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1
Wetter, Mark. "Documenting the occurrence through space & time of aquatic non-indigenous fish, mollusks, algae, & plants threatening North America's Great Lakes utilizing herbaria & zoological museum specimens." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 18, 2018): e24930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.24930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
North America’s Great Lakes contain 21% of the planet’s fresh water, and their protection is a matter of national security to both the USA & Canada. One of the greatest threats to the health of this unparalleled natural resource is invasion by non-indigenous species, several of which already have had catastrophic impacts on property values, the fisheries, shipping, and tourism industries, and continue to threaten the survival of native species and wetland ecosystems. The Great Lakes Invasives Network is a consortium (20 institutions) of herbaria and zoology museums from among the Great Lakes states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and New York created to better document the occurrence of selected non-indigenous species and their congeners in space and time by imaging and providing online access to the information on the specimens of the critical organisms. The list of non-indigenous species (1 alga, 42 vascular plants, 22 fish, and 13 mollusks) to be digitized was generated by conducting a query of all fish, plants, algae, and mollusks present in the database of GLANSIS – the Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System – maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The network consists of collections at 20 institutions, including 4 of the 10 largest herbaria in North America, each of which curates 1-7 million specimens (NY, F, MICH, and WIS). Eight of the nation’s largest zoology museums are also represented, several of which (e.g., Ohio State and U of Minnesota) are internationally recognized for their fish and mollusk collections. Each genus includes at least one species that is considered a Great Lakes non-indigenous taxon – several have many, whereas others have congeners on “watchlists”, meaning that they have not arrived in the Great Lakes Basin yet, but have the potential to do so, especially in light of human activity and climate change. Because the introduction and spread of these species, their close relatives, and hybrids into the region is known to have occurred almost entirely from areas in North America outside of the Basin, our effort will include non-indigenous specimens collected from throughout North America. Digitized specimens of Great Lakes non-indigenous species and their congeners will allow for more accurate identification of invasive species and hybrids from their non-invasive relatives by a wider audience of end users. The metadata derived from digitized specimens of Great Lakes non-indigenous species and their congeners will help biologists to track, monitor, and predict the spread of invasive species through space and time, especially in the face of a more rapidly changing climate in the upper Midwest. All together consortium members will digitize >2 million individual specimens from >860,000 sheets/lots of non-indigenous species and their congeneric taxa. Data and metadata are uploaded to the Great Lakes Invasives Network, a Symbiota portal (GreatLakesInvasvies.org), and ingested by the National Resource for Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC) (iDigBio.org) national resource. Several initiatives are already in place to alert citizens to the dangers of spreading aquatic invasive species among our nation's waterways, but this project is developing complementary scientific and educational tools for scientists, students, wildlife officers, teachers, and the public who have had little access to images or data derived directly from preserved specimens of invasive species collected over the past three centuries.
2
Leavitt, Steven W., Irina P. Panyushkina, Todd Lange, Li Cheng, Allan F. Schneider, and John Hughes. "Radiocarbon “Wiggles” in Great Lakes Wood at About 10,000 to 12,000 BP." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042727.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-resolution radiocarbon calibration for the last 14,000 cal yr has been developed in large part using European oaks and pines. Recent subfossil wood collections from the Great Lakes region provide an opportunity to measure 14C activity in decadal series of rings in North America prior to the White Mountains bristlecone record. We developed decadal 14C series from wood at the classic Two Creeks site (∼11,850 BP) in east-central Wisconsin, the Liverpool East site (∼10,250 BP) in northwestern Indiana, and the Gribben Basin site (∼10,000 BP) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Initial AMS dates on holocellulose produced younger-than-expected ages for most Two Creeks subsamples and for a few samples from the other sites, prompting a systematic comparison of chemical pretreatment using 2 samples from each site, and employing holocellulose, AAA-treated holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and AAA-treated whole wood. The testing could not definitively reveal the source of error in the original analyses, but the “best” original ages together with new AAA-treated holocellulose and α-cellulose ages were visually fitted to the IntCal04 calibration curve at ages of 13,760–13,530 cal BP for the Two Creeks wood, 12,100–12,020 cal BP for Liverpool East, and 11,300–11,170 cal BP for Gribben Basin. The Liverpool East age falls squarely within the Younger Dryas (YD) period, whereas the Gribben Basin age appears to postdate the YD by ∼300 yr, although high scatter in the decadal Gribben Basin results could accommodate an older age nearer the end of the YD.
3
Carroll, Jon W. "Reinterpreting Springwells Ceramics in the Great Lakes Region of North America." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 44, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26741660.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The original ceramics typology developed for Younge/Western Basin Tradition Springwells phase (ca. AD 1160–1420) assemblages included three variants known as Macomb Linear, Macomb Interrupted Linear, and Springwells Net Impressed ceramics. This discussion considers how subregional variation in Springwells decorative styles reflects participation in a larger regional social network.
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Oster, Jessica, Sophie Warken, Natasha Sekhon, Monica Arienzo, and Matthew Lachniet. "Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America." Quaternary 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2010005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Speleothem oxygen isotope records from the Caribbean, Central, and North America reveal climatic controls that include orbital variation, deglacial forcing related to ocean circulation and ice sheet retreat, and the influence of local and remote sea surface temperature variations. Here, we review these records and the global climate teleconnections they suggest following the recent publication of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database. We find that low-latitude records generally reflect changes in precipitation, whereas higher latitude records are sensitive to temperature and moisture source variability. Tropical records suggest precipitation variability is forced by orbital precession and North Atlantic Ocean circulation driven changes in atmospheric convection on long timescales, and tropical sea surface temperature variations on short timescales. On millennial timescales, precipitation seasonality in southwestern North America is related to North Atlantic climate variability. Great Basin speleothem records are closely linked with changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Although speleothems have revealed these critical global climate teleconnections, the paucity of continuous records precludes our ability to investigate climate drivers from the whole of Central and North America for the Pleistocene through modern. This underscores the need to improve spatial and temporal coverage of speleothem records across this climatically variable region.
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Whitley, David S. "Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ethnographic data on the production of rock art in far western North America - the historic hunter-gatherer cultures of California and the Great Basin - are reviewed and analyzed to identify widespread patterns in the origin and, in certain cases, symbolism of the late prehistoric/historical parietal art of this region. These data, collected in the first few decades of this century by a variety of ethnographers, suggest only two origins for the art: production by shamans; and production by initiates in ritual cults. In both instances, the artists were apparently depicting the culturally-conditioned visions or hallucinations they experienced during altered states of consciousness. The symbolism of two sites, Tulare-19 and Ventura-195, is considered in more detail to demonstrate how beliefs about the supernatural world, and the shaman's relationship to this realm, were graphically portrayed.
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Cook, Frederick A., Kevin W. Hall, and C. Elissa Lynn. "The edge of northwestern North America at ∼1.8 Ga." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ∼1.80 Ga edge of the northwestern North American craton is buried beneath Phanerozoic and Proterozoic rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the adjacent Cordillera. It is visible in more than eight deep seismic reflection profiles that have images of west-facing crustal-scale monoclines with up to 1520 km of vertical relief, and it produces regional isostatic gravity anomalies that can be followed for more than 1500 km along strike. The deep reflection profiles include two major transects of Lithoprobe (southern Canadian Cordillera transect and Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect) and industry profiles that are strategically located to provide depth and geometry constraints on the monoclines. The isostatic anomalies mark the density transition from Paleoproterozoic and older crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield to less dense supracrustal rocks of westward-thickening late Paleo proterozoic and younger strata. These gravity anomaly patterns thus provide areal geometry of crustal structure variations along strike away from the depth control provided by the seismic data. Although many of the monoclines follow the Fort Simpson geophysical trend along the Cordilleran deformation front, isostatic anomalies near Great Bear Lake delineate a northeast-striking region of low values that may coincide with a failed rift arm or the southern margin of a large basin. The monoclines are interpreted as a series of en echelon structures that probably formed as a result of lithospheric extension at about 1.801.70 Ga following terminal accretion of the Paleoproterozoic Wopmay Orogen.
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Zhao, C., X. Liu, and L. R. Leung. "The impact of Great Basin Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over southwestern North America." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2011): 31735–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-31735-2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The radiative forcing of dust emitted from the Great Basin Desert (GBD) and its impact on monsoon circulation and precipitation over the North America monsoon (NAM) region are simulated using a coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model (WRF-Chem) for 15 yr (1995–2009). During the monsoon season, dust has a cooling effect (−0.90 W m−2) at the surface, a warming effect (0.40 W m−2) in the atmosphere, and a negative top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) forcing (−0.50 W m−2) over the GBD region on 24-h average. Most of the dust emitted from the GBD concentrates below 800 hPa and stacks over the western slope of the Rocky Mountains and Mexican Plateau. The absorption of shortwave radiation by dust heats the lower atmosphere by up to 0.5 K day−1 over the western slope of the Mountains. Model sensitivity simulations with and without dust for 15 summers (June-July-August) show that dust heating of the lower atmosphere over the GBD region remotely strengthens the low-level southerly moisture fluxes on both sides of the Sierra Madre Occidental. It also results in an eastward migration of NAM-driven moisture convergence over the western slope of the Mountains. These monsoonal circulation changes lead to a statistically significant increase of precipitation by up to ~40% over the eastern slope of the Mountains (Arizona-New Mexico-Texas regions). This study highlights the interaction between dust and the NAM system and motivates further investigation of possible dust feedback on monsoon precipitation under climate change and the mega-drought conditions projected for the future.
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Andreae, Meinrat O., and Tracey W. Andreae. "Archaeometric studies on rock art at four sites in the northeastern Great Basin of North America." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e0263189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rock art originated some 46,000 years ago and can provide unique insights into the minds of our human ancestors. However, dating of these ancient images, especially of petroglyphs, remains a challenge. In this study, we explore the potential of deriving age estimates from measurements of the areal densities of manganese (DMn) and iron (DFe) in the rock varnish on petroglyphs, based on the concept that the amount of varnish that has regrown on a petroglyph since its creation, relative to the surrounding intact varnish, is a measure of its age. We measured DMn and DFe by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on dated Late Pleistocene and Holocene rock surfaces, from which we derived accumulation rates of Mn and Fe in the rock varnish. The observed rates were comparable to our previous findings on basalt surfaces in North America. We derived age estimates for the rock art at four sites in the northern Great Basin region of North America based on DMn measurements on the petroglyphs and intact varnish. They suggest that rock art creation in this region began around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and continued into the Historic Period, encompassing a wide range of styles and motifs. Evidence of reworking of the rock art at various times by Indigenous people speaks of the continued agency of these images through the millennia. Our results are in good agreement with chronologies based on archeological and other archaeometric techniques. While our method remains subject to significant uncertainty with regard to the absolute ages of individual images, it provides the unique opportunity to obtain age estimates for large ensembles of images without the need for destructive sampling.
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Ames, Kenneth M., Kristen A. Fuld, and Sara Davis. "Dart and Arrow Points on the Columbia Plateau of Western North America." American Antiquity 75, no. 2 (April 2010): 287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The timing of the bow and arrow's introduction, spread, and replacement of the atlatl is an important research question in North American prehistory. Although regional archaeologists have not focused on the issue, it is generally thought that the bow and arrow were introduced on the Columbia Plateau ca. 2,300 years ago and completely replaced the atlatl by 1000 B.P. We apply two sets of discriminate functions and four threshold values to three large projectile point samples from the Columbia Plateau and a control sample from the Western Great Basin. Our results indicate that the atlatl was used on the Plateau by ca. 10,800 B.P. While the bow and arrow may have been present by 8500 B.P., they were ubiquitous in the region by 4400 B.P. Atlatl use appears to have increased for a while after 3000 B.P. At the same time, metric differences between dart and arrow points strengthened. Darts became rare after 1500 B.P. but seem to have been in use in small numbers at least until contact.
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Sukhobokova, Olga. "The British-French struggle for Canada (the end of the 1680s – the beginning of the 1760s)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 15 (2023): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2023.15.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the four wars between Great Britain and France in the late 1680s and early 1760s, as a result of which it was determined who would own the territory of modern Canada: King William’s War or War of the League of Augsburg, Queen Anne’s War (or War of the Spanish Succession), King George’s War (War of the Austrian Succession) and the Seven Years’ War (Conquest). The purpose of the article is to consider the British-French wars of the 17th – 18th centuries on the territory of Canada, which determined its future. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism and problem-chronological and complex approaches. Comparative and analytical methods made it possible to compare the starting positions of Great Britain and France in North America and the course and results of their armed struggle for Canada in the context of the wars of both empires on different continents. The scientific novelty of the study consists in an attempt to show the complexity, consistency and patterns of the British-French struggle for Canada. Its circumstances and main milestones are traced, which influenced not only the results of the struggle, but also laid the foundation for the development of Canada for the following centuries. This, as well as insufficient attention to the problem in Ukrainian Canadian studies, strengthens the relevance of this article. Conclusions. As a result of the British-French wars, Great Britain became the victor and the most powerful colonial and maritime empire. Instead, France ceded positions and possessions, in particular in North America. The first three wars began in Europe, and later hostilities also began in North America, involving mainly the colonists and their Native American allies. But the last, Seven Years’ War began precisely in North America. The British used regular troops in it. The British fleet also played a significant role, as well as the larger population and production capacity of their colonies compared to the French. If in the first three wars the French were able to compensate for these factors due to more effective mobilization and the involvement of Indians as allies, then in the fourth and last war they were defeated. The main consequence was the termination of the existence of New France and the consolidation of dominance in the region of Great Britain, which determined the further development of Canada as a colony, and later the dominion of Great Britain.
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CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, WILL, and JEFFREY A. COLE. "A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)." Zootaxa 4868, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4868.4.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Okanagana boweni sp. n. is described from the western margin of the Great Basin of North America. The new species is diagnosed from allopatric O. simulata Davis and sympatric O. utahensis Davis using morphological, bioacoustical, and molecular characters. The distribution of this new species coincides with the Walker Lane region that lies along the border of California and Nevada, USA. Based on geography, bioacoustics, morphology, and molecular phylogenetics, we hypothesize that O. boweni sp. n. is the allopatric sister species of O. simulata.
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Botiková, Marta. "Folk and Literary Reflections on the Culture of Northwest Coast Indians of the Puget Sound Area of North America." Ethnologia Actualis 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eas-2019-0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Vi Hilbert, collector, performer and activist who worked with the folklore material of the northwestern region, has found somebody to follow in her footsteps in the promotion of the local culture and literature. This somebody is Sherman Alexie, a writer, publicist, poet and scriptwriter who has published around 30 books to date. Like Vi Hilbert, Sherman Alexie, who is three generations younger, proclaims his Native American heritage. He represents it and helps other readers and interested people understand, or join the path towards building this identity. His texts are characterised by a humorous distance as well as an excellent gift of observation. Alexie is one of the most significant figures of the literature of the indigenous Americans and is a textbook example of a new type of narration, which has deep roots in this region and is nurtured. His early works were a great surprise at the time of their publication, both for readers from the Native American community and other Americans. From an ethnological point of view, they are not only a factual source of knowledge, but also provide a perspective for evaluating the culture emically.
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Jahren, A. Hope, Ronald Amundson, Carol Kendall та Peter Wigand. "Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Using the Correlation in δ18O of Hackberry Carbonate and Environmental Water, North America". Quaternary Research 56, № 2 (вересень 2001): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractCeltis sp. (commonly known as “hackberry”) fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979–1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its δ18O value and plotted against the δ18O value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water δ18O value and hackberry endocarp carbonate δ18O value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate δ18O value and environmental water is [endocarp δ18O=38.56+0.69×environmental water δ18O] (R=0.88; R2=0.78; p value<0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [°C])=6.33+0.67 (δ18O of endocarp carbonate) (R=0.73; R2=0.54; p value=0.0133). The δ18O value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation δ18O values more positive than today (∼−4‰ early Holocene vs ∼−9 to −10‰ today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive δ18O values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value.
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Haynes, C. Vance. "Geoarchaeological and Paleohydrological Evidence for a Clovis-Age Drought in North America and Its Bearing on Extinction." Quaternary Research 35, no. 3-Part1 (May 1991): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90056-b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAt the Murray Springs Clovis site in southeastern Arizona, stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicates that an abnormally low water table 10,900 yr B.P. was followed soon thereafter by a water-table rise accompanied by the deposition of an algal mat (the “black mat”) that buried mammoth tracks, Clovis artifacts, and a well. This water-table fluctuation correlates with pluvial lake fluctuations in the Great Basin during and immediately following Clovis occupation of that region. Many elements of Pleistocene megafauna in North America became extinct during the dry period. Oxygen isotope records show a marked decrease in δ18O correlated with the Younger Dryas cold-dry event of northern Europe which ended 10,750 yr B.P., essentially the same time as the water table began to rise in southeastern Arizona. Clovis hunters may have found large game animals easier prey when concentrated at water holes and under stress. If so, both climate and human predation contributed to Pleistocene extinction in America.
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Biondi, Franco. "Dendroclimatic Reconstruction at Kilometer-Scale Grid Points: A Case Study from the Great Basin of North America." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0151.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPreparing for future hydroclimatic variability greatly benefits from long (i.e., multicentury) records at seasonal to annual time steps that have been gridded at kilometer-scale spatial intervals over a geographic region. Kriging is commonly used for optimal interpolation of environmental data, and space–time geostatistical models can improve kriging estimates when long temporal sequences of observations exist at relatively few points on the landscape. A network of 22 tree-ring chronologies from single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in the central Great Basin of North America was used to extend hydroclimatic records both temporally and spatially. First, the line of organic correlation (LOC) method was used to reconstruct October–May total precipitation anomalies at each tree-ring site, as these ecotonal environments at the lower forest border are typically moisture-limited areas. Individual site reconstructions were then combined using a hierarchical model of spatiotemporal kriging that produced annual anomaly maps on a 12 km × 12 km grid during the period in common among all chronologies (1650–1976). Hydroclimatic episodes were numerically identified using their duration, magnitude, and peak. Precipitation anomalies were spatially more variable during wet years than during dry years, and the evolution of drought episodes over space and time could be visualized and quantified. The most remarkable episode in the entire reconstruction was the early 1900s pluvial, followed by the late 1800s drought. The 1930s Dust Bowl drought was among the top 10 hydroclimatic episodes in the past few centuries. These results directly address the needs of water and natural resource managers with respect to planning for worst-case scenarios of drought duration and magnitude at the watershed level.
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Notaro, Michael, David Lorenz, Christopher Hoving, and Michael Schummer. "Twenty-First-Century Projections of Snowfall and Winter Severity across Central-Eastern North America*,+." Journal of Climate 27, no. 17 (August 28, 2014): 6526–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00520.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Statistically downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs) are used to force a snow accumulation and ablation model (SNOW-17) across the central-eastern North American Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) to develop high-resolution projections of snowfall, snow depth, and winter severity index (WSI) by the middle and late twenty-first century. Here, projections of a cumulative WSI (CWSI) known to influence autumn–winter waterfowl migration are used to demonstrate the utility of SNOW-17 results. The application of statistically downscaled climate data and a snow model leads to a better representation of lake processes in the Great Lakes basin, topographic effects in the Appalachian Mountains, and spatial patterns of climatological snowfall, compared to the original GCMs. Annual mean snowfall is simulated to decline across the region, particularly in early winter (December–January), leading to a delay in the mean onset of the snow season. Because of a warming-induced acceleration of snowmelt, the percentage loss in snow depth exceeds that of snowfall. Across the Plains and Prairie Potholes LCC and the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes LCC, daily snowfall events are projected to become less common but more intense. The greatest reductions in the number of days per year with a present snowpack are expected close to the historical position of the −5°C isotherm in December–March, around 44°N. The CWSI is projected to decline substantially during December–January, leading to increased likelihood of delays in timing and intensity of autumn–winter waterfowl migrations.
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Larson, D. J. "REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGABUS LEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): LUTOSUS-, OBSOLETUS-, AND FUSCIPENNIS-GROUPS." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 1 (February 1994): 135–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126135-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSpecies of Agabus of the lutosus-, obsoletus-, and fuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of the lutosus- and obsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to the lutosus-group: A. lutosus LeConte along the Pacific Coast; A. griseipennis LeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; and A. rumppi Leech in the southern deserts. Agabus lutosus and A. griseipennis hybridize in the Pacific Northwest; A. lutosus mimus Leech is synonymized with A. lutosus. The obsoletus-group contains five species: A. obsoletus LeConte, A. morosus LeConte, and A. ancillus Fall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains; A. hoppingi Leech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; and A. obliteratus LeConte, containing two subspecies, A. o. obliteratus and A. o. nectris Leech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of the fuscipennis-group, A. ajax Fall, A. coxalis Sharp, A. fuscipennis (Paykull), and A. infuscatus Aubé, are boreal and all except A. ajax are Holarctic. Agabus coxalis is restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North American Agabus (Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include the obsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated for A. discolor LeConte and A. obliteratus LeConte.
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Fergen, Joshua T., and Ryan D. Bergstrom. "Social Vulnerability across the Great Lakes Basin: A County-Level Comparative and Spatial Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social vulnerability refers to how social positions affect the ability to access resources during a disaster or disturbance, but there is limited empirical examination of its spatial patterns in the Great Lakes Basin (GLB) region of North America. In this study, we map four themes of social vulnerability for the GLB by using the Center for Disease Control’s Social Vulnerability Index (CDC SVI) for every county in the basin and compare mean scores for each sub-basin to assess inter-basin differences. Additionally, we map LISA results to identify clusters of high and low social vulnerability along with the outliers across the region. Results show the spatial patterns depend on the social vulnerability theme selected, with some overlapping clusters of high vulnerability existing in Northern and Central Michigan, and clusters of low vulnerability in Eastern Wisconsin along with outliers across the basins. Differences in these patterns also indicate the existence of an urban–rural dimension to the variance in social vulnerabilities measured in this study. Understanding regional patterns of social vulnerability help identify the most vulnerable people, and this paper presents a framework for policymakers and researchers to address the unique social vulnerabilities across heterogeneous regions.
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Badgley, Catherine, and John A. Finarelli. "Diversity dynamics of mammals in relation to tectonic and climatic history: comparison of three Neogene records from North America." Paleobiology 39, no. 3 (2013): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In modern ecosystems, regions of topographic heterogeneity, when compared with nearby topographically homogeneous regions, support high species densities of mammals and other groups. This biogeographic pattern could be explained by either greater diversification rates or greater accommodation of species in topographically complex regions. In this context, we assess the hypothesis that changes in landscape history have stimulated diversification in mammals. Landscape history includes tectonic and climatic processes that influence topographic complexity at regional scales. We evaluated the influence of changes in topographic complexity and climate on origination and extinction rates of rodents, the most diverse clade of mammals.We compared the Neogene records of rodent diversity for three regions in North America. The Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (Region 1) and the northern Rocky Mountains (Region 2) were tectonically active over much of the Cenozoic and are characterized by high topographic complexity today. The northern Great Plains (Region 3) have been tectonically quiescent, with low relief, throughout the Cenozoic. These three regions have distinctive geologic histories and substantial fossil records. All three regions showed significant changes in diversification and faunal composition over the Neogene. In the montane regions, originations and extinctions peaked at the onset and close, respectively, of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–14 Ma), with significant changes in faunal composition accompanying these episodes of diversification. In the Great Plains, rodents showed considerable turnover but infrequent diversification. Peak Neogene diversity in the Great Plains occurred during cooling after the Miocene Climatic Optimum. These histories suggest that climatic changes interacting with increasing topographic complexity intensify macroevolutionary processes. In addition, close tracking of diversity and fossil productivity with the stratigraphic record suggests either large-scale sampling biases or the mutual response of diversity and depositional processes to changes in landscape history.
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Kavanaugh, David H. "THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144125-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
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Smith, Geoffrey M. "Footprints Across the Black Rock: Temporal Variability in Prehistoric Foraging Territories and Toolstone Procurement Strategies in the Western Great Basin." American Antiquity 75, no. 4 (October 2010): 865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.4.865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mobility is a common theme in Paleoindian research throughout North America including in the Great Basin. One recent model based on results from the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Paleoindian artifacts holds that early groups occupied geographically discrete foraging territories throughout the Great Basin during the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, ca. 11,500–7500 radiocarbon years ago (14C B.P.), that covered between 46,000 and 107,000 km2. While this model is innovative, its implications regarding Paleoindian mobility are difficult to reconcile with our knowledge of foraging populations. In this article, I evaluate the model using XRF data for 260 Paleoindian projectile points from northwest Nevada. The results fail to support the hypothesis that a single, expansive foraging territory once covered the western Great Basin. However, when compared to a sample of 1,085 projectile points from later periods (ca. 700014C B.P. to the historic era), data from the Paleoindian sample indicate that the foraging territories of early groups differed from those of later groups living in the same region. I suggest that these dissimilarities reflect differences in how groups moved across the landscape and procured lithic raw materials.
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Ricciardi, Anthony, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Predicting the identity and impact of future biological invaders: a priority for aquatic resource management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The identification and risk assessment of potential biological invaders would provide valuable criteria for the allocation of resources toward the detection and control of invasion threats. Yet, freshwater biologists have made few attempts at predicting potential invaders, apparently because such efforts are perceived to be costly and futile. We describe some simple, low-cost empirical approaches that would facilitate prediction and demonstrate their use in identifying high-risk species from an important donor region: the Ponto-Caspian (Black, Caspian, and Azov seas) basin. This region is the source of several freshwater organisms already invading North America, including the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), and round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Based on a thorough literature review, we identify 17 additional Ponto-Caspian animals that have recent invasion histories and are likely to be transported overseas in ship ballast water; moreover, their broad salinity tolerance could allow them to survive an incomplete ballast-water exchange. These results suggest that, unless current vectors are more effectively controlled, the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River system and other North American inland waterways will continue to receive and be impacted by invasive Eurasian species.
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Sadras, Victor O., and John F. Angus. "Benchmarking water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in dry environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05359.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Attainable water-use efficiency relates attainable yield, i.e. the best yield achieved through skilful use of available technology, and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). For wheat crops in south-eastern Australia, there is a common, often large gap between actual and attainable water-use efficiency. To evaluate whether this gap is only an Australian problem or a general feature of dry environments, we compared water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in south-eastern Australia, the North American Great Plains, China Loess Plateau, and the Mediterranean Basin. A dataset of published data was compiled (n = 691); water-use efficiency (WUEY/ET) was calculated as the ratio between actual grain yield and seasonal ET. Maximum WUEY/ET was 22 kg grain/ha.mm. Average WUEY/ET (kg grain/ha.mm) was 9.9 for south-eastern Australia, 9.8 for the China Loess Plateau, 8.9 for the northern Great Plains of North America, 7.6 for the Mediterranean Basin, and 5.3 for the southern-central Great Plains; the variation in average WUEY/ET was largely accounted for by reference evapotranspiration around flowering. Despite substantial differences in important factors including soils, precipitation patterns, and management practices, crops in all these environments had similarly low average WUEY/ET, between 32 and 44% of attainable efficiency. We conclude that low water-use efficiency of Australian crops is not a local problem, but a widespread feature of dry environments. Yield gap analysis for crops in the Mallee region of Australia revealed low availability of phosphorus, late sowing, and subsoil chemical constraints as key factors reducing water-use efficiency, largely through their effects on soil evaporation.
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Holthouse, Mark Cody, Lori R. Spears, and Diane G. Alston. "Urban host plant utilisation by the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in northern Utah." NeoBiota 64 (January 28, 2021): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.64.60050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The invasive and highly polyphagous brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is a severe agricultural and urban nuisance pest in North America. Since its initial invasion into Utah in 2012, H. halys has become well established in urban and suburban locations along the western foothills of the Wasatch Front in northern Utah. Bordering the Great Basin Desert, this area is unique from other North American locations with H. halys due to its high elevation (> 1200 m), aridity (30-year mean RH = 53.1%; dew point = -1.9 °C) and extreme temperatures (the 30-year mean minimum and maximum in January and July in Salt Lake City range from -3.1 to 3.6 °C and 20.3 to 32.4 °C, respectively). To document which plant species harbour H. halys, surveys were conducted in 17 urban/suburban sites in four counties during 2017 and 2018. Halyomorpha halys was more abundant in Salt Lake and Utah counties than in the more northern counties of Davis and Weber and was found on 53 plant species, nine of which hosted two or more developmental stages in both years. The majority of hosts were in the families Fabaceae, Rosaceae and Sapindaceae. Northern catalpa, Catalpa speciosa (Warder), was the most consistent host, supporting a majority of H. halys detections in all life stages; thus we identify it as a sentinel host. Twenty-nine species were novel hosts for H. halys in North America; of these, Acer ginnala Maxim, Populus tremuloides Michx., Prunus armeniaca × domestica ‘Flavor King’ and Prunus virginiana ‘Schubert’ were detected with two or more life stages of H. halys in both years. Peak populations of H. halys occurred from mid-June to mid-September. We describe H. halys plant utilisation by life stage and seasonal period to aid future detection and management of this invasive insect in the greater Intermountain West region.
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Suriano, Zachary J., and Daniel J. Leathers. "Great Lakes Basin Snow-Cover Ablation and Synoptic-Scale Circulation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 7 (July 2018): 1497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0297.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSynoptic-scale atmospheric conditions play a critical role in determining the frequency and intensity of snow-cover-ablation events. Using a synoptic weather-classification technique, distinct regional circulation patterns influencing the Great Lakes basin of North America are identified and examined in conjunction with daily snow-ablation events from 1960 to 2009. An ablation event is considered in this study to be an interdiurnal decrease in areal-weighted average snow depth of greater than 2.54 cm in magnitude over the entire Great Lakes basin. General meteorological characteristics associated with ablation-causing synoptic types are examined, and three individual case studies from prominent synoptic types are presented to understand the diversity of meteorological influences on regional snow ablation. Results indicate that a variety of synoptic weather conditions lead to snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin. The 10 most common synoptic types accounted for 66% of the 349 ablation events detected from 1960 to 2009. Snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin most commonly occurs when there is advection of warm and moist air into the region to provide the sensible and latent heat fluxes that are needed for melt, but ablation frequently occurs during rain-on-snow events and in instances of high pressure overhead. Ablation magnitude is highest during rain-on-snow synoptic types, and the interannual frequency of these types significantly decreased by 37% over 1960–2009. Conversely, the frequency of high-pressure-overhead synoptic types significantly increased by more than 30% from 1960 to 2009. Such changes may influence the hydrologic impact of these synoptic types on ablation over time.
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Milrad, Shawn M., Eyad H. Atallah, and John R. Gyakum. "Dynamical and Precipitation Structures of Poleward-Moving Tropical Cyclones in Eastern Canada, 1979–2005." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 836–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2578.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Tropical cyclones in the western North Atlantic basin are a persistent threat to human interests along the east coast of North America. Occurring mainly during the late summer and early autumn, these storms often cause strong winds and extreme rainfall and can have a large impact on the weather of eastern Canada. From 1979 to 2005, 40 named (by the National Hurricane Center) tropical cyclones tracked over eastern Canada. Based on the time tendency of the low-level (850–700 hPa) vorticity, the storms are partitioned into two groups: “intensifying” and “decaying.” The 16 intensifying and 12 decaying cases are then analyzed using data from both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and the NCEP global reanalysis. Composite dynamical structures are presented for both partitioned groups, utilizing both quasigeostrophic (QG) and potential vorticity (PV) perspectives. It is found that the proximity to the tropical cyclone and subsequent negative tilt (or lack thereof) of a precursor trough over the Great Lakes region is crucial to whether a storm “intensifies” or “decays.” Heavy precipitation is often the main concern when tropical cyclones move northward into the midlatitudes. Therefore, analyses of storm-relative precipitation distributions show that storms intensifying (decaying) as they move into the midlatitudes often exhibit a counterclockwise (clockwise) rotation of precipitation around the storm center.
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Cook, Kerry H., and Edward K. Vizy. "Hydrodynamics of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and Its Relationship to Precipitation." Journal of Climate 23, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 1477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3210.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The easterly Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ) is a prominent climate feature over the Intra-America Seas, and it is associated with much of the water vapor transport from the tropical Atlantic into the Caribbean Basin. In this study, the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) is analyzed to improve the understanding of the dynamics of the CLLJ and its relationship to regional rainfall variations. Horizontal momentum balances are examined to understand how jet variations on both diurnal and seasonal time scales are controlled. The jet is geostrophic to the first order. Its previously documented semidiurnal cycle (with minima at about 0400 and 1600 LT) is caused by semidiurnal cycling of the meridional geopotential height gradient in association with changes in the westward extension of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH). A diurnal cycle is superimposed, associated with a meridional land–sea breeze (solenoidal circulation) onto the north coast of South America, so that the weakest jet velocities occur at 1600 LT. The CLLJ is present throughout the year, and it is known to vary in strength semiannually. Peak magnitudes in July are related to the seasonal cycle of the NASH, and a second maximum in February is caused by heating over northern South America. From May through September, zonal geopotential gradients associated with summer heating over Central America and Mexico induce meridional flow. The CLLJ splits into two branches, including a southerly branch that connects with the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) bringing moisture into the central United States. During the rest of the year, the flow remains essentially zonal across the Caribbean Basin and into the Pacific. A strong (weak) CLLJ is associated with reduced (enhanced) rainfall over the Caribbean Sea throughout the year in the NARR. The relationship with precipitation over land depends on the season. Despite the fact that the southerly branch of the CLLJ feeds into the meridional GPLLJ in May through September, variations in the CLLJ strength during these months do not impact U.S. precipitation, because the CLLJ strength is varying in response to regional-scale forcing and not to changes in the large-scale circulation. During the cool season, there are statistically significant correlations between the CLLJ index and rainfall over the United States. When the CLLJ is strong, there is anomalous northward moisture transport across the Gulf of Mexico into the central United States and pronounced rainfall increases over Louisiana and Texas. A weak jet is associated with anomalous westerly flow across the southern Caribbean region and significantly reduced rainfall over the south-central United States. No connection between the intensity of the CLLJ and drought over the central United States is found. There are only three drought summers in the NARR period (1980, 1988, and 2006), and the CLLJ was extremely weak in 1988 but not in 1980 or 2006.
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Buckingham, Bruce N., and Laura J. Kearns. "First Documented Nesting of American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in Ohio, USA." Ohio Journal of Science 123, no. 2 (March 26, 2024): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v123i2.9541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The discovery and documentation of a new breeding species in a defined area, such as a state, is a crucial first step in understanding the basic natural history of a species and its consequent needs for management and conservation. The American White Pelican has gradually expanded its breeding range from the prairies of North America into the Great Lakes region. While conducting a census on Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) at least 4 nests of pelicans with either eggs or young were found. Further census showed a minimum of 12 almost fledged young. This report documents the first confirmed nesting of the American White Pelican in Ohio. This first nesting was observed in May 2023 on Turning Point Island, an artificial island in Sandusky Bay, Erie County, Ohio, in the western basin of Lake Erie. Continued nesting of pelicans in Ohio is expected in future years at this location and other suitable sites in the area. This species is likely to need future monitoring and management.
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Ozeran, Rebecca, and Craig Carr. "Patterns in Cheatgrass Abundance in Foothills Grasslands in Montana." Journal of Environment and Ecology 13, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v13i1.19513.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is an invasive, exotic annual grass that exerts substantial negative ecological and economic influence in many of the ecosystems it invades. Cheatgrass has been extensively studied in the Great Basin region of North America where most precipitation comes in winter and early spring and the vegetation consists primarily of cool-season species and cespitose graminoid growth forms. However, much less research has been performed in the northern Great Plains region where precipitation comes primarily in spring and summer, supporting a mixture of cool and warm season plant species and both sod-forming and cespitose graminoid growth forms. In order to better understand cheatgrass ecology in the northern Great Plains region, we modeled cheatgrass abundance in relation to disturbance, vegetation, and site characteristics in two grassland locations in Montana. Multimodel inferences based on large generalized linear mixed-effects regression were used to identify variables important in predicting cheatgrass abundance. Our results suggest that cheatgrass appears to favor droughty site conditions associated with either coarser soil textures, shallower soils, or south-facing aspects. However, cheatgrass can exhibit extremely high abundances on more productive sites if disturbance creates an opportunity for invasion. Across all sites, it appears that soil disturbance can generate increased cheatgrass abundance and land management that promotes robust and vigorous vegetation and maximizes spatial and temporal niche occupancy should be encouraged to limit cheatgrass invasion and expansion.
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Rempel, L. L., and D. G. Smith. "Postglacial fish dispersal from the Mississippi refuge to the Mackenzie River basin." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wisconsinan glaciation had a profound impact on fish faunas in North America, and deglaciation led to the dispersal of approximately 28 species from the Mississippi glacial refuge into the Mackenzie River basin. A hypothesized dispersal 11 500 years ago via glacial lakes Agassiz and Peace is difficult to verify and hydrologic linkage between these lakes was sporadic and short lived. Geomorphic evidence indicates that glacial Lake Agassiz drained into the Mackenzie basin via the Clearwater River, Saskatchewan, 9900 years ago and created a second opportunity for fish dispersal northward. Fish distribution data indicate a 96% similarity between Mississippi species in the Mackenzie basin and species occupying the former Agassiz-Clearwater corridor. Fifteen species dispersed into the headwaters of the Clearwater River during hydrologic linkage to Lake Agassiz and are now isolated above an 18.5 m waterfall. Previous genetic data suggest lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) used the Agassiz-Clearwater corridor for two-way dispersal between Beringia and the Great Lakes basin. Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) populations of Mississippi origin are distinguished by a marker allele of glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, G3PDH-1*b, that is absent from modern populations within the former Lake Peace region and the distribution of Mississippi whitefish across Canada is best resolved by our Agassiz-Clearwater dispersal hypothesis. Our research substantially alters the interpretation of fish biogeographic patterns in Canada and generates testable hypotheses for future studies.
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Flanagan, Paul X., Jeffrey B. Basara, Jason C. Furtado, Elinor R. Martin, and Xiangming Xiao. "Role of Sea Surface Temperatures in Forcing Circulation Anomalies Driving U.S. Great Plains Pluvial Years." Journal of Climate 32, no. 20 (September 23, 2019): 7081–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0726.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In the U.S. Great Plains (GP), diagnosing precipitation variability is key in developing an understanding of the present and future availability of water in the region. Building on previous work investigating U.S. GP pluvial years, this study uses ERA twentieth century (ERA-20C) reanalysis data to investigate key circulation anomalies driving GP precipitation anomalies during a subset of GP pluvial years (called in this paper Pattern pluvial years). With previous research showing links between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and GP climate variability, this study diagnoses the key circulation anomalies through an analysis of SSTs and their influence on the atmosphere. Results show that during Pattern southern Great Plains (SGP) pluvial years, central tropical Pacific SST anomalies are coincident with key atmospheric anomalies across the Pacific basin and North America. During northern Great Plains (NGP) Pattern pluvial years, no specific pattern of oceanic anomalies emerges that forces the circulation anomaly feature inherent in specific NGP pluvial years. Utilizing the results for SGP pluvial years, a conceptual model is developed detailing the identified pathway for the occurrence of circulation patterns that are favorable for pluvial years over the SGP. Overall, results from this study show the importance of the identified SGP atmospheric anomaly signal and the potential for predictability of such events.
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Morreale, Stephen J., T. Bruce Lauber, and Richard C. Stedman. "Anglers as potential vectors of aquatic invasive species: Linking inland water bodies in the Great Lakes region of the US." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): e0276028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unimpeded transfer and spread of invasive species throughout freshwater systems is of global concern, altering species compositions, disrupting ecosystem processes, and diverting economic resources. The magnitude and complexity of the problem is amplified by the global connectedness of human movements and the multiple modes of inter-basin transport of aquatic invasive species. Our objective was to trace the fishing behavior of anglers delineating potential pathways of transfer of invasive species throughout the vast inland waters of the Great Lakes of North America, which contain more than 21% of the world’s surface freshwater and are among the most highly invaded aquatic ecosystems in the world. Combining a comprehensive survey and a spatial analysis of the movements of thousands of anglers in 12 states within the US portion of the Great Lakes Basin and the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins, we estimated that 6.5 million licensed anglers in the study area embarked on an average of 30 fishing trips over the course of the year, and 70% of the individuals fished in more than one county. Geospatial linkages showed direct connections made by individuals traveling between 99% of the 894 counties where fishing occurred, and between 61 of the 66 sub-watersheds in a year. Estimated numbers of fishing trips to individual counties ranged from 1199–1.95 million; generally highest in counties bordering the Great Lakes. Of these, 79 had more than 10,000 estimated fishing trips originating from anglers living in other counties. Although angler movements are one mechanism of invasive species transfer, there likely is a high cumulative probability of invasive species transport by several million people fishing each year throughout this extensive freshwater network. A comprehensive georeferenced survey, coupled with a spatial analysis of fishing destinations, provides a potentially powerful tool to track, predict, curtail and control the transfer and proliferation of invasive species in freshwater.
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Grauch, V. J. S., Eric D. Anderson, Samuel J. Heller, Esther K. Stewart, and Laurel G. Woodruff. "Integrated geophysical analysis provides an alternate interpretation of the northern margin of the North American Midcontinent Rift System, Central Lake Superior." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): SS63—SS85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0262.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) is a 1.1 Ga sequence of voluminous basaltic eruptions and multiple intrusions followed by widespread sedimentation that extends across the Midcontinent and northern Great Lakes region of North America. Previous workers have commonly used seismic-reflection data (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution [GLIMPCE] line A) to demonstrate that the northern rift margin in central Lake Superior developed as a normal growth fault that was structurally inverted to a reverse fault during a compressional event after rifting had ended. A prominent, curvilinear aeromagnetic anomaly that extends from Isle Royale, Michigan, to Superior Shoal in central Lake Superior, Ontario (the IR-SS anomaly), is commonly presented as a manifestation of this reverse fault. We have integrated multidisciplinary geophysical analyses (seismic-reflection, seismic-refraction, aeromagnetic, and gravity), physical-property information (density, magnetic susceptibility and remanence, and compressional-wave velocity), and geologic concepts to develop an alternate interpretation of the rift margin along GLIMPCE line A, where it intersects the IR-SS anomaly. Our new model indicates that a normal fault is the dominant structure at the northern rift margin along line A, contrary to the original rift-margin paradigm, which asserts that compressional structures are the dominant features preserved today. Integral to this alternate model is a newly interpreted, prerift sedimentary basin intruded by sills in northern Lake Superior. Our alternate model of the northern rift margin has implications for interpreting the style, scale, and timing of extension, rift-related intrusion, and compression during development of the MRS.
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Yu, Qiutong, Bryan A. Tolson, Hongren Shen, Ming Han, Juliane Mai, and Jimmy Lin. "Enhancing long short-term memory (LSTM)-based streamflow prediction with a spatially distributed approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 28, no. 9 (May 14, 2024): 2107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2107-2024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Deep learning (DL) algorithms have previously demonstrated their effectiveness in streamflow prediction. However, in hydrological time series modelling, the performance of existing DL methods is often bound by limited spatial information, as these data-driven models are typically trained with lumped (spatially aggregated) input data. In this study, we propose a hybrid approach, namely the Spatially Recursive (SR) model, that integrates a lumped long short-term memory (LSTM) network seamlessly with a physics-based hydrological routing simulation for enhanced streamflow prediction. The lumped LSTM was trained on the basin-averaged meteorological and hydrological variables derived from 141 gauged basins located in the Great Lakes region of North America. The SR model involves applying the trained LSTM at the subbasin scale for local streamflow predictions which are then translated to the basin outlet by the hydrological routing model. We evaluated the efficacy of the SR model with respect to predicting streamflow at 224 gauged stations across the Great Lakes region and compared its performance to that of the standalone lumped LSTM model. The results indicate that the SR model achieved performance levels on par with the lumped LSTM in basins used for training the LSTM. Additionally, the SR model was able to predict streamflow more accurately on large basins (e.g., drainage area greater than 2000 km2), underscoring the substantial information loss associated with basin-wise feature aggregation. Furthermore, the SR model outperformed the lumped LSTM when applied to basins that were not part of the LSTM training (i.e., pseudo-ungauged basins). The implication of this study is that the lumped LSTM predictions, especially in large basins and ungauged basins, can be reliably improved by considering spatial heterogeneity at finer resolution via the SR model.
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Ver Straeten, Charles. "An introduction to the Devonian Period, and the Devonian in New York State and North America." Bulletins of American Paleontology, no. 403-404 (July 2023): 11–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32857/bap.2023.403.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Devonian strata in New York State were the standard section for North America for over 100 years, and remain a significant reference for regional to global correlation and research. Since publication of L. V. Rickard’s (1975) New York Devonian correlation chart, various higher-resolution stratigraphic analyses have been employed, sometimes at bed-by-bed scale. These include sequence-, bio-, event-, chemo-, and other -stratigraphic approaches, along with increasingly finer-resolution geochronologic dating of airfall volcanic tephras. Results have led to many new interpretations and insights of the succession. The purpose of this three-volume work is to produce a new Devonian stratigraphic synthesis for New York State, and to record, often in detail, current knowledge of the succession, and various other geologic and paleontologic aspects of it for current and future research and discussion. The purpose of this chapter is to provide overviews of the Devonian Period, the Devonian of North America (“Laurentia”), the Devonian of eastern Laurentia, and the Devonian of New York State. Furthermore, this review extends beyond the sedimentary rock and paleobiological record, and beyond the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico, to also summarize aspects of Devonian orogenesis, metasedimentary foreland basin fill, silicic igneous activity, complexities of terranes of Mexico and Central America, and Appalachian faunas that extended into South America. The Devonian Period as a whole encompasses 60 million years of time, approximately 419 to 359 million years ago. During that time, shallow seas covered large continental areas; climate was warmer globally than our current climate, during the late stage of a global greenhouse climate. By the end of the Devonian, that warm climate was descending into a time of global icehouse conditions, with widespread glaciation. The positions of modern continental masses were much different. During the Devonian Period, Life first fully colonized the land, led by primitive spore-bearing plants, small arthropods, and apparently by the Middle Devonian, the first tetrapod (“four-legged”) animals, which evolved from bony fishes. Decimeter-tall plants at the beginning of the period had evolved to tree-size forms by the Middle Devonian, approximately 30 million years later, and Earth’s first forest ecosystems arose. Devonian strata are widespread around the ancient continent “Laurentia,” which approximately corresponds to modern North America). At that time, Laurentia straddled the equator, with New York State and the Appalachian region somewhat north of 30° south latitude. Shallow epicontinental seas covered large but varying amounts of the continent over the period. Mountain belts formed on the eastern, northern, and western margins of Laurentia, due to plate tectonic collisions with smaller continental masses, exotic terranes, and volcanic island arcs. Through the Early to Middle Devonian, seas in western and eastern Laurentia were separated by a “transcontinental arch,” and generally had distinctly different marine faunas. In the latest Middle Devonian, sea level transgressed over the land barrier of the Laurentian Transcontinental Arch and the Canadian Shield, and those marine faunas mixed, leading to a more global cosmopolitan fauna in the Late Devonian. Anomalously, however, Early and Middle Devonian Laurentian shallow marine faunas are found in Devonian rocks in Central and South America, which were part of the southern Gondwana continent, generally thought to be separated from Laurentia by oceanic water depths at that time. During the Devonian, eastern Laurentia was an active tectonic margin, related to continent-continent collisions with various terranes/smaller continental masses. The Caledonian, Acadian, and Neoacadian orogenies resulted in compressional and some transpressional tectonics, and the uplift of an extensive mountain belt from east Greenland to Alabama and Georgia. Crustal loading of the orogen in eastern Laurentia led to subsidence and formation of a retroarc Acadian-Neoacadian Foreland Basin, which was initially filled with marine waters, followed by gradual overfilling to above sea level by massive volumes of synorogenic sediments from the east. The resulting lands were the site of some of the earliest forests on Earth, preserved at several sites in New York State, and forest ecosystems. Large-scale deformation, seismic activity, and metamorphism in the mountain belt were accompanied by igneous processes, including explosive eruption of felsic volcanic ash and other material, collectively termed “tephra,” also sometimes termed ash or tuff layers, or if diagenetically altered, sometimes termed bentonite, K-bentonite, metabentonite, or tonstein layers. These explosive Devonian eruptions sent volcanic tephra high into the atmosphere, and easterly winds spread airfall volcanic “tephra layers” across the eastern United States. Meanwhile, rock decay in the mountains led to the erosion, transport, and deposition of massive volumes of clays, silt, sand, and gravel into the Acadian-Neoacadian Foreland Basin, and beyond. Devonian rocks in New York are found at or just below the surface across approximately 40% of the state (~50,500 km2/19,500 mi2). The strata are generally undeformed and gently dipping, and while often covered by soil, glacial sediments, and vegetative cover, are relatively widely found in natural and man-made exposures. Three relatively thin intervals of carbonates are accompanied by eastward thickening wedges of synorogenic mudrocks, sandstones, and minor conglomerates. The history of geological and paleontological observation and study in New York began in the late 18th century. The first professional geologists appeared in the early 19th century. Since the advent of the first geological survey of New York State in 1836, the Devonian Period (nearly termed the “Erian Period” for New York’s Devonian-age rocks) has been the focus of a great volume of research which continues today. The Devonian succession in New York includes strata from all seven stages of the period, with erosional gaps of small to major significance. In addition to a range of marine facies, nearly one quarter of the entire area of Devonian bedrock in the state was deposited in terrestrial settings, with massive volumes of siliciclastic sediments shed off of Acadian-Neoacadian highlands to the east, that also feature the fossils of Earth’s oldest known forest ecosystems. The stratigraphic philosophy in New York has long evolved toward a hybrid classification, wherein groups, formations, and bed-level units are largely time-rock/allostratigraphic to occasionally chronostratigraphic, with lithostratigraphy often ascribed to member-level divisions (e.g., Pragian to Givetian strata, middle Lower to upper Middle Devonian). However, in some intervals, such as Frasnian strata (lower Upper Devonian), group-level units are time-rock units, and formation-level units within groups are largely lithostratigraphic. Forty-eight years of research since Rickard’s (1975) New York Devonian correlation chart permits development of a new, more refined chart (forthcoming), and also permits a new synthesis of Devonian rocks and fossils in New York, presented in this work of twelve chapters, with additional digital appendices.
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Timmermans, Ann C., Brian L. Cousens, and Christopher D. Henry. "Geochemical study of Cenozoic mafic volcanism in the west-central Great Basin, western Nevada, and the Ancestral Cascades Arc, California." Geosphere 16, no. 5 (July 10, 2020): 1179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01535.1.
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Abstract Processes linked to shallow subduction, slab rollback, and extension are recorded in the whole-rock major-, trace-element, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of mafic magmatic rocks in both time and space over southwestern United States. Eocene to Mio-Pliocene volcanic rocks were sampled along a transect across the west-central Great Basin (GB) in Nevada to the Ancestral Cascade Arc (ACA) in the northern Sierra Nevada, California (∼39°–40° latitude), which are interpreted to represent a critical segment of a magmatic sweep that occurred as a result of subduction from east-northeast convergence between the Farallon and North American plates and extension related to the change from a convergent to a transform margin along the western edge of North America. Mafic volcanic rocks from the study area can be spatially divided into three broad regions: GB (5–35 Ma), eastern ACA, and western ACA (2.5–16 Ma). The volcanic products are dominantly calc-alkalic but transition to alkalic toward the east. Great Basin lavas erupted far inland from the continental margin and have higher K, P, Ti, and La/Sm as well as lower (Sr/P)pmn, Th/Rb, and Ba/Nb compared to ACA lavas. Higher Pb isotopic values, combined with lower Ce/Ce* and high Th/Nb ratios in some ACA lavas, are interpreted to come from slab sediment. Mafic lavas from the GB and ACA have overlapping 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd values that are consistent with mantle wedge melts mixing with a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle source. Eastern and western ACA lavas largely overlap in age and elemental and isotopic composition, with the exception of a small subset of lavas from the westernmost ACA region; these lavas show lower 87Sr/86Sr at a given 143Nd/144Nd. Results show that although extension contributes to melting in some regions (e.g., selected lavas in the GB and Pyramid Lake), chemical signatures for most mafic melts are dominated by subduction-related mantle wedge and a lithospheric mantle component.
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Lunev, S., and V. Yurtaev. "Prospects for Establishing Partnership Relations between India and Iran (Significance for Russia)." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 2 (2021): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.2.65.3.
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The article is dedicated to the features and potential of the emerging strategic partnership relations between India and Iran. The relevance of the study is determined primarily by the necessity of understanding the new challenges and trends that have emerged in Asia as a result of the formation of India as a great power and a sharp increase in the role of Iran in the megaregion. Analysis of the main approaches of India and Iran to the creation of a new paradigm of international relations in Asia is given with respect to the inclusion of the issue in the strategies of the leading powers of the continent. The role of project diplomacy in the energy and transport spheres in the formation of a trusted connection in the Middle East and Central Asia, including the settlement of the situation in Afghanistan, is shown. It was noted that the exceptional continuity which is one of the basic features of India's development, found its expression in the balancing behavior, including in South-West Asia, where Iran is one of the key players which is under US sanctions, and which foreign policy has retained its commitment to the goals of the Islamic revolution and dominance in the region. At the same time, over the past 2 years, negative trends have emerged in India's foreign policy, indicating that the positions of pro-American forces have significantly strengthened, which can undermine the general consensus on foreign policy that has existed for more than half a century. The focus is on the problems of the participation of India and Iran in the implementation of the international initiatives Belt and Road and the International North-South Transport Corridor (Southeast Asia – India – Iran – Russia – Europe). The study of cooperation in the field of energy (identification of the Iranian potential; supply of hydrocarbons to India; the possibility of buying liquefied gas by India; construction of a strategic gas pipeline from Iran to India, including the sea route, and possible participation of Russia in this project) and prospects for the growth of the Indian-Iranian trade turnover and changes in its structure are also crucial tasks in the analysis of Indian-Iranian economic relations.
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Van Gunst, K. Jane, Christy Klinger, Bryan Hamilton, Kathleen Slocum, and Dylan J. Rhea-Fournier. "Rapid Biodiversity Sampling for Bat Assemblages in Northwestern Nevada." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022019-jfwm-009.
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Abstract Bat (Chiroptera) assemblages in the western North America remain understudied despite their importance to ecosystem function and vulnerability to multiple anthropogenic stressors. We present the first large-scale survey that we are aware of for bat fauna in the Black Rock Plateau of northwestern Nevada in the northern Great Basin Desert. We conducted surveys using both acoustic and mist net methods, documenting 14 species across 19 sites sampled during a four-night period in August 2016. We surveyed over water sources, usually surrounded by cliff and canyon habitat, and in salt desert scrub, sagebrush, and woodland habitats, detecting multiple sensitive bat species (spotted bat Euderma maculatum, little brown bat Myotis lucifugus, canyon bat Parastrellus hesperus) in the canyon habitats of the High Rock region. We analyzed regional species diversity and present the utility of using multiple detection methods to enhance understanding of Chiroptera biodiversity at both local and regional scales. Our results demonstrate the utility of “BioBlitz” approaches in documenting local and regional diversity and provide insight into areas with species assemblages or vulnerable species. Knowledge of these sites is increasingly important for future disease surveillance and population monitoring.
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Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001702.
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AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water velocities. The extraordinary divergence of drumlin orientations near Lake Ontario is explained by the presence of subglacial lakes in the Ontario and Erie basins, along with ice-sheet displacements of up to 30 km in eastern Lake Ontario. The megagrooves on the islands in western Lake Erie are likely to be the product of the late stage of a water-sheet flood when outflow from eastern Lake Ontario was dammed by displaced ice and instead flowed westward along the Erie basin. The Finger Lakes of northern New York state, northeastern U.S.A., occur in a region of likely ice-sheet grounding where water sheets became channelized. Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay are probably the products of erosion along paths of strongly convergent water-sheet flow.
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Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water velocities. The extraordinary divergence of drumlin orientations near Lake Ontario is explained by the presence of subglacial lakes in the Ontario and Erie basins, along with ice-sheet displacements of up to 30 km in eastern Lake Ontario. The megagrooves on the islands in western Lake Erie are likely to be the product of the late stage of a water-sheet flood when outflow from eastern Lake Ontario was dammed by displaced ice and instead flowed westward along the Erie basin. The Finger Lakes of northern New York state, northeastern U.S.A., occur in a region of likely ice-sheet grounding where water sheets became channelized. Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay are probably the products of erosion along paths of strongly convergent water-sheet flow.
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Peltier, W. Richard, Marc d’Orgeville, Andre R. Erler, and Fengyi Xie. "Uncertainty in Future Summer Precipitation in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin: Dynamical Downscaling and the Influence of Continental-Scale Processes on Regional Climate Change." Journal of Climate 31, no. 7 (April 2018): 2651–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0416.1.
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Physics-based miniensembles of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model configurations have been employed to investigate future precipitation changes over the Great Lakes basin of eastern North America. All physics configurations have been employed to downscale multiple distinct Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), simulations driven by the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) radiative forcing scenario, spanning a range from moderate (2045–60) to considerable (2085–2100) climate change. Independent of the physics configuration employed, all projected future precipitation changes are characterized by a general increase and a fattening of the tail of the daily rainfall distribution by the end of the century. The fattening of the tail can however be masked by natural variability in the case of the moderate warming expected by midcentury. The heavy-rainfall-derived precipitation increase is projected to be larger than or equal to the Clausius–Clapeyron thermodynamic reference of 7% increase per degree Celsius of surface warming, whereas the increase of average-rainfall-based precipitation becomes limited only for the largest global warming projections. This limitation is dramatically illustrated in one physics configuration at the end of the century. By downscaling the results obtained from the initial-condition ensemble, it is demonstrated that the extreme drying of the Great Lakes basin region characteristic of the most extreme end member of the CESM1 ensemble is significantly modified by downscaling with the version of WRF coupled to the Freshwater Lake model (FLake) of lake processes. This result does, however, depend upon the physics configuration employed in WRF for the parameterization of processes that cannot be explicitly resolved.
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Walker, Larissa. "Technology Focus: Unconventional and Tight Reservoirs (July 2023)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0723-0084-jpt.
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Unconventional reservoirs have always posed a myriad of engineering conundrums to solve to develop the vast resources contained in these challenging formations. Since the early 2000s, when macroeconomics and demand set the stage for “the great shale race,” energy companies have looked to technology to unlock these resources. As the demand for energy continues to increase, so does the sociopolitical demand that these resources be produced in a sustainable way. This reflective thought has defined this month’s selection of technical papers, each speaking to a different facet of this feature’s theme: unconventional reservoir development for a sustainable energy transition. Starting with what we’ve learned with over 2 decades of unconventional exploration and development, there are many lessons the industry can apply across a wide variety of reservoir types and locations. The first paper highlighted this month speaks to the power of learning from others. From North America to the Middle East nations and on to the Asia Pacific region, companies have been able to trial quickly and pivot to new technologies by sharing learning from basin to basin. The Vaca Muerta in Argentina has benefited from associative learning in its journey from emerging basin to heartland resource for South America. Big data is leading the way to innovation. By definition, unconventional reservoirs are burdened with poor permeability and, hence, require multiple wells or longer wells with multiple contact points to develop economic rates. This large data set means a large amount of information in a complex and heavily dependent matrix of wells and reservoir parameters. Digital technology has matured at an ever-increasing pace, enabling big data mining and harnessing understanding of these complex unconventional reservoirs. The second paper showcased this month shows an application of digital learning tools developed to place wells more efficiently in an intricate fluvial tight gas reservoir of mainland China. Finally, the third paper selected for this month’s feature supports the idea of the fundamental center of unconventional technology being a breeding ground for innovation. Sustainability in the future of resource development presents the call for more and cleaner energy. The pioneering spirit of unconventionals is brimming with answers to that call through continued advancement of technology in novel ways. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 207394 First Successful Pilot Testing of Unconventional Reservoir in North Kuwait From Scratch to Productivity by Zamzam Mohammed Ahmed, Kuwait Oil Company, et al. SPE 211129 A Machine-Learning-Based Accelerated Approach To Infer the Breakdown Pressure of Tight Rocks by Zeeshan Tariq, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, et al. SPE 207906 Future-Proofing the Development of Unconventional Resources in UAE by Viannet Okouma Mangha, ADVOC, et al.
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Mealor, Brian A., Samuel Cox, and D. Terrance Booth. "Postfire Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Invasion at High Elevations in Wyoming." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 4 (December 2012): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00096.1.
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AbstractThe invasive annual grass downy brome is the most ubiquitous weed in sagebrush systems of western North America. The center of invasion has largely been the Great Basin region, but there is an increasing abundance and distribution in the Rocky Mountain States. We evaluated postfire vegetation change using very large–scale aerial (VLSA) and near-earth imagery in an area where six different fires occurred over a 4-yr period at elevations ranging from 1,900 to over 2,700 m. The frequency of downy brome increased from 8% in 2003 to 44% in 2008 and downy brome canopy cover increased from < 1% in 2003 to 6% in 2008 across the entire study area. Principal component analyses of vegetation cover indicate a shift from plant communities characterized by high bare soil and forbs immediately postfire to communities with increasing downy brome cover with time after fire. The highest-elevation sampling area exhibited the least downy brome cover, but cover at some midelevation locations approached 100%. We postulate that the loss of ground-level shade beneath shrubs and conifers, accompanied by diminished perennial vegetative cover, created conditions suitable for downy brome establishment and dominance. Without a cost-effective means of landscape-scale downy brome control, and with infestation levels and climate warming increasing, we predict there will be continued encroachment of downy brome at higher elevations and latitudes where disturbance creates suitable conditions.
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Kisel, Vladimir. "Shields of the Pazyryk culture: war and magic." Camera Praehistorica 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2024-1-132-145.
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Among the artifacts of the Pazyryk culture (VI–III centuries BC), battle shields attract attention. As a rule, they come from rich burial mounds. Items have the shape of an elongated rectangle or square, sometimes with a rounded top. There is a belt loop in the center. Shields are ornamented with zigzags, rhombuses, braids-like ornaments, crosses, triangles. Items can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of items 35,5–44 cm long and 24,5–35 cm wide, while second group consists of 50–69 cm long and 42–54 cm wide shields. Small shields predominate. Products are made from different materials using different techniques. Some of the objects are carved from wood, the rest are made from pieces of leather and sticks. As it known, battle shields were not popular among the ancient nomads of the Asian region and are rarely found. The Pazyryk culture is an exception to the rule. However, many Pazyryk shields are not reliable enough and are poorly effective for protection against hand and throwing weapons. In addition, no damage that could occur during the battle has been observed on them. Also there are no signs of repair. Apparently, all the shields of the Pazyryk culture mainly served as amulets. Probably, wooden items were ritual models, while leather-wood ones were copies of military weapons. Both of them were made for the funeral ritual. However, one cannot categorically deny the possibility of using them during hostilities. This situation is known from ethnographic materials. For example, the magic shields of the Indians of the Great Plains of North America can be a close parallel. These products were also not homogeneous. They are different in types. One type was made up of exact copies of real defensive weapons, the other — reduced models, the third — hoops with stretched straps. The Indians constantly took them on military campaigns. The manufacture of magical shields was considered one of the most important sacred procedures, and very expensive, which was available only to wealthy people.
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Dernov, Vitaly. "New finds of the Carboniferous cephalopods on the territory of Ukraine." Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series Geology. Geography. Ecology, no. 55 (December 1, 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2021-55-05.
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Formulation of the problem. Carboniferous sediments are widespread in Ukraine. Cephalopods remains are not rare in these deposits. However, they are poorly studied. Cephalopods have great importance for the dismemberment and correlation of Carboniferous sediments, as well as for paleogeographic reconstructions. For this reason, their study is very relevant. The history of the study. Mississippian cephalopods of the Donets Basin and Don-Dnipro Downwarp are poorly studied. At the moment, few ammonoids and one nautilid have been determined from the Mississippian of the Don-Dnipro Downwarp. Numerous Mississippian ammonoids are known from the Donets Basin. Nautilids are known only from the Samara Formation (Lower Serpukhovian). Material and research methods. This article is based on the results of a study of Mississippian cephalopods collection from the Donets Basin (Ukraine: Grabove Village and Dokuchayivs’k in the south of the Donetsk Region) and the Don-Dnipro Downwarp (Ukraine: Sumy and Poltava Regions, Bugrovate and Gubs’ke Villages). In addition, allochthonous remains of cephalopods from the moraine of the Dnipro glacial maximum were studied (Ukraine: Poltava Region, Pyvykha Hill nearby Hradyzk Town). Statement of the main material. Orthocerids, oncocerid Culullus sp., actinocerid Antonoceras balaschovi Shimansky, nautilids Pseudostenopoceras sp. and Liroceras sp. have identified from the limestone boulders in the moraine of the Dnipro glacial maximum (Hradyzk). The age of these limestones from the Late Viséan to Serpukhovian. The geographical origin of the limestone debris can be determined by studying the fossils in these rocks. The results of the study of chaetetids and corals (Victor Ohar), brachiopods (Vladystav Poletaev) and cephalopods (author) show that the source of the limestone boulders with Carboniferous fossils situated in the southern part of the Moscow Syneclise. Fragments of conchs of the orthocerids Brachycycloceras scalare (Archiac et Verneuil) are occurred in the black mudstones of the Upper Viséan opened by the boreholes Bugrovativs’ka-160 (depth is 3650.0-3654.0 metres; Bugrovate Village, Okhtyrka District, Sumy Region) and Gubs’ka-2 (depth is 4740.0-4745.0 metres; Gubs’ke Village, Lubny District, Poltava Region). This species is known from the Namurian of Belgium, Viséan of the Czech Republic and Poland and Mississippian of Germany. The collection also contains a fragment of a large conch of actinocerid Rayonnoceras sp. This specimen comes from the limestone B81 of the Mezha Formation (Upper Viséan) exposed in the vicinity of the Grabove Village on the Kalmius River (Donetsk Region). This genus is very widespread in the Mississippian sediments of North America, Western Europe, European part of Russia and China. Previously actinocerids in the Carboniferous of the Donets Basin were not known. Fragments of conchs of indeterminate orthocerids find in the dark gray fine-crystalline Viséan limestones (Dokuchayivs’k, borehole no. 51, depth is 88.0 metres). Conclusions. The study of new finds of Carboniferous cephalopod remains in Ukraine allowed us to confirm the approximate location of the source of the clastic material of the Dnipro glacial maximum moraine. In addition, expand the systematic diversity of the Mississippian cephalopods of the Donets Basin and Don-Dnipro Downwarp.
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Martínez-Hernández, Enrique, and Elia Ramírez-Arriaga. "Palaeocorología de angiospermas de la flora mexicana durante el Mesozoico y Terciario. Algunas evidencias palinológicas." Botanical Sciences, no. 58 (April 27, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1490.
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The historical phytogeography is closely related to climatic changes and with the modifications of Ecosystems through time caused by th e p la te tecto nics. This pa lin ostratig rap hic review is the result of the surveys carried out in several sedimentary basin from Baja California to Chiapas, Mexico. The paleochorology of angiosperms in Mexican terrains began in the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) in the northern state of Durango, where at the "Gran Tesoro" appeared jugella sensu Srivastava ( 1994) and Tricolpites cf. T. minutus Brenner, 1963. In the same age, in Michoacán state, southern of Mexico occurred cf. Afropolis (Brenne r) Doyle et al. 1982, at Tepalcatepec Fm. Meanwhile, at the state of Puebla in the Tlayua Fm. (Aptian - Albian), the genus Retimonocolpites Pierce , 1961, as a very scarce palinomorphs in this micrite limestone. During the late Cretaceous a pantropical flora predominated on the continents, and in Mexico three palynological provinces sensu Kedves ( 1985) were recognized: 1) Normapolles province, covering north eastern basins at Coahuila and Tamaulipas with taxa belonging to the Chlorantaceae, Magnoliaceae and to extinct genus Anacolosidites; 2) Aquilapollenites province, found in the occidental part of Mexico at Baja California and Sonora, characterized - besides Aquilapollenites- by the presence of certains paratropical taxa as Gunnera and bombacaceas; 3) Monocolpates province , present at Chiapas with high frequencies of sulcate pollen grains and Proteaceae. In Mexico through the Paleogene -from Baja California to Chiapas- the prevailing flora is pantropical with taxa belonging to the Caesalpinaceae, Bombacaceae, Sapindaceae and Sapotaceae; with a great abundance and diversity of Engelhardtia (Momipiles) together with the presence of boreal and temperate taxa. In the Eocene-Oligocene began the formations of the several types of vegetation, which in mexican territory can be considered two main provinces: one occidental province(Rocky Mountain type) with affinities with western United States and Asia and other eastern province, herein named as the Gulf Coast Province, with more para tropical elements in the northern part and which affinities are with the atlantic flora of Europa and North America (Mississippi embayments); meanwhile in the southern region of this eastern province, there is an increase in the frecuency of neotropical taxa. Finally in the Neogene, the conformation of the present mosaics of vegetations start to build during the Miocene and basically such mosaics continue until the present. Hence, at western Sonora began the establishment of the lower biomass vegetation, in contrast, in the south the neotropical floral start to be present at the coastal plains in the mexican Gulf region; meanwhile at the cordilleras the template and boreal taxa diversified i.e. Quercus and Pinus. Consequently, the mexican flora has a long history since the Early Cretaceous (120 m.a.), where the paleochorology can explain why many taxa that has been considered as neotropical, are indeed pantropical and paratropical relicts which migrated from the North as result of the climate deterioration through the Cenozoic. Other pantropical taxa evolved regionally given rise to other types of vegetation .
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Biondi, F. "Space-time kriging extension of precipitation variability at 12 km spacing from tree-ring chronologies and its implications for drought analysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 5, 2013): 4301–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4301-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Understanding and preparing for future hydroclimatic variability greatly benefits from long (i.e., multi-century) records at seasonal to annual time steps that have been gridded at km-scale spatial intervals over a geographic region. Kriging is a geostatistical technique commonly used for optimal interpolation of environmental data, and space-time geostatistical models can improve kriging estimates when long temporal sequences of observations exist at relatively few points on the landscape. Here I present how a network of 22 tree-ring chronologies from single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in the central Great Basin of North America was used to extend hydroclimatic records both temporally and spatially. First, the Line of Organic Correlation (LOC) method was used to reconstruct October–May total precipitation anomalies at each tree-ring site, as these ecotonal environments at the lower forest border are typically moisture limited. Individual site reconstructions were then combined using a hierarchical model of spatio-temporal kriging that produced annual anomaly maps on a 12 × 12 km grid during the period in common among all chronologies (1650–1976). Hydro-climatic episodes were numerically identified and modeled using their duration, magnitude, and peak. Spatial patterns were more variable during wet years than during dry years, and the evolution of drought episodes over space and time could be visualized and quantified. The most remarkable episode in the entire reconstruction was the early 1900s pluvial, followed by the late 1800s drought. The 1930s "Dust Bowl" drought was among the top ten hydroclimatic episodes in the past few centuries. These results directly address the needs of water and natural resource managers with respect to planning for "worst case" scenarios of drought duration and magnitude at the watershed level. For instance, it is possible to analyze which geographical areas are more likely to be impacted by severe and sustained droughts at annual or multiannual timescales and at spatial resolutions commonly used by regional climate models.
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Jin, Lili, Zhenjie Li, Qing He, Yongqiang Liu, Ali Mamtimin, Xinchun Liu, Wen Huo, Yu Xin, Jiantao Zhang, and Chenglong Zhou. "Observed Key Surface Parameters for Characterizing Land–Atmospheric Interactions in the Northern Marginal Zone of the Taklimakan Desert, China." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120458.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An observational data set of the year 2010 at a site in the northern marginal zone of the Taklimakan Desert (TD) was used to analyse the key surface parameters in land–atmospheric interactions in the desert climate of northwest China. We found that the surface albedo (α) and emissivity (ε) were 0.27 and 0.91, respectively, which were consistent with the values obtained based on observations in the hinterland of the TD as well as being similar to the dry parts of the Great Basin desert in North America, where they were comparable to the α and ε values retrieved from remote sensing products. Peak frequency value of z0m was 5.858 × 10−3 m, which was similar to the Mojave Desert, Peruvian desert, Sonoran Desert, HEIFE (Heihe region) Desert, and Badain Jaran Desert. The peak frequency value of z0h was 1.965 × 10−4 m, which was different from those obtained in the hinterland of the TD. The average annual value of excess resistance to heat transfer (kB−1) was 2.5, which was different from those obtained in the HEIFE Gobi and desert, but they were similar to those determined for the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and HAPEX-Sahel. Both z0m and z0h varied less diurnally but notably seasonally, and kB−1 exhibited weak diurnal and seasonal variations. We also found that z0m was strongly influenced by the local wind direction. There were many undulating sand dunes in the prevailing wind and opposite to the prevailing wind, which were consistent with the directions of the peak z0m value. The mean values calculated over 24 h for Cd and Ch were 6.34 × 10−3 and 5.96 × 10−3, respectively, which were larger than in the Gobi area, hinterland of the TD and semiarid areas, but similar to HEIFE desert. Under the normal prevailing (NNE–ESE) wind, the mean bulk transfer coefficient Cd and Ch were of the same order of magnitude as expected based on similarity theory. Using the data obtained under different wind directions, we determined the relationships between Cd, Ch, the wind speed U, and stability parameter z/L, and the results were different. Cd and Ch decreased rapidly as the wind speed dropped below 3.0 m s−1 and their minimum values reached around 1–2 m s−1. It should also be noted that the ε values estimated using the sensible heat flux (H) were better compared with those produced using other estimation methods.
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Sampangi, R. K., M. C. Aime, and S. K. Mohan. "First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia similis on Artemisia tridentata in Idaho and Oregon." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (March 2010): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0380b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Asteraceae), commonly called sagebrush or big sagebrush, is a coarse, hardy, silvery-gray bush growing in arid sections of the Great Basin Desert of intermountain plateau covering portions of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming in the western United States. Sagebrush is a key component of these ecosystems, providing canopy cover, nesting habitat, and a food source for numerous species of small animals and birds (4). During a plant disease survey in the Treasure Valley Region of southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, symptoms and signs of rust were observed on leaves of sagebrush in July 2007. Ten of fifteen plants (~70%) observed at the site were infected. Leaf samples of sagebrush with rust were also collected from a hedge in a home garden in Canyon County, ID in May 2006 and September 2007. Symptoms on both samples included cinnamon-brown, raised uredinia, primarily on the adaxial leaf surfaces. Initially, sori were scattered, increasing in density and becoming confluent. Urediniospores were thick walled, subglobose to obovoid, golden brown, echinulate, with three +/– equatorial germ pores, and measured 28 to 32 × 23 to 27 μm. Telia appeared late in the season (July to August) and were mostly scattered, becoming confluent and forming raised, ovoid, brown-to-dark red streaks on leaves and stems. Teliospores were brown to dark red, two-celled, averaging 45 × 26 μm, thick walled (average 0.75 to 1.5 μm), thickening at the apex, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, with thin-walled, hyaline pedicels, 26 to 31 μm broad at attachment, tapering below, equal to or up to twice as long as the spore. On the basis of morphology, this pathogen was identified as Puccinia similis Ellis & Everh. (2), an autoecious rust previously reported from Arizona and Wyoming on A. tridentata and A. nova A. Nels. (3). To confirm the identification of the specimens from Idaho, an ~1,000 bp of DNA from the ribosomal 28S large subunit was amplified and sequenced with rust-specific primers (1) (GenBank No. GU168942). Since there are no sequences of P. similis available in GenBank for comparison, a sequence of the same gene was also obtained from a specimen of P. similis that had been collected on A. cana Pursh in Utah in 1995 by C. T. Rogerson and deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 863644; GenBank No. GU168943). The sequences shared 100% identity and did not match any other species of rust in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. similis in Idaho and Oregon on sagebrush, and the first report, based on herbarium data, of this rust on A. cana in Utah. Voucher specimens from Idaho have been deposited in BPI (878064) and the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium (LSUM). References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) G. B. Cummins. Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1978. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Online publication. USDA-ARS, 8 July 2009. (4) B. L. Welch and C. Criddle, USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-40. 2003.
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Carter, Vachel A., Andrea Brunelle, Mitchell J. Power, R. Justin DeRose, Matthew F. Bekker, Isaac Hart, Simon Brewer, et al. "Legacies of Indigenous land use shaped past wildfire regimes in the Basin-Plateau Region, USA." Communications Earth & Environment 2, no. 1 (April 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00137-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractClimatic conditions exert an important influence on wildfire activity in the western United States; however, Indigenous farming activity may have also shaped the local fire regimes for millennia. The Fish Lake Plateau is located on the Great Basin–Colorado Plateau boundary, the only region in western North America where maize farming was adopted then suddenly abandoned. Here we integrate sedimentary archives, tree rings, and archeological data to reconstruct the past 1200 years of fire, climate, and human activity. We identify a period of high fire activity during the apex of prehistoric farming between 900 and 1400 CE, and suggest that farming likely obscured the role of climate on the fire regime through the use of frequent low-severity burning. Climatic conditions again became the dominant driver of wildfire when prehistoric populations abandoned farming around 1400 CE. We conclude that Indigenous populations shaped high-elevation mixed-conifer fire regimes on the Fish Lake Plateau through land-use practices.