Дисертації з теми "Individual costs"
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1
Head, Sareta Dobbs. "Costs of Treating Depression with Individual Versus Family Therapy." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2842.
Анотація:
Marital discord contributes to the development and continuation of depression and to the recurrence of depressive episodes for those in troubled relationships. Early research suggests that family therapy may reduce the severity and frequency of depressive episodes through modification of family interactional patterns. This would result in a reduction in the cost of treating depression. This study summarizes the literature linking family dynamics with depression. Then,using a sample taken from a large health maintenance organization, data was statistically analyzed to measure the effectiveness of both individual and family therapy as delivered by different types of mental health professionals. Results indicated that family therapy was both effective and cost-effective in the treatment of depression.
2
Schiltz, Joel. "Sunk costs at an individual level : the role of responsibility /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1103231637.
3
Veetaseveera, Jomphop. "Decentralized control design for synchronization of multi-agent systems with guaranteed individual costs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0303.
Анотація:
Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la synthèse et l'analyse d'algorithmes de synchronisation pour des systèmes multi-agents avec une dynamique linéaire. Par synchronisation, nous voulons que les états de tous les agents évoluent sur la même trajectoire à partir d'un certain temps. En prenant en compte des contraintes de communication, nous proposons des architectures de commandes décentralisées, c.-à-d. qui n'utilisent que des informations locales. Dans une première partie, nous nous inspirons de la théorie des jeux pour proposer une loi de commande considérant un coût individuel de satisfaction par agent. Afin de faciliter l'analyse, le problème de synchronisation est d'abord reformulé en un problème de stabilisation. Ensuite, des conditions données sous forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires permettent de vérifier si un profil de gains correspond un équilibre de satisfaction ou non. Un ensemble de gains est un équilibre de satisfaction lorsque le coût individuel de chaque agent est borné par un seuil donné. La seconde partie consacrée aux réseaux avec des clusters, se base sur la théorie des systèmes singulièrement perturbés pour présenter une loi de commande plus axée sur des réseaux de grandes envergures. L'objectif est de fournir une méthode efficace en termes de calcul pour concevoir des stratégies de contrôle qui garantissent une certaine limite sur le coût de chaque cluster. En utilisant une méthode de séparation d'échelles de temps, la conception de la loi de commande est séparée en deux parties: une commande interne et une commande externe. Leurs conceptions se font indépendamment l'une de l'autre et tend à réduire les charges de calculs. De plus, nous montrons que la commande interne n'affecte le coût du cluster que pendant une courte période de tempsThe work of this thesis focuses on the synthesis and analysis of synchronization algorithms for multi-agent systems, with linear dynamics and fixed topology. By synchronization, we mean that the states of all agents evolve on the same trajectory from a certain time. Taking into account communication constraints, we propose decentralized control architectures, i.e. that use only local information. In a first part, we draw from game theory to propose a control law considering an individual satisfactory cost per agent. In order to facilitate the analysis, the synchronization problem is first reformulated as a stabilization problem. Then, conditions given in the form of Linear Matrix Inegalities allow to check if a gain profile corresponds to a satisfaction equilibrium or not. A set of gains is a satisfaction equilibrium when the individual cost of each agent is bounded by a given threshold. Furthermore, based on the output feedback control, a second result allows us to synthesize the gain of an agent assuming the gains of the other agents are known. The second part, dedicated to networks with clusters, is based on the Singular Perturbed Theory to present a control law more focused on large-scale networks. The objective is to provide a computationally efficient method to design control strategies that guarantee a certain limit on the cost of each cluster. Using a time-scale separation method, the control law design is separated into two parts: an internal and an external control. Their designs are done independently from each other and tend to reduce the computational load. Moreover, we show that the internal control affects the cost of the cluster only during a short period of time
4
Lee, Adrian David Banking & Finance Australian School of Business UNSW. "Active equity fund management: Benchmarking and trading behaviour." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Banking & Finance, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43403.
Анотація:
This thesis investigates key issues concerning how active equity fund managers add value: measuring alpha (Chapter 3), generating alpha (Chapters 4, 5 and 6) and transaction cost minimisation (Chapter 7). Chapter 3 proposes important methodological adjustments to the widely adopted benchmarking methodology of Daniel, Grinblatt, Titman and Wermers (1997). Applying this modified benchmark to a sample of active funds and simulated passive portfolios that mimic fund manager style characteristics, statistically lower tracking error is documented, compared with using the standard methodology. These findings suggest that improved specifications of characteristic benchmarks represent better methods in accurately quantifying fund manager skill. Chapter 4 examines a portfolio strategy which selects stocks using the undisclosed monthly holdings of Australian active funds. When considering a large range of strategies incorporating portfolio holdings information, the top performing strategies are robust to data-snooping and are economically and statistically significant when incorporating transaction costs. Accounting for look-ahead bias in the formation of a strategy, statistically significant alpha of at least 6.88 percent per year is found when following the best performing strategy holding 20 stocks or more in the previous month. Chapter 5 examines the relation of active equity fund managers location proximity to a stock??s corporate headquarter using portfolio holdings data. Contrary to much international research, this study reveals evidence inconsistent with a location advantage for Melbourne and Sydney-based funds. Chapter 6 examines retail investor trading on the Australian Stock Exchange. The performance of retail investors is highly heterogeneous: discount (non-discount) retail brokerage investors lose -0.59 (-0.05) percent intraday and experience negative (positive) returns over the subsequent year. These findings are inconsistent with retail investors exerting price pressure or providing liquidity to institutions. Chapter 7 examines whether equity fund managers use multiple brokers in a trade package in order to lower their price impact and brokerage costs. Using the daily trades of funds, multiple broker trades are not found to have lower costs compared to a single broker, even when controlling for the informativeness of the trade package and potential endogeneity. These findings suggest that fund managers do not lower their costs when using multiple brokers.
5
Wu, Gi-Mick. "On handling costs and host choice in aphid-parasitoids: from individual behaviour to evolutionary patterns." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103627.
Анотація:
Foraging animals incur handling costs when capturing, subduing, or killing their resources. Handling costs are hypothesized to influence the dietary choices of animals and influence the structure of ecological communities. It is not clear, however, whether trophic interactions found in communities correspond to individual decisions. This thesis investigated the determinants of handling costs and their consequences for host choice by aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) at the level of individuals and communities. Laboratory experiments using the parasitoid Aphidius colemani showed that the cost of handling a host aphid (Myzus persicae) is inversely related to the parasitoid:host body size ratio. Further experiments showed that developmental temperature influences the handling time of parasitoids by affecting parasitoid body size. The defences of aphids are expected to impose a handling cost to parasitoids. The cornicle secretions of the aphid Sitobion avenae, however, did not increase the handling time of the parasitoid A. rhopalosiphi in laboratory experiments. This is likely because cornicle secretions have an altruistic function rather than self-preservation. Hence, consumer:resource body size ratio seems the principal determinant of handling time in aphid- parasitoid interactions. When given a choice, female parasitoids preferred hosts that maximized their foraging rate (value/handling time) as predicted by optimal foraging. At the level of communities, the relationship between handling time and body size ratio is expected to result in a positive association between the body size of optimally foraging consumers and of their resources. Comparative studies of aphid-parasitoid revealed no relationship between handling time and body size ratio, but showed a clear positive correlation between consumer and resource body sizes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed that the correlation between aphid and parasitoid body sizes can be attributed entirely to their evolutionary history (phylogeny). This thesis showed that body sizes of aphids and parasitoids influence handling costs and host choices, but that this result does not scale up to ecological communities. Rather, the host choice of parasitoids for different species of aphids is explained by phylogeny. I discuss the potential implication of these results for scaling behaviour and for applied ecology.L'exploitation des ressources impose un coût de manipulation pour capturer, poursuivre, ou tuer une ressource. Les coûts de manipulation devraient influencer les choix des animaux et conséquemment, la structure des communautés. Le comportement d'exploitation au niveau individuel pourrait ne pas être valide pour les communautés où plusieurs espèces interagissent. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les facteurs influençant le coût de manipulation chez les parasitoïdes de puceron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) et les conséquences pour le choix d'hôte au niveau individuel et des communautés. Des expériences en laboratoire sur le parasitoïde Aphidius colemani ont démontré que le coût de manipulation d'un hôte (Myzus persicae), diminue lorsque le ratio de taille parasitoïde:puceron augmente. De plus, la température de développement des parasitoïdes influence leur temps de manipulation en modifiant leur taille corporelle. Les défenses des hôtes devraient influencer le temps de manipulation des parasitoïdes, mais des expériences en laboratoire ont démontré que l'utilisation de sécrétions corniculaires par le puceron Sitobion avenae n'affecte pas le temps de manipulation du parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Ce résultat serait lié à la fonction altruiste des sécrétions corniculaires. Il semblerait donc que le ratio de taille consommateur:ressource soit le principal facteur influençant le coût de manipulation des parasitoïdes de puceron. Au niveau des communautés, cette relation devrait donner lieu à une corrélation positive entre la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes. Des analyses comparatives ont démontré que le coût de manipulation n'est pas lié au ratio de taille consommateur:ressource à l'échelle de la communauté, mais que la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes sont néanmoins positivement corrélées. Par contre, cette corrélation peut être attribuée complètement au passée évolutif (phylogénie) des animaux plutôt qu'à leur choix d'hôte. Cette thèse a démontré que la taille corporelle des pucerons et des parasitoïdes influence le coût de manipulation et le choix des hôtes des parasitoïdes, mais que ce résultat ne s'applique pas à l'échelle des communautés. Le choix d'hôte lorsque différentes espèces de puceron sont présentes serait plutôt expliqué par la phylogénie. Je discute des conséquences de ces résultats pour l'étude du comportement à plusieurs échelles.
6
Turaga, Rama Mohana Rao. "Spatial Resolution, Costs, and Equity in Air Toxics Regulation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16236.
Анотація:
Concern about environmental injustice has been driving the recent effort to characterize risks from exposures to air toxics at very fine spatial resolutions. However, few studies seek to understand the potential policy implications of regulating risks at increasingly finer spatial resolutions and the impact of resulting policies on distribution of risks. To address this gap, the broad question for this research is how could the choice of spatial resolution for regulation of risks from toxic air pollutants affect emission controls and the consequences thereof? This research develops a formal model of a hypothetical decision maker choosing emission controls within a risk-based regulatory framework. The model suggests that optimal controls on air toxics emissions vary depending on the spatial resolution chosen to regulate risks; net social costs are non-decreasing as one regulates at finer and finer spatial resolutions.
An empirical application of the model using air toxic emission data for Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties in Florida demonstrates the sensitivity of optimal emissions to spatial resolution chosen for regulation. The research then investigates the equity implications of regulating at different spatial resolutions with regard to the spatial distribution of cancer risks. The empirical results indicate that regulation at finer spatial resolutions could involve a tradeoff between costs and equitable distribution of risks. For example, at a threshold cancer risk of 100 in a million, regulating at census block level resolution could be twice as costly as regulating at census tract resolution while reducing the maximum individual risk by almost half. Further, regulation at finer spatial resolutions might not address environmental injustice by itself unless such concerns are more explicitly incorporated into emission control decisions. Finally, this research shows that spatial resolution at which air toxics risks are regulated could matter in predictable ways even after taking into account the uncertainties that the decision maker faces.
7
Kazis, Richard Frank. "The costs of uneven development : an analysis of individual earnings loss among dislocated workers in deindustrializing industries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75507.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 78-83.
by Richard Frank Kazis.
M.C.P.
8
Everett, Michael D., and Michael W. Ramsey. "A Framework and Model for Estimating the Individual Benefits and Costs of Exercise for Long Run Health." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4131.
Анотація:
This paper develops a computer spreadsheet framework and model for estimating the individual benefits and costs of exercise for long run health. The biological costs and benefits rest on solid production functions between exercise intensity levels, fitness levels, and two key indices of long run health outputs—probability of all cause mortality and an index of health care costs. The less certain monetary estimates of those costs and benefits come from reviews of the key literature. The resulting model of individual exercise costs and benefits provides a basis for individual long run health planning plus cost effective and cost benefit analysis of different exercise strategies. The latter, which uses the implicit value of life, may provide insights to the lack of consistent exercise and strategies to increase it.
9
Arving, Cecilia. "Individual psychosocial support for breast cancer patients : Quality of life, psychological effects, patient satisfaction, health care utilization and costs." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7929.
10
Fischer, Timo. "European co-ordination of long-term care benefits: the individual costs of migration between Bismarck and Belveridge systems. Illustrative case studies." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1728/1/document.pdf.
Анотація:
The paper to be presented discusses the default in policy coordination or harmonisation in European Social Policy and the emerging private cost borne by migrating individuals. The different designs of national social security schemes imply administrative hurdles and incompatibilities. The latter may also discourage labour movements between EU - countries since migration could bring about a reduction or a loss of social security rights acquired on the basis of past employment and past contributions. The access to new benefits may be hampered as long as some national social security insurance programs demand a minimum coverage period as a prerequisite for benefit claims and disregard preceding insurance periods in other countries. Taking present EU law into account, we design case studies to identify barriers to entry resp. to exit for individuals or households when migrating from one social security scheme to another. Within these scenarios, movements between national systems in Bismarckian tradition and Beveridge systems are of great interest. The paper is based on a research project conducted at the Centre of Excellence of International Tax Coordination at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
11
Hurskainen, S. (Sonja). "The roles of individual demographic history and environmental conditions in the performance and conservation of northern orchids." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220888.
Анотація:
Abstract A population growth rate is the sum of all individuals’ reproduction and survival, which in turn depend on many external and internal factors, e.g. weather and individual reproductive history. In plants, for example, previous reproduction can deplete an individual’s resources, resulting in trade-offs between demographic functions. To understand these demographic processes, it is necessary to follow populations for many years. Such long-term studies are especially crucial for endangered species, as they can reveal the causes of population declines and provide information that is directly applicable for the management. In my thesis, I applied this approach to the study of rare orchids. Specifically, I analyzed long-term orchid monitoring data from two countries, Finland and Estonia, to assess the external and internal factors that affect the performance of these long-lived plants, which reproduce both sexually (via seeds) and vegetatively (via new ramets). My research reveals that plant performance depends on both the demographic history and the environment of a plant. For example, although Finnish and Estonian populations of the lady’s slipper orchid, Cypripedium calceolus, differed in direction and statistical significance of their responses to environmental factors, the two most-influential weather variables in both cases were spring snow depth and the temperature of the previous summer. However, the influence of weather on both flowering and vegetative growth was dwarfed by the effect of plants’ own demographic histories: there was a trade-off between current and future reproduction which created asynchronous two-year cycles in reproduction and growth. Furthermore, in all three studied orchid species — the lady’s slipper orchid (C. calceolus), the fairy’s slipper orchid (Calypso bulbosa), and the dark-red helleborine (Epipactis atrorubens) — the probability of dormancy (a state in which the plant spends a year or more underground) and the demographic costs this state incurred with respect to size or future reproduction depended on a plant’s size and whether it flowered prior to dormancy. In other words, dormancy had both absolute and relative costs in large, but not in small, individuals. Finally, I show here that environmental alteration via selective tree removal can be used as a management method to increase orchid reproduction via both seeds and rametsTiivistelmä Populaation kasvunopeus riippuu siitä, kuinka monta yksilöä populaatioon syntyy ja kuinka monta yksilöä kuolee. Yksilöiden lisääntyvyyteen ja elossa säilyvyyteen puolestaan vaikuttavat monet ulkoiset ja sisäiset tekijät, kuten sää ja yksilön oma lisääntymishistoria. Kasvilla on rajallinen määrä resursseja, joten sen pitää tehdä kompromisseja eri elintoimintojen, esimerkiksi kasvun ja lisääntymisen, välillä. Klonaaliset kasvit voivat myös lisääntyä usealla tavalla: joko suvullisesti siemenistä tai kasvullisesti tuottamalla uusia versoja. Demografisten prosessien tutkimisessa pitkäaikaiset seuranta-aineistot ovat välttämättömiä. Pitkäaikaisseurannat voivat myös paljastaa uhanalaisen lajin populaation taantumisen syyt ja näistä seurannoista saatua tietoa voidaan soveltaa harvinaisten lajien, esimerkiksi kämmeköiden, suojelutoimien suunnittelussa. Tässä väitöskirjassa analysoin aineistoa kämmeköiden pitkäaikaisseurannoista Suomesta ja Virosta. Tavoitteenani oli arvioida ulkoisten ja sisäisten tekijöiden merkitystä pitkäikäisten kasvien menestykselle. Tulokset osoittavat, että kasvin menestys riippuu sekä yksilön omasta demografisesta historiasta että sen ympäristöstä. Eri säätekijöiden vaikutus tikankontin (Cypripedium calceolus) kasvuun ja kukkimiseen vaihteli Suomen ja Viron välillä, mutta lumen syvyys ja edellisen kasvukauden lämpötila nousivat merkittävimmiksi tekijöiksi molemmissa maissa. Tikankontin kasvu ja kukinta riippuivat kuitenkin säätä enemmän kasvin omasta demografisesta historiasta. Runsas lisääntyminen edeltävällä kasvukaudella vähensi lisääntymistä tulevalla kasvukaudella, mikä johti kaksivuotiseen jaksottaisuuteen tikankontin lisääntymisessä ja kasvussa. Tutkiessani dormanssia (lepotila, jossa kasvi ei tuota maanpäällistä versoa) kolmella kämmekkälajilla, tikankontilla, neidonkengällä (Calypso bulbosa) ja tummaneidonvaipalla (Epipactis atrorubens), havaitsin lisäksi, että todennäköisyys siirtyä dormanssiin riippui kasvin koosta. Myöskin tämän lepotilan aiheuttamat kustannukset olivat riippuvaisia kasvin aikaisemmasta tilasta. Isoilla kasveilla dormanssilla oli sekä suoria kustannuksia että kustannuksia suhteessa versomiseen. Pienillä kasveilla näitä kustannuksia ei ollut. Osoitan väitöskirjassani myös, että maltillisella puunpoistolla voidaan lisätä tikankonttipopulaatioiden siementuottoa ja versotiheyttä
12
Hermann, Daniel Dr [Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Rau, Claudia [Gutachter] Keser, and Kilian [Gutachter] Bizer. "The influence of moral costs and heuristics on individual decision making: Five essays in behavioral economics / Daniel Dr. Hermann ; Gutachter: Claudia Keser, Kilian Bizer ; Betreuer: Holger Rau." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169912311/34.
13
Germain, Marion. "The links between dispersal and individual fitness : correlation or causality ? : exploring mechanisms using correlative and experimental approaches in a passerine bird species, the collared flycatcher." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254731.
Анотація:
Dispersal is commonly defined as the movement of an individual from its natal orprevious breeding site to a new breeding site. Because dispersal involves movements ofindividuals and genes among populations, it is recognized as a key life history trait withstrong effects on many ecological and evolutionary processes such as populationdynamics and genetics but also species spatial distribution or response to brutalenvironmental variations induced by human activities. Yet, the consequences of dispersalin terms of individual fitness remain poorly understood despite their crucial importance inthe understanding of the evolution of dispersal. The aim of this PhD is to get betterinsights in the fitness consequences of dispersal using both correlative and experimentalapproaches at different scales, i.e. annual and lifetime scales, in a wild patchy populationof migratory passerine bird, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). Using a long-termdata set encompasses more than 20 years of data, differences between dispersing andphilopatric individuals were demonstrated both at a lifetime and annual scale. The resultsshowed strong phenotypic- and condition-dependent effects of dispersal and highlightthat the balance between the costs and benefits of dispersal is likely to be the result ofsubtle interactions between environmental factors and individuals’ phenotype. Moreover,the forced dispersal experiment demonstrated that dispersal might entail costs link tosettlement in a new habitat, which only some individuals may overcome. Nevertheless,the absence of difference in major fitness related decisions after settlement suggests thatdispersal is mostly adaptive for individuals overcome such costs.Key words: dispersal, fitness, collared flycatcher, dispersal costs and benefits,experimental approach, correlative approach, passerine.Joint PhD Uppsala, Lyon
14
Büttner, Benjamin [Verfasser], Gebhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wulfhorst, Yves [Gutachter] Crozet, and Michael [Gutachter] Wegener. "Consequences of sharp increases in mobility costs on accessibility : Suggestions for individual and public development strategies / Benjamin Büttner ; Gutachter: Yves Crozet, Michael Wegener, Gebhard Wulfhorst ; Betreuer: Gebhard Wulfhorst." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124590951/34.
15
Büttner, Benjamin Christoph [Verfasser], Gebhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wulfhorst, Yves [Gutachter] Crozet, and Michael [Gutachter] Wegener. "Consequences of sharp increases in mobility costs on accessibility : Suggestions for individual and public development strategies / Benjamin Büttner ; Gutachter: Yves Crozet, Michael Wegener, Gebhard Wulfhorst ; Betreuer: Gebhard Wulfhorst." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124590951/34.
16
Dalla, Via Nicola <1985>. "Three essays in behavioral management accounting." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1254.
Анотація:
Con la presente tesi si intende contribuire alla letteratura riguardante il comportamento degli individui coinvolti in compiti di controllo di gestione e di decisioni aziendali. L’elaborato è composto da un capitolo introduttivo e da tre studi empirici. Il Capitolo 1 propone una recensione storica degli studi riguardanti le tematiche comportamentali nel controllo di gestione. Il Capitolo 2 esamina come l’introduzione di misure di performance soggettive in un sistema di incentivazione biennale porti a distorsioni nella valutazione. In particolare, i risultati mostrano che le valutazioni della performance condotte dai supervisori sono influenzate dal compromesso tra una funzione informativa ed una premiante. Il Capitolo 3 indaga le difficoltà di riconoscimento del comportamento dei costi denominato viscosità, quando è proposto mediante differenti formati di rappresentazione. Infine, il Capitolo 4 studia le modalità per mezzo delle quali le decisioni strategiche sono influenzate dall’adozione di una balanced scorecard con catena causale e dall’introduzione di differenti tipologie di accountability (processo e risultato).The aim of the dissertation is to contribute to the literature focused on issues related to the behavior of individuals involved in management accounting tasks. The work is composed by an introductory chapter and three empirical papers. Chapter 1 proposes a historical review of the studies on behavioral management accounting and control. Chapter 2 examines how the introduction of subjective performance measures in a biannual incentive system leads to evaluation biases. In particular, the findings show that supervisors’ performance evaluations are subject to a trade-off between an informative and a rewarding function. Chapter 3 investigates whether sticky cost behavior is recognized under different presentation formats. Finally, Chapter 4 studies how strategic decisions are influenced by the adoption of a causal chain in a balanced scorecard and by the introduction of different types of accountability (process vs. outcome).
17
Brožová, Tereza. "Children pay as you go system." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192657.
Анотація:
This diploma thesis is analyzes a nontraditional concept of pension system called "Children pay as you go", which is reflecting the connection between the number of raised children and entitlement to retirement pension. It focuses especially on particular proposals by individual scholars as to how the system could work and be put into practise. It also analyses the positives and negatives of such theoretical concepts. The analytic part of this essay focuses mainly on the calculation of children education costs, as well as the calculation of contribution of individual to the system. The calculations serve as the basis of a proposal how parents could be at least partly compensated for the costs they had to cover from their family budgets in the sence of raising and sustenance of their children.
18
Kun, Ka-yin April. "Coastal management in Hong Kong : individual workshop report /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14014609.
19
Bevins, Bram Cassidy. "Employability of individuals with varying disabilities and costs of needed workplace accommodations." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0326103-193755/unrestricted/BevinsB040303f.pdf.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0326103-193755. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
20
Redigolo, Jessica <1992>. "I Piani Individuali di Risparmio tra costi ed opportunità." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13117.
Анотація:
I PIR, la cui disciplina è da ricercare nella Legge di Bilancio per il 2017, sono i "prodotti" dell'anno. L'obiettivo è quello di finanziare l'economia reale con i risparmi degli italiani. Il successo di tale soluzione deriva dall'esenzione fiscale su proventi e capital gain. Il PIR può essere acceso in diversi modi. L'industria del risparmio propone principalmente l'investimento in Fondi comuni. Si tratta probabilmente della strada più onerosa. Esiste in capo agli intermediari la volontà di spartirsi il vantaggio fiscale concesso dalla legge al risparmiatore?
La tesi comincia con l'analisi della normativa e del contesto macroeconomico e segue con l'analisi dei dati empirici di raccolta che confluiscono in un'analisi dei costi.
21
Schiltz, Joel. "Sunk Cost at an Individual Level: The Role of Responsibility." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1103231637.
22
Nowalski, Jorge. "Employment problems in Costa Rica : individual and household effects and responses." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1117/.
Анотація:
The aim of this study is to explore the living conditions and responses of individuals and their households with employment problems in Costa Rica. The study, based on a survey of households, addresses questions regarding both the effects which individuals associate with employment problems and the mechanisms which they and their households adopt to offset these effects, in the absence of an income maintenance programme. With respect to the effects of employment problems, one-third of the respondents linked changes in their health, family life and education to their employment situation. They referred to ill- health, limited access to health services, disruption of family life, academic failure and school leaving as the major effects related to their employment problems. The majority of individuals and their households resorted to social support and the use of alternative sources of work and income such as informal sector and home production, to counteract the impact resulting from their employment problems. Additionally, most unemployed people searched intensively for jobs while participating in the informal sector. Moreover, public assistance programmes did not play a major role as a mechanism for survival because few respondents knew about them and even fewer were beneficiaries of these programmes. The thesis concludes with policy proposals derived from the findings of the survey. The objectives of these proposals are, in the short-term, to mitigate the impact of employment problems and, in the long-term, to generate more employment opportunities. In addition, based on the lessons drawn from the present study, several recommendations are made for future research on the effects of, and responses to, employment problems.
23
Studený, Marek. "Analýza vedlejších rozpočtových nákladů v závislosti na základních rozpočtových nákladech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227066.
Анотація:
The thesis deals with question of dependence accessory costs of budget on a elementary costs of budget. There is describe structure both kind of costs and then it is division to elementary parts. Next, there are identified their influencing factors. At the end of my thesis are costing real objects and is concluded there doesn´t exist a dependence between both costs.
24
Peter, Nicole A. "The effects of individual crop payments on the cost of food." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17739.
Анотація:
Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Hikaru Hanawa Peterson
This thesis focuses on the question of the effect of commodity pricing and Federal programs on the cost of food in the United States. For many decades the debate around subsidy payments has been argued in the halls of Congress and in farm fields across the country. Corn, wheat, and soybeans are the three largest crops subsidized in the United States today; arguably, the prices of these crops are influenced by subsidy payments. The goal of this thesis is to determine the effects of the prices of the top three subsidized crops on the thrifty market basket for families for four published by the USDA, factoring in transportation costs, market spread, agricultural technology advancements, and market value share. Previous studies have focused on direct subsidy payments as a whole and their aggregate influence on the price of food. This paper builds on the past studies by evaluating the effects of crop-specific programs on the cost of food. Econometric regression analysis was used to analyze the data gathered to support or refute the hypothesis that commodity prices and Federal payments do influence the cost of food. Initially data were gathered from January 1960 to December 2012. The data were adjusted for inflation using the Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index where appropriate. After multiple attempts of modeling it was discovered that data from 1960 to 1970 needed to be discarded due to the difference in the market basket price calculations from the rest of the series. Furthermore, the model was adjusted based on the presence of multicollinearity, and the Hildreth-Lu Method was utilized to correct for the autocorrelation in error. The regression results illustrated that the only commodity of the three considered in the study that had a positive and statistically significant impact on the cost of food over the sample period was corn (p-value = 0.005). The coefficients on wheat and soybean prices were statistically insignificant. The historical fuel price had the expected positive sign and was statistically significant. The agricultural technology factor was not significant. The results also suggested that the cereal grains supply chain has significantly increased the cost of food. Both the cereal grain farm value share and the retail-to-farm spread for cereal grains were statistically significant (p-value < 0.000) with positive coefficients. The price spread of fruit was statistically significant, (p-value = 0.000), but the farm value was not. The regression results were initially surprising for the crop price variables. The overall analysis supports previous studies that crop subsidies alone may not have impacted food prices per se, but biofuel policies may have had unintended consequences. Crop-specific results provide more information to consider when discussing The Farm Bill and the implications of such a complicated and omnibus piece of legislation.
25
Kun, Ka-yin April, and 靳嘉燕. "Coastal management in Hong Kong: individual workshop report." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258608.
26
Sendecka, Joanna. "Age, Longevity and Life-History Trade-Offs in the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7787.
27
Chiang, FuFan. "The Cost Effectiveness of Individual and Family Therapy for Schizophrenia in Managed Care." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3085.
Анотація:
Much research has explored the cost effectiveness of psychotherapy for schizophrenia. However, to date, no studies have investigated the cost effectiveness of family and individual therapy for schizophrenia in the "real world" of managed care. The purpose of the present study is to compare the cost effectiveness of individual and family therapy for schizophrenia in one leading Health Care Insurer: CIGNA. Six years of outpatient data (2001–2006) and more than 2,100 unique schizophrenic outpatients are included. Research questions in this study concern the total treatment costs, the cost effectiveness, recidivism rates and the dropout rates of individual and family outpatient therapy. The findings show that family therapy is a more cost effective treatment than individual therapy by having lower total treatment costs and recidivism rates. However, family therapy has higher dropout rates than individual therapy.
28
Souza, Cristiane Natalicio de. "Artesanato de tradição do tear em Resende Costa, MG: trabalho, produção e comércio." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2018. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/22502.
Анотація:
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A presente tese analisa as configurações do trabalho artesanal domiciliar do tear, repassado desde o século XVIII e hoje tensionada entre a tradição e a modernização impulsionada pela ideologia do empreendedorismo individual, que é propagado por diversos atores e, notadamente, pelo poder público. Com esse propósito, são inicialmente, revisados elementos da história da tecelagem artesanal no estado de Minas Gerais e discutida a presença do trabalho artesanal no contexto atual da sociedade capitalista. Em seguida, com base no estudo empírico de caráter etnográfico, realizado na cidade histórica de Resende Costa, Minas Gerais, são examinados os mecanismos pelos quais a atividade do tear artesanal foi reinventada como tradição, celebrada como patrimônio e estimulada como base do desenvolvimento económico local, além de principal fonte da inserção social e econômica de diversos tipos de trabalhadores (não apenas os artesãos) e comerciantes. A partir das narrativas colhidas na pesquisa, são mapeadas as formas e relações de trabalho. bem como a hierarquia social da cadeia artesanal do produtor domiciliar ao empresário, e os espaços e tempos de produção e comercialização. A tese focaliza, em seguida, a ideologia e a prática do empreendedorismo individual, discutindo-as sob três perspectivas. Na primeira, são tomadas em consideração as estratégias dos artesãos em mobilizar potenciais locais em busca de condições de trabalho e vida. Na segunda, são destacados os esforços desses trabalhadores para reinventar a tecelagem artesanal de modo a valoriza-la como tradição local, conectando-a simultaneamente à modernidade e à sociedade—mercado global. Na terceira, o empreendedorismo individual é associado ao coletivo e à circulação de poderes na rede de produção e comércio de artefatos têxteis que configura mobilidades e mutações do trabalho artesanal. O estudo analisa a complexidade da tecelagem, revelando as fronteiras que são muitas vezes fluidas e que tencionam o ofício entre a tradição e a modernidade, o local e o global, o artesanal e o industrial, o trabalho manual e o capital comercial, o privado e o público, o individual e o coletivo, o patrimônio e a mercadoria. Conclui-se que, nessa rede dinâmica, o empreendedorismo individual tanto pode ser a expressão da subordinação do trabalhador no capitalismo de economia flexibilizada, quanto pode assumir a condição de estratégia e resistência. Palavras-chave: Trabalho artesanal. Ofício. Tradição. Empreendedorismo individual. Redes Coletivas.
This thesis analyzes the configurations of the Ioom's home-made work, passed down from the eighteenth century and today tensioned between tradition and modernization driven by the ideology of individual entrepreneurship propagated by various actors and notably by the public power. With this purpose, we initially reviewed elements of the history of artisanal weaving in the state of Minas Gerais and discussed the presence of artisanal work in the current context of capitalist society. Then, based on the empirical study of ethnographic character, carried out in the historic city of Resende Costa, the mechanisms by which the artisanal loom was reinvented as a tradition, celebrated as patrimony and stimulated as a basis for local economic development, were examined. the main source of the social and economic insertion of various types of workers (not just artisans) and merchants. From the narratives collected in the research, work forms and relationships were mapped, as well as the social hierarchy of the artisan chain of the home producer to the entrepreneur, the spaces and times of production and oommercialization. The thesis then focuses on the ideology and practice of individual entrepreneurship, discussing them from three perspectives. In the first, the artífices of artisans are taken into account in mobilizing potential Iocalities in search of working and living conditions. Secondly, the efforts of these workers to reinvent weaving in order to value it as a local tradition, while simultaneously connecting it with modernity and the global market society, are highlighted. In the third, individual entrepreneurship is associated with the collective and the circulation of powers in the network of production and trade of textile artifacts that configure mobilities and mutations of artisanal work. In this dynamic network, individual entrepreneurship can both be an expression of the subordination of the worker in flexible economy capitalism, as well as assuming the condition of strategy and resistance. The identification of these three perspectives in the study allowed us to consider the complexity and tensions of textile weaving. These are revealed in the frontiers where they are and sometimes friction craft I tradition and modernity; local and global; craftsmanship and industry; manual labor and commercial capital; private and public; individual and collective; patrimony and merchandise. keywords: Craft work. Oficio. Tradition. Individual entrepreneurship. Collective networks.
A AUTORA NAO ENVIOU O ARQUIVO EM PDF(TEXTO COMPLETO). FORAM FEITOS CONTATOS VIA EMAIL EM 30/07/2018 E 27/08/218, E VIA FONE EM 14/08/2018, MAS NAO HOUVE RETORNO QUANTO ÀS SOLICITAÇÕES.
29
Ramos, Gómez Geancarlo Enzo. "Diseño de un congelador continuo individual IQF con una capacidad de 200 Kg/hr de espárragos." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/5461.
Анотація:
La presente la tesis tuvo como objetivo diseñar un túnel de enfriamiento continuo IQF de
200 kg/hr de espárragos. La longitud del IQF fué determinada por el tiempo de
congelamiento del espárrago hasta la temperatura de -10°C. La temperatura del aire
forzado dentro del túnel IQF fue de -30°C, generado por un sistema de refrigeración por
compresión de 2 etapas de amoniaco con refrigeración intermedia. Una estructura
metálica de acero AISI 316 soportó el peso distribuido de los espárragos, faja y
evaporador. El diseño se dividió en dos partes principales: el cálculo de la carga térmica y
la parte estructural. Para el primero, la carga térmica se desdobló principalmente en el
calor producido por el espárrago, entre ellos se encuentra el calor latente, sensible y de
respiración, luego el calor infiltrado por las paredes y por el área de ingreso y salida de los
espárragos al IQF, y el producido por los ventiladores del evaporador que generan el flujo
de aire frío. Para el diseño de la parte estructural, se utilizó el programa de simulación
“ANSYS”, donde se analizaron los esfuerzos generados por los pesos de los
componentes del IQF sobre el bastidor. Luego, se calculó el diámetro de las líneas de
tubería del sistema de refrigeración. Para el diseño se tomó en cuenta los aspectos de
velocidad máxima permitida, según el estado en el que se encuentre el refrigerante
(Vapor/Líquido), presión de trabajo máxima y caída de presión de 0,01 bar por cada 20 m.
Adicionalmente, se calculó la potencia eléctrica necesaria para el funcionamiento del IQF
y se realizó el diagrama unifilar de los equipos y conectores que lo componen.Tesis
30
Taylor, Michael D. "Calibration and Characterization of Low-Cost Fine Particulate Monitors and their Effect on Individual Empowerment." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/932.
Анотація:
Air quality has long been a major health concern for citizens around the world, and increased levels of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2:5) has been definitively linked to serious health effects such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness, and increased mortality. PM2:5 is one of six attainment criteria pollutants used by the EPA, and is similarly regulated by many other governments worldwide. Unfortunately, the high cost and complexity of most current PM2:5 monitors results in a lack of detailed spatial and temporal resolution, which means that concerned individuals have little insight into their personal exposure levels. This is especially true regarding hyper-local variations and short-term pollution events associated with industrial activity, heavy fossil fuel use, or indoor activity such as cooking. Advances in sensor miniaturization, decreased fabrication costs, and rapidly expanding data connectivity have encouraged the development of small, inexpensive devices capable of estimating PM2:5 concentrations. This new class of sensors opens up new possibilities for personal exposure monitoring. It also creates new challenges related to calibrating and characterizing inexpensively manufactured sensors to provide the level of precision and accuracy needed to yield actionable information without significantly increasing device cost. This thesis addresses the following two primary questions: 1. Can an inexpensive air quality monitor based on mass-manufactured dust sensors be calibrated efficiently in order to achieve inter-device agreement in addition to agreement with professional and federally-endorsed particle monitors? 2. Can an inexpensive air quality monitor increase the confidence and capacity of individuals to understand and control their indoor air quality? In the following thesis, we describe the development of the Speck fine particulate monitor. The Speck processes data from a low-cost dust sensor using a Kalman filter with a piecewise sensing model. We have optimized the parameters for the algorithm through short-term co-location tests with professional HHPC-6 particle counters, and verified typical correlations between the Speck and HHPC-6 units of r2 > 0:90. To account for variations in sensitivity, we have developed a calibration procedure whereby fine particles are aerosolized within an open room or closed calibration chamber. This allows us to produce Specks for commercial distribution as well as the experiments presented herein. Drawing from previous pilot studies, we have distributed low-cost monitors through local library systems and community groups. Pre-deployment and post-deployment surveys characterize user perception of personal exposure and the effect of a low-cost fine particulate monitor on empowerment.
31
De, Angelis Gino. "The Cost-effectiveness of an Adapted Community-based Aerobic Walking Program for Individuals with Mild or Moderate Osteoarthritis of the Knee." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23129.
Анотація:
This thesis investigated the cost-effectiveness of a 12-month supervised aerobic walking program with or without a behavioural intervention and an educational pamphlet, compared to an unsupervised/self-directed educational pamphlet intervention, among individuals with moderate osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Analyses included an economic evaluation to assess the cost effectiveness of the two walking interventions from both the societal and Canadian provincial/territorial health care payer perspectives. A value of information analysis exploring the potential value of future research was also performed. Results revealed that the unsupervised/self-directed intervention was the most cost-effective approach given that it cost the least to implement and participants had higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Walking, either supervised in a community setting, or unsupervised in a setting such as the home, may be a favourable non-pharmacological option for the management of OA of the knee. The thesis concludes with a policy discussion relating to the funding of non-pharmacological therapies.
32
Evans, Christopher Charles Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "The operating costs of taxing the capital gains of individuals : a comparative study of Australia and the UK, with particular reference to the compliance costs of certain tax design features." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Law, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20738.
Анотація:
This study investigates the impact of aspects of tax design on the operating costs of the tax system. The thesis focuses on the Australian and UK regimes for taxing the capital gains of individuals. It contends that the compliance burden faced by personal taxpayers and the administrative costs incurred by revenue authorities are directly influenced by the design of the capital gains tax ('CGT') regimes in each country. The study bridges the divide between theoretical analysis of CGT and empirical studies on tax operating costs. It uses a hybrid research design to test a series of hypotheses that emerge from a review of the literature and the experience of the researcher. It combines a technical analysis of the relevant Australian and UK legislative provisions (including an analysis of the policy and other background data that underpins those provisions) with empirical research on the views and experience of practitioners who are responsible for the operation of the legislation in the two countries. The results obtained from this combined methodology indicate that the operating costs of taxing capital gains in Australia and the UK are directly affected by the design of the legislative provisions. Moreover, the study outcomes indicate that operating costs in both countries are high (on a number of comparative measures), have not reduced over time, and are both horizontally and vertically inequitable. The research indicates that the primary factors that cause the high operating costs include the complexity of the legislation and the frequency of legislative change, together with record-keeping and valuation requirements. The thesis identifies specific legislative changes that would address operational cost concerns. These include the phasing out of the 'grandfathering' exemption together with the introduction of an annual exempt amount, and the rationalisation of business concessions in Australia; and the abolition of taper relief and its possible replacement with a 50% exclusion in the UK. More importantly, it seeks a more principled approach to the taxation of capital gains in both countries, and emphasises that legislative change can and should only be enacted with a full and clear understanding of the operating cost implications of that change.
33
Saramago, Goncalves Pedro. "Methodological issues in the analysis of individual- and aggregate-participant level data for cost effectiveness analysis." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2933/.
Анотація:
Health care economic evaluations assess the costs and consequences of competing interventions, programmes or services. Such assessments use a decision model, with parameters informed by available evidence. Evidence, however, is rarely derived from a single source, in which case researchers are expected to combine information on multiple sources. This thesis contributes to the methodological debate on the use of evidence, particularly, the use of individual level data (IPD), for cost effectiveness analysis. This thesis defines a taxonomy which summarises the methodological and analytical issues in the use and synthesis of evidence for cost effectiveness modelling. For alternative parameter types (e.g. relative effectiveness, costs) the taxonomy offers guidance on appropriate synthesis methodologies to use and identifies areas where further methodological contributions are needed. The thesis also explores methods of synthesis of IPD and develops novel frameworks which allow both IPD and AD to be jointly modelled, specifically in estimating relative effectiveness. The use of IPD from studies is found desirable, particularly when the estimation of subgroup effects is of interest. An applied decision model of the cost effectiveness of smoke alarm equipment in households with pre-school children is developed within this thesis. This application offers a means to evaluate the impact of using IPD on the cost effectiveness outcomes, compared to the use of AD. The thesis examines the advantages of having access to IPD when quantifying decision uncertainty. Additionally, it discusses the use of IPD in estimating the value of further research. Specifically, a framework is used which allows considering population subgroups. It is argued that the use of IPD allows a more suitable characterisation of decision uncertainty, appropriately allowing for subgroup value of information analysis.
34
Heiden, Erin Ose. "Injuries among individuals with pre-existing spinal cord injury: understanding injury patterns, burdens, and prevention." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1624.
Анотація:
As a growing body of research has focused on the individual, social, and environmental factors that facilitate life after spinal cord injury (SCI), particular emphasis has been placed on health conditions that are modifiable and preventable. Subsequent injuries are a serious health problem for individuals with SCI. They are a direct threat to further morbidity and mortality, and are both a cause and consequence other secondary health conditions.
As a first step toward understanding this public health problem, the purpose of this dissertation research was to describe the patterns, burdens, and prevention of subsequent injury among individuals with SCI. In three distinct, but related studies, this dissertation examined the characteristics of hospitalizations due to an injury among individuals with paraplegia, and compared the differences in length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs of injury hospitalizations between individuals with quadriplegia versus paraplegia. In addition, it explored the experience of subsequent injury among individuals with SCI who return to work and examined perceptions of threat and efficacy in preventing subsequent injury using the Extended Parallel Process Model. Using discharge level weighting available in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Study 1 calculated national estimates of injury hospitalizations for individuals with paraplegia by patient, hospital, and injury characteristics. Most injury hospitalizations occurred among males, to individuals 35-49 years, and were due to falls, poisonings, or motor vehicle traffic. With the same dataset, Study 2 used logistic regression to estimate the effect of patient characteristics on odds of hospitalized patients with quadriplegia versus paraplegia, and linear regression to estimate predicted differences in hospital costs for individuals with quadriplegia compared to paraplegia. Fewer injury hospitalizations but longer hospital stays, and higher hospital costs per discharge were found for individuals with quadriplegia compared to individuals with paraplegia. Males, younger age, and the uninsured were significant predictors of higher hospital costs. Finally, Study 3 used in-depth interviews to qualitatively explore the perceptions on subsequent injury among individuals with SCI who return to work, and found individuals with SCI who return to work recognized the importance of preventing subsequent injury, and were taking actions to prevent subsequent injury in their daily life and in the workplace.
The significance of this research is that it is the first description of injury hospitalizations for all causes of injury by specific type of SCI, and the associated medical outcomes of LOS and direct medical costs. Prevention of subsequent injury should be a priority. The perceptions of individuals with SCI about the severity of and their susceptibility to injury and the efficacy of individual and environmental actions to prevent subsequent injury described in this research should be used to inform the development of interventions that prevent subsequent injury.
35
Flaig, Julien. "A simulation based approach to individual vaccination behavior." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2056/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation des comportements individuels de vaccination. Lorsque la vaccination est libre, les individus peuvent décider ou non de se vacciner, et ces décisions influencent la propagation de la maladie. Nous proposons une approche de modélisation flexible qui permet de prendre en compte ces décisions individuelles dans les modèles de simulation épidémiologiques.Dans le Chapitre 1, nous étudions la décision de vaccination face à une maladie inspirée de la rougeole. Nous montrons comment inclure les décisions de vaccination dans un modèle épidémiologique en les calculant comme un point fixe fonctionnel. Nous obtenons des résultats pour un modèle avec taux de mort et de naissance, et perte d'immunité vaccinale. Nos résultats sur longue période de temps mettent en évidence des pics épidémiques récurrents. À titre de comparaison, nous produisons également des résultats pour des individus ayant un comportement adaptatif.Les objectifs du Chapitre~2 sont (i) de montrer que la boucle entre prévalence et comportements individuels ne peut pas être négligée dans les évaluations de politiques de santé publique, et (ii) de présenter un outil pour les inclure dans ces évaluations. Nous développons l'exemple de la vaccination obligatoire contre la rougeole. Notre modèle épidémiologique est le modèle SIR habituellement utilisé pour représenter la rougeole. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'anticipation de la vaccination obligatoire peut conduire à une augmentation transitoire de la prévalence avant l'éradication à long terme de la maladie. Ceci conduirait à d'importants transferts d'utilité entre générations. Ironiquement, dans notre scénario, des individus anti-vaccins sont parmi ceux qui bénéficient le plus de la vaccination obligatoire.Dans le Chapitre~3, nous partons du constat que la comparaison des coûts de vaccination avec le risque d'être infecté par la rougeole peine à expliquer la couverture vaccinale relativement élevée (bien que souvent insuffisante) dans les pays développés. Nous discutons l'hypothèse selon laquelle la vaccination est un comportement coopératif. Nous mettons en œuvre des concepts d'équilibre et de punition habituellement utilisés en théorie des jeux répétés en donnant des arguments pour leur utilisation dans le contexte de la vaccination. Nos résultats indiquent que la menace d'une punition peut expliquer la vaccination lorsqu'elle serait normalement sous-optimaleWe tackle the issue of including individual vaccination decisions in epidemiological models. We draw on the example of Measles vaccination, and we focus on strategic interactions and anticipatory behavior. We contribute to a fuller account of such behaviors by developing a modeling approach intended as a tool for practitioners and theorists.In Chapter 1, we show how the interplay between individual anticipatory vaccination decisions and the otherwise biological dynamics of a disease may lead to the emergence of recurrent patterns. We consider a Measles-like outbreak, rational and far-sighted individuals, vital dynamics, and waning vaccine efficacy. This chapter illustrates the versatility of our approach. For comparison, we provide results for individuals with adaptive behavior.In Chapter 2, we investigate the effect of anticipatory behavior in a scenario where Measles vaccination becomes mandatory. When mandatory vaccination is announced in advance, we show that individuals may alter their vaccination behavior, thus causing an increase in prevalence before Measles is ultimately eradicated. These transition effects lead to non negligible welfare differences between generations. We consider an anti-vaccinationist subpopulation with a higher vaccination cost, and exhibit scenarios where anti-vaccinationists are among those who benefit the most from mandatory vaccination.In Chapter 3, we discuss whether coalitions of vaccinating individuals can account for the relatively high vaccination coverages observed in developed countries. We explain why and how retaliation concepts usually found in repeated games can be used in the context of vaccination, even though individuals vaccinate only once. This allows us to model how vaccinating individuals might retaliate against those who refuse vaccination. We show that retaliation threats can sustain vaccination where it would otherwise be suboptimal for individuals
36
Dahirel, Maxime. "Déterminants individuels et environnementaux de la dispersion chez une espèce hermaphrodite, l'escargot Cornu aspersum." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S068/document.
Анотація:
Les comportements de dispersion, c'est-À-Dire les mouvements conduisant à des flux de gènes dans l'espace, jouent un rôle majeur dans de nombreux processus écologiques et évolutifs. Les Gastéropodes terrestres sont des hermaphrodites simultanés dont le mouvement est extrêmement coûteux, une combinaison de traits très intéressante pour étudier les liens entre dispersion et autres traits d'histoire de vie. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié (i) les relations complexes entre dispersion, croissance, reproduction mâle et femelle chez le petit-Gris Cornu aspersum, un escargot anthropophile, (ii) comment la dispersion et le comportement exploratoire de cette espèce varient en fonction de la compétition ressentie et de l'hétérogénéité environnementale, (iii) comment la propension à disperser coévolue avec d'autres traits à l'échelle interspécifique. Cornu aspersum passe par une phase subadulte mâle de durée variable avant de devenir adulte et hermaphrodite. Le comportement de dispersion s'exprime principalement pendant cette phase subadulte, et sa diminution chez les adultes est liée à l'accroissement de l'investissement dans la fonction femelle. Cette espèce disperse de façon très densité-Dépendante : les individus quittent les sites à haute densité et s'installent dans ceux peu peuplés, une stratégie qui facilite la colonisation et la persistance en environnements instables. La propension à explorer augmente en environnements urbains fragmentés, malgré les coûts plus élevés du mouvement. Au niveau interspécifique, dispersion et généralisme sont liés, ce qui rend les espèces spécialistes doublement vulnérables, mais facilite le succès des généralistes en milieux hétérogènes. Cette combinaison de traits a probablement joué un rôle majeur dans la colonisation de nombreux milieux anthropisés par cette espèce à travers le mondeDispersal behaviours, i.e. movements leading to gene flow in space, play a key role in many ecological and evolutionary processes. Terrestrial gastropods are simultaneous hermaphrodites and have an extremely high cost of locomotion, a seldom studied combination of traits which makes them very valuable to investigate the links between dispersal and other life-History traits. During this project, we investigated (i) the complex relationships and trade-Offs between dispersal behaviour, growth, male and female reproduction in the anthropophilous brown garden snail Cornu aspersum, (ii) how its dispersal and exploration vary as a function of competition and environmental heterogeneity, (iii) how dispersal ability coevolved with other traits at the interspecific level. This snail presents a male-Biased subadult phase of varying duration before reaching adulthood and hermaphroditism. Dispersal behavior was mostly expressed during this subadult stage, and its decrease in adults was linked to investment in the female function. Brown garden snail dispersal is highly density-Dependant: snails leave crowded sites and settle readily in low-Density patches, a strategy that facilitates colonization and persistence in spatio-Temporally variable environments. Their movement propensity increases in urban, fragmented habitats, despite the higher costs of movement. At the interspecific level, dispersal and ecological generalism are linked in a dispersal syndrome, which makes specialist species doubly vulnerable, but increases success odds of generalists in heterogeneous landscapes . This combination of traits is likely to have played a major role in the successful worldwide colonization of many anthropogenic landscapes by this species
37
Ballard, Jaime Elizabeth. "Cost-Effectiveness of Treating Pervasive Developmental Disorders: A Comparison by Treatment Modality." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3925.
Анотація:
This study examined the costs of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) treatment in a large healthcare organization. When compared to individual therapy and mixed therapy, family therapy had significantly fewer sessions, fewer episodes of care, and better cost-effectiveness. Individual therapy had significantly shorter treatment length than mixed therapy. There were no differences in treatment length or number of episodes by license, but dropout and cost-effectiveness were significantly different. Medical doctors had the highest dropout and best cost-effectiveness, while Marriage and Family Therapists had the lowest dropout and Masters of Social Work had the poorest cost-effectiveness. Children had significantly higher dropout than other age groups. An autism diagnosis was associated with fewer sessions but additional episodes of care when compared to PDD. Having a comorbid diagnosis is associated with longer treatment length but slightly fewer episodes of care. A regression model to predict number of episodes of care by intensity of treatment, provider type, and modality, intensity of treatment explained only 6% of the variance.
38
GHIANI, GIOVANNA MARIA. "Composizione corporea, nutrizione personalizzata e costo energetico della corsa: studio longitudinale su una popolazione di individui fisicamente attivi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266378.
Анотація:
Considering the relation between body weight-composition and energy cost of running, we tested
the hypothesis that modifying body composition by means of a combined protocol of specific diet
and training, the energy cost of motion (Cr) may be reduced. 45 healthy and normal-weight subjects
were divided into three groups that performed a different treatment: the first group attended only a
dietary protocol (D), the second only a running program (R) and the third both (R&D). Each subject
underwent three anthropometric and exercise evaluation tests during one year (at T0, T6, T12) to
assess body composition and Cr adjustments. The mean fat mass (FM) values were reduced in R&D
from 12.0±4.0 to 10.4±3.0 kg (p<0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group from 14.2±5.8 to 11.6±4.7 kg
(p<0.05 T0 vs. T12). Conversely, the mean fat free mass values increased in R&D (from 56.3±8.8
to 58.3±9.8 kg, p<0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group (from 50.6±13.2 to 52.9±13.6 kg, p<0.05 T0
vs. T12). The mean Cr values of the 2 groups were significantly modified throughout the one year
protocol (1.48±0.16 and 1.40±0.15 kcal·kg-b·km-1 in the R&D group at T0 and T12 respectively;
1.83±0.17 and 1.76±0.23 kcal·kg-b·km-1 in D group at T0 to T12 respectively). The R&D and D
groups that underwent the diet protocol had a positive change in body composition during the year
(FM-fat free mass ratio decline) which determined a Cr reduction.
39
Billman, Eric J. "Changes in Life History within an Individual's Lifetime." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2667.
Анотація:
A central goal of life history theory is to understand the selective factors that generate the diversity of reproductive patterns observed in nature. Within lifetime changes in reproductive investment will determine an organism's fitness; however, this area of life history theory has received less attention than comparisons among population that characterize life history traits as a single population mean. Reproductive allocation can be affected by multiple cues; the integration of these cues across an organism's lifetime generates the diversity in life history strategies observed in nature. Life history studies should examine the interacting effects of multiple cues on life history strategies to generate better predictions and generalizations of age-related changes in reproductive investment. An individual's life history strategy is inherently multivariate consisting of a coordinated suite of life history traits that, when combined across the organism's lifetime, determines its fitness. Life history strategies can therefore be described as a trajectory through multivariate space defined by life history traits. Here I describe life history trajectory analysis, a multivariate analytical approach for quantifying and comparing phenotypic change in life history strategies; this methodology is adapted from an analytical framework originally described for studies of morphological evolution. Life history trajectories have attributes (magnitude, direction, and shape) that can be quantified and statistically compared among taxa to determine if life history patterns are predictable. Using the life history trajectory analysis, I demonstrate the effect of prior experience on reproductive allocation in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis. The effect of prior experience resulted in a terminal investment or accentuated response to age-based cues, or resulted in a conservative investment strategy or reproductive restraint. In the livebearing fish Gambusia affinis, females adjust the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction based on age- or environment-based cues. Age-0 females decreased the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction in late summer prior to the onset of fall and winter months. Old females, on the other hand, increased the level of reproductive investment as the summer progressed. The reproductive restraint and terminal investment patterns exhibited by age-0 and age-1 females, respectively, were consistent with the predictions from the cost of reproduction hypothesis. These studies demonstrate how the life history trajectory analysis provides an analytical tool to test predictions of life history theory. Additionally, I provide evidence that organisms use multiple cues to determine the level of reproductive investment and that the strength of the effect of each cue will depend on the age of an individual.
40
Hosking, Jeremy G. "Elucidating the neurobiology and individual differences of cost/benefit decision making using a novel rat task of cognitive effort." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50489.
Анотація:
Amotivational states and insufficient recruitment of mental effort have been observed in a variety of clinical populations, including depression, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Previous animal models of effort-based decision making have utilized physical costs whereas human studies of effort have been primarily cognitive in nature, and it is unclear whether the two types of effortful decision making are underpinned by the same neurobiological processes. We therefore validated a novel rat Cognitive Effort Task (rCET) based on the five-choice serial reaction-time task, a well-established measure of attention and impulsivity. Within each rCET trial, rats were given the choice between an easy or hard visuospatial discrimination, and successful hard trials were rewarded with double the number of sugar pellets. Similar to previous human studies, stable individual variation in choice behaviour was observed, with “workers” choosing hard trials significantly more than their “slacker” counterparts. We used a variety of pharmacological agents as well as temporary inactivation of select brain regions, and showed that the effects of these manipulations often interacted with animals’ baseline preferences. Amphetamine and caffeine caused workers to “slack off”, whereas slackers “worked harder” under amphetamine but not caffeine. Dopamine antagonism had no discernible effects on animals’ choice, contrary to the physical-effort literature. The cholinergic drug nicotine decreased slackers’ willingness to expend effort, whereas scopolamine more substantially decreased workers’ choice of the high-effort option. Temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala caused workers to slack off and slackers to work harder, whereas anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex inactivations caused all animals to slack off. In sum, we have shown for the first time that rats are differentially sensitive to cognitive effort when making decisions, independent of other processes such as impulsivity, and these baseline differences appear to be reflected by differences in underlying neurobiology. Further, we demonstrate that mental and physical effort are in part dissociable, both behaviourally and in terms of neurochemistry and neural circuitry. Such findings could inform our understanding of the neurobiological basis of decision making as well as impairments in effort-based decision making, and may contribute to novel therapeutic interventions.Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate
41
Phillips, Tangela Nichole. "The cost of being me assessing the individual consequences of compliance with perceived pressure to assimilate in work roles /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002499.
42
Heyns, Andries Dirk Michiel. "Applying theory of constraint to create overall benefits for individual Distell wineries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6386.
Анотація:
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Distell Group limited is South Africa's leading producer and marketer of fine wines, spirits and ready-to-drinks. The wine division has been confronted with limitations on pressing capacity for a number of years. Sales of Distell wine brands are projected to grow substantially, in particular in the premium and super premium categories. Therefore a need for increase sUstainable supply of wine was created. The objective of this study was to increase the throughput in Distell wineries significantly, without or with minimal cash investment, by applying the principles of a combined supply chain strategy. To achieve this, the study needed to allow for the analysis of various scenarios, and indicate where the various constraints were within the process. Theory of constraint, which is a management philosophy aiming to continually achieve more of the system's goal was applied to the Distell situation. The focus points were to create value for the organisation, with collaboration between grape farmers and the wineries. It was necessary to follow a process of data capturing, and the data obtained from the various sources in 2008 was combined into one database to develop a capacity evaluation model. There is no doubt that the Distell wineries as a group, improved their efficiency over the last number of years, with effective management of the individual wineries. There is however enough evidence to support the change to a combined supply chain strategy, which could unlock more total benefits than the individual management. It is clear from the findings in this study that not all the current available capacity is fully utilised. This study found that the white process in Distell was working at a higher than required rate of the set capacity targets, and would need substantial capital investment to increase throughput. The red process indicated opportunities for increase throughput in the total system. It is possible to increase total throughput and maintain quality for Distell wineries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distell is een van Suid Afrika se grootste produseerders en bemarkers van hoe gehalte wyn, spiritus produkte en alkoholiese drankies. Die wynkelder omgewing ervaar al vir 'n geruime tyd kapasiteit tekorte. Die vraag na Distell wynhandelsmerke verwag om 'n konstante groei te toon oor die volgende paar jare, veral op die premium en super premium katogoriee. Oit veroorsaak 'n groeiende behoefte vir die volhoubare voorsiening van wyn, binne die maatskapy. Die doel van die studie was om produksie te verhoog binne die Distell kelders, met min of geen kapitale beleging, deur 'n holistiese strategie te volg ten opsigte van die bestuur van die waardeketting. Die studie het verskeie alternatiewe ondersoek met die doe I om die beperkings in die proses te identifiseer en te ontleed. Die bestuurs filosofie 'Theory of constraint' is toegepas, waar daar gestreef word om meer te bereik, van die mikpunt wat ge5tel is vir 'n spesifieke proses. Die hoofdoel van die maatskapy was om waarde te skep, deur samewerking tussen druiwe produsente en die verskiliende Distell kelders. Die nodige data vir die ontleding van die beskikbare kapasiteit is verkry gedurende die 2008 seisoen. Die inligting is saamgevoeg in een data-stel, en 'n kapasiteitsmodel is ontwikkel. Daar is geen twyfel dat Disteli kelders as 'n groep hul doeltreffenheid verbeter het, deur die individueele prosesse te bestuur. Die studie lewer egter genoeg bewyse dat daar 'n groter potensieeHe voordeel is, indien die proses op 'n holistiese waardekettingstrategie bestuur sal word. Die studie lewer bewyse dat die huidige beskikbare kapasiteit nog nie optimaal benut word nie. Die verwerking van druiwe in die witwyn proses vind plaas teen 'n hoer kapasiteitsbenutting as wat waarvoor beplan was. Om enige verdere witdruiwe volumes te hanteer, sal tot groot kapitale besteding lei. Die rooiwyn proses wys daar is ruimte vir verbetering, sonder groot kapitale spandering. Die studie het gevind dat die totale proses meer volumes rooidruiwe kan hanteer, en steeds voldoen aan die nodige kwaliteit vereistes.
43
Ferreira, Neto Guilherme. "Modelagem e desenvolvimento de prótese de mão mecatrônica com acionamento individual de dedos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7858.
Анотація:
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Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T12:55:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Ferreira Neto - 2017.pdf: 19155056 bytes, checksum: 9c8085aa41dd3dccbbaf9ad4c9c5fbe3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-03
Among the parts of the body, the hand is one of the most important for the humans because of their versatility and ability to manipulate objects. Many people do not have this member, either congenital malformation or necessity of amputation which make their day by day hardy. The existing comercial prosthesis have high costs making it inusual for a signifcative part of patients, on the other hand, there are at Internet communities to develop more accessible hand prostheses, for manufacturing by 3D printing but, It generally use unefficient activation methods. The target of this study is to develop the mechanical structure of a prosthesis hand with individual drive for each fingers, which can be make by using 3D printing, making it the most accessible price and the most efficient prosthesis when compared with current ones. For this, a mathematical model that describes the motion of the robotic finger will be determined. This finger has as actuator, DC motors, coupled to gears which in by their self are coupled in arms. The results will be checked by comparing the movements performed bettewen a prototype of the prosthesis and the determined mathematical model. It is expected that the prosthesis proposed by this research is the structural base for future stages of the development of a full prosthesis activated by voice command.
Dentre os membros motores, a mão tem grande importância para os seres humanos devido à sua versatilidade e capacidade para manipular objetos. Muitas pessoas não têm este membro, seja por má formação ou por amputação, o que dificulta na execução das atividades cotidianas. As próteses comerciais existentes têm custo elevado inviabilizando a utilização para a maioria das pessoas que dela necessita, por outro lado, existem comunidades na internet que desenvolvem próteses de mão acessíveis, via processo de fabricação por manufatura aditiva, porém, geralmente com métodos de acionamento pouco eficientes e pouco ergonômicas. Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento da estrutura mecânica de uma prótese de mão com acionamento individual dos dedos. Para isso, é desenvolvido o modelo matemático que descreve o movimento do dedo robótico que tem como acionadores, motores de corrente contínua, acoplados a engrenagens que por sua vez estão conectadas a braços de movimento. É realizado um estudo cinemático do movimento dos dedos, além de simulação computacional para a estrutura mecânica proposta. Também foi construído um protótipo virtual parametrizado para checar a viabilidade de execução da mecânica proposta. A prótese proposta por esta pesquisa será a base estrutural para etapas do desenvolvimento de uma prótese acionada por comando de voz.
44
Henderson, Evan B. "Establishing Identity in Low-Cost Homes: Increasing Inhabitant Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction through Ownership, Control, and Perception." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277139409.
45
Jetté, Jonathan. "Une étude compréhensive des coûts d’une intervention Logement d’abord pour les individus avec consommation problématique et un historique d’itinérance, incluant une analyse des facteurs influençant la variation des coûts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37017.
Анотація:
Les trois études de cette thèse documentent les coûts et les facteurs liés à la variation des coûts associée avec un programme Logement d’abord (LD). La première étude évalue les coûts du programme LD, par l’entremise d’analyses des coûts et d’évaluation économique complète selon la perspective du système de santé, du système de justice et la perspective sociétale. La deuxième étude présente des modèles prédictifs des coûts qui distinguent l’effet selon l’intervention et dans un second temps au cours de l’intervention. La troisième étude documente un modèle théorique, documentant le lien entre l’intervention, la stabilité résidentielle et les coûts des services selon leurs fonctions (urgence ou soutien).
Utilisant un devis quasi expérimental, les analyses portent sur 164 des 178 individus recrutés, 87 ayant bénéficié de l’intervention LD du programme Ottawa Supportive Housing for People with Problematic Substance Abuse (OSHPPS) et 77 participants recevant les services habituels. Les participants furent suivis aux six mois pour une période de deux ans.
Dans le premier article, à partir d’une perspective sociétale, incluant les coûts du programme, les coûts pour les deux ans de l’étude s’élèvent à 115 729 $ (IC 95%= 95 801; 135 658) pour le groupe LD et à 97 963 $ (IC 95%= 79 938; 115 989) pour le groupe de comparaison. Le coût incrémental d’une nuit de logement stable est de 177,98 $ (IC 95%= 89,03; 266,93) pour la première année, 31,74 $ (IC 95%= -21,47; 84,96) pour la deuxième année et de 106,80 $ (95 IC%= 55,20; 158,40) pour la durée de l’étude. Les modèles testés dans le deuxième article indiquent qu’un plus grand nombre de jours en institution avant l’étude est associé à des coûts plus élevés, et ce, dans chacun des deux groupes. L’augmentation de l’âge et du nombre de jours en institution avant l’étude indiquent une tendance vers une relation significative, ces deux variables sont associées à une diminution des coûts pour le groupe LD par rapport au groupe de services habituels. L’effet des symptômes psychiatriques sur les coûts est révélé uniquement lorsque l’effet est mesuré en fonction du temps au cours de l’intervention LD. Les symptômes plus aigus prédisent des coûts plus élevés, cependant cette relation tend à diminuer au cours de l’étude.
Les analyses des pistes causales du troisième article confirment que l’intervention LD est associée à une plus grande stabilité résidentielle. La stabilité de logement est associée à une diminution des coûts d’utilisation de services, indépendamment qu’il s’agisse de services d’urgence ou de services de soutien. Les coûts liés à l’utilisation des services de soutien ne sont pas liés aux coûts des services d’urgence.
L’approche LD entraine une utilisation prometteuse des fonds publics, les implications pour les recherches futures et les politiques sont discutées.
46
Springer, Matthew Thomas. "DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1389.
Анотація:
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) dispersal and excursion movements impact gene flow, population dynamics, and disease spread. Knowledge of movement characteristics and habitat selection during dispersal could provide the ability to predict how deer may relocate themselves within the landscape while providing managers valuable information regarding corridors for gene flow and disease spread. My objectives were to 1) test the hypothesis that extra-home-range movements occur as a strategy to broaden mating opportunities or as a means of searching for higher quality resources in this fragmented landscape, 2) compare occurrence rates and path movement metrics for dispersal and excursion movements to determine if underlying differences in behavior exist that would allude to mechanisms for accepting the risk of leaving a home range, 3) create and test the performance of expert opinion and step selection function resistance models at predicting deer dispersal movements, and 4) fit single and multiple random walk models to dispersal path data to determine movement states occurring within this behavior. During 2011-2014, I placed GPS collars programmed to take hourly locations on 49 fawn and yearling white-tailed deer in agricultural east-central Illinois to record dispersal and excursion movement paths. Linear mixed effects models were used to test for differences in path characteristics between sexes and ages (e.g., distance, straightness, duration, and speed). I used known-fate models, with demographic, temporal, and home range variables as covariates, to obtain dispersal and excursion occurrence rate estimates. Ten dispersal and 54 excursion movement paths were recorded during the study. Dispersal paths were longer and straighter (P < 0.001), and trended toward being longer in duration (P = 0.080) and faster in speed (P = 0.085), than excursion paths. Dispersal rates differed by sex (annual estimate ± SE with ages pooled: males 0.81 ± 0.12, females 0.16 ± 0.15) and were greatest during the breeding season (14-day estimates for males: winter 0.00 ± 0.01, fawning 0.02 ± 0.1, prebreeding 0.01 ± 0.01, and breeding 0.31 ± 0.15, and females: winter 0.00 ± 0.01, fawning 0.01 ± 0.1, prebreeding 0.01 ± 0.01, and breeding 0.04 ± 0.03). In contrast, I found no evidence that excursion rates were influenced by demographic, temporal, or home range variables (annual: 0.78 ± 0.06). I compared 2 methods of resistance modeling for predicting deer dispersal paths. I created an expert opinion survey and calculated a dispersal step selection function (SSF) to rank habitat variables and create 2 types of resistance maps to dispersal movements. I created least-cost paths with the starting and ending points coinciding with recorded dispersal paths within these 2 resistance maps. I compared the created paths to actual paths and a null straight line path using a path deviation index (PDI), path straightness, and path cost/m as variables of interest. Experts ranked land cover variables differently by season, applying a lower resistance value to agriculture cover during the summer/fall period, so 2 versions of the expert opinion resistance maps were created. For the SSF, I found that both forest cover and streams had significant nonlinear effects on deer dispersal movements. Assuming that all other factors remained constant, deer were more likely (≥ 0.50 probability) to move toward forested habitat when located < 335 m and when > 2795 m away. Deer dispersal movement behavior relating to streams followed a similar trend but with deer always having > 0.56 probability to move toward a stream than away. For least-cost path comparison, I conducted 3 ANOVAs (α = 0.05 throughout) to test for mean differences in calculated path metrics for all paths with path type as a within-subjects effect. I found no difference between the expert opinion survey model, the SSF model, and the null straight line model at predicting dispersal paths. PDI values were similar among all models (F1,9 = 0.004, P = 0.99). The SSF paths (0.91 ± 0.02) were significantly straighter then both the expert opinion (0.57 ± 0.03) and actual deer paths (0.44 ± 0.06; F1, 9 = 32.65, P < 0.001), but the expert opinion path did not differ from the actual path (P = 0.08). Path costs differed within the expert opinion survey resistance map (F1, 9 = 14.21, P < 0.001) with the expert opinion least cost paths (23.64 ± 3.14) having lower resistance/m than both the actual (46.15 ± 3.85) and straight line paths (48.74 ± 3.94; P < 0.001 for both). However, the actual and straight line paths did not differ (P = 0.872). There were no difference in path costs between the actual, SSF least-cost path, and straight line paths within the SSF resistance map (F1, 9 = 0.454, P = 0.64). I constructed and attempted to fit single and multiple random models to collected dispersal locations using WinBUGS v. 1.4.3. I was able to fit a single random walk model to deer dispersal paths but the more complex random walk models did not converge. I used the average parameter values derived from the single model to simulate deer dispersal paths and compared them to observed Net Squared Displacement. My simulated paths underpredicted deer displacement for 0.90 of individuals. Deer in east-central Illinois are very mobile and commonly make excursion movements throughout the year. The fact that I recorded differing dispersal rates within the same study area over a temporally short period from a previous study highlight the need for managers to obtain recent estimates of population parameters when making management decisions. The frequency of excursion movements should not be overlooked by managers as it is a behavior that can influence gene flow and potentially spread disease across the landscape at a localized scale. The preference for forest and stream habitats during dispersal can allow managers to focus surveillance or culling efforts around these types of habitats. The application of the least-cost path modeling technique appears to be ineffective at predicting deer dispersal paths, which emphasizes the importance of validating these types of models with actual data. The results from the random walk analysis highlight the need to collect as many locations as possible during temporally-short movements to understand the mechanisms acting upon them.
47
Shi, Yuxi. "Cost-effectiveness of the individual placement and support model of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: results from a Canadian randomized trial." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106489.
Анотація:
Background Several studies have shown that the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment is an effective approach to help many people with severe mental illness to find and maintain competitive employment. These studies include a randomized trial conducted in Montreal, Canada. Very few studies, however, have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of IPS compared to traditional services. Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of IPS model compared to usual vocational services, using data from the Montreal trial. Methods A total of 149 unemployed adult with severe mental illness were randomly assigned to receive either IPS or usual vocational services and were followed for 12 months. Costs were estimated from the perspectives of the health and social care system, the government, and the society. Competitive employment hours and wages were taken as measures of effectiveness. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted, using the net benefit framework. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to take into account baseline differences of inpatient days between the two groups. Results IPS dominated usual services with significantly better competitive employment outcomes and less average costs, regardless of the economic perspective. IPS is likely to be more cost-effective than usual services even if the decision maker is only willing to pay a small amount of money per unit improvement in employment outcomes. If only clients without inpatient days during the year before the baseline are considered, IPS costs more than usual services but still with significantly better competitive employment outcomes: $155.73 per additional competitive employment hour and $20.12 per additional dollar of competitive employment earnings from the health and social care services perspective. Conclusions In this study, IPS proved cost-effective compared to usual services, although the baseline difference in inpatient days attenuates the strength of this finding.IntroductionPlusieurs études ont démontré que le modèle de soutien à l'emploi « Individual Placement and Support » (IPS - Placement et soutien individuels) constitue une méthode efficace pour aider un grand nombre de personnes qui ont des troubles graves de santé mentale à obtenir et conserver un emploi régulier. Ces études incluent une étude expérimentale menée à Montréal, Canada. Très peu d'études, toutefois, ont évalué la coût-efficacité de IPS en comparaison avec des services traditionnels. Objectif Évaluer la coût-efficacité du modèle IPS en comparaison avec des services d'insertion socio-professionnelle habituels, en utilisant des données de l'étude montréalaise. Méthodes Au total, 149 adultes sans emploi et ayant des troubles mentaux graves furent répartis de façon aléatoire entre un programme IPS et des services habituels, et suivis pendant 12 mois. Les coûts furent estimés à partir des perspectives du système de santé et de services sociaux, du gouvernement et de la société. L'efficacité a été évaluée au moyen de deux variables: les heures en emploi régulier et les revenus de ces emplois. Une analyse coût-efficacité fut menée, en utilisant le cadre bénéfice net (net benefit framework). Une analyse de sensibilité fut effectuée pour tenir compte de la différence entre les deux groupes entre leurs jours d'hospitalisation au cours de l'année précédant leur entrée dans l'étude. Résultats IPS domine les services habituels avec de bien meilleurs résultats au niveau de l'emploi compétifi et des coûts moyens moindres, qu'importe la perspective économique. IPS semble plus coût-efficace que les services habituels même si le décideur n'est prêt qu'à payer un faible montant pour une amélioration dans les résultats au niveau de l'emploi. Si on ne retient que les clients qui n'avaient aucun jour d'hospitalisation pendant l'année précédant l'entrée dans l'étude, les sujets du groupe IPS coûtent nettement plus cher en moyenne que ceux des services habituels, mais toujours avec des résultats meilleurs au niveau de l'emploi compétitif. Du point de vue du systèeme de santé et services sociaux, les ratios coût-efficacité incrémentaux qui en résultent sont de 155,73 $ par heure d'emploi compétitif additionnelle et 20,12 $ par dollar additionnel de revenus compétitifs. Conclusions Dans cette étude, IPS s'est révélé coût-efficace en comparaison avec les services habituels, quoique la différences entre les groupes au niveau des jours d'hospitalisation à l'entrée atténue la force de cette conclusion.
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Alvarez, de Araya Sanhueza Pablo. "Efecto del tipo de dieta en el desarrollo esqueletal mandibular de individuos arqueológicos de la costa y del valle de Arica." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/135122.
Анотація:
Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano DentistaAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
Se seleccionó una muestra de telerradiografías de 22 individuos arqueológicos de la cultura de Arica, que se subdividen en 12 pertenecientes al grupo denominado Costa (7 hombres y 5 mujeres) y 10 pertenecientes al grupo denominado Valle (5 hombres y 5 mujeres. La estimación de edad está en el rango entre 18 y 25 años. Las teleradiografías fueron obtenidas del archivo perteneciente al Departamento de Genética Humana de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile. El propósito del estudio fue establecer diferencias en la estructura ósea mandibular determinadas por una mayor o menor función muscular, definida por la consistencia de la dieta propia de cada grupo, mediante tres medidas angulares del análisis cefalométrico de Ricketts: altura facial inferior, ángulo del plano mandibular y arco mandibular. Además, se establecieron las tendencias de las variables comparándolas entre sí. Para el parámetro arco mandibular, se encontraron promedios mayores con diferencias significativas en los individuos que presentaban una consistencia de dieta más dura, y que por ende poseen un estímulo funcional muscular mayor. Respecto al ángulo del plano mandibular, se establecieron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de la costa y del valle en donde el aumento del ángulo del plano mandibular se asoció a individuos con una dieta más blanda, y por lo tanto, una estimulación muscular menor. En relación a la altura facial inferior, no fueron encontradas diferencias significativas al comparar individuos arqueológicos. Además, se realizaron análisis de tendencias en donde, de manera general, podemos decir que: La variable arco mandibular se comporta como una variable independiente a los cambios en magnitud de las variables ángulo del plano mandibular y altura facial inferior, lo que determina el cambio en la forma mandibular, generado por una mayor fuerza muscular, no se ve alterado por la posición que tenga la mandíbula al relacionarse con el macizo craneofacial. La relación que existe entre los individuos arqueológicos es de covariación significativa entre un aumento del plano mandibular, que se acompaña de un aumento de la altura facial inferior.
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Bergman, Nordgren Lise. "Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100969.
Анотація:
Fear is an innate emotion and an adaptive response to provide protection from potential harm. When fear is excessive and out of proportion in relation to the confronted situation, it can lead to the development of an anxiety disorder. Many individuals feel anxious at some point, but not all experience clinical anxiety or meet the diagnostic criteria of an anxiety disorder. Still, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent form of psychiatric disorder in the general population. More often than not people suffering from one anxiety disorder also present other psychiatric conditions. As of today, cognitive and behavioural treatments have been tested and found to positively affect anxiety disorders, making them the treatment of choice. Nevertheless, many patients do not seek or receive adequate treatment. One common critique of the research trials from which the recommendations for treatments stem is the use of a single protocol targeting only one diagnosis. This is because many people suffer from comorbidities. Another problem connected to the recommendation that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) should be the treatment of choice for anxiety disorders is the lack of therapists with adequate training. One possible way of dealing both with the shortcoming of therapists and making CBT more accessible is the use of the Internet. Internet-based CBT (ICBT) has been tested in numerous trials during the last 15 years, showing positive outcomes for a large variety of disorders. Many ICBT trials also make use of a single protocol. Another way of dealing with comorbidities might be to tailor the treatment to let characteristics and preferences of the patient guide the design of the protocol. Little is known about possible effects of tailoring the ICBT, the effects of therapeutic relationships in ICBT, and the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these treatments. This thesis is based on three studies on two separate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the same set of modules accessible for the tailored protocol. Study I was an RCT investigating treatment effects up to two-year after completion, showing favourable outcomes of the treatment in a self-recruited sample at all measure points. Study II was a secondary analysis exploring possible relations between working alliance and treatment outcome for participants in the treatment group recruited for Study I indicating that working alliance predict outcome in this tailored treatment. The second RCT was an effectiveness trial (Study III) analysing treatment effects and cost-effectiveness of the treatment up to one year post treatment in a primary-care population. This study showed positive treatment effects both regarding symptom reduction and cost-effectiveness, and that effects were sustained at one year post treatment. Conclusions drawn from these studies are that individually tailored ICBT seems to be a feasible approach for patients with anxiety disorders regardless of comorbidities, and a responsible choice in terms of societal costs.Rädsla är en medfödd känsla och en adaptiv respons för att skydda organismen från potentiell skada. När rädslan blir överdriven och oproportionerlig i relation till den konfronterade situationen, kan det leda till utvecklandet av ångestsyndrom. Många personer upplever någon gång ångest, men inte alla upplever klinisk ångest eller uppfyller de diagnostiska kriterierna för något ångestsyndrom. Trots detta är ångest det vanligaste psykiatriska tillståndet i befolkningen i stort och oftast uppfyller personer som lider av ett ångestsyndrom även andra psykiatriska tillstånd. Till dags dato har både kognitiva och beteendeinriktade behandlingar testats och visat sig verksamma vid ångestproblem, vilket gjort dem till de behandlingar som rekommenderas för dessa tillstånd. Trots god effekt av behandling söker många patienter ändå inte hjälp, alternativt erhåller inte adekvat behandling. En vanlig kritik mot den forskning från vilka behandlingsrekommendationerna för ångestsyndrom stammar är att många använt en manual eller ett protokoll som riktar sig mot bara en diagnos. Detta på grund av den stora komorbiditeten. Ett annat problem kopplat till rekommendationerna att kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) ska vara förstahandsval vid behandling av ångest är bristen på behandlare med adekvat utbildning. Ett möjligt sätt att göra KBT mer tillgängligt är att använda Internet. Internet- förmedlad KBT (IKBT) har prövats i ett stort antal studier de senaste 15 åren dessa har visat positiva resultat vid ett stort antal psykiatriska tillstånd. Flertalet av dessa studier har dock använt ett enda behandlingsprotokoll. En annan möjlighet att hantera komorbiditet kan vara att skräddarsy behandlingen för att låta patientens egenskaper och preferenser vara med och styra utformningen av behandlingsprotokollet. Möjliga effekter av att skräddarsy IKBT är relativt lite undersökt, likaså effekterna av terapeutiska relationer i IKBT samt klinisk effektivitet och kostnadseffektiviteten för dessa behandlingar. Denna avhandling bygger på tre studier från två randomiserade kontrollerade studier med samma uppsättning av moduler tillgängliga för att skräddarsy behandlingsprotokollen. I Studie I undersöktes behandlingseffekter upp till två år efter avslutad behandling i en självrekryterad grupp patienter. Studie II var en sekundäranalys av behandlingsgruppen från Studie I där eventuella samband mellan arbetsallians och behandlingsresultat undersöktes. Den andra randomiserade kontrollerade studien var en prövning av huruvida denna behandling var effektiv för en klinisk population (Studie III) rekryterad via primärvården. Förutom behandlingseffekter undersöktes även kostnadseffektiviteten upp till ett år efter behandlingsavslut. De slutsatser som dras utifrån dessa studier är att skräddarsydd IKBT verkar vara en framkomlig väg för patienter med ångest oavsett komorbiditet, att arbetsalliansen kan vara en faktor som påverkar utfallet, samt att det är ett ansvarsfullt val vad gäller samhälleliga kostnader.
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Adams, Kirk. "Journeys Through Rough Country: An Ethnographic Study of Blind Adults Successfully Employed in American Corporations." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1552066999409903.