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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

CHAKRABARTY, D. K., and S. K. PESHIN. "Latest seasonal trend of aerosol, particulate matter and ozone in Delhi." MAUSAM 67, no. 3 (December 8, 2021): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i3.1380.

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In this work, latest seasonal variation of aerosol, particulate matter and ozone in Delhi has been studied. Observations show that during winter, concentration of surface O3 is low and that of PM2.5 and PM10 is high. Aerosol size and aerosol content increases during winter. Decrease in surface ozone is explainable by gas phase and heterogeneous chemistry. An interesting feature is, along with surface ozone, total ozone also shows a low value during winter. This is a characteristic of ozone in Indo-Gangetic plain. Indo-Gangetic plain is covered by mild to heavy fog during most of the days in winter. It is possible that increase in size and content of aerosol and PM particles coupled with low temperature, low solar flux and high humidity is the cause of fog formation during winter in Indo-Gangetic plain.

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2

Tripathi, S. N., A. Pattnaik, and Sagnik Dey. "Aerosol indirect effect over Indo-Gangetic plain." Atmospheric Environment 41, no. 33 (October 2007): 7037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.007.

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3

Mamta, J. N. Shrivastava, G. P. Satsangi, and Ranjit Kumar. "Assessment of bioaerosol pollution over Indo-Gangetic plain." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 8 (November 9, 2014): 6004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3776-9.

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4

Srivastava, S. "MOPITT total column CO over the Indian Subcontinent: Spatial variability and long term trend." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-323-2014.

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Total column carbon monoxide (CO) concentration obtained from MOPITT (Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere) have been analyzed over the Indian subcontinent for a period of March, 2000 to December, 2010. Average monthly variation of columnar CO is investigated over the eastern and western coasts of India (latitude > 18°N). The columnar CO concentration is found to be larger over the east coast than the west coast. The higher columnar CO concentrations (2.3–2.8 x 1018 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>) occur during November to April months over both the coastal regions. The lower columnar CO concentrations (1.6–1.7 x 1018 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>) occur during July-August months over these coastal regions when air blows from the Bay of Bengal towards the east coast and from the Arabian Sea towards the west coast. The latitudinal variations of ten year averaged columnar CO are also investigated over the eastern and western coastlines of India (23.5°N to 8.5°N). The latitudinal gradient is stronger over the eastern coast (3.2 x 1016 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>/°N) with respect to the western coast (8.6 x 1015 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>/°N) due to injection of highly polluted air mass from the Indo-Gangetic Plain over the northern part of Bay of Bengal. In order to investigate the source of pollution, variation of columnar CO concentration over the 11 polluted cities situated in the Indo-Gangetic plain has been examined. Columnar CO concentrations are found to be significantly higher over the southeast Indo-Gangetic plain and show a linear decreasing tendency from southeast to northwest cities. The maximum columnar CO concentration is observed over Patna (~ 2.48 x 1018 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>) and minimum over Multan (~ 2.19 x 1018 molec/cm<sup>2</sup>). This indicates that south-eastern part of Indo-Gangetic plain is mainly contributing towards enhancement in columnar CO concentration over the eastern coast. Columnar CO concentration showed an increasing trend during 2000 to 2010 over all the 11 cities. This increasing tendency is stronger over the cities situated in the southeast part of Indo-Gangetic plain.

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5

Brooks, James, James D. Allan, Paul I. Williams, Dantong Liu, Cathryn Fox, Jim Haywood, Justin M. Langridge, et al. "Vertical and horizontal distribution of submicron aerosol chemical composition and physical characteristics across northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 8 (April 30, 2019): 5615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5615-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The vertical distribution in the physical and chemical properties of submicron aerosol has been characterised across northern India for the first time using airborne in situ measurements. This study focusses primarily on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a low-lying area in the north of India which commonly experiences high aerosol mass concentrations prior to the monsoon season. Data presented are from the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe-146 research aircraft that performed flights in the region during the 2016 pre-monsoon (11 and 12 June) and monsoon (30 June to 11 July) seasons.</p> <p>Inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain boundary layer, organic matter dominated the submicron aerosol mass (43&thinsp;%) followed by sulfate (29&thinsp;%), ammonium (14&thinsp;%), nitrate (7&thinsp;%) and black carbon (7&thinsp;%). However, outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain, sulfate was the dominant species, contributing 44&thinsp;% to the total submicron aerosol mass in the boundary layer, followed by organic matter (30&thinsp;%), ammonium (14&thinsp;%), nitrate (6&thinsp;%) and black carbon (6&thinsp;%). Chlorine mass concentrations were negligible throughout the campaign. Black carbon mass concentrations were higher inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain (2&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>) compared to outside (1&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>). Nitrate appeared to be controlled by thermodynamic processes, with increased mass concentration in conditions of lower temperature and higher relative humidity. Increased mass and number concentrations were observed inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the aerosol was more absorbing in this region, whereas outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain the aerosol was larger in size and more scattered in nature, suggesting greater dust presence, especially in north-western India. The aerosol composition remained largely similar as the monsoon season progressed, but the total aerosol mass concentrations decreased by <span class="inline-formula">∼50</span>&thinsp;% as the rainfall arrived; the pre-monsoon average total mass concentration was 30&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> compared to a monsoon average total mass concentration of 10–20&thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>. However, this mass concentration decrease was less noteworthy (<span class="inline-formula">∼20</span>&thinsp;%–30&thinsp;%) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, likely due to the strength of emission sources in this region. Decreases occurred in coarse mode aerosol, with the fine mode fraction increasing with monsoon arrival. In the aerosol vertical profile, inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon, organic aerosol and absorbing aerosol species dominated in the lower atmosphere (<span class="inline-formula">&lt;1.5</span>&thinsp;km), with sulfate, dust and other scattering aerosol species enhanced in an elevated aerosol layer above 1.5&thinsp;km with maximum aerosol height <span class="inline-formula">∼6</span>&thinsp;km. The elevated concentration of dust at altitudes <span class="inline-formula">&gt;1.5</span>&thinsp;km is<span id="page5616"/> a clear indication of dust transport from the Great Indian Desert, also called the Thar Desert, in north-western India. As the monsoon progressed into this region, the elevated aerosol layer diminished, the aerosol maximum height reduced to <span class="inline-formula">∼2</span>&thinsp;km. The dust and sulfate-dominated aerosol layer aloft was removed upon monsoon arrival, highlighted by an increase in fine mode fraction throughout the profile.</p>

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6

SINGH, MOHAN, RAM NIWAS, A. K. GODARA, RAJEEV ., and M. L. KHICHAR. "PHENO-THERMAL RESPONSE OF PEARS IN WESTERN INDO GANGETIC PLAIN." MAUSAM 68, no. 4 (December 2, 2021): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v68i4.793.

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7

Bagchi, Saikat, and S. T. G. Raghukanth. "Seismic Response of the Central Part of Indo-Gangetic Plain." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1323044.

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8

Kumar, Gopendra. "Quaternary Stratigraphy and Evolution of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India." Gondwana Research 4, no. 4 (October 2001): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70467-6.

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9

Vinjamuri, K. S., Alaa Mhawish, Tirthankar Banerjee, Meytar Sorek-Hamer, David M. Broday, Rajesh K. Mall, and Mohd Talib Latif. "Vertical distribution of smoke aerosols over upper Indo-Gangetic Plain." Environmental Pollution 257 (February 2020): 113377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113377.

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10

Bikkina, Srinivas, and Manmohan Sarin. "Brown carbon in the continental outflow to the North Indian Ocean." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 6 (2019): 970–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00089e.

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In this paper, we synthesize the size distribution and optical properties of the atmospheric water-soluble fraction of light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon; BrC) in the continental outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in South Asia to the North Indian Ocean.

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11

JHA, SOMNATH, RAMESH RAGHAVA, and VINAY KUMAR SEHGAL. "Risk assessment of extreme Indian summer monsoon precipitation on agro-ecosystem of northern and central-east India." MAUSAM 67, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i1.1157.

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Risk of extreme precipitation anomaly of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on agro-ecosystems of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and central-east India regions has been assessed in the present study. Using monthly gridded precipitation data, standardized precipitation index (SPI) has been computed as the hazard component of the standard risk computation. The agro-ecosystems of IGP are exposed to higher risk due to extreme ISM precipitation anomaly than that of the central-east India. IGP being an irrigated region and central-east India being a rainfed region would be affected differentially due to the increasing negative anomaly in precipitation (i.e., drought risk) in the two regions. Overall the risk score and the prevalent agricultural practice suggest that the Central plateau and hill region in the rainfed region and the Upper Gangetic plain in the irrigated region are the most drought risk pone agroclimatic zones. Exceedance probability (EP) curve and the return period (RP) curve of drought risk quantification revealed that the Upper Gangetic plain of the IGP is conspicuously exposed to a higher drought risk unlike any other region. Increasing drought risk is coupled with increasing cloud cover in Upper Gangetic plain. Surface wind, temperature or the outgoing longwave radiation of this zone could not completely explain the cause of this risk. Changing role of average aerosol index (AAI) hinted to the presence of aerosol altered cloud micro-system in Upper Gangetic plain and may be one of the major reasons for increasing non-precipitating cloud in this zone and thus contributing to the drought risk even with increasing cloud cover trend.

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12

Khokhar, Muhammad Fahim, Muhammad Shehzaib Anjum, Abdus Salam, Vinayak Sinha, Manish Naja, Hiroshi Tanimoto, James H. Crawford, and Mohammed Iqbal Mead. "Countries of the Indo-Gangetic Plain must unite against air pollution." Nature 598, no. 7881 (October 19, 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02829-4.

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13

R. BHATLA, MANAS PANT, DHARMENDRA SINGH, SHRUTI VERMA, and B. MANDAL. "Evaluation of cold wave events over Indo-Gangetic Plain in India." Journal of Agrometeorology 22, no. 2 (November 6, 2021): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v22i2.178.

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14

Dixit, Ajaya, and Kanchan Mani Dixit. "Global environmental change and food security in the Indo-Gangetic plain." APN Science Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2011): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30852/sb.2011.19.

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15

Arola, A., G. L. Schuster, M. R. A. Pitkänen, O. Dubovik, H. Kokkola, A. V. Lindfors, T. Mielonen, et al. "Direct radiative effect by brown carbon over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2015): 12731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12731-2015.

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Abstract. The importance of light-absorbing organic aerosols, often called brown carbon (BrC), has become evident in recent years. However, there have been relatively few measurement-based estimates for the direct radiative effect of BrC so far. In earlier studies, the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET)-measured aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) and absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) were exploited. However, these two pieces of information are clearly not sufficient to separate properly carbonaceous aerosols from dust, while imaginary indices of refraction would contain more and better justified information for this purpose. This is first time that the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BrC is estimated by exploiting the AERONET-retrieved imaginary indices. We estimated it for four sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), Karachi, Lahore, Kanpur and Gandhi College. We found a distinct seasonality, which was generally similar among all the sites, but with slightly different strengths. The monthly warming effect up to 0.5 W m−2 takes place during the spring season. On the other hand, BrC results in an overall cooling effect in the winter season, which can reach levels close to −1 W m−2. We then estimated similarly also the DRE of black carbon and total aerosol, in order to assess the relative significance of the BrC radiative effect in the radiative effects of other components. Even though BrC impact seems minor in this context, we demonstrated that it is not insignificant. Moreover, we demonstrated that it is crucial to perform spectrally resolved radiative transfer calculations to obtain good estimates for the DRE of BrC.

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16

Satish, Rangu, Puthukkadan Shamjad, Navaneeth Thamban, Sachchida Tripathi, and Neeraj Rastogi. "Temporal Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 12 (May 30, 2017): 6765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00734.

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17

Murari, V., M. Kumar, N. Singh, R. S. Singh, and T. Banerjee. "Particulate morphology and elemental characteristics: variability at middle Indo-Gangetic Plain." Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 73, no. 2 (October 5, 2015): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10874-015-9321-5.

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18

Nath, Reshmita, Debashis Nath, Qian Li, Wen Chen, and Xuefeng Cui. "Impact of drought on agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 34, no. 3 (January 30, 2017): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6102-2.

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19

Biswas, B., D. C. Ghosh, M. K. Dasgupta, N. Trivedi, J. Timsina, and A. Dobermann. "Integrated assessment of cropping systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain." Field Crops Research 99, no. 1 (October 2006): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.03.002.

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20

Singh, Nandita, Alaa Mhawish, Karine Deboudt, R. S. Singh, and Tirthankar Banerjee. "Organic aerosols over Indo-Gangetic Plain: Sources, distributions and climatic implications." Atmospheric Environment 157 (May 2017): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.008.

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21

Lal, D. M., S. D. Patil, H. N. Singh, Sachin D. Ghude, S. Tiwari, and Manoj K. Srivastava. "Influence of aerosol on clouds over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India." Climate Dynamics 41, no. 3-4 (April 30, 2013): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1775-z.

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22

Lal, D. M., Sachin D. Ghude, M. Mahakur, R. T. Waghmare, S. Tiwari, Manoj K. Srivastava, G. S. Meena, and D. M. Chate. "Relationship between aerosol and lightning over Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India." Climate Dynamics 50, no. 9-10 (August 12, 2017): 3865–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3851-2.

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23

Agnihotri, N. P., G. Kulshrestha, V. T. Gajbhiye, S. P. Mohapatra, and S. B. Singh. "Organochlorine insecticide residues in agricultural soils of the indo-gangetic plain." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 40, no. 3 (May 1996): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00398873.

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24

Pathak, Dinesh. "Water Availability and Hydrogeological Condition in the Siwalik Foothill of east Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v17i1.25061.

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The Siwalik foothill is bounded between the Siwalik Range in the north and Indo- Gangetic Plain in the south. The Siwalik Range is composed of sedimentary rock, mainly the alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone and conglomerate. The Indo-Gangetic Plain consists of coarse sand, gravel, pebble, cobble and boulders in the northern part (Bhabar zone) that becomes finer (up to gravel size) southwards. Because of porous geology, the Bhabar zone is the potential area for groundwater recharge, but there is a restricted water availability due to deeper water table. A detailed investigation of has been carried out in parts of Chulachuli Village Development Committee of Ilam district, Nepal to assess the hydrogeological condition. The secondary information and primary data collected in the field and interpretation of satellite imageries had been carried out to extract relevant information and update the geological map of the area. The Bhabar zone is characterized by the low availability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes while the Middle Terai is represented by better groundwater potentiality.

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25

BHATTACHARYA, S. N. "Crustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma) By surface wave dispersion." MAUSAM 44, no. 4 (January 1, 2022): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i4.3924.

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Digital records of seismic waves observed at Seismic Research Observatory, Cheng Mai. Thailand have been analysed for two earthquakes in western Nepal. Digital data are processed by the floating filter and phase equalization methods to obtain surface waves free from noise. Group velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves are obtained by frequency time analysis of these noise free surface waves. The period of group velocities ranges from 17 to 62 sec for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves and from 17 to 66 sec for fundamental mode Love waves. The wave paths cross both central Myanmar (Burma) and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The group velocity data of surface waves across central Myanmar (Burma) have been obtained after correction of the data for the path across the Indo-Gangetic plain. Inversion of data gives the average crustal and subcrustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma). The modelled structure shows two separate sedimentary layers each of 8 km thick, The lower sedimentary layer forms the low velocity zone of the crust. The total thickness of central Myanmar (Burma) crust is found to be 55 km

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26

Sujith, K., Subodh Kumar Saha, Samir Pokhrel, Anupam Hazra, and Hemantkumar S. Chaudhari. "The Dominant Modes of Recycled Monsoon Rainfall over India." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0082.1.

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Abstract This study estimates the seasonal mean (June–September) recycled rainfall and investigates its dominant modes of variability over the continental regions of the Indian summer monsoon. A diagnostic method based on the basic atmospheric water vapor budget equation is employed in order to partition the observed rainfall into recycled and advected components. The global teleconnections with the recycled (advected) rainfall are found to be weak (strong), which is consistent with the basic assumptions of the sources of atmospheric water vapor. It is shown that the mean recycled rainfall over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, central India, and western Himalayas ranges between 10% and 40% of the total rainfall. While EOF1 (38.5%) of the recycled rainfall reveals covariability between the regional and external influences, EOF2 (14%) shows a mode independent to the external influences (i.e., advected rainfall), prevailing over the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Furthermore, a strong decreasing trend in PC2 over the last 36 years suggests a change in the local feedback (land, atmosphere), which in turn may have also contributed to the decreasing trend in the observed monsoon rainfall over central and northern India.

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27

Arola, A., G. L. Schuster, M. R. A. Pitkänen, O. Dubovik, H. Kokkola, A. V. Lindfors, T. Mielonen, et al. "Measurement-based direct radiative effect by brown carbon over Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 15 (August 10, 2015): 21583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-21583-2015.

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Abstract. The importance of light absorbing organic aerosols, often called brown carbon (BrC), has become evident in recent years. However, there are relatively few measurement-based estimates for the direct radiative effect of BrC so far. In those earlier studies, the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) measured Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) and Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) have been exploited. However, these two pieces of information are clearly not sufficient to separate properly carbonaceous aerosols from dust, while imaginary indices of refraction would contain more and better justified information for this purpose. This is first time that the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BrC is estimated by exploiting the AERONET-retrieved imaginary indices. We estimated it for four sites in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), Karachi, Lahore, Kanpur and Gandhi College. We found a distinct seasonality, which was generally similar among all the sites, but with slightly different strengths. The monthly warming effect up to 0.5 W m-2 takes place during spring season. On the other hand, BrC results in overall cooling effect in the winter season, which can reach levels close to −1W m-2. We then estimated similarly also DRE of black carbon and total aerosol, in order to assess the relative significance of BrC radiative effect in the radiative effects of other components. Even though BrC impact seems minor in this context, we demonstrated that it is not insignificant and moreover that it is crucial to perform spectrally resolved radiative transfer calculations to obtain good estimates for DRE of BrC.

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28

Kumar, Ranjit, and K. Maharaj Kumari. "Aerosols and trace gases characterization over Indo-Gangetic plain in semiarid region." Urban Climate 12 (June 2015): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.12.001.

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29

Pandey, A. C., Suraj Kumar Singh, and M. S. Nathawat. "Waterlogging and flood hazards vulnerability and risk assessment in Indo Gangetic plain." Natural Hazards 55, no. 2 (April 3, 2010): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9525-6.

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30

Lal, S., L. K. Sahu, S. Venkataramani, and C. Mallik. "Light non-methane hydrocarbons at two sites in the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 14, no. 4 (2012): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2em10682e.

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31

Pyne, Saumyadipta, Saurav Guha, Sumonkanti Das, Meghana Ray, and Hukum Chandra. "Food insecurity in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain: Taking a closer look." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): e0279414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279414.

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Objective Food security is an important policy issue in India. As India recently ranked 107th out of 121 countries in the 2022 Global Hunger Index, there is an urgent need to dissect, and gain insights into, such a major decline at the national level. However, the existing surveys, due to small sample sizes, cannot be used directly to produce reliable estimates at local administrative levels such as districts. Design The latest round of available data from the Household Consumer Expenditure Survey (HCES 2011–12) done by the National Sample Survey Office of India used stratified multi-stage random sampling with districts as strata, villages as first stage and households as second stage units. Setting Our Small Area Estimation approach estimated food insecurity prevalence, gap, and severity of each rural district of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (EIGP) region by modeling the HCES data, guided by local covariates from the 2011 Indian Population Census. Participants In HCES, 5915 (34429), 3310 (17534) and 3566 (15223) households (persons) were surveyed from the 71, 38 and 18 districts of the EIGP states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal respectively. Results We estimated the district-specific food insecurity indicators, and mapped their local disparities over the EIGP region. By comparing food insecurity with indicators of climate vulnerability, poverty and crop diversity, we shortlisted the vulnerable districts in EIGP. Conclusions Our district-level estimates and maps can be effective for informed policy-making to build local resiliency and address systemic vulnerabilities where they matter most in the post-pandemic era. Advances Our study computed, for the Indian states in the EIGP region, the first area-level small area estimates of food insecurity as well as poverty over the past decade, and generated a ranked list of districts upon combining these data with measures of crop diversity and climatic vulnerability.

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Chandra, Hukum, Kaustav Aditya, Swati Gupta, Saurav Guha, and Bhanu Verma. "Food and Nutrition in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Region – A Disaggregate Level Analysis." Current Science 119, no. 11 (December 10, 2020): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v119/i11/1783-1788.

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Prakash, Ved, Dayanidhi Chaubey, and Suneel Kumar. "Sensor Based N Management Practices for Wheat in Indo Gangetic Plain- A Review." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 1361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.165.

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Pathak, Dinesh. "DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONE IN THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN THROUGH GIS ANALYSIS." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v22i1.17760.

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Water availability for domestic and irrigation purpose is the lifeline of the society and plays a dominant factor in the agriculture development of the country. Though Nepal is rich in water resources, nation-wide surface water irrigation network is yet to be established to meet the year round irrigation. The readily available shallow groundwater is considered as vital in meeting the domestic and irrigation water need. The shallow groundwater irrigation in the country has been emphasized and this system is contributing in the irrigation facility at present. Understanding the potential of shallow groundwater would support to further develop the shallow irrigation cluster wells in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. A systematic and comprehensive tube well database in GIS platform serves better for the groundwater potential delineation purpose. Thicknesses of aquifer material, well yield, hydraulic conductivity, water table are some of the decisive parameters for delineating the groundwater potential areas. However, all parameters are not always available. In such situation, the analysis can be performed with the thickness of aquifer material and yield of the well that are widely available in the reports of concerned organizations. Present study shows the GIS based analysis of aquifer parameters in one of the Terai districts of Nepal to delineate the shallow groundwater potential zones. The method adopted in the present study can be applied in other parts of the country, which would better serve for effective development planning and providing irrigation service to the farmers.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 1, July 2017, Page: 104-109

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35

Kaur, Navjyot, Renu Sethi, and Makhan S. Bhullar. "Germination ecology of wrinkle grass (Ischaemum rugosum) population of Indo-Gangetic plain region." Indian Journal of Weed Science 49, no. 4 (2017): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2017.00099.5.

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36

Rana, Archita, Supriya Dey, Prashant Rawat, Arya Mukherjee, Jingying Mao, Shiguo Jia, Pandit S. Khillare, Amit Kumar Yadav, and Sayantan Sarkar. "Optical properties of aerosol brown carbon (BrC) in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain." Science of The Total Environment 716 (May 2020): 137102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137102.

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37

Ambast, S. K., N. K. Tyagi, and S. K. Raul. "Management of declining groundwater in the Trans Indo-Gangetic Plain (India): Some options." Agricultural Water Management 82, no. 3 (April 2006): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.06.005.

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38

Kedia, Sumita, S. Ramachandran, B. N. Holben, and S. N. Tripathi. "Quantification of aerosol type, and sources of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Environment 98 (December 2014): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.022.

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39

Shamjad, P. M., S. N. Tripathi, Ravi Pathak, M. Hallquist, Antti Arola, and M. H. Bergin. "Contribution of Brown Carbon to Direct Radiative Forcing over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 17 (August 13, 2015): 10474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03368.

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40

Singh, Atinderpal, Neeraj Rastogi, Deepti Sharma, and Darshan Singh. "Inter and Intra-Annual Variability in Aerosol Characteristics over Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15, no. 2 (2015): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.04.0080.

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41

Biswas, Mriganka Sekhar, Sachin D. Ghude, Dinesh Gurnale, Thara Prabhakaran, and Anoop S. Mahajan. "Simultaneous Observations of Nitrogen Dioxide, Formaldehyde and Ozone in the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 19, no. 8 (2019): 1749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2018.12.0484.

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42

Singh, Ravi Kant, Jitendra Singh Bohra, Triyugi Nath, Yeshwant Singh, and Kalyan Singh. "Integrated assessment of diversification of rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plain." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 57, no. 5 (August 2011): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650341003641771.

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43

Biemans, H., C. Siderius, A. F. Lutz, S. Nepal, B. Ahmad, T. Hassan, W. von Bloh, et al. "Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Nature Sustainability 2, no. 7 (July 2019): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3.

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44

Shrestha, Shreemat, Murray C. Peel, Graham A. Moore, Donald S. Gaydon, Perry L. Poulton, and Swaraj K. Dutta. "Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Wheat Production in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 13, 2022): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111896.

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The Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a food basket of South Asia and is considered a hotspot for air pollution due to persistently high emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. High levels of aerosols in the IGP not only affect the health of people but also the health of the natural system and the climate of the region. Aerosol effects on crop production in the IGP is an emerging area of interest for policymakers and the scientific community due to their possible effect on the food security and livelihood of millions of people in the region. To investigate the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production in the eastern IGP, we used a calibrated and validated Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model at nodes in Bangladesh, India and Nepal, 2015–2017. The effects of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production were examined by running the APSIM model under three conditions: firstly, the condition with anthropogenic aerosols, using the observed meteorological data; secondly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering only the radiative effect of anthropogenic aerosols (adding the reduced radiation due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data); thirdly, the condition without anthropogenic aerosols, considering the radiation as well as temperature effects (by adding the reduced solar radiation and temperature due to anthropogenic aerosols on the observed data). The study revealed that, on average, anthropogenic aerosols reduced the wheat grain yield, biomass yield, and crop evapotranspiration by 11.2–13.5%, 21.2–22%, and 13.5–15%, respectively, when considering the 2015–2017 seasons at the target sites of eastern IGP. The study also showed an average reduction of more than 3.2 kg per capita per annum of wheat production in the eastern IGP due to anthropogenic aerosols, which has a substantial effect on food security in the region. Moreover, the loss of wheat grain yield due to anthropogenic aerosols in the eastern IGP is estimated to be more than 300 million USD per annum during the study period, which indicates a significant effect of anthropogenic aerosols on wheat production in the eastern IGP.

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45

Singh, Kunwar P., Shikha Gupta, and Premanjali Rai. "Investigating hydrochemistry of groundwater in Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain using multivariate chemometric approaches." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, no. 9 (January 25, 2014): 6001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2517-4.

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46

Rajput, T. B. S., and Neelam Patel. "Enhancement of field water use efficiency in the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India." Irrigation and Drainage 54, no. 2 (2005): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.167.

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47

Shah, D. B., M. R. Pandya, H. J. Trivedi, and A. R. Jani. "Estimating minimum and maximum air temperature using MODIS data over Indo-Gangetic Plain." Journal of Earth System Science 122, no. 6 (December 2013): 1593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-013-0369-9.

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48

Shabin, Muhammed, Ashish Kumar, Haseeb Hakkim, Yinon Rudich, and Vinayak Sinha. "Sources, sinks, and chemistry of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates in the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Science of The Total Environment 896 (October 2023): 165281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165281.

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49

Maiti, A., and P. Acharya. "MAPPING RICE CROPPING SYSTEM IN THE LOWER GANGETIC PLAIN USING LANDASAT 8 (OLI) AND MODIS IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-271-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Indo-Gangetic basin is one of the productive rice growing areas in South-East Asia. Within this extensive flat fertile land, lower Gangetic basin, especially the south Bengal, is most intensively cultivated. In this study we map the rice growing areas using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived 8-day surface reflectance product from 2014 to 2015. The time series vegetation and wetness indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were used in the decision tree (DT) approach to detect the rice fields. The extracted rice pixels were compared with Landsat OLI derived rice pixels. The accuracy of the derived rice fields were computed with 163 field locations, and further compared with statistics derived from Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES). The results of the estimation shows a high degree of correlation (<i>r</i><span class="thinspace"></span>=<span class="thinspace"></span>0.9) with DES reported area statistics. The estimated error of the area statistics while compared with the Landsat OLI was &plusmn;15%. The method, however, shows its efficiency in tracing the periodic changes in rice cropping area in this part of Gangetic basin and its neighboring areas.</p>

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50

Prasad, Mahendra, Sandip Kumar Tripathi, Priyankar Raha, and Manoj Chaudhary. "Adsorption Dynamics of Nitrate in an Inceptisol of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.037.

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