Дисертації з теми "Individual poverty"
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Gosselin, Abigail. "Individual agency within political contexts: Responsibility for global poverty." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p3189993.
Повний текст джерелаKanagaratnam, Usha. "Macro, household and individual level explanations for the geographic differences in poverty levels in Indonesia, 2000-2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:01d9627e-5bd4-4c12-a269-8d82d3705ab1.
Повний текст джерелаIglesias, Pinedo Wilman Javier. "Intra-household inequality in Brazil: using a collective model to evaluate individual poverty." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7678.
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A distribuição dos recursos nos domicílios é importante para a compreensão do bem-estar material de seus integrantes e para a formulação de políticas redistributivas. Apesar da aparente importância da dimensão intrafamiliar da desigualdade, muito pouco tem sido feito para entender o quanto dos recursos do domicílio são apropriados pelos indivíduos que o compõem, e assim, tentar avaliar a pobreza individual. De fato, a avaliação da pobreza e da desigualdade, muitas vezes, assume uma distribuição igualitária dos recursos entre os membros do agregado familiar. Além disso, as medidas de pobreza não apenas negligenciam a distribuição dos recursos dentro dos domicílios, mas também os ganhos decorrentes do consumo conjunto. No entanto, a parcela de recursos domésticos dedicados a cada membro da família é difícil de identificar porque o consumo é medido ao nível do domicílio e os bens podem certamente ser compartilhados. Esta pesquisa tentou analisar o grau de desigualdade dentro das famílias e sua contribuição para os níveis de pobreza no contexto brasileiro. Em particular, estimou-se o processo de alocação de recursos e as economias de escala nos domicílios do Brasil usando um modelo coletivo de consumo das famílias. Mais especificamente, tentou-se analisar as parcelas de recursos de crianças e adultos e a relação com as economias de escala decorrentes do consumo conjunto e o processo de barganha dos pais, a fim de calcular uma medida direta da pobreza individual para o Brasil. A identificação da parcela de recursos dos membros do agregado familiar requer, além da observação de bens específicos dos adultos, a estimativa conjunta de curvas de Engel para domicílios de casais e solteiros. Esta estratégia de identificação difere do método tradicional de Rothbarth na medida em que é compatível com as economias de escala, bem como com o processo de barganha parental. A base de dados utilizada foi a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Brasil (POF 2008-2009). Os principais resultados forneceram evidência de desigualdade e economias de escala dentro dos domicílios brasileiros, o que nos leva à rejeição do modelo unitário de consumo e da abordagem tradicional de Rothbarth no caso do Brasil, respectivamente. Os resultados também mostraram que a parcela dos gastos totais dos homens é ligeiramente maior do que as parcelas das mulheres para quase todas as estruturas familiares consideradas no presente trabalho. Por sua vez, a magnitude das parcelas das crianças, interpretadas como o custo dos filhos para os pais, é comparativamente menor. Outros resultados também mostraram como os recursos destinados a cada membro variam de acordo com o tamanho e a estrutura da família, e, em particular, como as medidas tradicionais de pobreza tendem a superestimar a incidência da pobreza infantil. Além disso, encontrou-se que a parcela de recursos dedicada às crianças aumenta com o número de crianças, mas a parcela média por cada criança tende a diminuir. Por outro lado, verificou-se que as economias de escala dos adultos são grandes e afetam as medidas de pobreza. Especificamente, a pobreza entre adultos é menor porque os pais são altamente compensados pelas economias de escala decorrentes do consumo conjunto. Apesar de os filhos comandarem uma parcela de recursos razoavelmente grande do agregado familiar, tal parcela não é suficiente para evitar que eles tenham taxas mais elevadas de pobreza do que os seus pais. Além disso, foi encontrado que as mães parecem contribuir com mais recursos para os filhos do que os pais, e por outro lado, não foram encontradas diferenças de gênero, mas sim diferenças etárias nas parcelas de recursos entre as crianças. Ainda, os resultados fornecem evidências indicando que o poder de barganha das mulheres dentro da família melhora com a idade, nível de educação e a participação no mercado de trabalho. No geral, a principal conclusão é que a desigualdade intrafamiliar é significativa. Uma consequência importante disso é que as medidas tradicionais per capita de pobreza, que, por construção, ignoram a desigualdade intrafamiliar, apresentam uma imagem enganosa da pobreza, em especial para as crianças. Finalmente, essas estimativas são importantes para as intervenções de políticas redistributivas, porque constituem medidas mais precisas do bem-estar material relativo dos brasileiros em domicílios de diversas composições. Igualmente, o fato de que é plausível medir as parcelas de recursos de cada membro das famílias é um passo muito útil para medir a pobreza individual e, assim, informar de forma mais precisa aos formuladores de políticas que estão focados na redução da pobreza.
The distribution of resources within households is crucial to the understanding of its members’ material well-being and for the design of redistributive policies. Although the apparent importance of the intra-household dimension of inequality, very little research has focused on how much of the family resources are dedicated to each member, and thereby attempting to assess individual poverty. In fact, the assessment of poverty and inequality often assumes an equal distribution of resources among household members. Moreover, poverty measures not only neglect the distribution of resources within families, but also the gains from joint consumption. However, the share of household resources devoted to each family member is hard to identify, because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can indeed be shared. This research attempted to analyze the extent of inequality within households and its contribution to levels of poverty in the Brazilian context. In particular, we estimated the process of resources allocation and economies of scale in households from Brazil using a collective model of household consumption. More specifically, we attempted to analyze the resource shares of children and adults in relation with the scale economies of joint consumption and the parental bargaining in order to calculate a direct measure of individual poverty for Brazil. The identification of the household member’s resource share requires the observation of adult-specific goods and a joint estimation on couples and singles. This identification strategy differs from the traditional Rothbarth method, in that it is compatible with economies of scale as well as with parents’ bargaining. The database used was Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009). The main results provide evidence of inequality and economies of scale within Brazilian households, which leads us to the rejection of the unitary model and the traditional Rothbarth approach for Brazil, respectively. Our findings also showed that men’s share of total expenditures is slightly larger than women's shares for almost all the family structures considered here. The magnitude of children’s shares, interpreted as the cost of children for the parents, is in turn comparatively smaller. We also showed how resources devoted to each household member vary by family size and structure, and we find that, particularly, standard poverty measures tend to overstate the incidence of child poverty. Furthermore, we found that the share of resources devoted to children rises with the number of children, but the average share per child tends to decrease. On the other hand, we found that adult's scale economies are large and affect poverty measures. Specifically, adult poverty is smaller because parents are highly compensated by the scale economies due to joint consumption. Despite that the children command a reasonably large share of household resources, such share is not enough to avoid having higher rates of poverty than their parents. In addition, we found that mothers seem to contribute more resources than fathers to children, and we do not find evidence of gender but age differences in children’s resource shares. Also, results provide evidence indicating that women’s bargaining power within the household improves with their age, level of education and participation in the labor market. Overall, our main finding is that there is substantial intra-household inequality. One important consequence of this is that standard per-capita poverty measures, which by construction ignore intra-household inequality, present a misleading picture of poverty, particularly for children. Finally, our estimates are important for redistributive policy interventions, because they constitute more accurate measures of the relative material welfare of Brazilians in households of varying composition. Furthermore, the fact that it is plausible to measure of each member’s resource shares within households is a very useful step in measuring individual poverty, and thus informing in a more precise way to policy makers which are focused on poverty alleviation.
Sem Lattes
Coriden, Ellen. "Resiliency and families in poverty: evaluation of the effectiveness of circles Manhattan." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18994.
Повний текст джерелаSchool of Family Studies and Human Services
Melinda Markham
Resiliency in the low-income population includes individual as well as familial and community achievement. In order to break down the barriers of poverty, all three must be interconnected. This report provides a review of the current literature on factors that affect individuals and families to become resilient and what programs are available for support along the way. Circles Manhattan is one program in the Manhattan, Kansas community that rallies around individuals and families in poverty and works to see them through to earning 200% of the Federal Poverty Guidelines. This report also provides an evaluation of the Circles Manhattan Circle Leader training using pre-evaluation, post-evaluation, and weekly evaluation tools. Based on the results of the evaluation, recommendations are made for the future of Circles Manhattan as well as for researchers studying the topic of resiliency and poverty.
Manoil, Kim M. "Teachers' implementation of early literacy parent involvement strategies school predictor variables and differences across high- and low-poverty schools /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319887.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 11, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: A, page: 3025. Advisers: Edward P. St. John; Thomas J. Huberty.
Saunders, Demetria. "Fostering parental engagement at the elementary school level for urban students of poverty and color| A grant proposal." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523192.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose ofthis project was to establish a system of structured parental involvement utilizing parent liaisons in Verde Elementary and Peres Elementary Schools within the West Contra Costa Unified School District in Northern California. This system would facilitate parental engagement in the educational process of the students.
The target population, urban students of poverty and color, has been shown to have lower levels of academic achievement and high school graduation rates than other students. Parental involvement has been shown to enhance academic achievement and to benefit families, schools, and communities. The primary goal of the program is to increase the level of engagement of all parents within the school by actively reaching out to them, with the assumption that increased parental involvement will increase student performance, attendance, retention, and graduation rates. The concept of cultural humility will serve as the central theoretical framework which guides the establishment and operation of all aspects of this project. The actual submission and/or funding of this grant were not required for successful completion of this project.
Lockhart, Destiny. "The Effect of Welfare Work Requirements on TANF Recipients: Individual Employment and Economic Mobility." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1270.
Повний текст джерелаRowell, Katherine R. "An examination of how black families and white families exit persistent poverty: exploring the importance of individual and structural factors /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106116003.
Повний текст джерелаAktuna, Gunes Armagan Tuna. "Economie informelle et pauvreté en Turquie : une analyse des comportements individuels sur des données des dépenses monétaires et temporelles de 2003 à 2006." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010102.
Повний текст джерелаSince it was first introduced by Hart in 1973, the concept of “informal economy” has had vast implications for social-scientific research. Over the last four decades, informal economy has received increased attention in literature and has been keenly discussed by public authorities and scholars. There were two main motivations behind these efforts to identify the informal economy: to measure its size and to know its determinants. From a practical point of view, informal economy has been an enigma for economists seeking to identify its nature and to measure activities that have various economic motivations. Informality has been denoted by many names, such as “shadow”, “underground”, “second” or “parallel” economy- a plethora of terms resulting from the struggle to define informality. Likewise, the various approaches to studying the phenomenon differ greatly in the way that they relate to socio-economic characterization. Although there is great variation between definitions of informality, these diversifications allow authorities to deal more easily with the source of the problem, being able to inform themselves and create accurate policies. Generally speaking, these policies aim to increase the level of productivity for any given sector and to protect growth in an economy as a whole. The implicit goal of these strategies is to prevent informal earnings by protecting formal market transactions (Schneider and Enste, 2002) and thereby combat informality. To this end, identifying the stimulating economic factors behind informal activities by gathering information about participants, their actions and the concurrency of these activities becomes essential for the optimal distribution of economic resources
Colacce, Maira. "Three essays on intra-household distribution of resources and poverty." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0121.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation analyzes the patterns of intra-household inequalities in non-developed countries and how they are affected by culture and policies. Using household expenditure surveys, I employ a collective model to analyze household consumption allocation and its drivers, and to assess its implications for individual poverty.In the first chapter, I present novel findings on intra-household resource distribution for 45 low- and middle-income countries. The results reveal that women are nearly twice as poor as men on a global scale, with children experiencing even greater deprivation. Furthermore, intra-household disparities are more pronounced in poor countries and, within countries, among poor households.In the second chapter, I investigate whether kinship-based post-marital residence customs—specifically, patrilocality (residing with the groom's parents) and matrilocality (residing with the bride's parents)—continue to influence household consumption sharing and individual poverty levels in Ghana and Malawi. Analysis indicates that ancestral patrilocality, compared to matrilocality, corresponds with reduced resource allocation to women and a notably higher incidence of poverty among women across various household consumption levels.In the third chapter, I examine the impact of Uruguay's largest social assistance program, which targets poor families with children and paid to women. Employing a regression discontinuity design within a structural estimation framework, I find a significant increase in resource allocation to eligible women in rural areas, with no effects on children. I translate these results into terms of individual poverty: all family members benefit from the income effect, but the bargaining effect reduces women's poverty even more
Filgueiras, Maria AmÃlia Saraiva LeÃo. "a study on the state fund to combat poverty FECOP to strengthen the equity of individual low-income families in the state of Ceara." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4390.
Повний текст джерелаThis paper aims to do a study on the State Fund to Combat Poverty - FECOP, its creation, laws, objectives and performance, especially in the aspect of its ability to foster change through the proposed projects, strengthening the individual assets and therefore improving the quality of life of beneficiary families, whose families are those who are below the poverty line, defined as those who perceive an income below half the minimum wage per person. This thesis also aims to describe the actions taken by FECOP, making a diagnosis of poverty at the municipal level, quantifying and mapping the specific needs of each municipality by the IDF - Development Index of the Family, built from CADÃNICO.
O presente trabalho se propÃe a fazer um estudo sobre o Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza â FECOP, sua criaÃÃo, legislaÃÃo, objetivos e desempenho, notadamente no aspecto de sua capacidade de promover transformaÃÃes, atravÃs dos projetos propostos, fortalecendo o patrimÃnio individual e consequentemente melhorando a qualidade de vida das famÃlias beneficiadas; cujas famÃlias sÃo aquelas que estÃo abaixo da linha de pobreza, ou seja, aquelas que percebem renda mensal inferior a meio salÃrio mÃnimo por pessoa. Esta dissertaÃÃo tambÃm tem por objetivo descrever as aÃÃes realizadas pelo FECOP, realizando um diagnÃstico da pobreza ao nÃvel municipal, quantificando e mapeando as carÃncias especÃficas de cada municÃpio, atravÃs do IDF â Ãndice de Desenvolvimento da FamÃlia, construÃdo a partir de informaÃÃes do CADÃNICO.
Pasaribu, Syamsul Hidayat Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, Inmaculada [Akademischer Betreuer] Martínez-Zarzoso, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kneib. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Labour and Development Economics : Regional and Individual Unemployment Persistence, Cash Transfer Program and International Poverty Line / Syamsul Hidayat Pasaribu. Gutachter: Stephan Klasen ; Inmaculada Martínez-zarzoso ; Thomas Kneib. Betreuer: Stephan Klasen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064404065/34.
Повний текст джерелаMartins, Pedro Miguel Guerra. "Análise do perfil longitudinal da pobreza monetária em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6252.
Повний текст джерелаO objetivo desta dissertação consiste na análise das características mais influentes na determinação da situação de pobreza de um indivíduo em Portugal. Tendo como base os dados longitudinais disponibilizados pelo Inquérito às Condições de Vida e de Rendimento entre os anos de 2006 e 2009, foram estimados três modelos probit sobre uma estrutura de dados em painel, um modelo estático e dois modelos dinâmicos, onde neste último foram seguidas as metodologias desenvolvidas por Wooldridge (2005) e Orme (2001). Posteriormente, de maneira a quantificar o efeito de cada variável explicativa, foram calculados os respetivos efeitos marginais médios. Além do tratamento da heterogeneidade individual não observada prova-se que a estimação dinâmica sobre esta estrutura de dados beneficia a análise do problema, nomeadamente no peso significativo da variável dependente desfasada um período na determinação da probabilidade de um indivíduo estar em situação de pobreza. Conclui-se também que a inserção em agregados familiares numerosos ou monoparentais, a viver em áreas pouco povoadas, com dificuldades em fazer face aos encargos usuais, baixos níveis de scolaridade e membros do agregado em situação de desemprego foram outros fatores que influenciaram a ocorrência deste fenómeno.
The objective of this thesis consists in analyzing the most influential factors that determine individual poverty situation in Portugal. Based on longitudinal data provided by the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey between the period of 2006 and 2009, we have estimated three probit models for a panel data structure, one being static and two dynamic, whereas for the latter, we followed the ethodologies developed by Wooldridge (2005) and Orme (2001). Futhermore, in order to quantify the effect the effect of each single explanatory variable, we have calculated the respective average marginal effects. In addition to the unobserved heterogeneity treatment, evidence is provided that the dynamic estimation of this data structure benefits the problem analysis,namely concerning the significant importance of the one period lagged dependent variable when determining the probability of an individual being in a poverty situation. It is also concluded that large or one-parent families, living in sparsely populated areas, thriving to cope with monthly burdens, with low educational attainment levels and that live in jobless households are among other factors that influence the occurrence of this phenomena.
Trender, Tina, and Geer Nina De. "Stöd eller tillrättavisning : En kvantitativ studie om socialarbetares attityder till ekonomisk rådgivning som metod." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-86806.
Повний текст джерелаPhilips, Joseph Pieter Mathijs. "Affluent in the face of poverty on what rich individuals like us should do /." Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2007. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10302331.
Повний текст джерелаGonzalez, Villasanti Hugo Jose. "Feedback Controllers as Financial Advisors for Low Income Individuals." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429614036.
Повний текст джерелаCominsky, Cynthia. "Beliefs about Work Held by Low-income Individuals and Entry-level Employers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406810308.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Dennis. "FINANCIAL LITERACY AND THE FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF INDIVIDUALS IN UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/464213.
Повний текст джерелаD.B.A.
Better access to financial literacy programs in underserved communities has the potential to improve financial decision making and to help individuals and families escape poverty. This multimethod dissertation explores some of the challenges of developing financial literacy programs for underserved individuals and provides insights into the cultural and institutional factors that discourage financial literacy and sound financial decision making. This research re-examines the construct of financial literacy, reviews relevant past research, and presents a conceptual model with hypotheses regarding factors that affect financial literacy. To test the model, multiple studies were conducted in underserved communities in rural and urban areas to understand the complexity of the relationship between financial literacy and financial decision making. These studies were supplemented by a series of in-depth interviews with financial literacy experts, community leaders, and underserved individuals. The results indicate the importance of refining both financial literacy instruments and training to rural and urban underserved communities, while also building stronger ties to community leaders and financial institutions.
Temple University--Theses
Thompson, Margaret Anne. "Shelter to Hope." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1335591595.
Повний текст джерелаVieira, Priscila Pereira Faria. "Trabalho e pobreza no Brasil entre narrativas governamentais e experiências individuais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-06032018-121457/.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis intends to grasp transformations, displacements, tensions and disputes concerning the articulations of the categories labor and poverty, by analyzing them from two different but connected points of view, the governmental and the individual perspectives. Consequently, the empirical investigation is conducted considering two frameworks: the Brazilian state perspective, which, through its policies, classifies some of its citizens as poor, and the individuals categorized as poor outlook. We analyzed the governmental actions and institutional formulations that drove Brazil\'s social policies in the 2000s and 2010s, revealing the strategies and narratives that have sustained government actions oriented to the problem of placing poor individuals in the productive world. This process was reconstructed through the extensive examination of institutional materials and interviews with governmental agents at federal and municipal levels. We documented that, as the scenario in Brazil transformed and social policies developed, governmental discourses produced new symbolic ways to entangle poverty and labor. These subjects were likewise investigated considering the point of view and everyday experiences of a group of individuals and families who benefitted from poverty relief programs. To do so, we conducted an ethnographic study in an peripheral neighborhood in São Paulo city, analyzing the families trajectories institutionally categorized as poor, demonstrating the multiplicity of survival strategies and means of guaranteeing income and well-being, as well as the diversity of native forms of describing and representing these strategies. Familial composition and their dynamics, origin, gender and generation appeared as crucial dimensions in analysis. It revealed the intensity with which different meanings of labor were constructed, manipulated and disputed in the daily lives of individuals in contexts of poverty. We observed the transformations in the narratives, strategies and dynamics of poor people\'s relationships with the structural circuits of their survival: markets, State, family, friendships and neighborhood networks. This complex mesh of activities with which individuals engage in to earn a living formal and informal, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, visible and invisible , challenge governmental discourses and practices as well as the understanding of the Sociology of Labor.
Blondel, Marion. "La personne vulnérable en droit international." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0268/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe term vulnerable person is more and more frequently used in the different fieldsof contemporary international law. Although rarely defined when used, a vulnerable personcan be understood as an individual whose weakness and/or particular situation predisposeshim to serious risks. The term can then cover various situations. The adaptability of the termenables a practical protection of the individual, according to each specific need. The term ofvulnerable person thus takes a place in the positive law without any specific and expressdefinition. As a consequence, neither the beneficiaries nor the terms of protection of the latterare defined. However, as the identification of an individual as a vulnerable person produceslegal effects, the conceptualization of such term becomes necessary. As it has become areality in international law, it influences not only the legal order but also the socialenvironment, and as a consequence arouses theoretical questionings
Hove, Fidelis. "The role of income and demographic effects in determining poverty transitions for individuals : evidence from the KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1993 to 2004." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5798.
Повний текст джерелаChristensen, Keith M. "The Impact of the Physical Environment on the Social Integration of Individuals with Disabilities in Community." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/720.
Повний текст джерелаChi, Young-hae. "By what right do we own things? : a justification of property ownership from an Augustinian tradition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5555bb1d-9d5c-4260-b2bc-3c04c61ecb31.
Повний текст джерелаBriney, Carol E. "My Journey with Prisoners: Perceptions, Observations and Opinions." Kent State University Liberal Studies Essays / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1373151648.
Повний текст джерелаDaly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
Повний текст джерелаThis work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
Tomalty, Jesse. "Remedial responsibility for global poverty : individual motivation and institutional capacity." Thesis, 2007. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/975523/1/MR37772.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBartlett, Sheridan Nason. "The significance of housing for parents and children in poverty." 1996. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9638927.
Повний текст джерела"Negotiating intimacy: Intrahousehold dynamics, sexuality and birth control experiences of Indian women in poverty." Tulane University, 1993.
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"Culture of poverty or ghetto underclass? Women and children on the streets of Honduras." Tulane University, 1994.
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Chauya, Ivy Violet. "The effectiveness of community development groups in poverty reduction with regards to individual community members : the case of Likasi area development programme in Mchinji district, Malawi." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18928.
Повний текст джерелаDevelopment Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
Pasaribu, Syamsul Hidayat. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Labour and Development Economics." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9971-B.
Повний текст джерелаLucas, Cláudia Sofia Faria da Silva. "Resiliência familiar em contexto de pobreza urbana : a percepção das famílias sobre forças familiares, resiliência individual e stress percebido." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/14064.
Повний текст джерелаThe general goal of this work is to study family resilience in families living a situation of urban poverty, based on their perception of family strengths, individual resilience and perceived stress. Considering that study resulted from the need felt by the professional practice of adopting a positive view on the functioning of these families and their members, another goal was, therefore, added to study which consists on apprehending its implications on the population under analysis so as to enable intervention. The sample is made up of 61 adults of both genders, with ages from 18 to 77, from a population of 31 families living in poverty in the municipality of Lisbon. The following self-reporting tools were used: the inquiry on family strengths Questionário de Forças Familiares (Melo & Alarcão, 2011); the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Portuguese version by Anjos & Ribeiro, 2008); the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Tamarck & Mermelstein, 1983; Portuguese version by Rocha & Ribeiro, 2008, cit. by Rocha, 2009); and last, a social and demographic inquiry. The results show that participants are able to perceive the strengths of their family - the family processes associated to resilience - meaning that they can identify the positive aspects of their functioning. Furthermore, they’ve shown to have a good perception level on the individual resilience scale as well as an average level on the perceived stress. These results underline how important it is to think of a family centered intervention based on strengths, which is likely to operate a positive social change in a situation of urban poverty.
Uphoff, E. P., K. E. Pickett, B. Cabieses, Neil A. Small, and J. Wright. "A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9798.
Повний текст джерелаRecent research on health inequalities moves beyond illustrating the importance of psychosocial factors for health to a more in-depth study of the specific psychosocial pathways involved. Social capital is a concept that captures both a buffer function of the social environment on health, as well as potential negative effects arising from social inequality and exclusion. This systematic review assesses the current evidence, and identifies gaps in knowledge, on the associations and interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Through this systematic review we identified studies on the interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health published before July 2012. The literature search resulted in 618 studies after removal of duplicates, of which 60 studies were eligible for analysis. Self-reported measures of health were most frequently used, together with different bonding, bridging and linking components of social capital. A large majority, 56 studies, confirmed a correlation between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Twelve studies reported that social capital might buffer negative health effects of low socioeconomic status and five studies concluded that social capital has a stronger positive effect on health for people with a lower socioeconomic status. There is evidence for both a buffer effect and a dependency effect of social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in health, although the studies that assess these interactions are limited in number. More evidence is needed, as identified hypotheses have implications for community action and for action on the structural causes of social inequalities.
Woźniak, Sylwia. "Koncepcja bezpieczeństwa jednostki w stosunkach międzynarodowych." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2951.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this dissertation is the concept of human security in international relations. The concept became a central concern of international law and might be considered as one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th century. According to UNDP Human Development Reports (1994) - which was the first significant document dealing with the problem – the human security refers to protection from permanent threats such as famine, illnesses and oppression as well as protection from sudden and harmful upheavals in daily life. The concept of human security refers to protection from old and new safety threats: lingering impoverishment, ethnic violence, human trafficking, climatic changes, pandemics, international terrorism and abrupt economic crisis. The concept of human security recognises connections and correlations between development, human rights and international security. This dissertation focuses on current international security issues. The concept of human security definitely extends beyond traditional notions of national security and military security – it includes development and respecting human rights. It is a complex idea of interrelated basic rights: freedom from fear, freedom from poverty and right to dignity. In this concept particular attention deserves concern of an individual, who experiences enormous pace of technological development and who has problems with basic existential needs and cannot obstruct poverty, famine and social pathologies which are connected with the development of civilization. The dissertation primarily bases on these resources: annual UNDP reports, reports from international conferences and documents of organizational units of UN.The subject of this dissertation – concept of human security - was chosen due to its validity and importance for safety studies. Considering this particular subject seems to be justified as there is no such complete scientific report, that explores the concept of human security in a complex way. The main purpose of the research was to define main assumptions of the concept of human security and to determine its material scope. The crucial research question was : In what way the principles of concept of human security influence the security in international relations? The research hypothesis was formulated: the realization of the principles of concept of human security is important condition in guaranteeing security in international relations in the 21st century.The dissertation provides extensive knowledge from conducted research, it fills the gap in the studies of concept of human security in international relations. The results of the conducted research demonstrate that the concept of human security refers to protection from old and new security threats: lingering impoverishment, ethnic violence, human trafficking, climatic changes, pandemics, international terrorism and abrupt economic crisis. The concept of human security reflects a comprehensive approach that applies a wide range of possible solutions in an integrated way. Analyses conducted in the dissertation demonstrated the problems and ideas connected with the concept of human security. Presenting concept of human security as freedom from fear and freedom from impoverishment draws attention to the fact that work and health are the principals of living standards and dignity, it also emphasizes the correlation between health and impoverishment.
Arent, Stefan. "Challenges of Reforming the Welfare State: Four Essays on the Impact of Institutional Reforms on Individuals in Germany." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28359.
Повний текст джерелаAdam, Caroline. "L’agir-en-contexte : comprendre l’action des individus en situation de vulnérabilité." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23551.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the challenges in health promotion is to design theoretical tools and interventions that take into consideration the way structures influence individuals’ life paths, while also recognizing individuals’ ability to make choices that shape their life and, in turn, have an effect on the world in which they live. The exclusionary mechanisms framework makes it possible to assimilate these two occurrences, particularly with regards to the notion of access (Adam & Potvin, 2016). This analytical framework conceives of exclusion mechanisms as a set of elements at various levels that, during interaction, limit access to rights, resources, and capacities for a healthy life and lead to situations of vulnerability. The framework proposes to look at issues of access as a relevant opportunity for addressing the interaction between individuals and structures. With this analytical framework as a starting point, the goal of this thesis is to understand how limited access to rights, resources, and possibilities for developing capacities interact with the context in which individuals evolve and their ability to act. In order to examine certain contexts that have been influenced by exclusionary mechanisms, as well as how individuals carry out their actions within these contexts, we postulated that: 1) Food insecurity is the result of exclusionary mechanisms that limit access to the financial resources necessary to feed oneself in sufficient quantity and quality, or that provoke anxiety that one will not be able to feed oneself in sufficient quantity and quality; and 2) Going to a community organization reflects individuals’ ability to act in the face of such adversities. Based on these postulates, and using life story interviews, we studied the paths of 12 individuals participating in a food insecurity community organization. The concept of acting-in-context has been developed based on the qualitative analysis of the life stories collected. This concept is composed of a five-part system: agency, resources, capacities, threats, and opportunities. These components make it possible to understand how exclusion mechanisms shape context and adjust individuals’ ability to act. More particularly, the concept of “acting-in-context” suggests that exclusionary mechanisms modify the context’s configuration by increasing threats, decreasing opportunities, and acting on individuals’ capacities, resources, and, by extension, agency. Based on this concept, three types of “acting-in-context” were developed: 1) motivated “acting-in-context”, in which individuals act according to their wishes, desires, aspirations, values, and principles while being faced with few threats, but many opportunities; 2) constrained “acting-in-context”, in which acting is essentially turned toward managing threats, leaving little or no room for wishes, desires, aspirations, values, and principles; and 3) synchronic “acting-in-context,” in which individuals attempt to act according to their wishes, desires, aspirations, values, and principles, but must also act otherwise in the face of threats limiting the possibility for them to realize their desires, hopes, aspirations, values and principles. This thesis therefore provides a new way of conceptualizing context and new analytical tools to understand individuals’ actions. In the end, our results suggest that a health promotion intervention that tries to strengthen individuals’ capacities needs to analyze the configuration of “acting-in-context” in order to reduce the density of threats. In this way, the intervention will increase opportunities, capacities, and resources, as well as enable individuals to act according to their wishes, desires, aspirations, values, and principles.