Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Indochinese cycle"

Abstract. The inventory of NOx emission from international shipping has been evaluated by comparing NO2 tropospheric columns derived from the satellite instruments SCIAMACHY (January 2003 to February 2008), GOME (January 1996 to June 2003), and GOME-2 (March 2007 to February 2008) to NO2 columns calculated with the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1 (January 2000 to October 2005). For both measurements and model consistently the tropospheric excess method was used to obtain mean NO2 columns over the shipping lane from India to Indonesia, and over two ship free regions, the Bay of Bengal and the central Indian Ocean. The long-term data set from SCIAMACHY yields the first monthly analysis of ship induced NO2 enhancements in the Indian Ocean. Comparison of data from the three instruments and in addition OMI reveals differences between the datasets which are discussed with respect to the diurnal cycle of NO2 and the increase in shipping traffic over the time period studied. In general, the model simulates the differences between the regions affected by ship pollution and ship free regions reasonably well. Minor discrepancies between model results and satellite data were identified during biomass burning seasons in March to May over India and the Indochinese Peninsula and August to October over Indonesia. We conclude that the NOx ship emission inventory used in this study is a good approximation of NOx ship emissions in the Indian Ocean for the years 2002 to 2007. It assumes that around 6 Tg(N) yr−1 are emitted by international shipping globally, resulting in 90 Gg(N) yr−1 in the region of interest when using Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER) as spatial proxy. A second model run using lower ship emissions estimates of 3–4 Tg(N) yr−1 globally results in poorer agreement with the satellite data.

Abstract. This paper investigates the acetone variability in the upper troposphere (UT) as sampled during the CARIBIC airborne experiment and simulated by the LMDz-INCA global chemistry climate model. The aim is to (1) describe spatial distribution and temporal variability of acetone; (2) define observation-based constraints to improve tropospheric modelling of the acetone; and (3) investigate the representativeness of the observational data set. According to the model results, South Asia (including part of the Indian Ocean, all India, China, and Indochinese peninsula) and Europe are net source regions of acetone, where near 25% of North Hemispheric (NH) primary emissions and 40% of the NH chemical production of acetone take place. The impact of these net source regions on continental upper tropospheric acetone is studied by analysing CARIBIC observations of 2006 and 2007 when most flight routes stretch between Frankfurt, Germany, and Manila, Philippines, and by focussing over 3 sub-regions where acetone variability is strong: Europe-Mediterranean, Central South China and South China Sea. Acetone volume mixing ratio (vmr) in UT varies with the season, increasing from winter to summer by a factor 2 to 4. Spatial variability is also important, as acetone vmr may vary in summer by more than 1000 pptv within only 5 latitude-longitude degrees, and standard deviation on measurements acquired during a short flight sequence over a sub-region may reach 40%. 200 pptv difference may also be observed between successive inbound and outbound flights over the same sub-region, due to different flight specifications (trajectory in relation to plume, time for insulation). A satisfactory agreement for the abundance of acetone is found between model results and observations, with e.g. only 30% over-estimation of the annual average over Central-South China and the South China Sea (between 450 and 600 pptv), and an under-estimation by less than 20% over Europe Mediterranean (around 800 pptv). Consequently, annual budget terms could be computed with LMDz-INCA, yielding a global atmospheric burden of 7.2 Tg acetone, and a 127 Tg yr−1 global source/sink strength. Moreover the study shows that LMDz-INCA can reproduce the impact of summer convection over China when boundary layer compounds are lifted to cruise altitude of 10–11 km and higher. The consequent enhancement of acetone vmr during summer is reproduced by LMDz-INCA, to reach agreement on observed maximum of 970 ± 400 pptv (average during each flight sequence over the defined zone ± standard deviation). The summer enhancement of acetone is characterized by a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity, showing the necessity to increase the airborne measurement frequency over Central-South China and the South China Sea in August and September, when the annual maximum is expected (daily average model values reaching potentially 2000 pptv). In contrary the annual cycle in the UT over Europe-Mediterranean is not reproduced by LMDz-INCA, and in particular the observed summer enhancement of acetone to 1400 ± 400 pptv after long-range transport of free tropospheric air masses over North Atlantic Ocean. Confirmed agreement on the acetone annual cycle at surface level indicates misrepresentation of simulated transport of primary acetone or biased spatial distribution of acetone sinks and secondary sources.

Abstract. This paper investigates the acetone variability in the upper troposphere (UT) as sampled during the CARIBIC airborne experiment and simulated by the LMDz-INCA global chemistry climate model. The aim is to (1) describe spatial distribution and temporal variability of acetone; (2) propose benchmarks deduced from the observed data set; and (3) investigate the representativeness of the observational data set. According to the model results, South Asia (including part of the Indian Ocean, all of India, China, and the Indochinese peninsula) and Europe (including Mediterranean Sea) are net source regions of acetone, where nearly 25 % of North Hemispheric (NH) primary emissions and nearly 40 % of the NH chemical production of acetone take place. The impact of these net source regions on continental upper tropospheric acetone is studied by analysing CARIBIC observations of 2006 and 2007 when most flight routes stretched between Frankfurt (Germany) and Manila (Philippines), and by focussing over 3 sub-regions where acetone variability is strong: Europe-Mediterranean, Central South China and South China Sea. Important spatial variability was observed over different scales: (1) east-west positive gradient of annually averaged acetone vmr in UT over the Eurasian continent, namely a factor two increase from east to west; (2) ocean/continent contrast with 50 % enhancement over the continents; (3) the acetone volume mixing ration (vmr) may vary in summer by more than 1000 pptv within only 5 latitude-longitude degrees; (4) the standard deviation for measurements acquired during a short flight sequence over a sub-region may reach 40 %. Temporal variability is also important: (1) the acetone volume mixing ratio (vmr) in the UT varies with the season, increasing from winter to summer by a factor 2 to 4; (2) a difference as large as 200 pptv may be observed between successive inbound and outbound flights over the same sub-region due to different flight specifications (trajectory in relation to the plume, time of day). A satisfactory agreement for the abundance of acetone is found between model results and observations, with e.g. only 30 % overestimation of the annual average over Central-South China and the South China Sea (between 450 and 600 pptv), and an underestimation by less than 20 % over Europe-Mediterranean (around 800 pptv). Consequently, annual budget terms could be computed with LMDz-INCA, yielding a global atmospheric burden of 7.2 Tg acetone, a 127 Tg yr−1 global source/sink strength, and a 21-day mean residence time. Moreover the study shows that LMDz-INCA can reproduce the impact of summer convection over China when boundary layer compounds are lifted to cruise altitude of 10–11 km and higher. The consequent enhancement of acetone vmr during summer is reproduced by LMDz-INCA, to reach agreement on an observed maximum of 970 ± 400 pptv (average during each flight sequence over the defined zone ± standard deviation). The summer enhancement of acetone is characterized by a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity, showing the necessity to increase the airborne measurement frequency over Central-South China and the South China Sea in August and September, when the annual maximum is expected (daily average model values reaching potentially 3000 pptv). In contrast, the annual cycle in the UT over Europe-Mediterranean is not reproduced by LMDz-INCA, in particular the observed summer enhancement of acetone to 1400 ± 400 pptv after long-range transport of free tropospheric air masses over North Atlantic Ocean is not reproduced. In view of the agreement on the acetone annual cycle at surface level, this disagreement in UT over Europe indicates misrepresentation of simulated transport of primary acetone or biased spatial distribution of acetone chemical sinks and secondary sources. The sink and source budget in long-range transported free tropospheric air masses may be studied by analysing atmospheric chemical composition observed by CARIBIC in summer flights between North America and Europe.

Cette recherche ethnocritique vise à appréhender la poétique culturelle à l’œuvre dans le cycle indochinois de Marguerite Duras. Composé d’Un barrage contre le Pacifique (1950), L’Eden Cinéma (1977), L’Amant (1984) et L’Amant de la Chine du Nord (1991), le corpus reprend le fil narratif « autobiographique » de l’enfance coloniale par la réminiscence des mêmes thèmes et motifs constamment retravaillés. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’interroger l’expression d’une culture plurielle : les questions de pratiques culturelles, de polyphonie langagière, de dialogisme culturel, d’intertextualité et d’interpénétration des cultures dans l’œuvre de Marguerite Duras paraissent fondamentales pour saisir les enjeux de l’écriture durassienne. Par ailleurs, en s’appuyant sur une herméneutique culturelle du récit, notre thèse propose de pénétrer les systèmes symboliques des textes de manière à mettre en lumière la structure rituelle sous-jacente des récits durassiens. À notre sens, les personnages durassiens et leurs trajectoires sont indissociables de la notion d’initiation. Plus encore, nous posons pour hypothèse que les enjeux initiatiques concernent également la narratrice (projection fictionnelle de l’autrice) et la traversée créative de l’autrice réelle/historique. Analyser les continuums et les belligérances entre les traits caractéristiques de l’oralité (et donc de la corporalité) et ceux de la littératie nous amène par conséquent à porter un regard autre sur le processus de création
This ethnocritic research aims at exploring the cultural poetry existing within Marguerite Duras’ Indochinese cycle. Our text corpus is composed of Un Barrage contre le Pacifique (1950), L’Eden Cinéma (1977), L’Amant (1984) and L’Amant de la Chine du Nord (1991), and follows the « autobiographical » narrative path of Duras’colonial childhood through the reminicence of constantly reworked themes and patterns. The purpose of our work is to question the expression of a pluralistic culture. Cultural practices, language polyphonies, cultural dialogics, intertextualities and interpenetrations between diverse cultures are fundamental issues to understand Duras’ writings. Furthermore, my thesis is based on a cultural hermeneutic approach, so as to grasp the symbolic systems of the texts and by that means shine a light on the ritual structure of the narration. According to our perspective, Duras’ characters and their trajectories are intimately connected to the notion of initiation. What’s more, this essay argues that initatory issuues impacts the narrator (as a fictional projection of the author) as well as her real and historical creative journey. Analyzincontinua and belligerences between literacy and orality (and thus corporeality) eventualy leads to a better understanding of the creative process

Cette étude concernant six romans, intitulés "La nuit indochinoise" de Jean Hougron, développée autour de quelques thèmes de la tradition littéraire de l'exotisme et du colonialisme, se propose d'examiner le rapport entre l'image littéraire et des français d'Indochine pendant la fin de la colonisation, et leur contribution à la compréhension mutuelle entre Français et Indochinois. Du rêve au quotidien. Ayant échoué, étant dépersonnalisés par un environnement malsain, des aventuriers se résignent à vivre en exil. Certains s'adaptent à l'Indochine, considérée comme leur deuxième pays. Entre eux, ce sont des frères ennemis, entoures de rivalités, divisions, régionalisme, racisme. Leurs relations avec les colonisés sont particulièrement connues à travers les couples mariés ou concubins de Français et de femmes indigènes, unis d'un amour éphémère ; d'ou le problème des métis abandonnés par leur père. Face aux insurrections indochinoises. Les Français d'Indochine se font l'écho d'un certain discours métropolitain du néocolonialisme, double de l'anticommunisme, justifient le retour français, avec le concours d'un nouveau type de colon. Ils considèrent la guerre d'indépendance comme une rébellion. Sous informés, ils identifient les combattants Viets à des bandes de pirates. C'est seulement la défaite française qui les fait admettre la faillite du système colonial. Conclusion. Nous avons montré : la continuité de la formation des images stéréotypées, négatives concernant tant Français qu'Indochinois. Leur compréhension mutuelle en souffre. Les connaissances des Français sur l'Indochine ne sont guère renouvelées. Un anticolonialisme fébrile dissimule une certaine vision coloniale des Français nostalgiques de la perte de l'empire
This investigation of Jean Hougron's series "La nuit indochinoise" established round themes from the literary tradition of exoticism and colonialism, conveys the connection between literary representation and French colonial reality in Indochina at the end of colonization and leads to estimations for their contribution to the mutual comprehension between the French and the Indochinese. Dream and reality. Stranded in dochine, depersonalized by a depraved environment, some French adventurers endured an exiled life. Others liked the Indochinese way of life. French colonials treated each other as brother-enemies, surrounded by rivalries, divisions, racism and regionalism. The relationship between the French and the autochthons was particularly seen through the married or concubinary couples of Frenchmen and native women, united in ephemeral love. This raised the problem of the French Indochinese metis abandoned by his father. Face to nationalist insurrections. A metropolitan notion of neo-colonialism, motived by anticommunism justified the return of a new type colonial into Indochina and who considered the war of independence in Vietnam as a rebellion. From incorrect information, French colonials took the Vietminh for pirates, only French defeat compelled them to recognize colonial failure. Conclusion. We showed: the continuous production of the stereotyped, negatives images of French colonist and the Indochinese, their mutual comprehension having made no progress, French knowledge about Indochina unimproved; a feverish anticolonialism and a certain colonial vision of French regret at the loss of the colonial empire