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Статті в журналах з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
1
Fürst, Peter, Karin Pogan, Monika Hummel, Birgit Herzog, and Peter Stehle. "Reappraisal of Indispensable Amino Acids." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 41, no. 1 (1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000177972.
2
Reeds, Peter J. "Dispensable and Indispensable Amino Acids for Humans." Journal of Nutrition 130, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1835S—1840S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.7.1835s.
3
Laidlaw, S. A., and J. D. Kopple. "Newer concepts of the indispensable amino acids." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/46.4.593.
4
Hospodarenko, H. M. "CONTENT OF AMINO ACIDS IN WINTER WHEAT GRAIN DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 2 (December 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2020-2-78-82.
Анотація:
The amino acid content of soft wheat grain was analyzed depending on the variety. It was found that the content of lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and cystine varies the most from the weather conditions of growing season. The total weight of amino acids varies from 14,01 to 17,46 % of grain depending on the variety of soft wheat. The share of indispensable amino acids is 27–29 % of their total mass. However, the sum content of indispensable amino acids varies significantly depending on the variety and line – from 3,81 to 5,10 %. The highest content of phenylalanine (0.55 %), lysine (0.51 %) and leucine (0.47 %) in the grain of soft wheat Panonicus (st) variety was found. The lowest methionine content is 0.1 %. The remaining amino acids ranged from 0,39 to 0,46 %. Among the dispensable amino acids, there is the highest content of glutamine (3,54 %) and proline (1.11 %), and the lowest content of cystine (0.1 %). The variation coefficient of the samples over the years of research was average for the amino acids serine, glutamine, glycine and arginine – low, histidine, asparagine and methionine – medium, and for the rest - high,. It is obvious that the content of amino acids also varies significantly depending on the weather conditions of the growing season of winter wheat. The content of indispensable amino acids in the grain of Kulundinka soft wheat varied from 0.16 to 0.95 %. The content of threonine (0,78 %) and leucine(0,95 %) was the highest, the content of methionine was the lowest – 0.16 %. The content of other indispensable amino acids ranged from 0,50 to 0,74 %. The content of dispensable amino acids ranged 0,22–4,03 %. The highest content was of proline (1,67 %) and glutamine (4,03 %). The content of other dispensable amino acids varied from 0,80 до 1,12 %. It was found that the content of basic amino acids in wheat grain of P 7 soft line varied from 0,09 to 3,92 %. Thus, the content of indispensable amino acids is dominated by threonine, lysine, valine and leucine (0,54–0,78 %). Among the indispensable are proline, asparagine, and glutamine (1,07–3,92 %). The lowest content among indispensable amino acids was characterized by methionine (0.09 %), among dispensable – cystine (0,27 %). The grain of Kulundinka wheat variety and P 7 line obtained by hybridization of Triticum aestivum L. / Triticum spelta L. has the highest number of indispensable amino acids, which are recommended to be used to obtain high-quality grain.
5
Jansone, Liene, and Daiga Kunkulberga. "Quantitative Assessment of Indispensable Amino Acids in the Flour Confectionery Food Products of Plant Origin — Tofu Cake and Tofu Muffin with Chickpea Flour." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2023-0018.
Анотація:
Abstract The article provides a study of the quantitative composition of amino acids in some baked flour confectionery product of plant and animal origin. The objective of the study was to determine the profiles of indispensable amino acids in several products. Source materials with high content of protein, and which have been used for the production of these confectionery products were studied. A source of protein in final products that contain ingredients of animal origin is cottage cheese, the content of which in the products amounts to 25% and 50%. The sources of protein in products that contain ingredients of plant origin include tofu, soya protein isolate, chickpea flour, and coconut milk. The results showed evidence of the presence of a full profile of indispensable amino acids in all tested products. The source ingredients had high biological value with well-balanced content of indispensable amino acids. The only exception was coconut milk, which had the lowest calculated amino acid amounts among the tested raw materials. Tofu cake contained leucine with the highest concentration — 0.78 g/100 g of product, followed by lysine (0.5 g/100 g). Tofu muffin with chickpea flour contained 0.63 g/100 g leucine and 0.45 g/100 g lysine. The profiles of indispensable amino acids showed that these products can excellently help to supplement daily needs for indispensable amino acids.
6
Jim, Susan, Vicky Jones, Stanley H. Ambrose, and Richard P. Evershed. "Quantifying dietary macronutrient sources of carbon for bone collagen biosynthesis using natural abundance stable carbon isotope analysis." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051685.
Анотація:
The diets of laboratory rats were isotopically and nutritionally manipulated using purifiedC3 and/or C4 macronutrients to investigate the routing of dietary carbonto bone collagen biosynthesis. Diets were formulated with purified proteins, carbohydrates andlipids of defined composition and natural abundance stable isotope ratios. Bulk protein and constituent amino acid δ13C values determined for whole diet and bone collagen provided the basis for assessing isotopic fractionation and estimating the degree of routing versus synthesis de novo of essential, non-essential and conditionally indispensable amino acids. Essential and conditionally indispensable amino acids were shown to be routed from diet to collagen with little isotopic fractionation whereas non-essential amino acids differed by up to 20‰. Mathematical modelling of the relationships between macronutrient and tissue δ13C values provided qualitative and quantitative insights into the metabolic and energetic controls on bone collagen biosynthesis. Essential amino acids comprise 21·7% of the carbon in collagen, defining the minimum amount of dietary carbon routing. Estimates of 42 and 28% routing were shown for the non-essential amino acids, glycine and aspartate, respectively. In total, the routing of non-essential and conditionally indispensable amino acids was estimated to equal 29·6% of the carbon in collagen. When the contribution of carbon from the essential amino acids is also considered, we arrive at an overall minimum estimate of 51·3% routing of dietary amino acid carbon into bone collagen.
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Gietzen, Dorothy W. "Brain Signaling of Indispensable Amino Acid Deficiency." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010191.
Анотація:
Our health requires continual protein synthesis for maintaining and repairing tissues. For protein synthesis to function, all the essential (indispensable) amino acids (IAAs) must be available in the diet, along with those AAs that the cells can synthesize (the dispensable amino acids). Here we review studies that have shown the location of the detector for IAA deficiency in the brain, specifically for recognition of IAA deficient diets (IAAD diets) in the anterior piriform cortex (APC), with subsequent responses in downstream brain areas. The APC is highly excitable, which makes is uniquely suited to serve as an alarm for reductions in IAAs. With a balanced diet, these neurons are kept from over-excitation by GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Because several transporters and receptors on the GABAergic neurons have rapid turnover times, they rely on intact protein synthesis to function. When an IAA is missing, its unique tRNA cannot be charged. This activates the enzyme General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) that is important in the initiation phase of protein synthesis. Without the inhibitory control supplied by GABAergic neurons, excitation in the circuitry is free to signal an urgent alarm. Studies in rodents have shown rapid recognition of IAA deficiency by quick rejection of the IAAD diet.
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Tharrey, Marion, Francois Mariotti, Andrew Mashchak, Pierre Barbillon, Maud Delattre, Jean-François Huneau, and Gary E. Fraser. "Patterns of amino acid intake are strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality, independently of the sources of protein." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz194.
Анотація:
Abstract Background The intake of specific amino acids (AA) has been associated with cardiovascular health, but amino acids are consumed together as dietary protein. Here we investigated the association between identified patterns of amino acid intake and cardiovascular mortality. Methods A total of 2216 cardiovascular deaths among 79 838 men and women from the Adventist Health Study-2 were included in our analysis. Baseline dietary patterns based on the participants' amino acids intakes were derived by factor analysis. Using Cox regression analyses, we estimated multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and other dietary components. Results Three patterns of amino acids were identified. Factor 1 was positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality [hazard ratio (HR)Q5-Q1: 1.62, 98.75% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 2.28; P-trend <0.001]; and Factors 2 and 3 were inversely associated with CVD mortality (HR Q5-Q1 Factor 2: 0.74, 98.75% CI: 0.53, 1.04; P-trend <0.01 and HR Q5-Q1 Factor 3: 0.65, 98.75% CI: 0.44, 0.95; P-trend <0.05]. The associations with Factor 1 (with high loadings on indispensable amino acids such as branched chain amino acids, lysine, methionine) and Factor 3 (with high loadings on non-indispensable amino acids, namely arginine, glycine, aspartate+asparagine) remained significant after further adjustment for nutrient intake and for the five protein source patterns identified previously (HR Q5-Q1: 1.56 (0.99, 2.45) and 0.55 (0.35, 0.85); P-trends < 0.01). Conclusions Indispensable AA have a positive and some non-indispensable AA have a negative, independent, strong association with the risk of cardiovascular mortality.
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Cervantes-Pahm, Sarah K., Yanhong Liu, and Hans H. Stein. "Digestible indispensable amino acid score and digestible amino acids in eight cereal grains." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 9 (January 30, 2014): 1663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513004273.
Анотація:
To determine values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), it is recommended that ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values obtained in growing pigs are used to characterise protein quality in different foods. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in eight cereal grains (yellow dent maize, Nutridense maize, dehulled barley, dehulled oats, polished white rice, rye, sorghum and wheat) fed to pigs, where SID values in pigs can be used to calculate approximate DIAAS values in humans. In the present experiment, twenty-four barrows with a T-cannula inserted in the distal ileum were allotted to eight diets and fed for three periods to give a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 14 d, and ileal digesta samples were collected on days 13 and 14. Among the SID values obtained for all cereal grains, values for total indispensable AA were greatest (P< 0·05) in rice and lowest (P< 0·05) in rye and sorghum. The concentrations of SID indispensable AA in rice were less (P< 0·05) than in dehulled oats, but greater (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, and the concentrations of SID indispensable AA in Nutridense maize were greater (P< 0·05) than in yellow dent maize and sorghum, but less (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, except rye. In conclusion, results indicate that to meet dietary requirements for AA in humans, diets based on yellow dent maize or sorghum require more AA supplementation than diets based on other cereal grains.
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Henky Saputra, Dedyanto. "Suplemen Putih Telur dalam Tatalaksana Hipoalbuminemia." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i10.138.
Анотація:
Putih telur merupakan sumber protein dengan kualitas asam amino yang baik. Selain mengandung asam amino esensial, Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score dari putih telur juga tinggi. Berbagai penelitian (banyak dilakukan di Indonesia) menunjukkan bahwa suplemen putih telur bermanfaat memperbaiki kondisi hipoalbuminemia pasien rawat inap, hemodialisis, pasien TB paru, pre-eklamsia, dan luka bakar.
Egg-whites are a source of protein with good quality amino acids. Apart from containing essential amino acids, the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score of egg whites is also high. Various studies (mostly conducted in Indonesia) have shown egg white supplements benefits in improving hypoalbuminemia in hospitalization, hemodialysis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pre-eclampsia, and burns.
Дисертації з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
1
Roisné-Hamelin, Gaëtan. "Metabolic signatures of indispensable amino acids deficiencies : Identification and validation of urinary biomarkers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB004.
Анотація:
La question de la satisfaction du besoin en acides aminés indispensables (AAI) est un sujet d'actualité important dans le contexte de l'accroissement de la population, la forte prévalence de malnutrition dans les pays en développement et la végétalisation de l'alimentation. Différentes méthodes ont été développées pour mesurer ce besoin (bilan azoté ou méthodes isotopiques) mais sont contraignantes et ne permettent pas d'établir des recommandations nutritionnelles. Le développement récent de la métabolomique offre un potentiel prometteur pour l'étude non-invasive à haut débit du statut métabolique. L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les profils métaboliques de la déficience en AAI (lysine, thréonine et méthionine comparativement aux protéines) et d'identifier et de valider des biomarqueurs candidats du statut en AAI, chez le rat en croissance et l'enfant malnutris. Nous avons identifié et confirmé des biomarqueurs candidats de la déficience en lysine et en thréonine par une approche de déficience/supplémentation. Parmi les candidats identifiés, le pipecolate semble spécifique à la déficience en lysine, alors que la taurine ne semble pas assez spécifique à la déficience en thréonine. Nous avons identifié une signature urinaire pour la déficience en méthionine qui reste à confirmer. Chez l'enfant dénutris, nous avons identifié une signature métabolomique urinaire du “stunting” (retard de croissance) et suivi son évolution lors d'une supplémentation en lysine. En conclusion, la métabolomique est une approche prometteuse pour l'identification précoce de marqueurs de la satisfaction du besoin en AAIThe question of meeting the requirement of indispensable amino acids (IAA) is a significant current issue in the context of population growth, the high prevalence of malnutrition in developing countries, and the shift towards plant-based diets. Various methods have been developed to measure this requirement (nitrogen balance or isotopic methods), but they are constraining and do not allow for the establishment of nutritional recommendations. The recent development of metabolomics offers promising potential for high-throughput, non-invasive study of metabolic status. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the metabolic profiles of IAA deficiency (lysine, threonine, and methionine compared to proteins) and to identify and validate candidate biomarkers of IAA status in growing rats and malnourished children. We have identified and confirmed candidate biomarkers of lysine and threonine deficiency through a deficiency/supplementation approach. Among the candidates identified, pipecolate appears to be specific to lysine deficiency, while taurine does not seem specific enough to threonine deficiency. We have identified a urinary signature for methionine deficiency that remains to be confirmed. In malnourished children, we have identified a urinary metabolomic signature of stunting (growth retardation) and monitored its evolution during lysine supplementation. In conclusion, metabolomics is a promising approach for the early identification of markers of IAA satisfaction
2
Lee, Bong Joo. "Effects of dietary level of indispensable amino acids and feeding strategies on growth and biochemical responses in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376967154.
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Feurté, Sébastien. "L'aversion gustative résultant d'une carence en acide aminé indispensable chez le rat : analyses comportementales et mécanisme biochimique." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOMU13.
Анотація:
Chez les omnivores, un régime carencé en un seul acide aminé indispensable (AAI) déclanche une baisse de la prise alimentaire, et conditionne une aversion gustative pour les propriétés oro-sensorielles ou spatiales associé au régime carencé. Le but de ce travail est de caractériser les modifications du comportement alimentaire lors d'un régime carencé en thréonine et de mieux comprendre le mécanisme biochimique à l'origine de cette anorexie. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé l'aversion gustative chez le rat, selon deux approches comportementales : l'analyse de la séquence alimentaire et le Test de Réactivité Gustative. Une fois l'aversion gustative installée, la taille du repas et la vitesse d'ingestion diminuent, la durée du repas augmente, sans variation significative de la fréquence des repas ou de l'intervalle inter-repas. Le repas se caractérise par de nombreuses bouffées alimentaires de courte taille et durée, séparées par des pauses intra-repas de longues durées à l'origine de l'augmentation de la durée du repas. Ces résultats sont en accord avec le test de Réactivité Gustative qui met en évidence une augmentation de l'activité locomotrice, mais surtout une augmentation des expressions faciales et somatiques de nature aversives. La séquence alimentaire caractérisant l'installation de l'anorexie et l'aversion gustative varie en fonction de la nature du pré-régime (régime d'habituation) mais également en fonction de la nature de l'AAI limitant. Parallèlement, l'analyse biochimique du mécanisme anorexigène montre que l'ingestion montre que l'ingestion l'ingestion d'un repas carencé en thréonine s'accompagne d'une plus forte augmentation de l'insuline et la leptine plasmatique. Compte-tenu de leurs capacités anorexigèniques, ces hormones pourraient avoir un rôle dans le mécanisme anorexigène lors d'un régime carencé en AAI. L'analyse de la séquence alimentaire, couplée au Test de Réactivité Gustative, a permis de poser les premières bases d'un modèle d'aversion alimentaire, dévelopée dans le cas d'un déséquilibre nutritionnel chez le rat. L'étude biochimique suggère que certains facteurs hormonaux pourraient potentialiser à moyen terme la perte d'appétit pour le régime careencé en AAI, observé chez ces mêmes rats.
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Moro, Joanna. "Impact de la déficience en acides aminés indispensables sur le métabolisme protéique et énergétique, et identification de signatures métaboliques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB001.
Анотація:
La disponibilité de sources de protéines pour l’alimentation humaine est une préoccupation majeure du fait des transitions démographiques, économiques et nutritionnelles mondiales. Les apports en protéines doivent couvrir les besoins en neuf acides aminés considérés comme indispensables (AAI). Il est important que leur besoin soit couvert pour éviter des situations de déséquilibre du métabolisme protéique et énergétique. Différentes études ont été développées afin de déterminer ce besoin : bilan azoté, méthode factorielle, et méthodes utilisant les isotopes stables. Cependant, ces méthodes sont lourdes et invasives et les valeurs de besoins obtenues présentes des différences importantes. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des approches plus précises et non invasives, telle que la métabolomique, recommandée par la FAO. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’évaluer l’impact de la déficience en protéines et en AAI (lysine et thréonine) sur le métabolisme protéique et énergétique et d’identifier des marqueurs de la déficience de ces deux acides aminés chez le rat en croissance. Des niveaux sévères de déficience (85% ; 75%) en protéines et en lysine et thréonine diminuent le poids et la masse maigre et augmentent la prise alimentaire. Ces effets sont associés à une diminution de la synthèse protéique. et à une augmentation du métabolisme énergétique pour les faibles apports en protéines. Ces effets semblent médiés par FGF21. Les analyses de métabolomiques dans les urines révèlent que des variations du pipecolate et de la taurine signent respectivement une déficience en lysine et en thréonineThe availability of protein sources for human nutri-tion is a major concern due to global demographics, economics and nutritional transitions. Protein intakes must cover the need for nine indispensable amino acids (IAA). It is important that this need is met in order to avoid situations of protein and energy me-tabolism imbalance. Various studies have been de-veloped to determine this need: nitrogen balance, the factorial method, and methods using stable iso-topes. However, these methods are difficult and invasive, and the obtained values of needs present significant differences. It is therefore necessary to develop more precise and non-invasive approaches, such as metabolomics, as recommended by the FAO.The objectives of this thesis are to assess the impact of protein and IAA (lysine and threonine) deficiency on protein and energy metabolism and to identify markers of deficiency for these two amino acids in the growing rat. Severe levels of deficiency (85%; 75%) in protein and lysine and threonine decrease weight and lean mass and increase food intake. These effects are associated with a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in energy metabolism in low protein diets. These effects seems to be mediated by FGF21. Analyses of metabolomics in urine show that variations in pipecolate and taurine indicate lysine and threonine deficiencies, respectively
Книги з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
1
Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna. Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_awg_2020.
Анотація:
Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.
Частини книг з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
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F�rst, P. "Conditionally Indispensable Amino Acids (Glutamine, Cyst(e)ine, Tyrosine, Arginine, Ornithine, Taurine) in Enteral Feeding and the Dipeptide Concept." In Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids in Enteral Nutrition, 199–219. Basel: KARGER, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000061808.
2
Preston Mercer, L., Steven J. Dodds, and D. I. Smith. "Dispensable, Indispensable, and Conditionally Indispensable Amino Acid Ratios in the Diet." In Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids, 1–14. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429487514-1.
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Young, Vernon R., and Nevin S. Scrimshaw. "Significance of Dietary Protein Source in Human Nutrition: Animal and/or Plant Proteins?" In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0023.
Анотація:
Within the framework of the interdisciplinary symposium on “Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People: A Challenge to Science,” the organizers asked us to discuss the role of animal protein foods as a necessary source of the nutritionally indispensable (essential) amino acids for meeting the needs of humans, including children. Specifically, we were directed to consider the recommendations made by a joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation (FAO/WHO, 1991) concerning estimates of indispensable amino acid requirements in humans and the extent to which these estimates “were realistic in light of the observed adequacy of vegetarian diets; and how these requirements can be fulfilled.” Our focus, therefore, is on the requirements for amino acids, and so we attempt to meet our remit as follows: the most basic demand for the production of food proteins, assuming an adequately nourished, healthy population, is determined by the physiological requirements for a utilizable source of nitrogen and for the nine indispensable amino acids (with two conditionally indispensable amino acids, tyrosine and cystine) needed for support of maintenance, growth, and tissue repair. Adequate knowledge about the quantitative characteristics of these requirements is fundamental. Therefore, we begin by reviewing the status of current international estimates of amino acid requirements and argue that for the indispensable amino acids they are seriously inadequate for planning purposes, especially for adults, who will represent a sizable proportion of the world's future 8 billion people, and their food needs. The requirement for dietary protein consists of two components: (1) total nitrogen to serve the needs for synthesis of the nutritionally dispensable (nonessential) and conditionally indispensable amino acids, as well as for other physiologically important nitrogen-containing compounds, and (2) the nutritionally indispensable (essential) amino acids (IAA) that cannot be made by human tissues at rates commensurate with metabolic needs and so must be supplied from an exogenous source (diet, parenteral amino acid mixture). With respect to the human requirements for total nitrogen (protein), the current international recommendations are now broadly accepted (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985).
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"Proteins." In Food, 144–93. 7th ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837670369-00144.
Анотація:
The distinctive characteristics of proteins as amino acid polymers are covered in this chapter, including the protein contents of a range of food raw materials and manufactured products, the amino acids, primary, secondary and tertiary levels of protein structure, the distribution of amino acids in typical food proteins and nutritional status (indispensable/essential versus dispensable/non-essential amino acids). Consideration is given to food protein systems, e.g. milk, cheese and egg proteins, including their relations with manufactured foods, meat, cereal proteins, bread-making (dough development and flour improvers) and gluten chemistry.
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Deane, Colleen S., Daniel J. Wilkinson, and Philip J. Atherton. "Protein." In Essentials of Human Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198866671.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter is concerned with proteins, the fundamental structures of life. They exist as functional elements within every cell and undergo extensive metabolic interaction. This widespread metabolic interaction is intimately linked to the metabolism of energy and other nutrients. At the most basic level, proteins are made from a combination of 20 different amino acids, which determines the structure and function. Dietary protein and exercise are the two key stimuli that promote positive protein turnover, which can be accurately and reliably measured using stable isotope methods. The potency of the anabolic response to dietary protein is dependent upon the protein quality, which can be measured via the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score, Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score, and/or using stable isotope tracers. In situations of protein deficiency, significant body mass can be lost, drastically impairing health and quality of life, requiring dietary protein therapy to help overcome/manage these conditions.
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"Vitamins." In Food: The Chemistry of its Components, 356–407. 6th ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849738804-00356.
Анотація:
Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required by animals in only tiny amounts. As animals have evolved they have come to rely on their diet to supply the metabolites now recognised as vitamins rather than synthesise them for themselves. Deficiencies cause specific deficiency syndromes. Vitamins are differentiated from various other dietary components: essential fatty acids and indispensable amino acids are required in larger amounts, trace metals are not organic, hormones are synthesised by the body as required rather than obtained from the diet and many other substances, while beneficial in the treatment of a particular illness do not invoke that illness when omitted from the diet. The history of vitamin discovery has led to often confusing nomenclature (B1, C, etc.). Vitamins are classified as either water soluble, i.e. thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pyridoxol, niacin, cobalamin, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and ascorbic acid or fat soluble, i.e. retinol, cholecalciferol, vitamin E and vitamin K. The distribution of vitamins in foods, their physiological roles (including function at the biochemical level), and stability in food processing etc. are now well understood. The chapter concludes with a list of specialist books and review articles for further study.
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Kaur Dhaliwal, Sandeep, Pooja Salaria, and Prashant Kaushik. "Pea Seed Proteins: A Nutritional and Nutraceutical Update." In Grain and Seed Proteins Functionality [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95323.
Анотація:
Grain legumes are well known as staple sources of soluble protein worldwide. Pea is essentially the most quickly growing crop for immediate human consumption and has the potential for higher effect as being a protein supply for foods processing apps. Pea seeds are an essential source of plant-based proteins. The better acceptance of pea protein-rich food is due to pea manifold attributes, excellent functional qualities, high vitamin value, accessibility, and comparatively small cost. Pea proteins are not merely nutritional amino acids but are an indispensable source of bioactive peptides that offer health benefits. This chapter focuses on the present information of isolation methods, extraction, and of seed proteins in pea. Overall, we believe that analogous research and advancement on pea proteins would be required for further more substantial increase in pea protein utilization is envisaged.
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Nei, Masatoshi, and Sudhir Kumar. "Evolutionary Change of Amino Acid Sequences." In Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, 17–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135848.003.0002.
Анотація:
Abstract Before the invention of rapid methods of DNA sequencing in 1977 (Maxam and Gilbert 1977; Sanger et al. 1977), most studies of molecular evolution were conducted by using amino acid sequence data. Although amino acid sequencing was time consuming and error prone, some important principles of molecular evolution, such as evolution by gene duplication (Ingram 1963; Ohno 1970) and the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962; Margoliash 1963), were discovered by the study of amino acid sequence data. At the present time, DNA sequencing is much simpler than amino acid sequencing, and amino acid sequences are usually deduced from nucleotide sequences by using the genetic code. However, amino acid sequences are still useful for evolutionary studies; they are more conserved than DNA sequences and thus provide useful information on long-term evolution of genes or species. They are also almost indispensable for aligning DNA sequences of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, the mathematical model for the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences is much simpler than that of DNA sequences. For these reasons, we first consider the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences.
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S Mainkar, Prathama, Surender Singh Jadav, and Kiranmai Nayani. "Peptidomimetics: Current and Future Perspectives on HIV Protease Inhibitors." In Advances in Organic Synthesis, 174–290. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815040524122170007.
Анотація:
The peptidomimetic-based design and synthesis of HIV-1 protease and other entry inhibitors are generally oriented to block the viral receptor functionalities in the host cells. Most of the drugs classified under HIV-1 protease inhibitors are primarily optimized through substrate-based design strategies. The peptidomimetic drugs present in the market are non-hydrolyzable by the catalytic aspartic acid residues, an indispensable approach still used in designing potential pharmacophores for protease inhibitors. Thus, a variety of amino acid-containing hybrid small molecules are tested against the HIV-1 protease enzyme by incorporating essential fragments required to block protease functionalities. However, the appearance of mutations in HIV polyproteins is a key parameter to be seriously considered while designing peptidomimetics. Hence, comprehensive knowledge regarding HIV peptidomimetic/medicinal chemistry along with optimization strategy and organic synthesis awareness is critical in the current scenario. The present chapter is aimed to provide in-depth literature on medicinally optimized HIV-1 protease inhibitors, Tat TAR RNA blockers with their synthesis, and later it is expanded to the peptidomimetics (entry inhibitors) involved in the envelope glycoprotein (gp120/gp41) and capsid inhibitors. Furthermore, the knowledge-based classification of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, anti-dimer agents, Tat-TAR RNA blockers, and entry inhibitors, along with their synthetic procedures, would serve as a single model template for scientific as well as academic research towards the development of anti-HIV peptidomimetics.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
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Bailey, H. M., E. P. Berg, and H. H. Stein. "Protein quality evaluation in processed human foods by the digestible indispensable amino acid score methodology." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_130.
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Bailey, Hannah, and Hans Stein. "Review of Current Data for Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores (diaas) Determined for Human Foods." In Virtual 2020 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am20.152.
Звіти організацій з теми "Indispensable amino acids":
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Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integrated Studies of Chloroplast Ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697125.bard.
Анотація:
Gene regulation at the RNA level encompasses multiple mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including splicing, editing, endo- and exonucleolytic cleavage, and various phenomena related to small or interfering RNAs. Ribonucleases are key players in nearly all of these post-transcriptional mechanisms, as the catalytic agents. This proposal continued BARD-funded research into ribonuclease activities in the chloroplast, where RNase mutation or deficiency can cause metabolic defects and is often associated with plant chlorosis, embryo or seedling lethality, and/or failure to tolerate nutrient stress. The first objective of this proposal was to examined a series of point mutations in the PNPase enzyme of Arabidopsis both in vivo and in vitro. This goal is related to structure-function analysis of an enzyme whose importance in many cellular processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes has only begun to be uncovered. PNPase substrates are mostly generated by endonucleolytic cleavages for which the catalytic enzymes remain poorly described. The second objective of the proposal was to examine two candidate enzymes, RNase E and RNase J. RNase E is well-described in bacteria but its function in plants was still unknown. We hypothesized it catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavages in both RNA maturation and decay. RNase J was recently discovered in bacteria but like RNase E, its function in plants had yet to be explored. The results of this work are described in the scientific manuscripts attached to this report. We have completed the first objective of characterizing in detail TILLING mutants of PNPase Arabidopsis plants and in parallel introducing the same amino acids changes in the protein and characterize the properties of the modified proteins in vitro. This study defined the roles for both RNase PH core domains in polyadenylation, RNA 3’-end maturation and intron degradation. The results are described in the collaborative scientific manuscript (Germain et al 2011). The second part of the project aimed at the characterization of the two endoribonucleases, RNase E and RNase J, also in this case, in vivo and in vitro. Our results described the limited role of RNase E as compared to the pronounced one of RNase J in the elimination of antisense transcripts in the chloroplast (Schein et al 2008; Sharwood et al 2011). In addition, we characterized polyadenylation in the chloroplast of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and in Arabidopsis (Zimmer et al 2009). Our long term collaboration enabling in vivo and in vitro analysis, capturing the expertise of the two collaborating laboratories, has resulted in a biologically significant correlation of biochemical and in planta results for conserved and indispensable ribonucleases. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture.