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Статті в журналах з теми "Indo-Gangetic Basin"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Gupta, Nikita, Anil Kumar Misra, Anupriya Gupta, Manav Wadhwa, and Ankur Shivhare. "An Integrated Water Resource Management Plan for Indo-Gangetic Basin Area." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2013/32.

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2

Kar, S. K., Surendra Prasad, and Gopendra Kumar. "Quaternary sediments of Indo-Gangetic, Brahmaputra and adjoining inland basins and the problem of demarcation of Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary." Journal of Palaeosciences 46, no. (1-2) (December 31, 1997): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1997.1340.

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The Quaternary sediments deposited in the Indo-Gangetic, Brahmaputra and adjoining smaller inland basins and Duns formed after the Middle Pleistocene Himalayan Orogenic Movement (HOM-4), are fluvial-fluviolacustrine and or lacustrine in nature. A synthesis of the available data in the Brahmaputra Basin and its comparison with that of the Indo-Gangetic Basin and Duns suggests two cycles of sedimentation, separated by a period of erosion and non-deposition and continuous in inland basins, such as Bhimtal-Naukuchia Tal, Hawalbagh in Kumaun region in Uttar Pradesh and Loktak Lake in Manipur. The sediments of the first cycle which terminated in late Upper Pleistocene are, in general, oxidised and referred to as the Older Alluvium, while that of the second assigned to Holocene, is unoxidised grey in color and constitutes the Newer Alluvium.

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3

El-Askary, Hesham, Ritesh Gautam, and Menas Kafatos. "Remote sensing of dust storms over the indo-gangetic basin." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 32, no. 2 (June 2004): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03030869.

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4

Srinagesh, D., S. K. Singh, R. K. Chadha, A. Paul, G. Suresh, M. Ordaz, and R. S. Dattatrayam. "Amplification of Seismic Waves in the Central Indo-Gangetic Basin, India." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, no. 5 (September 26, 2011): 2231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120100327.

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5

Tiwari, S., A. K. Srivastava, and A. K. Singh. "Heterogeneity in pre-monsoon aerosol characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin." Atmospheric Environment 77 (October 2013): 738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.035.

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6

Bonsor, H. C., A. M. MacDonald, K. M. Ahmed, W. G. Burgess, M. Basharat, R. C. Calow, A. Dixit, et al. "Hydrogeological typologies of the Indo-Gangetic basin alluvial aquifer, South Asia." Hydrogeology Journal 25, no. 5 (February 23, 2017): 1377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1550-z.

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7

Bajaj, Ketan, and P. Anbazhagan. "Detailed Seismic Hazard, Disaggregation and Sensitivity Analysis for the Indo-Gangetic Basin." Pure and Applied Geophysics 178, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 1977–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02762-7.

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8

Singh, Harbir, Nataraja Subash, Babooji Gangwar, Roberto Valdivia, John Antle, and Guillermo Baigorria. "Assessing Economic Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in Indo-Gangetic Basin." Procedia Environmental Sciences 29 (2015): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.286.

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9

Shah, Tushaar, Mehmood Ul Hassan, Muhammad Zubair Khattak, Parth Sarthi Banerjee, O. P. Singh, and Saeed Ur Rehman. "Is Irrigation Water Free? A Reality Check in the Indo-Gangetic Basin." World Development 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.008.

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10

Mishra, S. K., R. P. Singh, and S. Chandra. "Prediction of subsidence in the Indo-gangetic basin carried by groundwater withdrawal." Engineering Geology 33, no. 3 (February 1993): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90060-p.

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11

El-Askary, H., R. Gautam, R. P. Singh, and M. Kafatos. "Dust storms detection over the Indo-Gangetic basin using multi sensor data." Advances in Space Research 37, no. 4 (January 2006): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.134.

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12

Srivastava, A. K., S. Tiwari, P. C. S. Devara, D. S. Bisht, Manoj K. Srivastava, S. N. Tripathi, P. Goloub, and B. N. Holben. "Pre-monsoon aerosol characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: implications to climatic impact." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-789-2011.

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Abstract. Sun/sky radiometer observations over the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) region during pre-monsoon (from April–June 2009) have been processed to analyze various aerosol characteristics in the central and eastern IGB region, represented by Kanpur and Gandhi College, respectively, and their impacts on climate in terms of radiative forcing. Monthly mean aerosol optical depth (AOD at 500 nm) and corresponding Angstrom Exponent (AE at 440–870 nm, given within the brackets) was observed to be about 0.50 (0.49) and 0.51 (0.65) in April, 0.65 (0.74) and 0.67 (0.91) in May and 0.69 (0.45) and 0.77 (0.71) in June at Kanpur and Gandhi College, respectively. Results show a positive gradient in AOD and AE from central to eastern IGB region with the advancement of the pre-monsoon, which may be caused due to diverse geographical location of the stations having different meteorological conditions and emission sources. Relatively lower SSA was observed at the eastern IGB (0.89) than the central IGB (0.92) region during the period, which suggests relative dominance of absorbing aerosols at the eastern IGB as compared to central IGB region. The absorbing aerosol optical properties over the station suggest that the atmospheric absorption over central IGB region is mainly due to dominance of coarse-mode dust particles; however, absorption over eastern IGB region is mainly due to dominance of fine-particle pollution. The derived properties from sun/sky radiometer during pre-monsoon period are used in a radiative-transfer model to estimate aerosol radiative forcing at the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface over the IGB region. Relatively large TOA and surface cooling was observed at the eastern IGB as compared to the central IGB region. This translates into large heating of the atmosphere ranging from 0.45 to 0.55 K day−1 at Kanpur and from 0.45 to 0.59 K day−1 at Gandhi College.

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13

NANDI, A. K., M. S. SABLE, R. BISWAS, and D. MUKHERJEE. "Seed replacement rate and varietal performance of paddy in lower Indo-Gangetic Basin." Journal of Crop and Weed 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2021.v17.i2.1468.

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14

Jayalakshmi, S., J. Dhanya, S. T. G. Raghukanth, and P. Martin Mai. "3D seismic wave amplification in the Indo-Gangetic basin from spectral element simulations." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 129 (February 2020): 105923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105923.

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15

Kumar, Sarvan, Sanjay Kumar, D. G. Kaskaoutis, Ramesh P. Singh, Rajeev K. Singh, Amit K. Mishra, Manoj K. Srivastava, and Abhay K. Singh. "Meteorological, atmospheric and climatic perturbations during major dust storms over Indo-Gangetic Basin." Aeolian Research 17 (June 2015): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.01.006.

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16

Srivastava, A. K., S. N. Tripathi, Sagnik Dey, V. P. Kanawade, and S. Tiwari. "Inferring aerosol types over the Indo-Gangetic Basin from ground based sunphotometer measurements." Atmospheric Research 109-110 (June 2012): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.02.010.

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17

Singh, Rohini, Pratima Gupta, Ashok Jangid, Anshumala Sharma, and Ranjit Kumar. "Assessment of Fractionated Aerosols at a Semiarid Region over the Indo‐Gangetic Basin." CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 47, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 1800040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201800040.

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18

Kumar, Priyadarshi Chinmoy, Jitender Kumar, and Kalachand Sain. "Subsurface fluid flow: A case study from the Indo-Gangetic peripheral foreland basin." Results in Geophysical Sciences 14 (June 2023): 100057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ringps.2023.100057.

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19

Maiti, A., and P. Acharya. "MAPPING RICE CROPPING SYSTEM IN THE LOWER GANGETIC PLAIN USING LANDASAT 8 (OLI) AND MODIS IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-271-2018.

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Анотація:

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Indo-Gangetic basin is one of the productive rice growing areas in South-East Asia. Within this extensive flat fertile land, lower Gangetic basin, especially the south Bengal, is most intensively cultivated. In this study we map the rice growing areas using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived 8-day surface reflectance product from 2014 to 2015. The time series vegetation and wetness indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were used in the decision tree (DT) approach to detect the rice fields. The extracted rice pixels were compared with Landsat OLI derived rice pixels. The accuracy of the derived rice fields were computed with 163 field locations, and further compared with statistics derived from Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES). The results of the estimation shows a high degree of correlation (<i>r</i><span class="thinspace"></span>=<span class="thinspace"></span>0.9) with DES reported area statistics. The estimated error of the area statistics while compared with the Landsat OLI was &plusmn;15%. The method, however, shows its efficiency in tracing the periodic changes in rice cropping area in this part of Gangetic basin and its neighboring areas.</p>

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20

Quick, Laura, H. D. Sinclair, M. Attal, and V. Singh. "Conglomerate recycling in the Himalayan foreland basin: Implications for grain size and provenance." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (December 5, 2019): 1639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35334.1.

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Abstract The nature of coarse sediment in rivers emerging from mountain ranges determines rates of downstream fining, the position of the gravel-sand transition, sediment entrainment thresholds, and channel morphologies. Additionally, in the stratigraphic record, clast size distributions and lithologies are used to reconstruct paleo-hydraulic conditions and source area provenance. Using Himalayan rivers, we demonstrate that the signal of first-generation clasts derived from the hinterland of a mountain range can be significantly altered by recycling older, structurally exhumed foreland deposits. The Siwalik foothills of the Himalaya comprise Neogene fluvial sandstones and quartzite-rich conglomerates with well-rounded clasts that were deposited in the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin and later exhumed by erosion, following uplift along the Himalayan mountain front. Mass balance calculations reveal that the Upper Siwalik conglomerate may contribute a significant proportion of the total gravel flux exported from the main Himalayan catchments (up to 100%) despite forming <1% of the catchment geology. Three end-member catchments with variable proportions of gravel flux from Siwalik conglomerates are analyzed to test for the effects of conglomerate recycling. Catchments that recycle the most Upper Siwalik conglomerate form quartzite-rich gravel bars comprising well-rounded pebbles and a narrow grain size distribution, mimicking the characteristics of the Upper Siwalik conglomerate. Conversely, catchments that recycle the least Upper Siwalik conglomerate form gravel bars with a range of Himalayan lithologies, angular quartzite pebbles and a wider grain size distribution. This study highlights that recycling of quartzite-rich conglomerate can dramatically modify the flux, lithology, grain size, and shape of gravel entering the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

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21

Aloysius, M., M. Mohan, K. Parameswaran, S. K. George, and P. R. Nair. "Aerosol transport over the Gangetic basin during ISRO-GBP land campaign-II." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 3 (March 26, 2008): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-431-2008.

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Abstract. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Level-3 aerosol optical depth (AOD) data and NCEP (National Centre for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis winds were incorporated into an aerosol flux continuity equation, for a quantitative assessment of the sources of aerosol generation over the Ganga basin in the winter month of December 2004. Preliminary analysis on the aerosol distribution and wind fields showed wind convergence to be an important factor which, supported by the regional topography, confines aerosols in a long band over the Indo Gangetic plain (IGP) stretching from the west of the Thar desert into the Head-Bay-of-Bengal. The prevailing winds of the season carry the aerosols from Head-Bay-of-Bengal along the east coast as far as the southern tip of the peninsular India. A detailed examination of MODIS data revealed significant day-to-day variations in aerosol loading in localised pockets over the central and eastern parts of the Indo Gangetic plain during the second half of December, with AOD values even exceeding unity. Aerosols over the Ganga basin were dominated by fine particles (geometric mean radius ~0.05–0.1μm) while those over the central and western India were dominated by large particles (geometric mean radius ~0.3–0.7μ). Before introducing it into the flux equation, the MODIS derived AOD was validated through a comparison with the ground-based measurements collected at Kharagpur and Kanpur; two stations located over the Ganga basin. The strength of the aerosol generation computed using the flux equation indicated the existence of aerosol sources whose locations almost coincided with the concentration of thermal power plants. The quantitative agreement between the source strength and the power plant concentration, with a correlation coefficient 0.85, pointed to thermal power plants as substantial contributors to the high aerosol loading over the Ganga Basin in winter. The layout of aerosol sources also nearly matched the spatial distribution of the Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), derived from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data, lending additional support to our inference.

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22

MacDonald, A. M., H. C. Bonsor, K. M. Ahmed, W. G. Burgess, M. Basharat, R. C. Calow, A. Dixit, et al. "Groundwater quality and depletion in the Indo-Gangetic Basin mapped from in situ observations." Nature Geoscience 9, no. 10 (August 29, 2016): 762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2791.

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23

Kulkarni, Pavan S., S. L. Jain, Sachin D. Ghude, B. C. Arya, P. K. Dubey, and Shahnawaz. "On some aspects of tropospheric ozone variability over the Indo-Gangetic (IG) basin, India." International Journal of Remote Sensing 30, no. 15-16 (July 24, 2009): 4111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160902824993.

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24

Sikka, Alok K. "Exploring options of participatory water management for livelihood improvements in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin." International Journal of River Basin Management 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2009.9635377.

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25

Srivastava, Parul, Sagnik Dey, Atul Kumar Srivastava, Sachchidanand Singh, S. K. Mishra, and Suresh Tiwari. "Importance of aerosol non-sphericity in estimating aerosol radiative forcing in Indo-Gangetic Basin." Science of The Total Environment 599-600 (December 2017): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.239.

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26

Chaudhuri, Chiranjib, and Rajesh Srivastava. "A novel approach for statistical downscaling of future precipitation over the Indo-Gangetic Basin." Journal of Hydrology 547 (April 2017): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.024.

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27

ul-Haq, Zia, Salman Tariq, Muhammad Ali, Khalid Mahmood, and Asim Daud Rana. "Sulphur dioxide loadings over megacity Lahore (Pakistan) and adjoining region of Indo-Gangetic Basin." International Journal of Remote Sensing 37, no. 13 (June 28, 2016): 3021–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1192701.

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28

Sinha, Rajiv, Peter F. Friend, and V. R. Switsur. "Radiocarbon dating and sedimentation rates in the Holocene alluvial sediments of the northern Bihar plains, India." Geological Magazine 133, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800007263.

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AbstractSeven radiocarbon dates of carbonate shells and charcoal from the upper two metres of sediment in the Indo-Gangetic plains of northern Bihar, eastern India, can be divided into three groups, with the following approximate ages: 2400±45 a BP (two samples), 1100±45 a BP (four samples) and 765±45 a BP (one sample). This evidence for at least three episodes of sedimentation in the last 2400 a contrasts with evidence of greater ages from similarly near-surface sediments in the middle Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh, further west. In these more westerly areas, greater ages and well-developed river terraces point to much more restricted late Holocene sedimentation. Rates of net sediment accumulation calculated using our Bihar ages, spanning a period of the order of 103–104 a, are similar to those calculated for periods of the order of 105–106 a for the Himalayan foreland basin. This suggests that, in the whole basin case, short-period rates higher than the Bihar rates have been compensated by longer than Bihar periods of non-deposition or erosion.

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29

Jayalakshmi, S., J. Dhanya, S. T. G. Raghukanth, and P. M. Mai. "Hybrid broadband ground motion simulations in the Indo-Gangetic basin for great Himalayan earthquake scenarios." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 9 (April 19, 2021): 3319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01094-0.

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30

Shah, Tushaar, and Rajnarayan Indu. "Productivity and the poor? Political economy of village pond fishery in the Indo-Gangetic Basin." Water International 39, no. 4 (June 7, 2014): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.928767.

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31

Pandeya, B., and M. Mulligan. "Modelling crop evapotranspiration and potential impacts on future water availability in the Indo-Gangetic Basin." Agricultural Water Management 129 (November 2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.019.

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32

Chattopadhyay, Arghya, Anand Prakash Singh, Satish Kumar Singh, Arijit Barman, Abhik Patra, Bhabani Prasad Mondal, and Koushik Banerjee. "Spatial variability of arsenic in Indo-Gangetic basin of Varanasi and its cancer risk assessment." Chemosphere 238 (January 2020): 124623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124623.

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33

Dwivedi, Sunil Kumar, Pusker Raj Joshi, Sanjiv Shrestha, Yaga Raj Bhandari, and Ram Bhadur Sah. "Groundwater pollution by arsenic concentration in sedimentary aquifers in the Indo-Gangetic Basin of Nepal." Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 25, S1 (March 2006): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02840008.

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34

Srivastava, Parul, Sagnik Dey, Atul Kumar Srivastava, Sachchidanand Singh, and Suresh Tiwari. "Suppression of aerosol-induced atmospheric warming by clouds in the Indo-Gangetic Basin, northern India." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 3-4 (January 16, 2019): 2731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02768-1.

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35

Dey, S., S. N. Tripathi, R. P. Singh, and B. N. Holben. "Seasonal variability of the aerosol parameters over Kanpur, an urban site in Indo-Gangetic basin." Advances in Space Research 36, no. 5 (January 2005): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.040.

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36

Talukdar, Tulika, and Dibyendu Talukdar. "Heavy Metal Accumulation as Phytoremediation Potential of Aquatic Macrophyte, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.F.) K. Presl Ex Kunth." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12193.

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Bioaccumulation potential of six ecotypes, collected from six different industrial zones of lower Indo-Gangetic basin of West Bengal, India,of Monochoria vaginalis, commonly known as oval-leafed pondweed has been investigated based on chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) andCopper (Cu) accumulation pattern in different plant organs. Bioaccumulation potential was assessed by bioaccumulation factors (BFs-leavesmetal concentration/soil metal concentration), bioconcentration factors (BCFs- roots metal/soil metal), transfer factors (TFs-leaves +rhizomes/roots) and enrichment factors (EFs-metals in edible parts/soil metal). Accumulation pattern significantly differed among ecotypes,and accumulation in plant organs was highly metal-specific. BFs for Cr and Cd were >>1 in most of the ecotypes while high TFs (>>1) werenoticed in six ecotypes for Cr and Cu. BCFs was >>1 in all the ecotypes for Cd accumulation only. EFs values for the three metals hoveredaround 1 but it was > 1.0 for Cu in all the six ecotypes. The results suggested that Cr and Cu predominantly accumulated in leaves and rhizomeswhile Cd was predominantly sequestered in roots of M. vaginalis ecotypes. Cu, a redox active metal, showed higher capability than Cd and Crto accumulate in edible parts. In the present study, potential plant parts in M. vaginalis have been identified as bioaccumulation organs withoutany apparent symptoms of toxicity which can be used as phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems of lower Indo-Gangetic basin of India.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12193 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 9-15

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37

SUNIL, KUMAR, SRIVASTAVA A K, and PATHAK V. "Characteristics of near-surface air pollutants at an urban station in the central Indo-Gangetic Basin." MAUSAM 71, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v71i2.23.

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Measurements of near-surface air pollutants at an urban station, Lucknow have been studied at two contrasting sites as residential and industrial during three-year period from 2015 to 2017 to understand their variability on different temporal scales. The annual mean mass concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) and particulate matter of size less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) at an industrial site were about 10 ± 5, 28 ± 17, 10 ± 11 and 128 ± 99 µg m-3 and at the residential site were about 8 ± 5, 30 ± 21, 9 ± 7 and 102 ± 81 µg m-3 respectively. It was observed that the annual mean mass concentration of PM2.5 was about 3 times higher than its annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) level. However, SO2 and NO2 were about 5 and 1.5 times lower to their annual NAAQS levels, respectively. The seasonal mean mass concentrations of all the pollutants were found to be highest during the winter/post-monsoon season at both the sites, which are more pronounced at industrial site compared to residential site. The observed high pollutants over the station during the winter/post-monsoon season were found to be largely associated with the air mass back-trajectories from N-NW direction.

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38

Kumar, Raj. "Spectral and seasonal variations of aerosol optical depth with special reference to Kanpur, Indo-Gangetic Basin." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 21 (June 5, 2020): 2119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i21.364.

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39

Kumar, Raj. "Spectral and seasonal variations of aerosol radiative forcing with special reference to Kanpur, Indo-Gangetic Basin." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 27 (July 22, 2020): 2774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i27.308.

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40

ZALEHA, MICHAEL J. "Intra- and extrabasinal controls on fluvial deposition in the Miocene Indo-Gangetic foreland basin, northern Pakistan." Sedimentology 44, no. 2 (April 1997): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1997.tb01530.x.

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41

Bajaj, Ketan, and P. Anbazhagan. "Comprehensive amplification estimation of the Indo Gangetic Basin deep soil sites in the seismically active area." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 127 (December 2019): 105855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105855.

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42

Lal, Preet, Aniket Prakash, and Amit Kumar. "Google Earth Engine for concurrent flood monitoring in the lower basin of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains." Natural Hazards 104, no. 2 (August 24, 2020): 1947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04233-z.

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43

Tiwari, S., A. K. Srivastava, D. S. Bisht, P. D. Safai, and P. Parmita. "Assessment of carbonaceous aerosol over Delhi in the Indo-Gangetic Basin: characterization, sources and temporal variability." Natural Hazards 65, no. 3 (October 14, 2012): 1745–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0449-1.

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44

Anbazhagan, P., Anjali Uday, Sayed S. R. Moustafa, and Nassir S. N. Al-Arifi. "Soil void ratio correlation with shear wave velocities and SPT N values for Indo-Gangetic basin." Journal of the Geological Society of India 89, no. 4 (April 2017): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0621-z.

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45

Joshi, Jyoti, R. K. Salar, Priyanka Banerjee, Upasna Sharma, M. S. Tantia, and R. K. Vijh. "Assessment of Genetic Variability and Structuring of Riverine Buffalo Population (Bubalus bubalis) of Indo-Gangetic Basin." Animal Biotechnology 26, no. 2 (November 7, 2014): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2014.955613.

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46

Tiwari, S., A. K. Srivastava, A. K. Singh, and Sachchidanand Singh. "Identification of aerosol types over Indo-Gangetic Basin: implications to optical properties and associated radiative forcing." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 16 (April 21, 2015): 12246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4495-6.

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47

Paudel, Gokul P., Jordan Chamberlin, Balwinder-Singh, Shashish Maharjan, Trung Thanh Nguyen, Peter Craufurd, and Andrew J. McDonald. "Insights for climate change adaptation from early sowing of wheat in the Northern Indo-Gangetic Basin." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 92 (June 2023): 103714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103714.

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48

Bhargava, Devendra Swaroop. "Nature and the Ganga." Environmental Conservation 14, no. 4 (1987): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900016829.

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The Ganga's unique and numerous virtues appear to be based on myths, but the reasons for its importance are traceable to scientific premises. The Ganga, symbolizing Indian culture and civilization, is regarded by the Hindus as the holiest amongst the rivers, and it is the Indo-Gangetic plain's most significant river owing to its mighty basin and course, and extraordinarily high self-purifying powers. The Ganga originates from Gangori in the Uttrakhand Himalayan glacier as an upland stream, emerges as a river of the plains at Rishikesh, and, after traversing almost the entirety of India from West to East, finally merges into the Bay of Bengal.

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49

Chawdhery, Md Rafique Ahasan, Murtuza Al-Mueed, Md Abdul Wazed, Shah-Al Emran, Md Abeed Hossain Chowdhury, and Sk Ghulam Hussain. "Climate Change Impacts Assessment Using Crop Simulation Model Intercomparison Approach in Northern Indo-Gangetic Basin of Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 15829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315829.

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The climate change impacts of South Asia (SA) are inextricably linked with increased monsoon variability and a clearly deteriorating trend with more frequent deficit monsoons. One of the most climate-vulnerable nations in the eastern and central Indo-Gangetic Basin is Bangladesh. There have been numerous studies on the effects of climate change in Bangladesh; however, most of them tended to just look at a small fraction of the impact elements or were climatic projections without accounting for the effects on agriculture. Additionally, simulation studies using the CERES-Rice and CERES-Wheat models were conducted for rice and wheat to evaluate the effects of climate change on Bangladeshi agriculture. However, up to now, Bangladesh has not implemented farming system ideas by integrating cropping systems with other income-generating activities. This study was conducted as part of the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) regional evaluations using the protocols and integrated assessment processes of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). It was also done to calibrate crop models (APSIM and DSSAT) using rice and wheat. To assist policymakers in creating national and regional plans for anticipated future agricultural systems, our work on the integrated evaluation of climate change impacts on agricultural systems produced realistic predictions. The outcome of this research prescribes a holistic assessment of climate change on future production systems by including all the relevant enterprises in the agriculture sector. The findings of the study suggested two major strategies to minimize the yield and increase the profitability in a rice–wheat cropping system. Using a short-term HYV (High Yielding Variety) of rice can shift the sowing time of wheat by 7 days in advance compared to the traditional sowing days of mid-November. In addition, increasing the irrigation amount by 50 mm for wheat showed a better yield by 1.5–32.2% in different scenarios. These climate change adaptation measures could increase the per capita income by as high as 3.6% on the farm level.

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50

Alam, Mohammad Faiz, Paul Pavelic, Navneet Sharma, and Alok Sikka. "Managed Aquifer Recharge of Monsoon Runoff Using Village Ponds: Performance Assessment of a Pilot Trial in the Ramganga Basin, India." Water 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041028.

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The managed aquifer recharge (MAR) of excess monsoonal runoff to mitigate downstream flooding and enhance groundwater storage has received limited attention across the Indo-Gangetic Plain of the Indian subcontinent. Here, we assess the performance of a pilot MAR trial carried out in the Ramganga basin in India. The pilot consisted of a battery of 10 recharge wells, each 24 to 30 m deep, installed in a formerly unused village pond situated adjacent to an irrigation canal that provided river water during the monsoon season. Over three years of pilot testing, volumes ranging from 26,000 to 62,000 m3 were recharged each year over durations ranging from 62 to 85 days. These volumes are equivalent to 1.3–3.6% of the total recharge in the village, and would be sufficient to irrigate 8 to 18 hectares of rabi season crop. High inter-year variation in performance was observed, with yearly average recharge rates ranging from 430 to 775 m3 day−1 (164–295 mm day−1) and overall average recharge rates of 580 m3 day−1 (221 mm day−1). High intra-year variation was also observed, with recharge rates at the end of recharge period reducing by 72%, 88% and 96% in 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively, relative to the initial recharge rates. The observed inter- and intra-year variability is due to the groundwater levels that strongly influence gravity recharge heads and lateral groundwater flows, as well as the source water quality, which leads to clogging. The increase in groundwater levels in response to MAR was found to be limited due to the high specific yield and transmissivity of the alluvial aquifer, and, in all but one year, was difficult to distinguish from the overall groundwater level rise due to a range of confounding factors. The results from this study provide the first systematic, multi-year assessment of the performance of pilot-scale MAR harnessing village ponds in the intensively groundwater irrigated, flood prone, alluvial aquifers of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

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