Статті в журналах: "Indian antelopes"

1

Kamalakannan, Manokaran. "Characterization of dorsal guard hair of the wild goats and sheep (Bovidae: Caprinae) occurring in the Himalaya and Western Ghats of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 13304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3344.11.3.13304-13309.

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The morphological and microscopic characteristics of dorsal guard hair of six species of the Indian goat-antelopes are described. Although the cuticular characteristics of hair of all the six species studied are similar, the morphological, medulla and transverse section characteristics of hair are varied between the species. The hair of Indian caprines can easily be identified on the basis of their unique medulla and transverse section. The high-resolution microphotographs and key characteristics of hair are presented here and can be used as an appropriate reference for species identification of the wild goats and sheep occurring in the Himalaya and Western Ghats of India.

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2

Khattak, Romaan Hayat, Liwei Teng, Tahir Mehmood, Ejaz Ur Rehman, Zhirong Zhang, and Zhensheng Liu. "Hostile Interactions of Punjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) towards Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii) during Feeding Sessions in Captive Breeding Settings." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051274.

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Natural wildlife habitats are regularly subjected to anthropogenic pressures for different purposes, which are heading the biodiversity towards drastic decline. Several endangered wild species are raised in captivity with the aim of re-introduction. In some instances, mixed herds’ rearing approach in captivity is adopted for providing social enrichment to captive stocks; however, the impacts of species on each other are least documented. We tested our prediction that keeping mixed herds of captive wild sheep and antelopes provides adequate social enrichment to the captive stocks: if interspecific interactions are balanced. In the current study, we studied the interspecific competition between mixed herds of captive Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) and Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) at Manglot Wildlife Park, Nowshera District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. We documented the negative effects of behavioural interference by Punjab urial on the feeding behaviour of Indian gazelle. The outcome of the current study revealed that Punjab urial are highly intolerant towards Indian gazelle, with high interference during feeding. Out of the total aggressive events, 77% (N = 1259) of events ended up with win/loss, in which Punjab urial dominated the Indian gazelle 3.5 times. Moreover, lopsided dominance by Punjab urial resulted in increased intraspecific competition among Indian gazelle (p < 0.001). Current study divulged Indian gazelle to be the subordinate species, with less intake of food. Instead of providing social enrichment by heterospecifics, the Punjab urial is negatively affecting the Indian gazelle, therefore, the results of our study discourage the practice of admix captive breeding for wild sheep and antelopes.

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3

Dubost, Gérard, Stéphane Labes, and Armelle Lutz. "Current data on the reproduction of Four-horned Antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in zoological parks." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 13295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4163.11.3.13295-13303.

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The Four-horned Antelope Tetracerus quadricornis is currently facing numerous dangers throughout its natural range. The major threats include human overpopulation, deforestation, and degradation of its habitat. It is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Now, this species is rare or even absent in most zoos. Given the threats encountered by this species in the wild, its reproduction was analyzed from animal data obtained in European and Indian zoological parks during 39 consecutive years from 1977 to 2016. There was an average of 1.42 new-borns per litter. Twins were more numerous than singletons. Sexual maturity in females did not occur before 18–36 months of age. Most females, however, reproduced for the first time much later, on average at 6–7 years of age and more than half of females produced only one litter. In females that raised their young, new fertilization generally took place 101 days after the preceding birthing. In Indian zoos, where temperatures vary little between seasons, births were numerous in September–February, especially in September–November when rainfall decreases, contrary to deaths that occurred predominantly in June–August during peak rainfall. In European zoos, most litters occurred in December–February. Thus, Four-horned Antelopes maintain part of the birth season of their native countries, despite unfavourable local climate conditions. Deaths of individuals also occurred mainly in December–February in European parks, i.e., during the coldest season. Globally, more males than females died during the first month of life as in other species, but not so after that age. On the whole, there is a low reproductive success in populations of the Four-horned Antelope under managed care compared to other ruminant species. This could partly be due to husbandry and management procedures of individuals in these parks. This raises the question of the possibility of reintroducing individuals into the wild from ex situ livestock.

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4

Goyal, S. P., H. C. Bohra, P. K. Ghosh, and Ishwar Prakash. "Role of Prosopis cineraria pods in the diet of two Indian desert antelopes." Journal of Arid Environments 14, no. 3 (May 1988): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31075-9.

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5

Niyogi, Rajashekhar, Mriganka Shekhar Sarkar, Poushali Hazra, Masidur Rahman, Subham Banerjee, and Robert John. "Habitat Connectivity for the Conservation of Small Ungulates in A Human-Dominated Landscape." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030180.

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Conserving landscape connections among favorable habitats is a widely used strategy to maintain populations in an increasingly fragmented world. A species can then exist as a metapopulation consisting of several subpopulations connected by dispersal. Our study focuses on the importance of human–wildlife coexistence areas in maintaining connectivity among primary habitats of small ungulates within and outside protected areas in a large landscape in central India. We used geospatial information and species presence data to model the suitable habitats, core habitats, and connectivity corridors for four antelope species in an ~89,000 km2 landscape. We found that about 63% of the core habitats, integrated across the four species, lie outside the protected areas. We then measured connectivity in two scenarios: the present setting, and a hypothetical future setting—where habitats outside protected areas are lost. We also modelled the areas with a high risk of human-influenced antelope mortality using eco-geographical variables and wildlife mortality records. Overall, we found that the habitats in multiple-use forests play a central role in maintaining the connectivity network for antelopes. Sizable expanses of privately held farmlands and plantations also contribute to the essential movement corridors. Some perilous patches with greater mortality risk for species require mitigation measures such as underpasses, overpasses, and fences. Greater conservation efforts are needed in the spaces of human–wildlife coexistence to conserve the habitat network of small ungulates.

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6

Rajagopal, Thangavel, Selvam Mahalakshmi, Thirukonda Ravindhran Gayathri, Naganathan Muruganantham, Marimuthu Muthukatturaja, Durairaj Rajesh, Kamatchi Rameshkumar, Ponnirul Ponmanickam, Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha, and Govindaraju Archunan. "Histomorphology and Chemical Constituents of Interdigital Gland of Vembur Sheep, Ovis aries." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110647.

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The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical communication, and protects from ultraviolet radiation as well as fungal and bacterial infections of the feet. The present study aimed at finding if there are male-female differences in the anatomy, morphology, and volatile compounds of the interdigital gland of the South Indian breed of Vembur sheep. A total of 24 sheep (12 each of male and female) were spotted at the slaughterhouse and the interdigital gland was removed for examination. The anatomical examination revealed it to resemble a tobacco pipe and to consist of a body, flexure, and excretory duct with an external orifice located at the cleft of the digits. Morphometrically, the interdigital glands differed between males and females. The gland possesses a distinct fibrous capsule, epidermis, and dermis. The fibrous capsule contains several parallel bundles of collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and blood vessels, etc. The epidermis consists of keratinized squamous epithelium formed of stratum basale, stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The dermis consists of hair follicles, nerve plexuses, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine and sebaceous glandular lobules. The latter, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, are arranged in clusters of acini in the upper portion of the dermis. The apocrine secretory lobules, made up of parenchymal cells, are found in the lower portion of the dermis. The density and diameter of the apocrine and sebaceous secretory lobules were significantly higher in the males than females. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed the apocrine and sebaceous secretory components. Twenty-three major compounds were identified in the interdigital gland postings of male and female sheep, among which butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 1-heptanol and octadecanoic acid were present only in the male glandular post, whereas octane, 7-hexyl-tridecane, tetradecane, heptadecane and decanoic acid were present only in the female glandular post. Tetradecanol, tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanol peaks, reportedly antibacterial compounds in pronghorn antelopes, were highly prominent in both male and female sheep. Thus, the interdigital gland of Vembur sheep has two major secretory lobules, namely, sebaceous and apocrine, larger in males than females, which secrete a variety chemical compounds that may serve as chemical communication systems and protect the sheep from foot-borne diseases.

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7

Furlan, Laura. "Remapping Indian Country in Louise Erdrich's The Antelope Wife." Studies in American Indian Literatures 19, no. 4 (2008): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ail.2008.0003.

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8

Sontakke, Sadanand D., Manoj S. Patil, Govindhaswamy Umapathy, K. Ramachandra Rao, and Sisinthy Shivaji. "Ejaculate characteristics, short-term semen storage and successful artificial insemination following synchronisation of oestrus in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 6 (2009): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08291.

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The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a small (20–30 kg) Indian antelope that is listed on Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Studies were undertaken to develop assisted reproductive technologies, such as synchronisation of oestrus and non-surgical AI, to support the conservation and genetic management of this Indian antelope. Semen characteristics, testosterone levels and the feasibility of short-term cold storage of semen were investigated. Furthermore, different oestrous synchronisation protocols (norgestomet implants and prostaglandin injections) were evaluated for successful AI, defined as the birth of live young. Norgestomet ear implants and i.m. administration of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) resulted in successful pregnancies in two of five inseminated females, but both had twin pregnancies that were delivered prematurely. In contrast, two injections of prostaglandin 11 days apart were effective in synchronising oestrus in the blackbuck. Transcervical AI in oestrous-synchronised animals 72 and 96 h after the second prostaglandin injection resulted in successful pregnancies in four of six inseminated females (67%) and resulted in the delivery of three live fawns. These studies demonstrate the potential application of AI technology for the conservation of endangered ungulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the synchronisation of oestrus and successful non-surgical AI in blackbuck.

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9

Choudhary, Om Prakash, and Ishwer Singh. "Morphometrical Studies on the Skull of Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra)." International Journal of Morphology 33, no. 3 (September 2015): 868–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022015000300011.

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10

Palei, Nimain Charan, Bhakta Padarbinda Rath, Himanshu Shekhar Palei, and Arun Kumar Mishra. "Camera trap surveys reveal a wildlife haven: mammal communities in a tropical forest adjacent to a coal mining landscape in India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2023): 23653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8481.15.8.23653-23661.

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Having knowledge of the status and distribution of species in a specific geographic area is crucial for creating efficient conservation strategies. In this study, we evaluated the abundance and diversity of medium to large sized mammals in a tropical forest in India that has been greatly impacted by coal mining. Using camera traps between June 2018 and December 2018, we recorded 27 mammal species over 3432 trap-nights in 81 camera trap stations within the study area. The photo-captured species included both common and high conservation value threatened species, such as tiger Panthera tigris, leopard P. pardus, sloth bear Melursus ursinus, Asian elephant Elephas maximus, Gaur Bos gaurus, Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata, and four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis. Wild boar Sus scrofa was found to be the most frequently photo-captured and widespread species. Our study provides valuable data on the species inventory and the relative abundance of species in the area, highlighting its significance for mammal conservation. It also emphasizes the need for effective conservation management strategies to protect the remaining forest fragments containing high diversity of mammals, including several threatened species in India.

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11

Choudhary, Om, Ishwer Singh, Balwinder Singh, Sanjay Bharti, Khan IdreesMohd, and Srinivas Sathapathy. "Osteo-Morphological Studies on the Thoracic Vertebrae of Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra)." Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jva.2015.44850.

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12

Sontakke, S. D., M. S. Patil, U. Lakshmikantan, and S. Shivaji. "Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian follicular development in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra)." Small Ruminant Research 105, no. 1-3 (June 2012): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.12.006.

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13

Karanth, K. Ullas, and Melvin E. Sunquist. "Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 01 (February 1992): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006040.

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ABSTRACTWe studied the population structure, density and biomass of seven ungulate and two primate species in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, southern India, using line transect sampling and roadside/platform counts, during 1986–87. The estimated ecological densities of large herbivore species in the study area are: 4.2 muntjac km−2, 50.6 chital km−2, 5.5 sambar km−2, 0.8 four-horned antelope km−2, 9.6 gaur km−2, 4.2 wild pig km−2, 3.3 elephant km−2, 23.8 hanuman langur km−2and 0.6 bonnet macaque km−2. Most ungulates have female-biased adult sex ratios. Among common ungulate species, yearlings and young of the year comprise about a third of the population, suggesting relatively high turn-over rates. Three species (muntjac, sambar and four-horned antelope) are solitary, while others form groups. The study area supports a wild herbivore biomass density of 14,744 kg km−2. Among the three habitat types within the study area, biomass is lower in dry deciduous forests when compared with moist deciduous or teak plantation dominant forests. Using our results, we have examined the factors that may contribute towards maintenance of high ungulate biomass in tropical forests.

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14

Leonard, James Wharton. "Mark Twain’s Ambivalent Encounter with the Western Landscape." Mark Twain Annual 20 (November 1, 2022): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/marktwaij.20.1.0190.

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Abstract When Mark Twain sets out on his journey west in chapter 1 of Roughing It, he is looking forward to seeing Indians and such creatures as buffalo, prairie dogs, and antelopes; traveling through (or near) magnificent plains, deserts, and mountains; and at the end of the journey, gathering bucketfuls of easily obtainable gold and silver nuggets. What he carries with him, however—aside from some clothing, his Smith & Wesson seven-shooter, Orion’s Colt revolver, and an unabridged dictionary (belonging to Orion)—are some pretty standard preconceptions about the West and its inhabitants. Though such themes reinforce our generic expectations, Twain manages to check crucial elements of expansionist desire through the novel’s various iterations of failure. In this article, I explore ways in which the rhetoric of individualist “lordship” never fully manifests, even as the landscape itself largely offers up its promissory grandeur and tabula rasa potentiality.

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15

Randel, Charles J., and Howard O. Clark. "Sex Ratios of the White-tailed Antelope Ground Squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus), Indian Wells Valley, San Bernardino County, California." Western North American Naturalist 68, no. 4 (December 2008): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904-68.4.526.

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16

Sathishkumar, Selvarasu, Subhasish Arandhara, and Nagarajan Baskaran. "Determinants of diet selection by Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra at Point Calimere, southern India: quality also matters." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 3 (March 26, 2023): 22791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8117.15.3.22791-22802.

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Unlike the wide-ranging habitat generalists that move seasonally across heterogenous habitats to optimize the energy intake, short-ranging habitat specialists fulfil the same by restricting to single habitat. Understanding how habitat-specialists do this is an interesting question and essential for their conservation. We studied the diet composition and evaluated the covariates belonging to climate, habitat and grass dynamics to assess the determinants of seasonal diet selection by Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra, an antelope endemic to the Indian subcontinent, at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India. Diet composition studied following feeding trail observation (n = 102322) and the influence of covariates on the top five major diet species selected seasonally was tested using Regression with Empirical Variable Selection. The results showed that overall Blackbucks consumed 30 plant species—six browse and 27 grass species. While wet season diet was less diverse (22 species) with higher dependency on principal diet Cyperus compressus (>40%) and Aeluropus lagopoides (24%), the dry season diet was more diverse (30) species, with decreased dependency on principal diet. Among 13 covariates belonging to climate, habitat, and grass dynamics tested against selection of top five major diet plants by Blackbucks, grass dynamics covariates alone entered as the predictors both in wet and dry seasons. While cover and green leaves of the grass were the most common predictors in the top-five diets selection during wet season, in dry season besides cover and green leaves, grass texture (hard and soft), also entered as the most common predictors. The entry of grass cover, a quantitative related measure, and texture and green condition of the grass, quality related measures, as the drivers indicate that diet selection by Blackbuck is not just a matter of grass quantity, but also its quality.

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17

Shambhulingappa, Y. B., R. V. Prasad, K. V. Jamuna, H. D. Narayanaswamy, M. Narayana Bhat, and V. Ramkrishna. "Histological characteristics of hair follicle pattern in Indian bison (Bos gaurus), black buck (Antelope cervicapra) and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)." Veterinary World 7, no. 3 (March 2014): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.189-193.

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18

Rajagopal, Thangavel, Govindaraju Archunan, and Mahadevan Sekar. "Impact of Zoo Visitors on the Fecal Cortisol Levels and Behavior of an Endangered Species: Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra L.)." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 14, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2011.527598.

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19

Rajagopal, Thangavel, Arulmani Manimozhi, and Govindaraju Archunan. "Diurnal variation in preorbital gland scent marking behaviour of captive male Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra L.) and its territorial significance." Biological Rhythm Research 42, no. 1 (July 20, 2010): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291011003693161.

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20

UPADHYAY, ASHUTOSH KUMAR, A. Andrew Emmanuel, Ansa Sarah Varghese, and D. Narasimhan. "Plant diversity of Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary and fodder species grazed by the Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra L." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 20433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5942.14.1.20433-20443.

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A rapid but intense survey was conducted using visual landmarks in the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary to enumerate the flora and foraging habits of the Blackbuck Antelope cervicapra. The area was divided into various segments such as the sanctuary entrance, Maattu muni kovil, Savukku plot or Casuarina plantation, S-Bend road and the old light house for precise enumeration. A total of 111 plant species that include 50 herbs, 16 climbers/lianas, 30 shrubs and sub-shrubs, and 15 trees belonging to 39 plant families were recorded in this study. Visual observations showed that Blackbucks grazed on grasses such as the Mangrove Grass Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Thwaites, Dog’s Tooth Grass Cynodon barberi Rang. & Tadul., Indian Durva Grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Feather Finger Grass Chloris virgata Sw., and a sedge, the pointed fimbristylis Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl during the day time. They were also observed browsing on the leaves and pods of Algaroba Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. in the evenings. Our observation on the presence of feral horses and stray cattle in the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary shows that they compete for food and water with the Blackbuck. The spread of invasive alien plant species competes with and reduces the space for native species.

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21

Pokharel, Krishna Prasad, Tobias Ludwig, and Ilse Storch. "Predicting potential distribution of poorly known species with small database: the case of four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis on the Indian subcontinent." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 8 (March 4, 2016): 2297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2037.

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22

G. K., Pratap, Manjula Shantaram, Raghavendra H. L., Santosh Kumar M., Harshini V. K., and Poornima D. V. "A comprehensive analysis of wild edible fruits from the Rangayyanadurga four-horned antelope wildlife sanctuary." Biomedicine 43, no. 02 (May 4, 2023): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v43i02.2647.

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Fruits play a primary role in the diet and several studies based on health report the importance of fruits because of their nutritional components that serve a protective role against many diseases. The most prevalent non-timber forest products and significant sources of food and medicine are wild edible fruits (WEFs). The WEFs must greet potential sources of crucial nutrients majorly of children and old age people suffering from malnutrition. The Rangayyanadurga Four-Horned Antelope (FHA) wildlife sanctuary, situated in Jagalur, of central Karnataka, India, harbours many indigenous, unexploited, edible, and unfamiliar fruits, which are important sources of income and food for rural communities. These fruits play a crucial role in health care and they contain several phytochemicals like, flavonoids, polyphenols, glycoside, tannins, essential oils, malic acid, and oleanolic acid. The wild edible fruits have health benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-hypolipidemic, antiscorbutic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and piles curing properties. The research in this review focuses on 15 edible wild fruit species from 11 families that have been spotted in the Rangayyanadurga Sanctuary and was tabulated with botanical name, mode of consumption, bioactive compounds and biological effects. The more signified families are Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Cactaceae and Rhamnaceae. The findings pointed to the need for additional research into the nutritional composition, environmental impact, and therapeutic properties of wild edible species as well as the potential benefits of the different WEF types identified here as neuroprotective agents.

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Khatri, Kumal, Jyoti Mohite, Pranitha Pandit, Rahul A. Bahulikar, and Monali C. Rahalkar. "Isolation, Description and Genome Analysis of a Putative Novel Methylobacter Species (‘Ca. Methylobacter coli’) Isolated from the Faeces of a Blackbuck (Indian Antelope)." Microbiology Research 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12020035.

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Enteric fermentation of methane by ruminant animals represents a major source of anthropogenic methane. Significantly less information is available on the existence of methanotrophs in the gut of ruminants. Therefore, detailed strain descriptions of methanotrophs isolated from ruminant faeces or gut are rare. We present a first report on the enrichment and isolation of a methanotroph, strain BlB1, from the faeces of an Indian antelope (blackbuck). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BlB1 showed the highest identity (98.40% identity) to Methylobacter marinus A45T and Methylobacter luteus NCIMB 11914T. Strain BlB1 showed coccoidal cells (1.5–2 µm in diameter), which formed chains or aggregates of 3–4 cells of light yellow-coloured colonies on agarose when incubated with methane in the gas phase. The draft genome of BlB1 (JADMKV01) is 4.87 Mbp in size, with a G + C content of 51.3%. The draft genome showed 27.4% digital DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and 83.07% average nucleotide identity (ANIb) values with that of its closest phylogenetic neighbour, Methylobacter marinus A45T. Due to the lower values of DDH and ANIb with the nearest species, and <98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, we propose that strain BlB1 belongs to a novel species of Methylobacter. However, as the culture has to be maintained live and resisted cryopreservation, deposition in culture collections was not possible and hence we propose a Candidatus species name, ‘Ca. Methylobacter coli’ BlB1. ‘Ca. Methylobacter coli’ BlB1 would be the first described methanotroph from ruminants worldwide, with a sequenced draft genome. This strain could be used as a model for studies concerning methane mitigation from ruminants.

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Shukla, Malay Ashvinkumar, Bheem Dutt Joshi, Ved Prakash Kumar, Anil Kumar Mehta, and Surendra Prakash Goyal. "Investigating the genetic diversity and presence of forensically informative nucleotide sequences in Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) using multiple genes of the mitochondrial genome." Molecular Biology Reports 46, no. 6 (September 5, 2019): 6187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-05054-5.

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25

Ghaffar, Abdul. "BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF BLACKBUCK (Antilope cervicapra): A REVIEW." Agrobiological Records 4 (2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.023.

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Blackbuck is the existing members of genus Antilope which is most elegant and graceful among all Antelopes of Asia with distinct sexual dimorphism. Blackbuck show endemism in Pakistan, Nepal and India occupying mainly the semi-arid grassland areas. The name of species attributes towards the dark brownish to blackish coat color of male species. While female and the young ones are tawny or yellow. Chin undersides of legs and chest are white in both male and female individuals. Males have whorled horns with 79cm length with absence in females. The average body length of this animal is 100-150cm with the tail length of 10-17cm. The average body weight for male is 20-57kg and for female 19-33kg. Thin grassy forests, open and semi-desert areas are good habitat for it. Being diurnal and herbivorous, it acts as both grazers and browsers. It is the fastest animal with an average speed of 80km/h. It remains reproductively functional whole year. Reproductive disorders including dystocia and different infectious diseases due to ectoparasites, endoparasites, bacteria and viruses affect these species. Habitat loss, stress, illegal killing and genetic troubles cause the species to be ‘Extinct in the Wildlife’ in Pakistan so conservation strategies are underway for species protection. It is indispensable for zoologists and conservational biologists to observe the species for its conservation and confronting threats. Review article highlighted necessary information about species, which will clear the way for further research on species.

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McLelland, David J., Peter D. Kirkland, Karrie A. Rose, Robert J. Dixon, and Narelle Smith. "SEROLOGIC RESPONSES OF BARBARY SHEEP (AMMOTRAGUS LERVIA), INDIAN ANTELOPE (ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA), WALLAROOS (MACROPUS ROBUSTUS), AND CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) TO AN INACTIVATED ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS VACCINE." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36, no. 1 (March 2005): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/03-054.

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Sontakke, S. D., L. R. Kandukuri, G. Umapathy, K. M. Kulashekaran, P. O. Venkata, S. Shivaji, and L. Singh. "The 34,XY1,der(13) Chromosome Constitution with Loss of Y2Is Associated with Unilateral Testicular Hypoplasia in the Endangered Indian Blackbuck Antelope(Antilope cervicapra)." Sexual Development 6, no. 5 (2012): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339898.

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De, Rahul, Vinay Kumar, Kumar Ankit, Khursid Alam Khan, Himanshu Kumar, Nirmal Kumar, Bilal Habib, and Surendra Prakash Goyal. "Cross-amplification of ungulate microsatellite markers in the endemic Indian antelope or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) for population monitoring and conservation genetics studies in south Asia." Molecular Biology Reports 48, no. 6 (June 2021): 5151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06514-7.

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Isvaran, Kavita, and Yadavendradev Jhala. "VARIATION IN LEKKING COSTS IN BLACKBUCK (ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA): RELATIONSHIP TO LEK-TERRITORY LOCATION AND FEMALE MATING PATTERNS." Behaviour 137, no. 5 (2000): 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502204.

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AbstractWe studied variation in lekking costs in an Indian antelope, the blackbuck Antilope cervicapra, in relation to female mating patterns. We tested the hypothesis that central males had a higher mating success and faced higher costs than peripheral males. We used continuous focal animal sampling to estimate time-activity budgets of individually identified central and peripheral lekking males and bachelor males. Scan sampling was used to estimate the time spent on the lek by central and peripheral males and to monitor female visits to the lek. We mapped lek-territories and monitored territory additions, territory turnover, and the location of matings. We found that central males faced higher costs than peripheral males. Central males foraged less, spent more time on the lek and tended to have higher fighting rates than peripheral males. Corresponding to this difference in costs, mating benefits were also greater for central males. Our results suggest that lek-territory location may be an important cue in female choice. Male mating success was skewed and 90% of matings observed occurred in the lek-centre. Furthermore, three of the five most successful males previously held territories in the lek-periphery where they were not observed to mate. Territory turnover was higher in the centre than in the periphery and males tended to move towards the centre while shifting territories. Based on these findings, we suggest that central and peripheral males follow two different strategies in response to a female preference for central territories: while central males may try to maximise encounters with oestrous females by investing heavily in lekking, peripheral males seem to attempt to maximise their chances of gaining central territories by not compromising on foraging time and investing less in lekking. Since we did not directly measure male phenotype, its role in explaining the patterns we found remains to be studied.

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Haq, Shiekh Marifatul, Eduardo Soares Calixto, Umer Yaqoob, Riyaz Ahmed, Ahmed Hossam Mahmoud, Rainer W. Bussmann, Osama B. Mohammed, Khalid Ahmad, and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi. "Traditional Usage of Wild Fauna among the Local Inhabitants of Ladakh, Trans-Himalayan Region." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122317.

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Zootherapy is accepted all around the globe not only in ancient cultures but different animal derived medicines are also part of the practice in the modern health care systems. The present study assessed the traditional ethnozoological usage of wild animals by local inhabitants in Ladakh region, India, and the reference data for scientific approaches for protection of faunal diversity in trans-Himalayas. The ethnozoological documentation of the animals in Ladakh was carried out through semistructured and close-ended questionnaire surveys and interviews. Multivariate ecological community analysis was used to elucidate the relationship between ethnozoological usage and animal species. Our results showed three animal usage clusters with 32% similarity. Moreover, the similarity in animal usage between digging tools, trophy, handle of tools, decoration, and matting, showed less than 32% of similarity. The highest priority of local people was for food followed by decoration and medicinal usage. The most frequently used animal parts were meat followed by fur and horn. Medicinal uses of 48% of the reported species, i.e., Alectoris chukar (chukar), Cuon alpinus (Asiatic wild dog), Lepus oiostolus (hares), Marmota himalayana (marmots), Ovis aries vignei (Ladakh urial), Pantholops hodgsonii (Tibetan antelope), Procapra picticaudata (Tibetan gazelle), Pseudois nayaur (blue sheep), Tetraogallus himalayensis (Himalayan snow), Tetraogallus tibetanus (Tibetan snow cock), and Lutra lutra (common otter) were reported for the first time from this region. Our study provides innovative information regarding the ethnozoological knowledge in the Ladakh region and reference data for policymakers, researchers, land managers, common public, and the other stakeholders to develop logical and scientific approaches for sustainable use of faunal diversity in hotspot regions like trans-Himalayas and other similar biodiversity-rich sites.

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Koirala, Pramila, Bijaya Neupane, Thakur Silwal, Bijaya Dhami, Siddhartha Regmi, and Deepa Dahal. "Distribution of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and its Conservation Threats in Bardia National Park, Nepal." Journal of Forest and Natural Resource Management 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfnrm.v2i1.40220.

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Blue bull is Asia’s largest antelope, a species of least concern in IUCN Red data list of 2020. In Nepal, it is vulnerable and is often considered as a problem animal for its crop raiding habit. Although, its population is restricted in India and Nepal, there are insufficient studies conducted on the distribution and threats of the species at local level. This study aimed to assess the distribution of blue bull and its conservation threats in Bardia National Park and its buffer zone. Field survey was carried out to identify the potential area with the information provided by park staff and buffer zone people and by the transect method in the selected habitat to determine the distribution of blue bull population. Additionally, six focus group discussions (1 in each of thefive sites and 1 with park staff) and a half-day workshop (involving 25 participants representing each site and park office) were organized to assess the existing threats to the species. Data were analyzed descriptively using MS Excel, while the distribution map was prepared using Arc GIS. Also, 8 major identified threats were ranked using relative threat ranking procedure and classified into four severity classes. We found that the population of blue bull was dispersed from core area of Bardia National Park towards the buffer zone area. Open grazing, invasive species, predation by tiger and flash flood were the major threats to the blue bull as perceived by the local people. Habitat management activities including control of grazing, removal of invasive plant species, plantation of palatable grass species, increase in other prey species of tiger and control of flood in blue bull’s habitats are recommended to protect the species and thus sustain their threatened population.

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Asha, B. S., and Vijaya Kumara. "Seasonal Diet Variation of (Tetracerus quadricornis) Four-horned Antelope in Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, May 2, 2023, 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i73470.

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In the ecosystem, the four-horned antelope were selective feeders by browsing and grazing plant species in different compositions. These species have adaptable characteristics to feed on nutritious parts of available shrubs and trees in their habitat. The study was conducted through fecal analysis studies on the diet of four-horned antelopes in Rangayyanadurga four-horned Antelope Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India. The study identified 95.7% of the plant species that occurred in the pellet sample, with 4.30% remaining unidentified. The percentage occurrence of dicots in the pellet sample was 80.85%, while monocots had a minimum occurrence of 19.15%. In point of growth forms, trees accounted for 34.52%, shrubs for 19.15%, herbs for 19.10%, grasses for 19.14%, and climbers for 3.5%. The Poaceae family had the highest composition percentage of occurrence in the diet with 19.13%, followed by Fabaceae at 17.53% in the diet of four-horned antelope. The study concluded that antelopes were adaptable in nature when it comes to the matter of food and survival, picking out the nutritious food that they need as available in nature. The composition of plant species in the diet helps in understanding the food habits and habitats of the four-horned antelope, which is essential for conservation and management in their natural habitat. This study provides valuable knowledge of the food habits and habitats of four-horned antelopes for further studies in this area.

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Rajagopal, Thangavel, and Govindaraju Archunan. "Histomorphology of preorbital gland in territorial and non-territorial male blackbuck Antelope cervicapra, a critically endangered species." Biologia 66, no. 2 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-011-0015-4.

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AbstractThe preorbital gland is a specialized dermal gland of antelopes which plays an important role in territorial marking behavior and pheromonal communication. To our knowledge, there is little information available on the role of preorbital gland marks in Indian antelopes (blackbucks). Males are seen averting the gland during behavioural display and territorial marking but the functional aspect of this gland has not been examined. Hence, the aim of this study was to describe the histomorphology of the preorbital gland in territorial and non-territorial male blackbucks to determine its morphology and secretory function. The results showed that the preorbital gland is composed of modified sebaceous and apocrine glands. The apocrine gland is lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells; the serous parts of the secretory products are often seen in the apical portions of the cells. The myoepithelial cells contain actin filaments lying on the basal membranes of the apocrine gland. There are some considerable histological changes in the presence of the sebaceous and apocrine glands in territorial males in comparison to non-territorial males. The following histological changes associated with occurrence of the sebaceous and apocrine glands have been observed in territorial and non-territorial male blackbucks: (1) increase of size of sebaceous and apocrine glands and (2) increase in density of sebaceous and apocrine glands in territorial males compared to non-territorial males. It is suggested that the higher development (i.e., size) and density of sebaceous and apocrine glands in territorial males could depend on hormone production (i.e., testosterone). Based on the histological observation and the role of sebaceous and apocrine glands in the preorbital gland supported by literature, it is possible to conclude that both territorial and non-territorial blackbuck males may produce pheromonal substances through preorbital gland (secretion) for olfactory communication.

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Sathapathy, S., B. S. Dhote, S. K. Bharti, and I. Singh. "Morphometrical Studies on Skull Bones of Adult Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)." Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of (August 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-4181.

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Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Methods: The present study was carried out on the skull of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of skull bones were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier’s calliper. Result: The average length of skull was found to be 40.9±1.08 cm in female, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 49.5±097 cm. Similarly, the average facial length was found to be 16.6±0.20 cm in female, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 22.0±0.17 cm. The average left cranio-caudal length of tympanic bulla was found to be 4.1±0.15 cm in female, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 4.5±0.19 cm. The average length of left zygomatic process of squamous temporal bone was found to be 5.7±0.11 cm in female, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 7.1±0.08 cm. The average distance between the last incisor and first premolar teeth was found to be 6.3±0.12 cm in female, which was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was recorded as 8.2±0.17 cm.

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Prasad, Suday. "High Time of Pacing Nilgai Antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) into Mainstream as Community Conservation for Influencing Macroeconomics." Asian Journal of Research in Zoology, January 15, 2022, 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i130128.

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The Nilgai antelope is a large bovid free-ranching in 17 Indian states and 31 districts of Bihar, India. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and while there are major populations in northern India. The government of many Indian states have declared this mammal (Nilgai) as vermin due to damage of crops and ordered to kill them in favour of farmers. In Bihar 3228 nilgais were killed by a professional shooters during 2017-2019. However, the brutality of this elegant species (Nilgai) is not a long-term explanation to conquer the human-animal battle. All the species on the earth dispense some structure and function to an ecosystem. In the present nearby investigation was executed to commence the availability, efficacy, economic worth, structure, the functional and ecological significance of Nilgai. Additionally this study gives an idea that how to use the nilgai to coverage on long term human resolve to the conflict. Its monetary economic betterment for human in many ways only requirement to reconnoitre their conventions. Silviculture based cropping system, domestication, agricultural husbandry, nilgai ranches, tourism and recreation help manage the eco-friendly earth’s climate. Nilgai antelope may be beneficial in other ways like its by-products, pedigree of food, industry outcome, taming ranches etc. Blue bull or Nilgai meat and alternative non-cow milk may provide a source of protein for ever-creasing human population. The flesh of Nilgai is highly demanded in national as well as foreign countries. It may be exported after taming, domestication. The domestication of Nilgai corresponds to pivoted changes in history not only of human but also of the biosphere. Nilgai is powerful succeeding economic contender it may prove a driving force in upliftment of socio-economic of farmers & local humans communities and eco-friendly, sustainable development of India.

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Sathapathy, S., B. S. Dhote, M. Mrigesh, S. K. Sahu, N. Dahariya, S. K. Joshi, S. S. Biswal, I. Ali, and S. M. Nanda. "Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)." Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of (April 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-4233.

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Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of ‘Schedule III’ of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus).Methods: The present morphometrical study was carried out in six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of ribs were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier’s calliper. Result: It was found that the average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59±0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head of 5th rib was found to be 0.97±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00±0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle of sixth rib at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69±0.02 cm. Similarly, the average minimum length of the neck of sixth rib at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65±0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70±0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove of seventh rib at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56±0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52±0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60±0.01 cm.

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Narayan, Bhuva. "Chasing the Antelopes: A Personal Reflection." Proceedings from the Document Academy 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.35492/docam/2/1/19.

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This article is a personal reflection based on the author's experience of visiting the Ajanta Caves in India and what they mean to the author -- as documents, as evidence, and as social and cultural heritage.

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Menon, Arathi. "Gene study reveals fears for Indian antelope unfounded." Nature India, January 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d44151-023-00004-4.

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Nord, Martin. "Ishi, Briet's Antelope, and the Documentality of Human Documents." Proceedings from the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Document Academy 7, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35492/docam/7/1/8.

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Ishi, the “last wild Indian in North America,” was “discovered” in 1911 and spent the last years of his life living in an anthropology museum. There he was studied by anthropologists and viewed by the public as a living exhibit. In this paper, I take some initial steps in arguing that Ishi, the person, became a document to most people. The similarities between Ishi and Suzanne Briet’s hypothetical antelope, newly discovered and placed in a zoo, are eerie. Ishi, like the antelope, is brought into public knowledge as both an initial document and a wide variety of secondary documents derived from the original. Ishi, however, is also not a document, making the comparison to the antelope eerie. Bernd Frohmann’s concept of “documentality” helps us make sense of this fluctuation in Ishi’s status as a document. Ishi’s story, in turn, sheds light on the ethical implications of documentality for all humans.

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ASHA, B. S., and VIJAYA KUMARA. "DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPE (Tetracerus quadricornis) AT RANGAYYANADURGA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, KARNATAKA, SOUTHERN INDIA." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, June 15, 2022, 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2022/v43i113050.

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The pattern of distribution, probability and abundance of the Four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) was studied at Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary situated in Jagaluru taluk, Davanagere district, Karnataka the study area is said to be a unique refuge for Four-horned antelope one of the smallest Asian bovids, found only in India and Nepal. The study aimed to detect probability, by block count, line, and road transect method to analyze the qualitative distribution of map and abundance of four-horned antelope at Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary. The species were found in all three beats of the Sanctuary; both direct and indirect counts were used to plot the distribution map. During the systematic surveys, a total number of 128 direct/indirect signs, 25 individuals in 22 sightings, and 33 defecation sights were reported. The estimated detection probability of the species lies between 0.657±0.004 and the mean group size 1.13/km by direct sighting in transects. According to the result, this species is solitary or semi-solitary by distributing the presence range from 1-to 2 individuals. However, the habitat preference was high in a thorny shrub (~ 45.45 % of observations) as compared to (~27.27% sightings) grassland, dry deciduous (~18.18% of sightings), and agricultural land (~9.09 % of sightings). The area has been found at the edge of its ecological range in a Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary. The research emphasizes the primarily prepared distribution map of the FHA by using Arc-GIS 10.3 in the sanctuary for habitat management and conservation.

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Prasad, Suday, Ravindra Kumar Sohane, Anil Jha, and Reyaz Ahmad. "The Indian Antelope Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Appropriate Contender for Domestication could add in Human Society." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, April 19, 2021, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2021/v14i430211.

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Анотація:

The domestication of animals was part of a major transformation in the way of life of an increasing number of human societies with deep social and spiritual changes. In the present study, we report about utility of Nilgai and the values of its products and how it can add variety in our diet. Domestication of Nilgai may prove as an outstanding diet (veal and juveniles) for human and domesticated carnivores it may be the most important achievements that man-made in his cultural history. It is very useful and has many kinds of beneficial mutualism with man exists. We also prerequisite to reconnoiter biological functions, importance, and distinctiveness of products viz milk, meat, leather and body parts such as skin, teeth, nail and other product in addition to transportation and export, because of their size and powerful appearance. The meat of Nilgai is said to be lighter and milder flavored than that of blackbuck meat. A domesticated animal such as livestock plays a vital role in diversified farming systems because food and recycling of nutrients through the farm are well proven. Nilgai appears to have different color which occurs during the developmental stage, like a fawn, juveniles and adults. Few Nilgai showed some docility behavior in nature subsequently that sighs of taming towards domestication. Nilgai may prove a higher status than other domestic animals when it comes to success in domestication. The Nilgai dwelling near the human habitation in proximity to a close distance in anthropogenic and share with its habitat and graze food and fodders with domestic herbivore mammals like goat, buffalos’ and cow in the periphery of the village’s areas. The domestication of Nilgai corresponds to a pivotal change in history not only of humanity but also of the biosphere.

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"On the neck seizing behavior of leopard in southern Rajasthan, India." TAPROBANICA 7, no. 4 (August 15, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i4.199.

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Leopard or panther Panthera pardus, one of the large cats of the Indian subcontinent, preys on medium to small sized wild animals like langurs and other monkeys, deer, antelope, rodents, birds, reptiles and crabs, and can also take dogs, livestock and poultry. A piece of shell of a unio Parraysia (Radiatula) caerulae was found in the stomach during the post-mortem of a subadult panther in the Jhadol area of Udaipur district during 1994; this species of unio is commonly found in the perennial streams of south Rajasthan. Scat studies reveal that panthers also feed on Tatera indica in Rajasthan. The panther attacks the neck region of its prey, and overcomes or kills it by gripping in the region of the throat and does not leave it till the prey dies, mainly due to suffocation.

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Choudhary, Narayan Lal, and Nadim Chisty. "Behavioural biology and ecology of Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) : A Review." FLORA AND FAUNA 28, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33451/florafauna.v28i2pp355-361.

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Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) belongs to the Bovidae family and subfamily Antilopinae and is distributed in India, Pakistan, Nepal and United Arab Emirates. It can live in wide variety of habitats, including grassland, bush land, scrubland and dry thorn habitats. Sexual dimorphism is very clear. Males have blackish or dark brown coat colours, while females have a yellowish coat colour. Males have a shorter lifespan as compared to females. Generally, blackbuck forage in the daytime but sometimes also forage at night and their foraging activity patterns are influenced by environmental factors and seasonal variations. They use to prefer wide variety of food materials, like leaves, grasses, cereals, vegetables, shrubs and varieties of crops. During the breeding season, males become territorial. Herd size is also affected by the seasons and environmental factors. Exotic species invasion, habitat loss, anthropogenic activity, overgrazing and agricultural expansion, urbanization and industrialization all reduce suitable habitat for blackbuck survival. Illegal hunting, poaching, habitat loss, road killing and lack of genetic variation are also responsible for the dramatic decline in the population of blackbuck. Study of genetic variation, captive breeding and the establishment of a blackbuck rescue centre might be helpful for enhancing the population and survival of blackbucks.

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Jaipal, B. R. "Food and Feeding Ecology of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India." Scientific Temper 11, no. 1&2 (July 25, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2020.11.1.04.

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Nilgai is largest and fast moving Indian antelope. In western Rajasthan it is commonly known as Roj. It is protected under the schedule III of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It lives in herd and starts daily activities before the sun rise. Mainly Nilgai is grazer but it became browser in the scarcity of grasses during winter and summer. During monsoon the Nilgai Preferred green grasses and herbs very much while browsed only on leaves and young twigs of Prosopis cineraria, Ziziphus nummulariaand Acacia senegal. The feeding preferences changed according to season and depended upon availability and quality of vegetation. Nilgai did not prefer the Gramno (Panicum antidotale), Murat (Penicum turgidum), Karad (Dichanthium annulatum), Moth (Cyperus rotundus), Kheemp (Leptadenia pyrotechnica), Angreji babul (Prosopis juliflora), Jal (Salvadora spp.), Bui (Aerva javanica), Murat makro (Brachiaria ramose) etc. in monsoon season. During summer they were observed feeding upon those plants which were avoided by them during monsoon and winter. In agricultural field Nilgai damaged the Kharif crop maximum at fruiting stage of them the fruit of Matira (Citrullus lanatus) were highly preferred.

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Haleem, Abdul, and Orus Ilyas. "Habitat Suitability Index Modelling for Bluebull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, M.P. India." Journal of Zoological Research 3, no. 3 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v3i3.3544.

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The habitats for the wild animals are shrinking due to the clearance of forests for agriculture and industrialization. The idea of wildlife conservation begins with the identification of their acceptable habitat. Since this crucial information helps in the development and maintenance of the protected areas. The requirement of habitat varies with different landscapes.The bluebull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is Asia’s largest antelope,widespread throughout the northern Indian subcontinent. Peter Simon Pallasin (1766) described it as the only member of the genus Boselaphus.The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 lists it as a Schedule III animal, while the IUCN lists it as Least Concern (LC). Our goal was to design a habitat appropriateness model for blue bull so that it could reduce the conflict with farming community due to crop damage. Model will be develop using RS & GIS technique to protect the species inside the Pench Tiger Reserve (77° 55’ W to 79° 35’ E and 21° 08’ S to 22° 00’ N) the central highlands of India. The satellite data from LANDSAT-8 of 4th April 2015, Path- 144,Row- 45, with a ground resolution of 30 meters, were collected from the USGS website. This satellite image was then transferred in image format to ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 for further analysis. The data from satellites were gathered and analysed. The purpose of the field survey was to gather information about the presence of various ungulates. A ground truthing exercise was also carried out. For data processing and GIS analysis,ERDAS IMAGINE 13 and Arc GIS 10 were used. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used Factors were identified who were influencing the spatial distribution of the species for conservation planning. The linear additive model was used for HSI. The results show that 242 km2 (29.48 percent) of Pench Tiger Reserve forest was recognized to be highly suitable for bluebull, while 196 km2 (23.87 percent) was moderately suitable,231 km2 (28.14 percent) was suitable, 109 km2 (13.28 percent) was least suitable, and about 43 km2 (5.249 percent) of PTR was completely avoided by bluebull.

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Meghwal, Ramchandra, Chhaya Bhatnagar, and Vijay Kumar Koli. "Seasonal food habits of the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis de Blainville, 1816) in tropical deciduous forests of Aravalli mountain range, Rajasthan, Western India." Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 81, no. 1 (September 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41936-020-00193-9.

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Abstract Background Feeding strategies assessment of endangered species during food limited seasons is important in order to understand their niche and advise effective habitat management steps. We assessed the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) seasonal diet from April 2014 to March 2015, in three wildlife sanctuaries in western India, namely, Sitamata, Kumbhalgarh, and Phulwari-ki-nal Wildlife Sanctuaries. Opportunistic focal animal sampling method was used in five 1 km paths in each sanctuary to take feeding observations. Each transect was walked three times a day (morning 06:00-10:00 h; mid-day 10:00-14:00 h; evening 15:00-18:00 h), 1 day a month, during 12 months, with a total of 540 surveys divided between 15 paths. The diet data was categorized into different plant categories. Results A total of 532 feeding records from 85 animal sightings were noted with a mean (± SD) of 14.78 ± 10.04 feeding records/month. Feeding was observed on 63 plant species belonging to 23 families. The highest feeding records noted were on trees (60.91%) in the diet followed by shrubs (20.49%), grasses (16.92%), forbs (1.50%), and climbers (0.18%) respectively. Most of the plant species consumed were from Fabaceae (n = 17) and Poaceae (n = 12) families. The overall browse-grass ratio was 83.08-16.92% (88.02-11.98% for Sitamata WLS; 82.11-17.89% for Kumbhalgarh WLS; 79.10-20.90% for Phulwari-ki-nal WLS). Leaves were the most consumed part of the plants (64.10%), followed by dry fruit (16.55%), fleshy fruit (13.34%), flowers (2.82%), buds (2.06%), and twigs (1.13%) respectively. Use of fleshy fruits, dry fruits, and trees showed significant seasonal dietary difference (P < 0.05) in all three sanctuaries. Conclusions Tetracerus quadricornis was found to consume more browse species than grasses. We recommend conservation and promotion of natural plant regeneration, in particular for the plant species that were the most consumed by four-horned antelope, namely, Aristida adscensionis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia leucophloea, Butea monosperma, Helicteres isora, Ziziphus nummularia, and Ziziphus xylopyrus. Conservation of grassland patches, minimizing local pressure, and planning, construction, and maintenance of fire lines prior to timing of forest fires would help to protected T. quadricornis habitat in all three sanctuaries.

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Chouhan, A. K., P. K. Pilania, Monika ., Bhavana Rathore, Abhishek Gupta, D. B. Sodha, and D. P. Pateer. "Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections in Black Bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of (June 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-4388.

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Background: Blackbuck is the most elegant member of the antelope family has long been associated with Indian culture. Wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animal health and are responsible for one-third of total losses due to all animal diseases. Adequate information on epidemiology of helminthic infections is a crucial requirement for the sustainable control of GIH in black bucks in near future.Methods: A total of 632 faecal samples were collected from Tal-Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan during summer, rainy and winter season from November 2018 to September 2019 and examined qualitatively by faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques for helminth eggs and quantitatively by modified McMaster egg counting technique.Result: Coprological examination of samples revealed an overall prevalence of 72.46% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with a mixed infection of 38.92%. Among different helminths recorded with their respective prevalences (%) were, Strongyle (56.80%), Strongyloides sp. (40.98%), Trichuris sp. (8.22%), Marshallagia sp. (6.64%) and Ascaris sp. (5.22%). Quantitative analysis revealed egg per gram of faeces ranging from 200-1200 and 200-900 with an average of 561.11 ± 67.74 and 469.23 ± 62.50 for strongyle and Strongyloides sp., respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed highly significant difference (P less than 0.01) in the prevalence of GIH infection among different seasons. The coproculture study revealed Bunostomum sp. (42%) as the major contributor of strongyle nematode population, followed by Haemonchus sp. (31%), Trichostrongylus sp. (26%) and Strongyloides sp. (1%).

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Hanafy, Radwa A., Noha H. Youssef, and Mostafa S. Elshahed. "Paucimyces polynucleatus gen. nov, sp. nov., a novel polycentric genus of anaerobic gut fungi from the faeces of a wild blackbuck antelope." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71, no. 6 (June 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004832.

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The anaerobic gut fungi (AGF; phylum Neocallimastigomycota) reside in the alimentary tracts of herbivores. Multiple novel, yet-uncultured AGF taxa have recently been identified in culture-independent diversity surveys. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of the first representative of the RH5 lineage from faecal samples of a wild blackbuck (Indian Antelope, Antilope cervicapra) from Sutton County, Texas, USA. The isolates displayed medium sized (2–4 mm) compact circular colonies on agar roll tubes and thin loose biofilm-like growth in liquid medium. Microscopic examination revealed monoflagellated zoospores and polycentric thalli with highly branched nucleated filamentous rhizomycelium, a growth pattern encountered in a minority of described AGF genera so far. The obtained isolates are characterized by formation of spherical vesicles at the hyphal tips from which multiple sporangia formed either directly on the spherical vesicles or at the end of sporangiophores. Phylogenetic analysis using the D1/D2 regions of the large ribosomal subunit (D1/D2 LSU) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) revealed sequence similarities of 93.5 and 81.3%, respectively, to the closest cultured relatives (Orpinomyces joyonii strain D3A (D1/D2 LSU) and Joblinomyces apicalis strain GFH681 (ITS1). Substrate utilization experiments using the type strain (BB-3T) demonstrated growth capabilities on a wide range of mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, including glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, cellobiose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, lactose, cellulose, xylan, starch and raffinose. We propose accommodating these novel isolates in a new genus and species, for which the name Paucimyces polynucleatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

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Isvaran, Kavita. "Lek Territory Size and the Evolution of Leks: A Model and a Test Using an Ungulate With a Flexible Mating System." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8 (February 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.539061.

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Despite many decades of research, the evolution of the rare and unusual lek-mating system continues to be debated. The key question is: why do males defend tiny territories clustered together in an aggregation when the costs of doing so are so high? Theory and empirical work on lek evolution typically focus on why males cluster their territories. Surprisingly, the other characteristic feature of classical leks, which is the unusually small size of lek-territories, has received very little attention. Here, I argue that understanding the factors favoring the reduced size of lek-territories can provide fresh insights into the evolution of leks. I used the variable mating system of an Indian antelope, the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), to investigate lek territory size. Because there are few quantitative models of mating territory size, I first constructed a spatial simulation model of territory size based on male competition costs and on mating benefits generated by a female bias for mating on central lek-territories, the processes most likely to influence lek-territory size. The model generated much systematic variation in territory size within a territory-cluster and also across territory-clusters varying in the number of territorial males. I tested predictions from the model using comparative data on territory size from six blackbuck populations, and detailed spatial and temporal data from an intensively-studied population. Empirical analyses strongly supported model predictions and assumptions. Based on these findings, I present a novel hypothesis for the small size of classical lek-territories. I suggest that much of the variation in the size of lek-territories can be explained by the competition that arises from a female bias for mating on central territories and that is intensified by the number of territorial males in an aggregation. Thus, the reduced size of classical lek-territories is likely a consequence of a central mating advantage in large aggregations. I present a framework for the evolution of leks that explicitly incorporates the evolution of reduced territory size alongside the evolution of male clustering. This framework can also help explain other forms of mating systems that are based on the defense of mating territories by males.

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