studies on design optimization of the most common structures, only a limited number of studies exist on optimal design of industrial structures. In this article, a design optimization problem is proposed for weight minimization of steel pipe rack structures, and then the problem is solved through three meta-heuristic algorithms consisting of a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and the recently developed improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO). The optimization problem is in discrete form in order to consider practically available cross-sections for the structural members. Stress ratio, drift, and dimensional constraints are imposed during the optimization. In order to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the present design optimization problem, a pipe rack structure is optimized by the proposed algorithms, and the optimized designs are compared to an ordinary design in terms of the structural weight and the status of constraints.

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Lee, Yeong Huei, Cher Siang Tan, Shahrin Mohammad, Mahmood Md Tahir, and Poi Ngian Shek. "Review on Cold-Formed Steel Connections." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/951216.

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The concept of cold-formed light steel framing construction has been widespread after understanding its structural characteristics with massive research works over the years. Connection serves as one of the important elements for light steel framing in order to achieve its structural stability. Compared to hot-rolled steel sections, cold-formed steel connections perform dissimilarity due to the thin-walled behaviour. This paper aims to review current researches on cold-formed steel connections, particularly for screw connections, storage rack connections, welded connections, and bolted connections. The performance of these connections in the design of cold-formed steel structures is discussed.

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Ren, Chong, Peng Zhang, Shen Yan, and Liusi Dai. "Analysis and design of cold-formed steel storage rack uprights under localised fires." Structures 27 (October 2020): 2082–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.08.022.

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Talebian, Nima, Benoit P. Gilbert, Cao Hung Pham, Romain Chariere, and Hassan Karampour. "Local and Distortional Biaxial Bending Capacities of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Uprights." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 6 (June 2018): 04018062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002029.

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Bernuzzi, Claudio, Claudia Pellegrino, and Marco Simoncelli. "Characterization of Existing Steel Racks via Dynamic Identification." Buildings 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120603.

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Steel storage racks are widely used in logistics for storing materials and goods. Rack design is carried out by adopting the so-called design-assisted-by-testing procedure. In particular, experimental analyses must be carried out by rack producers on the key structural components in order to adopt the design approach proposed for the more traditional carpentry frames. For existing racks, i.e., those in-service for decades, it is required to evaluate the load carrying capacity in accordance with the design provisions currently in use. The main problem in several cases should be the appraisal of the key component performance, owing to the impossibility to obtain specimens from in-service racks without reduction or interruption of the logistic flows. To overcome this problem, a quite innovative procedure for the identification of the structural unknowns of existing racks has been proposed in the paper. The method is based on in-situ modal identification tests combined with extensive numerical analyses. To develop the procedure, cheap measurement systems are required, and they could be immediately applied to existing racks. A real case study is discussed, showing the efficiency of the procedure in the evaluation of the effective elastic stiffness of beam-to-column joints and base plate connections, that are parameters which remarkably affect the rack performance. The structural unknowns have been determined based on four sets of modal tests (two configurations on the longitudinal direction and two in the transversal direction) plus 9079 iterative structural analyses. The results obtained were then directly compared with experimental component tests, showing differences lower than 9%.

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Uma, S. R., and Graeme Beattie. "Observed performance of industrial pallet rack storage systems in the Canterbury earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.388-393.

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In Christchurch, the industrial sectors with storage facilities incurred heavy economic loss due to the collapse of pallet rack systems and loss of contents during the recent the Darfield (2010) and Lyttleton (2011) earthquakes. The failure of such systems could be attributed to various reasons including inadequate design, inappropriate operational conditions, improper installation and lack of maintenance. This paper describes possible sources of damage in pallet racks due to earthquake action, which eventually could trigger the collapse failure mode of the storage system during a severe aftershock. Various racking manufacturers and retail owners were consulted to establish the pre-event condition and loading of the systems and the response of the systems in both ‘publicly accessible’ and ‘industrial’ situations. Investigations by the authors highlighted an apparent lack of consistent national control over the design and construction of racking systems. Progress towards the publication of a revised and extended Design Guide is also described.

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Egorova, Marina, Lyubov Puzanova, Lyudmila Smirnova, and Elena Leonteva. "Changes in the technological properties of sugar beet root crops during industrial storage in ventilated piles." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700078.

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When storing sugar beets in natural conditions, transformations of the chemical composition occur in it, leading to the accumulation of non-sugars, which reduces the processing efficiency and sugar yield. The use of the technology of forced ventilation of the air environment of the kagats is aimed at reducing the negative impact of the ongoing processes. This study presents the results of changes in the technological properties of sugar beets during industrial storage of two types: in a ventilated rack, in a rack without ventilation. It was shown that forced ventilation of the air in the stagger led to slower development of diseases of root crops with stag rot, the processes proceeded 2 times slower. Changes in the chemical composition of sugar beets after 45 and 60 days of storage are shown. When sugar beets were stored in a ventilated stagger for 60 days, the daily decrease in sugar content was 1.6 times lower than when stored in a staggered rack without ventilation; the increase in the content of reducing substances is 3.5 times lower, α-amino nitrogen, potassium, sodium - on average 1.2 times lower. The calculated sugar yield for the storage conditions of sugar beets in a ventilated trough was 1.1 times higher than when stored in a trough without ventilation. It has been established that the creation of more favorable conditions for the air environment of the sugar beet pile through forced ventilation reduces the intensity of natural biochemical and microbiological processes in root crops, extends the shelf life of their technological properties, and ensures the economic efficiency of sugar production.

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Taheri, Ehsan, Ahmad Firouzianhaji, Nima Usefi, Peyman Mehrabi, Hamid Ronagh, and Bijan Samali. "Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Profiles under Compression Loads." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 5085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235085.

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Cold-formed steel (CFS) storage rack structures are extensively used in various industries to store products in safe and secure warehouses before distribution to the market. Thin-walled open profiles that are typically used in storage rack structures are prone to loss of stability due to different buckling modes such as local, distortional, torsional and flexural, or any interaction between these modes. In this paper, an efficient way of increasing ultimate capacity of upright frames under compression load is proposed using bolts and spacers which are added externally to the section with certain pitches along the height. Hereinto, experimental tests on 81 upright frames with different thicknesses and different heights were conducted, and the effect of employing reinforcement strategies was examined through the failure mode and ultimate load results. Non-linear finite element analyses were also performed to investigate the effect of different reinforcement spacing on the upright performance. The results showed that the reinforcement method could restrain upright flange and consequently increase the distortional strength of the upright profiles. This method can also be effective for any other light gauged steel open section with perforation. It was also observed that the reinforcement approach is much more useful for short length upright frames compared to the taller frames.

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Casafont, Miquel, Magdalena Pastor, Jordi Bonada, Francesc Roure, and Teoman Peköz. "Linear buckling analysis of perforated steel storage rack columns with the Finite Strip Method." Thin-Walled Structures 61 (December 2012): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.07.010.

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Lyu, Zhi-Jun, Qi Lu, YiMing Song, Qian Xiang, and Guanghui Yang. "Data-Driven Decision-Making in the Design Optimization of Thin-Walled Steel Perforated Sections: A Case Study." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6326049.

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The rack columns have so distinctive characteristics in their design, which have regular perforations to facilitate installation of the rack system that it is more difficult to be analyzed with traditional cold-formed steel structures design theory or standards. The emergence of industrial “big-data” has created better innovative thinking for those working in various fields including science, engineering, and business. The main contribution of this paper lies in that, with engineering data from finite element simulation and physical test, a novel data-driven model (DDM) using artificial neural network technology is proposed for optimization design of thin-walled steel specific perforated members. The data-driven model based on machine learning is able to provide a more effective help for decision-making of innovative design in steel members. The results of the case study indicate that compared with the traditional finite element simulation and physical test, the DDM for the solving the hard problem of complicated steel perforated column design seems to be very promising.

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Roure, Francesc, Teoman Peköz, M. Rosa Somalo, Jordi Bonada, M. Magdalena Pastor, and Amadeu Segura. "Cross-aisle stiffness analysis of industrial welded cold-formed steel rack upright frames." Thin-Walled Structures 141 (August 2019): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.041.

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