Готові списки джерел за темами / Indirect evaporative cooling

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Indirect evaporative cooling"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Indirect evaporative cooling"

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Mishra, Sakshi. "Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Strategies: An Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 08, no. 01 (April 22, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8650.202101.

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Анотація:
Evaporative cooling can be understood as natural response of human body to effective climate control. It is the similar to the cooling principle that human body practices when moisture/ sweat vaporizes and cools off the skin. Needing less energy input, evaporative cooling is perfectly fit for uses in which decreasing high temperatures as well as energy consumption is the requisite. Evaporative cooling is an energy competent resolution for trades, where hot inside environments lead to low output, productivity and discontented employed workers. This could also upsurge the amount of faults and mishaps in the production lines. There are many technologies in place used in poultry, horticulture, swine and dairy industries such as in-duct direct evaporative cooling, exhaust air evaporative cooling, in-direct evaporative cooling and direct air evaporative cooling. In this paper, different evaporative cooling technologies have been discussed.
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Pendhari, Asiya S. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling: An Efficient and Convenient Energy System." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, no. 3&4 (November 6, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202006.

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Анотація:
Evaporative cooling is now an alternative method for the conventional air cooling method. This method does not only save energy but also protect the environment from global warming and hazardous gases. Thus this system is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Evaporative cooling system is further divided into two categories that are direct evaporative cooling system and an indirect evaporative cooling system. The direct evaporative cooling system is not much efficient due to high wet bulb temperature and moisture thus rather than using the direct evaporative cooling system the indirect evaporative cooling system is preferred. This paper discusses comparative studies of performance, working principles, material selection criteria’s and various methods. It also explains the performance under different weather conditions, hybrid structure to reduce the load on the further system. It summarises various aspects like wick attained aluminium sheet is the best material for IEC or counter-flow heat exchanger is effective than parallel-flow heat exchanger. It finally results that indirect evaporative cooling system is moisture free, very effective and environment savings. That can be used in various residential and commercial sectors effectively as an alternative for conventional energy-consuming system.
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3

Hashim, Rasha, Salman Hammdi, and Adel Eidan. "Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling." Basrah journal for engineering science 22, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.22.1.5.

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Анотація:
Evaporative cooling is a widely used energy-saving and environmentally friendly cooling technology. Evaporative cooling can be defined as a mass and heat transfer process in which the air is cooled by the evaporation of water and as a result a large amount of heat is transferred from the air to the water and thus the air temperature decreases. Evaporative cooling is mainly used in many cooling technologies used in buildings, factories, agricultural in addition to it is used industrially in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, humidification, and humidity control applications. Evaporative cooling is divided into direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling, as well as water evaporative cooling and air evaporative cooling. This paper reviews the most important developments and technologies in evaporative cooling that lead to lower energy consumption and provide suitable cooling comfort.
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4

Dinh, Khanh. "4827733 Indirect evaporative cooling system." Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 10, no. 1 (January 1990): ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(90)90286-s.

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5

Winaya, I. Nyoman Suprapta, Hendra Wijaksana, Made Sucipta, and Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.2.123130.

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Анотація:
The high energy consumption of compressor based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. This two evaporative cooling system has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two cooling system in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilize as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.
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Wijaksana, Hendra, I. Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, Made Sucipta, and Ainul Ghurri. "An Overview of Different Indirect and Semi-Indirect Evaporative Cooling System for Study Potency of Nanopore Skinless Bamboo as An Evaporative Cooling New Porous Material." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.76.3.109116.

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Анотація:
The high energy consumption of compressor-based cooling system has prompted the researchers to study and develop non-compressor-based cooling system that less energy consumption, less environment damaging but still has high enough cooling performances. Indirect and semi indirect evaporative cooling system is the feasible non-compressor-based cooling systems that can reach the cooling performance required. These two evaporative cooling systems has some different in construction, porous material used, airflow scheme and secondary air-cooling method used for various applications. This paper would report the cooling performances achieved by those two-cooling systems in terms of cooling efficiency, cooling capacity, wet bulb effectiveness, dew point effectiveness, and temperature drop. Porous material used in indirect and semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be highlighted in terms of their type, size, thickness and any other feature. The introduction of nanopore skinless bamboo potency as a new porous material for either indirect or semi-indirect evaporative cooling would be described. In the future study of nanopore skinless bamboo, a surface morphology and several hygrothermal test including sorption, water vapor transmission, thermal conductivity test would be applied, before it utilizes as a new porous material for direct or semi indirect evaporative cooling.
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7

Cichoń, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Reducing energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in moderate climates by applying indirect evaporative cooling." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400019.

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Анотація:
This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air conditioning systems in moderate climates. The counter-flow indirect evaporative heat and mass exchanger is compared with commonly used recuperation unit in terms of achieved energy. The performance analysis of the indirect evaporative exchanger is carried out with original ε-NTU-model considering condensation from treated air. It was found that the indirect evaporative exchanger employed as a heat recovery device, allows to obtain higher performance than conventional recuperator. Additional energy savings potential is related with utilizing the potential of water evaporation to pre-cool the outdoor air. It is also stated that there is a high potential of reusing condensate that forms in product channels of the indirect evaporative exchanger and in the vapour-compression unit and delivering it to the working part of the indirect evaporative exchanger.
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Parashar, Vishal Kumar, and Aditya Singh. "INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS – A REVIEW." International Journal of Technical Research & Science 04, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/ijtrs.v04.i12.004.

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Shean Ti Teen and Keng Wai Chan. "Design and Study of Domestic Cooling System through Roof Ventilation Assisted by Evaporative Cooling." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 98, no. 1 (September 19, 2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.98.1.8291.

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Анотація:
This study shows the evaluation of the indirect evaporative cooling system beneath the roof that aims to reduce the cooling load in buildings. As the energy demand for space cooling increases over the years, the evaporative cooler that has lower energy consumption can be a green technology for space cooling compared with air-conditioning systems. An example of an evaporative roof cooling method that is commonly used is a rooftop sprinkler system. This study emphasizes the evaluation of the performances of an indirect evaporative cooler and rooftop sprinkler system in terms of temperature reduction and cooling capacity. The modelling is done by using the sol-air temperature to estimate the solar heat gain. Then, the cooling power of each system is calculated, and finally, the indoor temperature for the respective system can be determined. The finding shows that the temperature drop for the indirect evaporative cooler is 9.2°C, whereas for the rooftop sprinkler system, it is only about 4.4°C. The simulated cooling load of the indirect evaporative cooler for this test house can go up to 49.2W.
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Asemi, Hamidreza, Rahim Zahedi, and Sareh Daneshgar. "Theoretical analysis of the performance and optimization of indirect flat evaporative coolers." Future Energy 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.fuen.2.1.2.

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Анотація:
External-cooling indirect evaporative coolers with different configurations and working air sources are incomprehensively analyzed and compared so far. This paper investigates the mechanism and theory of operation of indirect flat-panel evaporative coolers based on X-analysis. Then, based on the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the entropy production rate of the flat-plate heat exchanger of the cooler is calculated. As a result of this analysis, the optimal energy efficiency-evaporation efficiency and cooling capacity values are presented in terms of effective parameters in the design.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Indirect evaporative cooling"

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Elzaidabi, Abdalla Ali Mohamed. "Low energy, wind catcher assisted indirect-evaporative cooling system for building applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10703/.

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Анотація:
Increased consciousness of the environmental problems has aroused people’s interest of renewable energy systems, especially the application of green features in buildings. The demand for air conditioning / cooling in domestic and non-domestic buildings is rising throughout the world; this increases the reliance on conventional fuels and the global warming effect from greenhouse gas emissions. Passive cooling and energy efficient design can substantially reduce reliance on fuel based heating and cooling. Passive and Hybrid Downdraught Cooling, in different forms, is now technically viable in many parts of the world. This has been established through a combination of research projects. In some hot arid regions, a major part of the energy consumed consists of air-conditioning requirements. Alternative methods, using passive cooling techniques, can assist in reducing the conventional energy consumption in buildings. Evaporative cooling, which can be tracked back several hundreds of years in ancient Egypt and Persia [1–3], is one of the most effective strategies, because of the enormous latent heat needed for evaporation of water. Green features are architectural features used to mitigate migration of various air-borne pollutants and transmission of air from outside to indoor environment in an advantageous way [9]. The reduction of fossil fuel consumption and the associated decrease in greenhouse gas emissions are vital to combat global warming and this can be accomplished, in part, by the use of natural ventilation. To assess the performance of several innovative cooling systems devices and to develop improved models for more established technology, quantitative measurement of output was necessary. This was achieved in this study by the development of simply constructed low energy cooling systems which were calibrated by the innovative use of wind and water as a source. These devices were found to be consistent and accurate in measuring the temperature and cooling load from a number of devices. There were some problems in the original evaporative units. Therefore, a number of modifications have to be made to enhance the systems performance. The novel Windcatcher – PEC cooling system was assessed and different cooling loads were achieved.
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2

Al-Koheji, Mohamed Y. "Application of porous ceramics and wind catchers for direct and indirect evaporative cooling in buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289313.

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3

Cheng, D. Christopher. "Energy savings for an air-to-air residential heat pump using indirect evaporative cooling." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013403.

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4

Lionello, Michele. "Modelling and control of cooling systems for data center applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424786.

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Анотація:
Nowadays, the Data Center industry is playing a leading role in the world economic development and it is growing rapidly and constantly. Beside this, it has become more concerned with energy consumption and the associated environmental effects. Since about half of the total energy consumption in a typical Data Center is devoted to cooling the IT equipment, energy efficiency must be the primary focus in the design and management of the cooling infrastructure. In this Thesis, we consider the problem of optimizing the operation of cooling systems in Data Centers. The main objective is that of maximizing the energy efficiency of the systems, while provisioning the required cooling demand. For this purpose, we propose a two-layer hierarchical control approach, where a supervisory high-level layer determines the optimal set-points for the local low-level controllers. The supervisory layer exploits an Extremum Seeking model-free optimization algorithm, which ensures flexibility and robustness against changes in the operating conditions. In particular, a Newton-like Phasor-based Extremum Seeking scheme is presented to improve the convergence properties and the robustness of the algorithm. The proposed control architecture is tested in silico in optimizing the operation of an Indirect Evaporative Cooling system and a Liquid Immersion Cooling unit. Simulations are performed by exploiting First-Principle Data-Driven models of the considered systems and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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5

Reddy, Sudheer Kumar V. "Development And Performance Evaluation Of An Indirect Evaporative Air Cooler." Thesis, 2011. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2384.

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Анотація:
Evaporative cooling is an alternative and efficient method of cooling in dry climates. When a liquid evaporates into the surrounding gas, the energy required for the change of phase produces a cooling effect. The wet bulb depression is the measure of potential for evaporative cooling. Greater the wet bulb depression greater is the cooling effect, and vice versa. The residential desert cooler, apart from cooling the air increases the humidity of the air in the room by absorbing moisture from the water supplied to the cooler. This may result in an undesirable increase in humidity level. Allergies is an additional problem with direct evaporative coolers. Indirect evaporative cooling does not have these two drawbacks. In the present work a small indirect evaporative cooler is developed with a cross flow heat exchanger and the performance of the cooler is evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The results are compared with the results of an analytical model developed by assuming constant water film temperature on the external wall of the heat exchanger tube. The experimental results of the cooler show a satisfactory agreement with the analytical values. Design calculations are presented to show the performance characteristics of indirect evaporative coolers under different temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient. It has been shown that reducing the heat exchanger tube diameter to around 2 mm results in better cooling effect. Climatic conditions of different Indian cities are discussed with respect to the expected effectiveness of indirect evaporative coolers.
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6

Kuo, Yi-Lien, and 郭議聯. "Energy Saving Analysis and System Simulation of VRF Systems Utilizing Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q7g672.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立臺北科技大學
冷凍空調工程系所
100
In this study, we performed experimental analysis by applying indirect evaporative cooling module to VRF system experiment. Based on the experimental results, we further compared the performance and energy saving between indirect evaporative cooling and air cooling, and analyzed the errors of experiment and simulation at outside air temperatures of 28 ℃, 31 ℃, 34 ℃and 37 ℃. For simulation, the heat exchanger model, the regression equation of the compressor performance, the evaporator model and expansion valve model are established by mathematical modeling, and the VBA built in Microsoft EXCEL is used to program the software for heat transferring and performance analysis of evaporative cooling system. The results show that the indirect evaporative cooling module can reduce energy consumption significantly and enhance EER. As to the energy saving analysis, the indirect evaporative cooling module can save energy up to +11.03%. For the error analysises of experiment and simulation, the error value is less than 10%. From the above results, the indirect evaporative cooling module can effectively enhance the performance of VRF system and verify the reliability of simulation software.
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7

SadighiDizaji, Hamed. "Investigation of the Maisotsenko Cycle Based Air Conditioning Systems." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/130752.

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Анотація:
Water evaporative based air coolers become more and more popular because of their lower energy consumption compared to the compressor-refrigerant based coolers. Low cooling capacity (theoretically wet-bulb temperature at 100% relative humidity), adding moisture to the product air and probable health issues due to the contaminated water droplets are the main shortcomings of direct evaporative air coolers. Although conventional indirect evaporative air cooler (which is direct evaporative cooler + a heat exchanger) overcomes some of the mentioned shortcomings (i.e. adding no moisture to the product air), the minimum achievable temperature would even be increased and remains as the main weakness of the indirect evaporative air coolers. Maisotsenko-cycle (M-cycle) based indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) overcomes all mentioned problems as it is able to provide lower air temperature (below the wet-bulb temperature towards the dew point temperature) without adding moisture to the product air and without further energy consumption. Besides, M-cycle cooler does not have any negative impact on environment and it does not have any potential health issue due to the probable contaminated water droplets. However, the research on M-cycle IEC is limited. No potential analytical model has been provided before for M-cycle IEC, and cumbersome timeconsuming numerical simulations have been employed for design and analysis purposes. Hence, this research aims to develop better understanding on the thermalexergetic behaviour of M-cycle cooler by developing new high-accurate quick analytical models for different working conditions. Experimental set-up is developed to validate the results of the programmed analytical models and then the models are employed to perform a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the key operation and design parameters of the M-cycle IEC. Two high accurate quick solving analytical models are developed and presented for two main different working conditions of multi-stage Maisotsenkocycle based indirect evaporative coolers termed water-spray mechanism and wetsurface mechanism. The models are able to generate cooling characteristics of the cooler very quick (compared to the numerical solutions) and accurate. The models are also able to provide temperature/humidity distribution (as a function of the locations inside the cooler) in addition to the outlet characteristics. Thus, the models can be considered as a strong research and design tool for M-cycle coolers. The models are further expanded to analyse the exergetic characteristics of the M-cycle cooler as well. Although M-cycle IEC was first developed as the air conditioning system, other potential applications of M-cycle is proposed in this research as a novel air pre-cooling technology for gas turbine based power plants which suffer lower output power problem in summers (due to hot intake air temperature). The proposed system is based on a hybrid cycle of M-cycle and absorption chiller. The absorption chiller is powered by the released heat from the exhaust gas of the turbine, and the required water of M-cycle could be provided by the condensed water of the saturated air which make the system as an efficient air pre-cooling technology. This thesis is presented in the form of a collection of the published papers which are the results of research. These five papers have been chosen to best demonstrate the study of M-cycle based air coolers. Additional background information is also provided in order to establish the context and significance of this work.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2021
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Hsu, Ming-Yu, and 許銘祐. "Investigation of Energy Saving Potential for Air Conditioning System and Reach-In Refrigerator System Using Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8sq7za.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
101
In the present study, we retrofitted an indirect device module with air conditioning facilities and refrigeration facilities to conduct an experiment. Experiment equipment includes variable-frequency air conditioner, air conditioner in convenience store, refrigerated display with doors in convenience store, refrigerated display in convenience store. Analyzing the experimental results, we can start to study saving potential. The experimental results show that retrofitted indirect device modules with air conditioning facilities and refrigeration facilities had great effect on power saving. The module of nozzle on variable-frequency air conditioner experimental data results show that 1/2 hp pump of 1 nozzle row module power saved 8.74 %, 1/2 hp pump of 2 nozzle rows module power saved 11.90 %, 1/2 hp pump of 3 nozzle rows module power saved 5.07 %, 2 hp pump of 2 nozzle rows module power saved 8.32 %, 2 hp pump of 3 nozzle rows module power saved 12.07 %. The module of nozzle on variable-frequency air conditioner experimental data results show that power saved 7.48 %.The facilities in convenience store in summer data results show that the module of nozzle on air conditioner power saved 14.95 %, the module of nozzle on refrigerated display with doors power saved 16.16 %, the module of cooling pads on refrigerated display with doors power saved 11.91 %, the module of nozzle on refrigerated display power saved 12.70 %. The above results show that the indirect evaporative module can effectively reduce device power consumption.
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Частини книг з теми "Indirect evaporative cooling"

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Watt, John R. "Experimental Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 394–412. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_23.

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Watt, John R. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 331–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_20.

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Watt, John R. "Other Modern Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 367–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_22.

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Watt, John R. "Modern Plate-Type Indirect Cooling." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 348–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_21.

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5

Almusaed, Amjad. "Cooling by Indirect Evaporative Systems." In Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture, 363–66. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7_31.

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Pacak, Anna, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Precooling in Desiccant Cooling Systems with Application of Different Indirect Evaporative Coolers." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 16–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8_2.

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Liu, Xuelai, Yong’an Li, Jizhi Li, Hongxing Yang, and Hengliang Chen. "Efficiency Analysis of Cross-Flow Plate Heat Exchanger for Indirect Evaporative Cooling." In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 255–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03454-1_26.

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8

Cui, Xin, Le Sun, Weichao Yan, Sicong Zhang, Liwen Jin, and Xiangzhao Meng. "Studying the Performance of an Indirect Evaporative Pre-cooling System in Humid Tropical Climates." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 463–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9524-6_49.

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Rodriguez Anza, Juan M. "INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING." In Passive and Low Energy Ecotechniques, 849–54. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-031644-4.50068-0.

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Cui, Xin, Xiaohu Yang, Yanjun Sun, Xiangzhao Meng, and Liwen Jin. "Energy Efficient Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling." In Advanced Cooling Technologies and Applications. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79223.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Indirect evaporative cooling"

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Alowa, Mohamed I., and Gassem Azzain. "Theoretical Investigation of an Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling System." In The First Conference for Engineering Sciences and Technology. AIJR Publisher, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.4.17.

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2

Ahlem, Zouaoui, Leila Zili-Ghedira, and Sassi Ben Nasrallah. "Desiccant-based dehumidification and direct/indirect evaporative cooling technologies." In 2015 Sixth International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2015.7110876.

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3

Worek, William M., Mark Khinkis, David Kalensky, and Valeriy Maisotsenko. "Integrated Desiccant–Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Utilizing the Maisotsenko Cycle." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and M. ASME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58039.

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Zadpoor, Amir Abbas, and Ali Asadi Nikooyan. "Development of an Improved Desiccant-Based Evaporative Cooling System for Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50258.

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Анотація:
The evaporative inlet cooling systems used for inlet cooling of gas turbines during hot summers do not work well in humid areas. However, desiccant wheels can be used to dehumidify the air before passing it trough the evaporative cooler. Since the desiccant wheels work adiabatically, the resulting air is hotter than the air introduced to the wheel and an evaporative cooling system is used to cool down the dehumidified air. Combined direct and indirect evaporative coolers have been already used to investigate the effects of dehumidification on the effectiveness of the evaporation cooling systems. It is shown that a single desiccant wheel does not offer much higher effectiveness compared to the multiple-stage evaporative systems. In this paper, an improved version of the desiccant inlet cooling system is presented. Additional dehumidification and indirect evaporative cooling stages are added to increase the effectiveness of the inlet cooling. A typical gas turbine cycle along with an industrial gas turbine with actual performance curves are used to simulate the thermal cycle in presence of the different inlet cooling systems. The simulations are carried out for three different climatic conditions. The improved and original desiccant-based systems are compared and it is shown that the added stages substantially improve the effectiveness of the desiccant-based inlet cooling.
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Weerts, Benjamin A., David Gallaher, Ron Weaver, and Otto VanGeet P. E. "Green Data Center Cooling: Achieving 90% Reduction: Airside Economization and Unique Indirect Evaporative Cooling." In 2012 IEEE Green Technologies Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/green.2012.6200950.

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ElGawady, Mohtady, and Essam E. Khalil. "Proposed New Experimental Setup for Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling Performance Analyses." In AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-4410.

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Dartnall, W. John, Alex Revel, and Vasilios Giotis. "Air-Conditioning Employing Indirect Evaporative Cooling Can Be Shown to Derive Its Energy From the Solar Source." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10928.

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Анотація:
This paper explains how Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) uses water as a refrigerant. This water refrigerant may be seen as part of the rain cycle, whereby the environment (not a heat pump) returns water as the refrigerant to the system after re-condensing it. Since the rain cycle is largely driven by the solar source, so then is IEC. Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) may be efficiently produced by wetting the room exhaust stream plates of an air-to-air heat exchanger so that water evaporation caused by the cool, relatively dry exhaust air effectively cools the incoming ventilation air stream as it passes through the other (supply) side of the heat exchanger. In practice, very high Coefficients of Performance (COP’s) have been recorded with IEC’s operating in hot, dry climates. These systems perform with low energy consumption requiring energy only to power fans and small water pumps. Surprisingly, a humid climate also yields a very high COP.
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Gebrehiwot, Betsegaw, Nikhil Dhiman, Kasturi Rajagopalan, Dereje Agonafer, Naveen Kannan, James Hoverson, and Mike Kaler. "CFD Modeling of Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Unit for Modular Data Center Applications." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73302.

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An information technology (IT) container needs to be supplied with cold air to cool IT equipment housed in it. The type of cooling system to be used depends on many factors including geographical location of the modular data center. Data centers located in regions where the climate is cold benefit from use of air-side economization (ASE) and those located in hot and dry climate benefit from use of direct and/or indirect evaporative cooling (DIEC) systems. In terms of energy saving, ASE, direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system, and indirect evaporative (IEC) systems are better than compressor based cooling systems such as computer room air conditioning (CRAC) units and air handling units (AHU). In this study, an existing DIEC unit which can also be operated in ASE mode is modeled in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. The cooling unit is intended to be used for supplying cold air to a containerized data center with specified volume flow rate, dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity. The CFD model is compared with published data of the cooling unit to see how well the CFD model represents the actual system and few design improvement ideas are tested by modifying the CFD model and running simulations. Results show that supplying air horizontally or as a downdraft to an IT container has negligible effect on the overall system. Results also show that orientation of dampers and placement of blanking panels inside the mixing chamber could affect the lifespan of air filters.
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Tavakkoli, Fatemeh, Siavash Ebrahimi, Xiaogang Sun, Yan Cui, and Ali Heydari. "Design Analysis and Performance Evaluation of a Data Center With Indirect Evaporative Cooling." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74295.

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With the rapid growth of data centers worldwide and the global shift towards energy sustainability, deploying new cooling technologies has an utmost importance. Conventional cooling systems such as chilled water system, usually have high capital costs and relatively low energy efficiency, leading to a high PUE and TCO values. Indirect evaporative cooling is a promising technology, which offers air cooling with high efficiency, hygiene air quality, and lower total cost. This paper details the design of a proof-of-concept data center with indirect evaporative cooling, which will be eventually deployed at megawatt-scale Baidu datacenters. BIN data analysis and CFD simulation are performed to optimize the physical design and operating conditions. CFD analysis of the data center room is established to optimize rack placement, air flow management, and cold aisle hot aisle configuration. A comprehensive TCO analysis is established, which shows a total savings of 9% using IDEC technology compared to chilled water system for cooling. In addition, TCO analysis indicates small to negligible effect of air supply temperature. Hence, air supply to the cold aisle is set to 27 °C to improve cooling performance. Finally, ROI sensitivity analysis is performed to measure the sensitivity of ROI on power usage effectiveness of the IDEC unit.
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Benjamin, Michael A., Andrew M. Odar, Erlendur Steinthorsson, and Charles B. Cotten. "Indirect Spray Evaporative Thermal Management for Semiconductor Burn-In." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73189.

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Semiconductor burn-in testing is one of several quality assurance tests conducted during High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) of semiconductor logic devices. The goal of burn-in is to induce “infant mortality” component failures. To accelerate infant mortality defects, semiconductor devices are subjected to stressing techniques that induce heat levels, typically, 100%–300% greater than end use environment heat loads. For this work, an indirect spray cooling method was developed and experimentally evaluated. In the indirect method, sprays are sealed within a spraycap (evaporator) that is thermally connected with the heated surface by way of a thermal interface material. The test fluid is the perfluorocarbon HFE-7000 that has a boiling point of 34°C at 1 atm. pressure. Experiments were run at a spraycap nominal pressure of 1 atm. with about 16°C of liquid subcooling at the inlet. Tests were performed on a lidded Thermal Test Vehicle (TTV) device (1.2 cm2 die size) to measure the thermal solution maximum power, dynamic control, repeatability, and the effect of applied force. Time varying test patterns (thermal loads) are simulated by changing TTV power in 20 W steps up to 200 W. The pertinent output measurements for performance evaluation are TTV power and junction temperatures (Tj), thermocouple measurements in the heat path, coolant flow rate, and applied force to the TTV. From these measurements, resultant parameters of thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficients are calculated. Maximum TTV power maintaining Tj at or below 105°C was shown to approach 240 W. Thermal controllability of the system was demonstrated for a Tj of 105 °C over the TTV power range of 30 W to 200 W. Performance was extremely stable and very repeatable even when the spraycap exit quality was 100%. The thermal solution demonstrated good repeatability during a limited cycle test. Contact force of approximately 10 lbf (45 N) was found to minimize the thermal resistance of the solution, and no significant improvement is realized beyond that force level.
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