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Статті в журналах з теми "Index human development"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Ranis, Gustav, Frances Stewart, and Emma Samman. "Human Development: Beyond the Human Development Index." Journal of Human Development 7, no. 3 (November 2006): 323–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880600815917.

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2

Susanto, Joko, and Didit Welly Udjianto. "Human Capital Spillovers and Human Development Index in Yogyakarta Special Region and Central Java." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 2 (2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.52.2004.

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This study analyzes the spillover of human capital in the Yogyakarta Special Region and Central Java. The research data includes the Human Development Index (HDI), capital, the ratio of college graduate workers, and the number of medical personnel in 2017 published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). This study uses a Spatial Regression analysis that includes elements of human capital spillover estimated by Geoda software. The results showed that there was a spillover of human capital between regencies/cities in Yogyakarta Special Region and Central Java. Lambda coefficient value, in Spatial Error Model (SEM), amounting to 0.5074 indicates that the Human Development Index (HDI) score of each regency/city will get an influence of 0.5074 multiplied by the HDI value of the neighboring regency/city. The capital variable is significant and exhibits that a rise in the HDI score will follow an increase in the number of capital. However, the ratio of college-educated worker and medical personnel is not significant. Due to the linkages between these provinces, the regency government and the provincial government should synergize each other, especially in the formulation of economic policies.

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3

Korsakienė, Renata, Ieva Breivytė, and Evelyn Wamboye. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX." Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 1, no. 2 (2011): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2011.1.2(3).

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4

Radovanovic, Bojana. "Human development index as a measure of human development." Filozofija i drustvo 22, no. 3 (2011): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1103193r.

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Human development is ?a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy? (Sen 1999: 3). Therefore, widening of people?s choices should be the goal of the public policies aiming at human development promotion. In order to assess the level of human development, to compare it with other countries? achievements, or to evaluate different policy proposals, decision-makers have to rely on an accurate indicator of human development. Since gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) could not serve this function, the human development index (HDI) has been introduced as a more adequate measure. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether human development index reflects the basic tenets of human development. The arguments presented lead to the conclusion that the HDI does not fully reflect the ideas of human development. Since human development is much broader concept than any individual indicator could capture, country?s level of development should be assessed by the combination of different indicators.

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5

McGillivray, Mark, and Howard White. "Measuring development? The UNDP's human development index." Journal of International Development 5, no. 2 (March 1993): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380050210.

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6

Lind, Niels. "A Development of the Human Development Index." Social Indicators Research 146, no. 3 (May 22, 2019): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02133-9.

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7

Mihci, Hakan, Mehmet Tolga Taner, and Bulent Sezen. "Employment-adjusted Human Development Index." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-012-0020-8.

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Abstract Purpose - The current HDI has a limited capacity to reflect the human condition and country rankings in an accurate way. In addition, the main critiques on the HDI suggest that it uses very few or perhaps the wrong indicators in measuring human development levels in countries. This paper aims to investigate whether the inclusion of employment as a criterion in the HDI would yield a different ranking of nations. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, estimates of the proposed Employment-adjusted Human Development Index (E-HDI) are provided for seventy-seven countries for the 2000-2007 period, and comparisons are made both for changes in the human development index (HDI) and rankings over time in each country and for differences between the E-HDI and the UNDP’s HDI across countries. Findings - The experience of a relatively large number of 77 sample countries has offered promising results for the path to improve the current status of the HDI, and hence, to overcome its weakness in terms of ranking of countries. The additional indicator, i.e. employment, improves the explanatory power of the HDI and makes significant contributions to its reliability. Research limitations/implications - The major limitation of the present study has been the lack of data for a number of the human development indicators for the rest of the countries in the world. Practical implications - The employment-adjusted index has great potential to make the HDI more operational. Social implications - By means of E-HDI, the human development performance of the countries can be better evaluated and compared with other countries by using additional information obtained from the employment position of their citizens. Originality/value - This will be the first paper in the literature that incorporates employment into the HDI..

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8

Busato, Francesco, and Norma Maccari. "The Environmental Human Development Index." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2017): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2016-002004.

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9

Ryumina, Elena V. "Ecologically adjusted human development index." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.1.

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The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.

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10

Noorbakhsh, Farhad. "A Modified Human Development Index." World Development 26, no. 3 (March 1998): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)10063-8.

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11

Nübler, Irmgard. "The Human Development Index revisited." Intereconomics 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02928088.

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12

Herrero, Carmen, Ricardo Martínez, and Antonio Villar. "A Newer Human Development Index." Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 13, no. 2 (May 2012): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2011.645027.

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13

Chakravarty, Satya R. "A Generalized Human Development Index." Review of Development Economics 7, no. 1 (February 2003): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00178.

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14

Resce, Giuliano. "Wealth-adjusted Human Development Index." Journal of Cleaner Production 318 (October 2021): 128587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128587.

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15

Orekhov, Viktor Dmitrievich. "Scientific Analysis of the Happiness Index in Regard to the Human Capital Development." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP4 (March 31, 2020): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp4/20201512.

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16

Lestari Widarni, Eny, and Claudia Laura. "Urbanization and Human Capital Development in Malaysia." SPLASH Magz 1, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/splashmagzvol1no1pp31to35.

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This paper investigates the impact of urbanization in Malaysia and human capital development in Malaysia in particular urbanized areas. We argue that the presence of urbanites at the turn of the 20th century has had a positive impact on human capital in Malaysia today. This is evidenced by empirical evidence using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method by adopting the Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM) method to calculate the human capital development index in Malaysia. We find that the urbanization program has a positive impact on human capital development in Malaysia.

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17

Sharma, Hemant, and Dhirendra Sharma. "Human Development Index—Revisited: Integration of Human Values." Journal of Human Values 21, no. 1 (April 2015): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685815569659.

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18

Trabold-Nübler, Harald. "The human development index—A new development indicator?" Intereconomics 26, no. 5 (September 1991): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02928996.

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19

Ali Rama, Ali Rama. "Construction of Islamic Human Development Index." journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 32, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.32-1.3.

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The existing HDI concept is value neutral and unable to capture the religious and ethical perspective of socio-economic development in Muslim countries. It is argued that Muslim countries have some special features, cultures, and values that are not completely accommodated by the HDI measurement. Therefore, the current study is an attempt to propose an Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI) as a holistic and comprehensive index for human development derived from the five dimensions of maq??id al-Shar??ah: religion (d?n), life (nafs), intellect (?aql), family (nasl) and wealth (m?l). The computation method of an I-HDI is parallel with the HDI method. The constructed index is utilized to rank the human development level for 33 provinces in Indonesia. The study finds that the composition rank between I-HDI and HDI is slightly different. However, the two indices have a statistical positive correlation confirming the assumption that I-HDI might serve as a predictor for the rank of HDI. The findings also show that the majority of the provinces in Indonesia have a poor performance in overall score of I-HDI.

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20

Harttgen, Kenneth, and Stephan Klasen. "A Household-Based Human Development Index." World Development 40, no. 5 (May 2012): 878–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.011.

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21

KAYIKCI, FAZIL, and SONER KORKMAZ. "New Approaches to Human Development Index." International Review of Management and Business Research 8, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/8-4(2019)-5.

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22

Hou, Jack, Patrick Paul Walsh, and Jing Zhang. "The dynamics of Human Development Index." Social Science Journal 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.07.003.

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23

Nor, Wahyudin, Muhammad Hudaya, Rifqi Novriyandana, Dewi Lesmanawati, and Melllani Yuliastina. "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND AUDIT OPINION." JOURNAL OF AUDITING, FINANCE, AND FORENSIC ACCOUNTING 6, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/jaffa.v6i1.4326.

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This study aims to investigate: the influence of human development indeks (HDI) and growth of HDI on auditor opinion and the difference between the level of HDI entities that get the predicate of qualified opinion or non qualified opinion. The data of this research comprise 1.482 out of 496 regency/cities governments in Indonesia during 2014-2016. The analysis techniques used are multiple regression and independent simple t test. The results of this study show that the human development indeks has influence on auditor opinion, the growth of human development indeks has influence on auditor opinion. The results of this study also found that the average performance of HDI between regency/ cities in Indonesia is different between of qualified opinion or non qualified opnion.

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24

Lind, Niels. "A Calibrated Index of Human Development." Social Indicators Research 98, no. 2 (November 3, 2009): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9543-5.

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25

Javaid, Anam, and Atif Akbar. "Factors Identification for Human Development Index." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v2i1.6.

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Human development index matters a lot for the economic condition of a country. It can be calculated with the help of the education index, health index, and GDP. So, by looking only at the value of the human development index (HDI), the economy of the country can be judged. The contribution of this research project is the identification of factors related to human development. The factors include the availability of the basic necessities, facilities related to education, health, and income. For this purpose, different important factors have been observed for the Multan district by taking MICS (2007-2008) survey data. Logistic regression is applied for the purpose of analysis. Significant factors are noted in each regression analysis based on the dependent factor.

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26

Setyaningrum, Dyah. "Quality education and human development index." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2022.10044592.

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27

Petrushenko, Yuriy, Fedir Zhuravka, Vladyslav Shapoval, Lyudmila Khomutenko, and Olena Zhuravka. "Sustainable socio-economic development and Rainbow Europe Index." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.33.

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The issues of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community around the world and developing appropriate anti-discrimination policies and laws are one of the main topics for discussion in the global agenda. This is due to the commitment of the world community to protect human rights and meet the needs of society. The paper aims to assess the relationship between socio-economic development indicators of some European countries and the Rainbow Europe Index. To find out how discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community affects various social and economic development indicators of some European countries, a data matrix was developed and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated. The obtained results confirmed a positive relationship between the Rainbow Europe Index and GDP per capita, the Human Development Index, the Corruption Index, and the Index of Happiness. Calculations have shown that the Rainbow Europe Index had a significant impact on these indicators. The study proved the dependence of indicators and demonstrated the need to provide freedoms and rights for LGBTQ+ affiliated members in Ukraine and other European countries. AcknowledgmentThis paper is published as a part of research projects “Convergence of economic and educational transformations in the digital society: modeling the impact on regional and national security” (No. 0121U109553) and “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).

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28

Sant'Anna, Annibal Parracho. "PROBABILISTIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES." Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2015.v12.n1.a13.

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Alternative indicators to the Human Development Index adopting the same components but using other forms of combination are discussed here. The basic idea is to transform the initial measurements into probabilities of achieving the worst performance. Joint probabilities are compared to the proximity to the frontier generated by the algorithm of Data Envelopment Analysis with constant returns to scale and constant inputs to scores applying the Choquet integral with respect to capacities that take into account the substitutability between the components of the index. A high correlation between the results of different forms of composition was found, demonstrating the robustness of the Human Development Index. On the other hand, advantages of different alternatives of composition could be noticed.

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29

Bilbao-Ubillos, Javier. "Another Approach to Measuring Human Development: The Composite Dynamic Human Development Index." Social Indicators Research 111, no. 2 (March 9, 2012): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0015-y.

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30

Petrovskaya, N. E. "Human development in the USA." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 11 (January 5, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-11-5-13.

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The article presents a study of human development in the United States. The dynamics of public expenditure on “human resources” is shown. An analysis is made of the changes in the US Human Development Index rankings, showing how they have evolved over the past 30 years. Data are provided on the components of the Index: life expectancy, educational attainment and gross national income per capita. The evolution of the Human Development Index is considered, and a new experimental Index, adjusted for planetary load, is presented. Data on the US labour force structure is given. The key mechanisms created in the US that allow the country to have a very high Human Development Index, are shown. In the case of Russia, the study shows the key role of the state in shaping and developing human potential.

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31

Amri Amir, Rafiqi Rafiqi, Ary Dean Amri, and Evalina Alissa. "Determinants of human development index and Islamic human development index regency/city of Jambi Province 2016 - 2020." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 018–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.5.2.0055.

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Анотація:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator to measure the success of development in terms of human resources. However, HDI only looks at the physical/material capabilities (Material Welfare/MW). Therefore, to measure the success of economic development by paying attention to the physical/material side and looking at the non-physical/spiritual side (Non-Material Welfare/NW), an Islamic approach is used, namely the Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI). This study compares HDI and IHDI and the determinants that influence them. The results showed that the HDI in Jambi Province was in the medium category and the IHDI in the low category. The national zakat index (ZZN), religiosity index has a positive effect on HDI, and the poverty depth index has a negative effect, while economic growth has no effect. Furthermore, IHDI in the Regency/City of Jambi Province is positively influenced by the NZI, religiosity index, and poverty index, while economic growth has no effect.

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32

Abdul Rahim, Zaeni, Syofriza Sofyan, and Lavlimatria Esya. "Human Development Index Analysis with Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) Approach in DKI Jakarta in 2010-2019." Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jet.v2i1.13562.

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Анотація:

The research aim is to analyze human development based on the Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) perspective in the Special Region of Jakarta. The measuring instrument used by IHDI in this research is Maqashid Sharia which has five fundamental elements such as, Hifdzud Dien, Hifdzun Nafs, Hifdzul Maal, Hifdzul 'Aql, and Hifdzun Nashl. The five elements of this Maqashid Sharia are then measured with determining indicators and 13 indicators being analyzed. The method used in this research is the Fixed Effect Model regression method. For data processing, this research utilizes E-Views 10 software. The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from Statistic Indonesia, Ministry of Religious Affairs Indonesia, and Baznas DKI year 2010-2019. The outcome of this research is that based on Fixed Effect Model regression testing there are impacts between Hifdzud Dien, Hifdzun Nafs, Hifdzul 'Aql, Hifdzun Nashl, and Hifdzu Maal with human development index (HDI) in DKI Jakarta in 2010-2019. The implication from this research is that the five variables with 13 indicators analyzed, generally has significant implication towards HDI, especially Hifdzu Aql variable which is represented by the average length of school and the portion of the education budget. For that reason, the government should be able to encourage human development with an IHDI perspective. The most important things are improving the quality of education and education budget for citizens, besides encourage the citizen to obey religious values, such as doing zakat, avoiding criminal things and e.tc, which significantly affect human development in DKI Jakarta.

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33

Dr. Pravin Ransure. "Importance of Human Development." International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT) 3, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46828/ijrisat.v3i11.142.

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Анотація:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index used to rank countries by level of “human development”, which usually also implies whether a country is developed, developing, or underdeveloped. The origins of the HDI are to be found in the Programmes (UNDP) Human Development Reports (HDRs). These were launched by Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose: "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies."

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34

Aida, Nur, and Nur Siti Khumairoh. "Causal Relationship Between Economic Growth, Unemployment, Poverty and The Impact to Human Development Index (HDI)." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 03 (February 28, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr200758.

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35

Nuralam, Nuralam. "Human Development Index (HDI) in Papua Province." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v6i3.848.

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Анотація:

This study aims to determine the effect of the health index, education index and the index of the economic growth of Papua Province simultaneously and partially. The analytical method used was a panel data regression analysis with Pooled Least Square method. The results showed that the index of health, education index and the index of purchasing power simultaneously and significant affect on economic growth in Papua province, while the partial test results showed that the index of education and purchasing power index affect economic growth positively and significantly, while the health index has no significant effect on the economic growth of Papua Province.

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36

Vasthare, Ramprasad, Shriya Dhaundiyal, and Sunaina Puri. "Measures of human development: a narrative." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190027.

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Human development is a direct function of human capability, understood through the different facets of the human development index. The impact of gender inequality, women empowerment, environmental and socioeconomic sustainability has also been described in this review. It brings forth and reinforces that national development is an assessment of not only per capita income but by other influential factors which affect development comprehensively, such as educational achievements and health. A thorough primary screening was done for articles on human development index using the data bases of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar using the key words human development, United Nations, measures, indicators and index, followed by a secondary screening, with due concern to avoid overlap of information. The articles were categorized based on the subject of Human Development with due prioritization. Human development index has evolved periodically taking into consideration the developments, limitations and criticisms. It has become an important indicator of human progress and serves as a guide to state, societal, community and individual developments. India currently holds a rank of 130 denoting medium human development.

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37

Taner, Mehmet, Bülent Sezen, and Hakan Mıhcı. "An Alternative Human Development Index Considering Unemployment." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-011-0005-z.

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An Alternative Human Development Index Considering UnemploymentThe Human Development Index (HDI) has played an influential role in the debate on human development (HD) for many years. However, no index is perfect and neither is the HDI of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). This paper aims to construct a new composite index for the development performance of a sample of 30 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries by adding a fourth indicator, namely the unemployment index, to the calculation of HDI. The addition of the unemployment factor to the HDI as a new indicator has the potential to make the index more comprehensive and present a suitable approach for assessing the development performance of countries.

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Takahashi, L., D. Cardial, I. Argani, L. Arnoni, V. Cury, L. Silva, A. Júnior, and S. Borato. "Human Development Index and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 26, no. 2 (April 14, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2018/40710.

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Somers, Kay B. "Exploring the United Nations' Human Development Index." Mathematics Teacher 101, no. 3 (October 2007): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.101.3.0214.

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The human development index (HDI) is an international index used for comparing human well-being across countries. The activities that follow introduce this index and provide a look at an important method for finding a summary measure of a not readily quantifiable concept. The computational details behind this index provide a way to explore mathematical concepts such as scaling, averages, linear relationships, and logarithms. Further investigations allow use of the index to explore some statistical ideas. Because the activities use real data, they provide another way for students to see the utility of mathematics. To understand the context of the activities, students will be asked to read and think about the input values that are needed to compute such an index.

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40

최준환. "China’s economic growth and Human Development Index." 중소연구 38, no. 3 (November 2014): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21196/aprc.38.3.201411.006.

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41

Burd-Sharps, Sarah, and Kristen Lewis. "California and the American Human Development Index." California Journal of Politics and Policy 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p2sk5x.

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42

Gülel, Ferda Esin, Atalay Çağlar, Sinem Güler Kangallı Uyar, Oğuz Karadeniz, and M. Ensar Yeşilyurt. "Human Development Index for Provinces in Turkey." Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute 2017, no. 27 (2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pausbed.2017.99705.

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43

Sagar, Ambuj D., and Adil Najam. "The human development index: a critical review." Ecological Economics 25, no. 3 (June 1998): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00168-7.

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44

Grimm, Michael, Kenneth Harttgen, Stephan Klasen, and Mark Misselhorn. "A Human Development Index by Income Groups." World Development 36, no. 12 (December 2008): 2527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.12.001.

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45

Ibar-Alonso, R., C. Cosculluela-Martínez, and GJD Hewings. "Time indicator of the Human Development Index." Time & Society 28, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x17716553.

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The Human Development Index, computed by the United Nations, has been challenged since it does not measure the real development of a country. It needs to be combined with other indexes and ratios (poverty, Gini index). Using the same data as the United Nations, an additional dimension (time) is added to create a Time Human Development Index (THDI) where the weights differ for each cluster of countries. Fisher discriminant functions classify countries in each period of time, allowing different weights of the variables for the same country each year. Results suggest that when the Literacy and gross enrolment rates decrease in the four countries occupying the lower positions in the THDI, the THDI falls. In those countries where the THDI increases, gross domestic product and life expectancy rates do not seem to be positively correlated to the THDI, while the gross enrolment rate also increases. Thus, gross enrolment and literacy rates are variables related to the evolution of THDI; while, surprisingly, gross domestic product and life expectancy has few influence in its evolution.

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46

Martínez, Ricardo. "Inequality and the new human development index." Applied Economics Letters 19, no. 6 (April 2012): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.587762.

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47

Bagheri, Fathollah, and Guido Giuntini. "BORDER SPILLOVER EFFECTS ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX." Journal of International Business and Economics 15, no. 4 (December 20, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jibe-15-4.9.

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48

Lind, Niels. "Values Reflected in the Human Development Index." Social Indicators Research 66, no. 3 (May 2004): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:soci.0000003587.32655.b7.

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Morse, Stephen. "Greening the United Nations' Human Development Index?" Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (2003): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.219.

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Kelley, Allen C. "The Human Development Index: "Handle with Care"." Population and Development Review 17, no. 2 (June 1991): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973733.

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