Дисертації з теми "Index GINI"
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1
Pranckevičiūtė, Milda. "Apibendrintų Gini indeksų taikymas reitingavimo modeliuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20140702_191007-26483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tarptautinių atsiskaitymų banko (BIS) Bazelio II susitarimo nuostatos dėl bankų minimalaus kapitalo apibrėžia reikalavimus kredito rizikos skaičiavimui. Kredito rizikos vertinimo metodai leidžia naudoti vidines įmonių reitingavimo sistemas. Vienas svarbiausių reitingavimo modelio uždavinių – į modelį parinkti tokius finansinius ar nefinansinius rodiklius, kurie geriausiai klasifikuotų įmones pagal jų finansinio pajėgumo lygį. Populiariausias statistinis atrankos rodiklis yra tikslumo koeficientas dar vadinamas Gini indeksu. Tradicinis Gini indeksas buvo apibrėžtas 1914 m. ir iki šiol yra naudojamas pajamų nelygybei populiacijoje apskaičiuoti. 1995 m. Mosleris ir Koševojus pristatė k-matį Gini indekso analogą kaip zonoido tūrį. Šio darbo tikslas – naudojantis zonoidų teorijos idėjomis sukonstruoti apibendrintą reitingavimo modelių Gini indeksą. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateiktos tradicinės Lorenco kreivės bei Gini indekso sąvokos ir Gini indekso apibendrinimai. Antroje darbo dalyje pagal BIS naudojamas reitingavimo modelio galios sąvokas, apibrėžtas reitingavimo modelio Gini indeksas. Be to, apibrėžti Lorenco kreivės apatinės ir viršutinės aproksimacijų Gini indeksai bei sudaryti šių indeksų apibendrinimai – normos bei tūrio daugiamačiai Gini indeksai. Pabaigoje analizuojamas atskirų finansinių rodiklių Gini indeksų stabilumas bei bendras Gini indeksų – vienamčio, normos ir tūrio – stabilumas ir pateikiamos išvados.Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Basel II resolutions on banks regulatory capital include requirements for credit risk calculation. Credit risk evaluation methods define the possibility of using the internal rating system. One of the main tasks to build the powerful scoring model is to select financial and non-financial factors that appropriately classify companies according to their financial situation. The most popular statistical measure used for discriminatory analysis is the accuracy ratio or Gini index. General Gini index presented in 1914 is still widely applied to measure income inequality in the population. The k-dimensional analogue of Gini index as volume of zonoid was defined only in 1995 by Mosler and Koshevoy. The main purpose of this paper is to build the generalized Gini index of scoring model following the theory of zonoids. In the first part of the paper the usual Lorenz curve, traditional Gini index and its summary measures are presented. The second part presents the definition of the scoring models Gini index according to scoring model power measures applied in BIS resolutions. Furthermore the Gini indexes of Lorenz curve bottom and top approximations are defined and two its summary measures – norm and volume Gini indexes are constructed. Finally the stability of separate financial ratios Gini indexes and the general stability of univariate, norm and volume Gini indexes are analysed and final conclusions are presented.
2
Burkert, Vojtěch. "Subjektivní parametry při hodnocení příjmových nerovností a jejich měření." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This diploma thesis deals with income inequality measurements and concentrates mostly on the subjective parameters that are used in inequality computations. The core of the thesis is an evaluation of data from a survey, in which a questionnaire was completed by 150 people, mostly students and recent graduates. The most surprising finding is that approximately one third of respondents support the absolute invariance principle; eventually, this means a denial of many types of measurements in welfare economics, including the Gini Index. In the questionnaire, the respondents were also supposed to estimate actual Czech income distribution. All groups of respondents, not excluding economists, substantially overestimated the lowest income class size.
3
Freitas, Luzineide de Andrade de. "Os efeitos da desigualdade social na mortalidade infantil no Brasil (1992 a 2011)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
FREITAS, Luzineide de Andrade de. Os efeitos da desigualdade social na mortalidade infantil no Brasil (1992 a 2011). 2017. 28f. - Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Mestrado Profissional em Economia do Setor Público, Fortaleza (CE), 2017.Submitted by CAEN PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA (mpe@caen.ufc.br) on 2017-11-10T17:41:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_lafreitas.pdf: 416072 bytes, checksum: 1dfc7bc971dfdbb2a40cc834bfe41de8 (MD5)
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The paper aims to analyze the effects of income inequality on the infant mortality rate, analyzing for other determinants such as the level of education, poverty and per capita income for all units of the federation in Brazil from 1992 to 2011. The infant mortality rate is a social indicator that reflects the quality of life of a given population. For this purpose, econometric models of panel data were used. It was verified that the income inequality and all analyzed variables affect the infant mortality rates in the analyzed period. Thus, among the main conclusions obtained, the need for public investments geared to economic growth combined with income deconcentration and poverty reduction followed by better levels of education are essential in the process of reducing the infant mortality rate.
O trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar os efeitos da desigualdade de renda no indicador de saúde mortalidade infantil, considerando outros determinantes como o nível de educação, pobreza e renda per capita para todas as unidades da federação no Brasil no período de 1992 a 2011. A taxa de mortalidade infantil é um indicador social que reflete a qualidade de vida de uma determinada população. Para essa finalidade, utilizou-se modelos econométricos de dados em painel. Verificou-se que a desigualdade de renda e todas as variáveis analisadas afetam as taxas de mortalidade infantil no período analisado. Assim, dentre as principais conclusões obtidas, constata-se a necessidade de investimentos públicos direcionados para o crescimento econômico aliado com desconcentração de renda e redução da pobreza seguidos de melhores níveis de educação são essenciais no processo de redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil.
4
Shao, Liang Frank. "Two Essays on the Correlation between Economic Growth and Income Inequality." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/555.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“Skills, Occupation Inequality and Development” is a theoretical study. There is no general agreement about how income inequality will affect development in the long run. Classic growth models show that income inequality is beneficial to development due to agent’s heterogeneity and marginal propensity to save increasing with wealth. Neoclassical growth models present that income distribution plays no significant role on development assuming representative agents and decreasing marginal returns in investment. New classical growth theory demonstrates that income inequality impedes growth due to credit constraints and indivisibility of investment in human capital. This paper studies income inequality through the channel of complementary skills and occupations in aggregate production. In a new classical model economy with two complementary occupations, CES production technology, skills in utility, and uncertainty of completing high-skilled occupations, we find a continuum of equilibria denoted by a correspondence between aggregate capital stock and the low-skilled population share regardless of the distribution in initial endowments. Aggregate capital stock and aggregate income per capita are non-monotonically related to the low-skilled population share. Aggregate income per capita will be maximized at a certain distribution of occupations on the continuum of equilibria. Therefore, the correlation between development and inequality of occupation distribution can be both positive and negative which depends on the position of occupation division on the continuum of equilibria. The correlation between low skills and occupation inequality is monotonic within a country, but the correlation is opposite between developed and developing economies. The low skills will move up on the continuum of equilibria if the occupation inequality is smaller (larger) in developed (developing) economies. The study also shows that inequality of the occupation distribution plays different effects in developed economies from those in developing economies due to the assumption that skills affect the completion of occupations. Developing economies also present two patterns of equilibria, in which one has higher optimum inequality of occupations, another one has lower optimum inequality of occupations. The cause of two patterns of equilibria for developing economies comes from the assumption of Cobb-Douglas production function. Shifts of equilibrium lead to new levels of development due to a change of inequality in other characteristics of the economy. “Fair Division of Income Distribution, Development and Growth: Evidence from a Panel of Countries” is an empirical exercise. I use an unbalanced panel data to explore the correlation between aggregate income per capita and income inequality. A lot of studies document controversial results using the Gini index or other summary measurements of income inequality. I measure income inequality by the two dimensions of a point on the Lorenz Curve, where the Lorenz curve has unit slope. It is called fair division point, which involves the fair population share and the fair income share. The difference between the fair population share and the fair income share approximates the Gini index of an income distribution. My analysis shows that a country’s low income population relatively decreases (the fair population share drops slightly) as the economy grows; and at the same time, those low income households are relatively worse off (the fair income share falls even though the GDP per capita increases). Inversely, as an economy becomes rich, there are more low income households (the fair population share increases), but those low income households are better off (the fair income share goes up and GDP per capita increases as well). Overall, both the Gini index and the difference between the fair population share and the fair income share have been increasing during the last half century in the panel of countries. Therefore, income inequality increases as an economy is getting richer. The analysis presents strong evidence for optimum income inequality regarding both the aggregate productivity and the growth rate of GDP, where income inequality is measured by either the Gini index or the fair division shares. But no evidence has been found for the Kuznets’ hypothesis. Both high and low inequality of income distribution could harm an economy as we compare with its potential optimum inequality. Also developed economies show different optimum inequality from that in developing economies, and there is the growth-worst fair population share that results in the lowest growth in developed economies. Measurement of income inequality matters on its economic effects for the subsamples of the panel data.
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Santos, Reili Amon-h? Vieira dos. "Concentra??o da posse da terra e o Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio: uma an?lise para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006 - 2012." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-24O objetivo do trabalho ? propor um estudo sobre a rela??o do Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio - PNCF, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e sua concentra??o fundi?ria. Ou seja, se o PNCF est? sendo direcionado, para as microrregi?es que apresentam maior ?ndice de concentra??o, de acordo com o ?ndice de Gini, e se as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do cr?dito fundi?rio est?o emergindo nestas microrregi?es. Para isto, o estudo levantou a hip?tese de que o PNCF no estado do Rio Grande do Norte n?o est? sendo conduzida, de modo a reduzir a concentra??o fundi?ria, dentre as microrregi?es do estado. Ou seja, n?o existe correla??o entre o ?ndice de Gini, da concentra??o fundi?ria, e as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do programa. Al?m disso, o trabalho buscou realizar uma discuss?o da literatura sobre os programas de reforma agr?ria assistida pelo mercado. Apresentando os autores que s?o exaltadores do modelo e das suas potencialidades, atrelando as causas dos problemas levantados como sendo de ordem t?cnica e operacional, onde os principais autores desta linha s?o: Van Zyl, Kirsten & Binswanger, (1996), Deininger & Binswanger, (1999). T?m-se tamb?m a apresenta??o da posi??o dos autores adeptos as pol?ticas fundi?rias pautadas na din?mica e libera??o dos mercados de terras, mas que visam contribuir com estudos que permitam uma redu??o para o custo elevado e a sua incapacidade de abarcar a esfera social, em decorr?ncia do pagamento ? vista e a pre?o de mercado aos donos das terras, s?o eles: De Janvry & Sadoulet (2002), Gordillo (2002), Banerjee (1999), Jaramillo (1998) e Burki & Perry (1997). Todavia, apresentou-se a corrente de autores que ressalta a natureza socialmente agressiva da Reforma Agr?ria Assistida pelo Mercado (RAAM), sendo os seus principais contribuidores: El-Ghonemy (2001); Barros, Schwartzman & Sauer (2003); Borras Jr. (2006, 2003 e 2003a); Garoz et al. (2005); Sauer & Pereira (2006); Pereira (2005, 2006 e 2010); Sauer (2010); Lahiff, Borras Jr. & Kay (2007). Em sequ?ncia, o trabalho apresentou a transi??o e caracter?sticas dos programas de acesso ? terra, no Brasil, a partir da d?cada de 1990, bem como, alguns indicadores do PNCF, no Brasil e o estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Apresentou-se tamb?m os indicadores da concentra??o fundi?ria, no Brasil e no estado. Atrav?s dos dados do Censo Agropecu?rio de 2006 foi poss?vel calcular o ?ndice de Gini da distribui??o fundi?ria nas microrregi?es no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Com os dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Assuntos Fundi?rios e de Apoio ? Reforma Agr?ria - SEARA mostrou-se a distribui??o das linhas de cr?dito do PNCF e as ?reas adquiridas, entre os anos de 2006 e 2012. Por fim, o valor do coeficiente de correla??o simples (r) igual a (0,2865), que com base no teste bilateral da distribui??o de t de Student chegou-se no resultado para T calculado no valor de (1,2333), que ao ser comparado com o valor de T cr?tico igual a (2,898), com 17 graus de liberdade, a um n?vel de signific?ncia de 1%, pode aceitar a hip?tese de partida, ou seja, que o PNCF n?o estava sendo direcionado para diminuir a concentra??o fundi?ria no estado
6
Ouraga, Téa. "Modélisation des risques en présence de valeurs extrêmes : Une approche Gini." Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NIME0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche du traitement des informations financières disponibles par des outils d'analyse des données robustes, à l'aide de l'indice de Gini. Elle vise à garder toute l'information disponible, même les évènements rares pour la modélisation des rendements et du risque. Une mauvaise appréciation du risque par l’agent fausse ses anticipations.La prise de décision relève de l’évaluation des risques et des prévisions que les agents sont capables de réaliser dans un futur immédiat. Le rendement anticipé de l’investissement par l’agent sera fonction de plusieurs sources de risques selon le modèle d’évaluation par arbitrage. Yitzhaki et Schechtman (2013) ont posé les bases d’une économétrie nouvelle basée sur l’indice de Gini. Ils proposent d’utiliser l’opérateur coGini plutôt que la covariance afin d’étudier des échantillons dont la loi de distribution sous-jacente peut être une loi de distribution autre que la loi normale.Cette thèse comporte deux apports principaux. Le premier porte sur les méthodes d’analyse des données traditionnelles : ACP, AFD et scoring. Ces méthodes sont adaptées aux valeurs extrêmes par l'utilisation de l'opérateur coGini (ou covariance au sens de gini) : ACP-Gini et AFD-Gini. Le second porte sur l’analyse du couple risques / rendements. Des applications sont faites en théorie financière notamment le pricing des actifs financiers par le modèle d’évaluation par arbitrage et l'analyse des performances des stratégies d'investissement. Au-delà de la finance, les outils développés dans cette thèse peuvent s'appliquer à toute évaluation de risque (risque climatique, risque de gouvernance, risque lié à l'évaluation d'évènements rares tels que les séismes, le coronavirus, etc.)This thesis proposes a new approach to the treatment of available financial information by robust data analysis tools, using the Gini index. It aims at keeping all the information available, even rare events, for the modeling of returns and risk. A bad appreciation of risk by the agent distorts his expectations. Decision-making is based on the assessment of risks and forecasts that agents are able to make in the immediate future. The expected return on investment by the agent will depend on several sources of risk according to the arbitrage pricing theory. Yitzhaki and Schechtman (2013) have laid the foundations for a new econometrics based on the Gini index. They propose to use the coGini operator rather than the covariance to study samples whose underlying statistic distribution may be a statistic distribution different from the normal distribution.This thesis has two main contributions. The first deals with traditional data analysis methods : PCA, LDA and scoring. These methods are adapted to extreme values by using the coGini operator (or covariance in the Gini sense): Gini-PCA and Gini-LDA. The second concerns the analysis of the returns / risk couple. Applications are made in financial theory, in particular the pricing of financial assets by the arbitrage pricing theory and the performance analysis of investment strategies. Beyond finance, the tools developed in this thesis can be applied to any risk assessment (climate risk, governance risk, risk related to the evaluation of rare events such as earthquakes, coronavirus, etc.)
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Rocha, Helder Pita. "A ContribuiÃÃo das Parcelas do Rendimento Domiciliar para Desigualdade de Renda nos EspaÃos Rurais do Nordeste." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3875.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
nÃo hÃA desigualdade de renda no Brasil diminuiu nos Ãltimos anos. DÃvidas, entretanto, pairam sobre a universalizaÃÃo dessa queda em regiÃes ou Ãreas especÃficas, especialmente naquelas onde se verificam elevados Ãndices de analfabetismo, parcela significativa da populaÃÃo à pobre e/ou as oportunidades de empregos sÃo escassas sobretudo para mÃo de obra nÃo qualificada e o consequente fraco desenvolvimento econÃmico, ambiente propÃcio para a mà distribuiÃÃo de renda. Esta pesquisa se propÃs mostrar a evoluÃÃo da desigualdade na distribuiÃÃo da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo Ãndice de Gini e detectar quais foram as parcelas do rendimento mensal domiciliar que contribuÃram para a desigualdade, alÃm de determinar a contribuiÃÃo percentual dos componentes do rendimento domiciliar. Utilizou-se como metodologia a decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Gini em fontes de rendimentos. A base de dados utilizada teve como fonte a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNAD), do perÃodo de 1997 a 2007. O meio rural da RegiÃo Nordeste nÃo metropolitana, do Estado do Cearà e da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza foram as Ãreas de estudo desta pesquisa por se enquadrarem nesse contexto. Os resultados mostraram que a desigualdade de renda caiu, nÃo de forma permanente, na RegiÃo Nordeste. Nos outros dois espaÃos analisados, ela oscilou ao longo do perÃodo sem muitas mudanÃas. As parcelas como Outros Trabalhos, Aposentadorias e PensÃes Oficiais reforÃaram a desigualdade nas trÃs Ãreas geogrÃficas e os programas sociais de transferÃncia de renda aos mais carentes tiveram significativa participaÃÃo nas reduÃÃes contÃnuas do Ãndice de Gini, especialmente no Nordeste rural.
Income inequality in Brazil declined in recent years. Doubts, however, weaken the universalization of this fall in regions or specific areas, especially where there are high rates of illiteracy, a significant portion of the population is poor and / or job opportunities are scarce especially for labor unskilled and the consequent weak economic development, enabling environment for the maldistribution of income. This research aims to show the evolution of inequality in the distribution of household income per capita, measured by the Gini index and to detect what were the shares of household income contributed to inequality, and to determine the percentage contribution of the components of household income. Was used as a methodology to decompose the Gini index of income sources. The database used as a source the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), the period from 1997 to 2007. The rural areas of the Northeast not metropolitan, the State of Cearà and the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza were the areas of this research, since they fit in this context. The results showed that income inequality has fallen, not permanently, in the Northeast. In the other two areas studied, it varied throughout the period without many changes. The plots and Other Works, Retirement and Pensions officials reinforced the inequality in three geographical areas and social programs to transfer income to the poorest countries have had significant participation in the continual reduction of the Gini index, especially in the rural Northeast.
8
Ho, Ki-hiu, and 何其曉. "Extracting real market behavior in complex adaptive systems through minority game." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30163705.
Повний текст джерела
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Jeddi, Yeganeh Armin. "An Equity Analysis of the U.S. Public Transportation System Based on Job Accessibility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84512.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties.
Objective: This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters in the 45 largest MSAs to assess the existing differences in accessibility between Census-defined socioeconomic status (SES) categories.
Method: 2014 Census demographic data were matched to a previously published 2014 dataset of transit job accessibility at the Census Block Group level. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean
job accessibility and SES variables.
Results: The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. Disparities by income are greater than disparities by race. Racial disparities increase by MSA size
and density controlling for income. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of
service.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
In recent years, there has been a shift in focus from encouraging mobility to encouraging accessibility, along with the provision of more sustainable travel options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport). Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters to assess the existing differences in accessibility in terms of income, race, ability to speak English, etc. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.
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V, Popova D. "Applications of the definite integral to economics." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1. Higher mathematics: manual / V. P. Denisiuk, V. M. Bobkov, L. I. Gri¬shina and others. – K. : NAU, 2006. – Part 1. – 268 p.
2. Larson R. College Algebra / R. Larson, R. Hosteller. – Houghton Mifflin, 1997. – 545 p.
3. Mizrahi A. Calculus and Analytic Geometry / A. Mizrahi,
M. Sullivan. – California: Wadsmonth Publishing Company, 1987. – 1083 p.The price of an item determines the supply and the demand for the item. As price increases demand for the item usually falls. Conversely, as the price increases, the quantity producers are willing to supply will increase.
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Man, Mengying, and Meixuan Ren. "Wealth Inequality : Analysis based on 21 EU countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44333.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis is to examine how wealth inequality alters when macroeconomic factors such as housing price index, inflation rate, and minimum wage change. In the theoretical part, the potential connection between some macroeconomic factors and wealth inequality is described through the link of the Lorenz Curve and Pareto distribution. In the empirical part, we analyze the development of wealth inequality in 21 countries from the European Union from 2004 to 2015. The study presents significant evidence that the housing price index is negatively correlated with wealth inequality while similar conclusions cannot be made regarding inflation rate and minimum wage. In this paper, the Gini index is used as a proxy for wealth inequality.
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Ichoku, Hyacinth Ementa. "A distributional analysis of healthcare financing in a developing country : a Nigerian case study applying a decomposable Gini index." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9442.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-282).The policy motivation for this research is primarily to investigate how in the direct absence of significant third-party financing mechanisms and government subsidies, direct purchase of healthcare affects the relative abilities of households to meet their other financial obligations after paying for the cost of health services. In other words, this study aims to analyze the redistributive effect of the direct healthcare financing in Nigeria.
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Ahrlind, Kevin. "Governance and income inequality : A panel data analysis on the relationship between the quality of government and the Gini index." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194009.
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This study investigates the relationship between quality of government and incomeinequality. The purpose of this study is to understand how differences in quality ofgovernment across states affect their income inequalities. By utilizing a theoreticalframework that incorporates Kuznets inverted U-hypothesis, quality of governmentand state capacity, this study argues that a high level of quality of government andstate capacity are essential for states to handle income inequality. The method usedwas a regression analysis using panel data that covers the time period from 1946to 2020. Furthermore, pooled OLS and fixed effects model were used to study therelationship. The results from the pooled OLS showcases that there’s a negativerelationship between quality of government and income inequality. However, whencontrolling for entities by using the fixed effects model the results show a positiverelationship. In addition, an F-test was conducted to find the regression model withthe best fit where the fixed effects model showcased a superior fit to the given dataused in the study. The study suggest that further research should be done on howincome inequality and governance differs depending on the historical onset of thecountries. Moreover, further research on how decentralization or centralization ofpower in a country affects income inequality is suggested.
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Miranda, SÃrgio GonÃalves de. "EvoluÃÃo da desigualdade da distribuiÃÃo de renda no Brasil, grandes regiÃes e estados do nordeste entre 2001 e 2008." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6204.
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nÃo hÃEste trabalho utiliza dados da PNAD para evidenciar o comportamento da desigualdade da distribuiÃÃo de renda nos estados do Nordeste, utilizando como medida o Ãndice de Gini dos anos de 2001 e 2008. Concluiu-se que houve uma melhoria da distribuiÃÃo de renda no Brasil, nas cinco grandes regiÃes do paÃs e nos nove estados do Nordeste nesse perÃodo. Utilizando-se a metodologia proposta por Hoffmann (2006) para decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Gini, foi avaliada a contribuiÃÃo de cada parcela da renda familiar per capita para esta queda do Ãndice de Gini. Estima-se que a grande responsÃvel pela queda da desigualdade foi a renda oriunda do trabalho, com participaÃÃo de 67% na queda do Ãndice no Brasil e 46% no Nordeste. Essa primazia da renda do trabalho ocorreu em cinco estados nordestinos: Rio Grande do Norte (66,92%), Cearà (62,56%), Pernambuco (58,76%), MaranhÃo (43,89%) e Sergipe (34,58%). No Piauà (63,31%) e na Bahia (50,74%), a parcela que contÃm a renda de juros, aplicaÃÃes e transferÃncias oficiais foi a maior responsÃvel pela reduÃÃo da desigualdade de renda. Jà em Alagoas e ParaÃba a maior contribuiÃÃo veio da renda de aposentadorias e pensÃes, com percentual de 119,59% e 60,27%, respectivamente, de participaÃÃo na queda do Ãndice de Gini. Apesar da renda do trabalho ter sido aquela com maior contribuiÃÃo para a queda da concentraÃÃo de renda no Nordeste, nÃo se pode desprezar o peso da renda advinda de juros, aplicaÃÃes e transferÃncias oficiais nesse processo, pois a mÃdia da contribuiÃÃo desta parcela na queda do Gini na regiÃo à mais que o dobro da participaÃÃo nacional. Essa contribuiÃÃo elevada ocorre mesmo com uma participaÃÃo relativamente baixa na formaÃÃo da renda, que atinge o pico de 4,22% da Renda Familiar Per Capita no estado de Alagoas.
This study uses data from the Statistical Officeâs annual national sample survey of Brazil (PNAD) to elucidate inequality of income distribution behavior in the Northeastern states using the Gini index for the years of 2001 and 2008 as standards. It has been concluded that income distribution in Brazil had been improved in the five large country regions and nine Northeastern states in this period. Using the methodology proposed by Hoffmann (2006) to decompose the Gini index, the contribution for each portion of family income per capita for the fall of the Gini index have been evaluated. It has been estimated that the major cause for the drop in inequality was the income from employment contributing 67% in the Brazilian fall and 46% in the Northeastern. This primacy of labor income occurred in five Northeastern states: Rio Grande do Norte (66.92%), Cearà (62.56%), Pernambuco (58.76%), MaranhÃo (43.89%) and Sergipe (34,58%). In Piauà (63.31%) and Bahia (50.74%), the portion that contains interest income, applications and official transfers were the main responsible for the reduction in income inequality. From another standpoint, in Alagoas and in Paraiba the largest contribution came from retirement income, with percentage of 119.59% and 60.27% stake, respectively. Although labor income have been the one with the largest contribution to the fall of income concentration in the Northeast, one can not disregard the weight of income arising from interest, applications and official transfers in the process, since the average contribution of this installment in the fall of the Gini in the region is more than double of national participation. This high contribution occurs even with a relatively low participation in the formation of income, which reaches a peak of 4.22% of family income per capita the state of Alagoas.
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Renfroe, Laura A. "The International iPad Index: Price Variants across Countries and Associated Population Factors." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/731.
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The goal of this research was to determine which population factors were associated with iPad pricing differences across countries. Specifically, this paper measured the relationship between iPad prices in a given country and its U.S. dollar exchange rate, amount of income inequality, Gross Domestic Product per capita, luxury good sales growth, Individualism Index score, and population density. Panel data was collected for the iPad 2, the iPad Retina, and the iPad Mini tablets from 38 countries of varying geographic locations, economic paradigms, and political structures. The pooled data set yielded 114 observations in total. Regressing iPad price as a percent of national average income revealed a positive relationship between price and status consciousness as well as cultural individualism. There existed a negative relationship between iPad price and luxury sales growth. These results indicated that the iPad served as a status symbol with higher demand in countries that promoted individualism and exhibited higher degrees of income inequality.
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Saijeva, Heda. "Segregation and employment in Swedish regions." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15686.
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Immigration to Sweden has increased since Second World War. The immigra-tion pattern has also shifted from labor immigration to refugee immigration. The relative labor market performance of immigrants began to worsen at the end of 1970s. The employment rate among foreign born persons is considera-bly lower than it is among Swedish born persons.Integration of foreign born persons in the areas of education, income and em-ployment varies among FA-regions in Sweden. FA-region means functional analysis region, where you can live and work without having time-wasting trips.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between labor market participation of immigrants and segregation on the regional level.Three indices (Dissimilarity, Isolation and Gini) of segregation are used in or-der to investigate the relationship between segregation and employment level among immigrants. The results show that there exists a negative relationship between these variables. In FA-regions of metropolitan regions in spite of high segregation rate the relationship between segregation and employment rate is slightly weaker, than it is among FA-regions of large city regions. The main conclusion of this study is the regional perspective, the necessity of making this kind of analysis on regional level, not country level.
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Patera, Jan. "Rozhodovací stromy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217653.
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This diploma thesis presents description on several algorithms for decision trees induction and software RapidMiner. The first part of the thesis deals with partition and terminology of decision trees. There’re described all algorithms for decision tree construction in RapidMiner. The second part deals with implementation and comparison of chosen algorithms. The application was developed in C++. Based on the real datesets the comparisson of different algorithms was realized using Rapid Miner 4.0.
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Keating, Karen. "Statistical analysis of pyrosequence data." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14026.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Statistics
Gary L. Gadbury
Since their commercial introduction in 2005, DNA sequencing technologies have become widely available and are now cost-effective tools for determining the genetic characteristics of organisms. While the biomedical applications of DNA sequencing are apparent, these technologies have been applied to many other research areas. One such area is community ecology, in which DNA sequence data are used to identify the presence and abundance of microscopic organisms that inhabit an environment. This is currently an active area of research, since it is generally believed that a change in the composition of microscopic species in a geographic area may signal a change in the overall health of the environment. An overview of DNA pyrosequencing, as implemented by the Roche/Life Science 454 platform, is presented and aspects of the process that can introduce variability in data are identified. Four ecological data sets that were generated by the 454 platform are used for illustration. Characteristics of these data include high dimensionality, a large proportion of zeros (usually in excess of 90%), and nonzero values that are strongly right-skewed. A nonparametric method to standardize these data is presented and effects of standardization on outliers and skewness are examined. Traditional statistical methods for analyzing macroscopic species abundance data are discussed, and the applicability of these methods to microscopic species data is examined. One objective that receives focus is the classification of microscopic species as either rare or common species. This is an important distinction since there is much evidence to suggest that the biological and environmental mechanisms that govern common species are distinctly different than the mechanisms that govern rare species. This indicates that the abundance patterns for common and rare species may follow different probability models, and the suitability of the Pareto distribution for rare species is examined. Techniques for classifying macroscopic species are shown to be ill-suited for microscopic species, and an alternative technique is presented. Recognizing that the structure of the data is similar to that of financial applications (such as insurance claims and the distribution of wealth), the Gini index and other statistics based on the Lorenz curve are explored as potential test statistics for distinguishing rare versus common species.
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Filho, Raimundo Dias Loiola. "Uma anÃlise da importÃncia dos componentes de renda na reduÃÃo de sua desigualdade: um estudo comparativo do Cearà e regiÃes brasileiras." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5749.
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nÃo hÃAo utilizar dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNADs), mostraremos como ocorreram as variaÃÃes na renda domiciliar per capita no Brasil, nas macro-regiÃes brasileiras e no Estado do CearÃ, no interstÃcio comparativo aos anos de 2001 e 2008, contribuindo para a reduÃÃo da desigualdade de renda em nosso paÃs. Em seguida à apresentada a metodologia de decomposiÃÃo das variaÃÃes dos Ãndices de Gini, quando a renda à estudada atravÃs das principais vertentes de sua constituiÃÃo. Essa metodologia identifica as seguintes clÃusulas: os rendimentos de todos os trabalhos, incluindo salÃrios e remuneraÃÃo de trabalhadores por conta prÃpria e empregados; os rendimentos de aluguel e doaÃÃes feitas por pessoas de outros domicÃlios; as aposentadorias e pensÃes pagas pelo governo federal ou por instituto de previdÃncia, assim como outras aposentadorias e pensÃes; e os valores que incluem juros,dividendos,transferÃncias de programas oficiais como o Bolsa FamÃlia ou renda mÃnima e outros rendimentos. Para o Ãndice de Gini, estima-se que no perÃodo analisado os rendimentos de todos os trabalhos, incluindo salÃrios e remuneraÃÃo de trabalhadores por conta prÃpria e empregados, foram decisivos atravÃs da participaÃÃo constitutiva da renda familiar per capita no Brasil, nas macro-regiÃes brasileiras e no Estado do CearÃ. Observamos, por fim, que os efeitos dos programas de transferÃncias de renda, por exemplo, Bolsa FamÃlia, mantivera-se em grande parte responsÃvel pela reduÃÃo da pobreza especificamente nas regiÃes do Nordeste, Norte e Centro-oeste do Brasil o que nÃo fora o caso para as regiÃes Sul e Sudeste do paÃs.
Using data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), we show how the variations occurred in income per capita in Brazil, the Brazilian macro-regions and the state of Ceara in the interstitium comparison to the years 2001 and 2008, contributing to reduction of income inequality in our country. Then presents the methodology of decomposition of changes in the Gini index, when income is studied through key aspects of its constitution. This methodology identifies the following terms: income from all jobs, including salaries and remuneration of own-account workers and employees, income from rent and donations by people from other households, pensions and pensions paid by the federal government or by institute pension, and other retirement and pensions, and the values that include interest, dividends, transfers of public programs such as Bolsa Familia or minimal income and other income. For the Gini coefficient, it is estimated that the period under review income from all jobs, including salaries and remuneration of own-account workers and employees, through participation were decisive constituent of household income per capita in Brazil, the macroregions and the Brazilian state of Ceara. We note finally that the effects of income transfer programs, for example, Bolsa Familia, it remained largely responsible for the reduction of poverty especially in the regions of Northeast, North and Midwest of Brazil, that was the case to the South and Southeast.
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Lernic, Carolina de Almeida. "Condicionantes da distribuição de renda e da pobreza no Brasil nas décadas de 1960 a 2000." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9246.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-06This study aimed to conduct a study on the main variables that influence poverty and income concentration, and through these data, compared the main policies implemented, between the decades from 1960 to 2010, which eased or worsened these issues in Brazil. Were taken as basic social indicators as Gini Index, Poverty Line, Wages, Employment index. Viewing a successive overview of three decades - 1960, 1970 and 1980 - it is concluded that there were times in which an improvement in income distribution and poverty was real, in 1970, for example, however, due to the fragility of the Brazilian economy, this situation could not be sustained for long. In an overview, the Real Plan promoted the resumption of economic growth, through the control of inflation. However, it is mainly in the 2000s, that displaying major improvements in the levels of concentration of wealth and poverty
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo acerca das principais variáveis que influenciam a pobreza e a concentração de renda, e por meio desses dados, comparou as principais políticas implementadas, entre as décadas de 1960 a 2010, que amenizaram ou agravaram estas questões no Brasil. Foram tomados como base indicadores sociais como Índice de Gini, Linha da Pobreza, Salário Mínimo, índice de Emprego. Visualizando um panorama sucessivo das três décadas 1960, 1970 e 1980 conclui-se que houve momentos nos quais uma melhoria na distribuição de renda e na pobreza foi real, em 1970, por exemplo, porém, em função da fragilidade da economia brasileira, essa situação não pôde ser sustentada por muito tempo. Em um panorama geral, o Plano Real promoveu a retomada do crescimento econômico, via controle da inflação. Porém, é principalmente, na década de 2000, que são visualizadas grandes melhorias nos níveis de concentração de renda e de pobreza
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Xi, Xiaochuan. "A Study on China's Income Inequality and the Relationship with Economic Growth." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3749.
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The purpose of this paper is to study China’s income inequality under rapid economic growth.Does the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in China follow theKuznets hypothesis? What is the main cause and trend of China’s income inequality? We usedata which covers the period 1980-2005 to analyze the overall inequality, and data coveringthe period 1980-2002 to analyze the inequality inside rural and urban areas. The derivedresults doubt the validity of Kuznets hypothesis on explaining the relationship betweeneconomic growth and income inequality in China. Also we derive the trend of China’sincreased income inequality and find that the urban-rural income disparity is the main causeof China’s income inequality.
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Jamal, Mahmoud, and Omar Sayal. "The Puzzle between Economic Growth and Income Inequality." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23650.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation between income inequality and economic growth in a cross-section of 90 countries from 2002 to 2006. The controversial Kuznets Hypothesis, the economic model that hypothesizes the relationship between inequality and per capita income is an inverted U-shaped curve, is scrutinized and investigated to consider its viability and accuracy. A multiple linear regression model is estimated and the viability of the regression model is supported by several statistical tests. Based on the estimated model, a negative correlation between growth and inequality has been found.
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Pedroso, Ledi Cerdote. "POLÍTICA ECONÔMICA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA RENDA: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE BRASIL E CHILE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9739.
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The development of the capitalism, in Brazil and Chile, deeply was marked by the process of concentration of the income and the wealth. With the evolution of this social system diverse theories they had been appearing aiming at to explain the origins and causes of this phenomenon. Between these theories, the marxist and the estruturalist present more
adequate arguments to understand the economic and social formation of these countries, as well as the current distributive situation. The objective of the research is to discourse on the main impacts of the economic policies on the distribution of the income in both the countries. One searchs for intermediary of a bibliographical revision and analysis statistics of the main economic and social pointers to understand this process since respective regimes military. In
Brazil of 1960 the 1990, a constant rise in the income concentration was observed and, from 1990, with the adoption of neoliberal politics, this conjuncture did not it if modified. Thus being, it was verified that as much in periods of height in the economic growth how much in periods of economic contraction the phenomenon of the income concentration was always present in the Brazilian society. The Chilean experience is a little different, therefore this
country between 1970/1973 it lived deeply a period of great social transformations, with significant improvements in the distribution of the income, this process was ephemeral, since
in 1973 the military blow occurs, this regimen is extended up to 1989 provoking significant alterations in the economic and social structure of the country, of which intensified the
process of concentration of the income. From 1990, Chile adopted democracy again, thus the governmental authorities comes back to be worried about the social matters. However
the structure of the distribution of the income did not present alterations. Equally, one evidenced that the implemented economic policies had had fort influence in the distribution of
the income, special orthodox and the neoliberal ones that had aggravated the distributive situation still more.O desenvolvimento do capitalismo, no Brasil e no Chile, foi profundamente marcado pelo processo de concentração da renda e da riqueza. Com a evolução desse sistema social foram surgindo diversas teorias, visando explicar as origens e causas desse fenômeno. Entre essas teorias a marxista e a estruturalista apresentam argumentações mais adequadas para compreender a formação econômica e social desses países, bem como a atual situação distributiva. O objetivo da pesquisa é discorrer sobre os principais impactos das políticas econômicas sobre a distribuição da renda em ambos os países. Busca-se por intermédio de uma revisão bibliográfica e análise estatística dos principais indicadores econômicos e sociais compreender esse processo, desde os respectivos regimes militares. No Brasil, de 1960 a 1990, observou-se uma constante elevação na concentração de renda e, a partir de 1990, com a adoção de políticas neoliberais, esse quadro não se alterou. Assim sendo, verificou-se que, tanto em períodos de auge no crescimento econômico quanto em períodos de recessão econômica, o fenômeno da concentração de renda esteve sempre presente na sociedade brasileira. A experiência chilena é um pouco diferente, pois esse país, entre 1970/1973, vivenciou um período de grandes transformações sociais, com melhoras significativas na distribuição da renda. Este processo foi efêmero, visto que em 1973 ocorreu o golpe militar. O referido regime estendeu-se até 1989, provocando significativas alterações na estrutura econômica e social do país, do qual intensificou o processo de concentração da renda. A partir de 1990 o Chile adotou novamente a democracia. Assim, as autoridades governamentais voltaram a preocupar-se com as questões sociais. Entretanto, a estrutura da distribuição da renda não apresentou alterações. Igualmente, constatou-se que as políticas econômicas implementadas tiveram forte influência na distribuição da renda, em especial as ortodoxas e neoliberais, que agravaram ainda mais a situação distributiva.
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Andrade, Pedro Henrique Portela de. "Concentração geográfica de ocupações: uma análise do caso brasileiro." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1513.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo da dissertação é analisar os determinantes da concentração geográfica ocupacional no Brasil, com destaque para o papel do conteúdo tecnológico neste contexto. A característica marcante da geografia econômica atual é a concentração dos agentes econômicos em regiões específicas dentro dos espaços nacionais. Desta forma, tendo em vista a disparidade na concentração dos agentes econômicos, o avanço das mudanças territoriais, a complexidade de novos processos de produção e reestruturação do espaço econômico-geográfico, estudar estes padrões de concentração ocupacional torna-se relevante do ponto de vista do crescimento, planejamento, gestão pública e desenvolvimento das regiões. A concentração geográfica das atividades econômicas pela ótica das ocupações fornece uma maneira diferente dentro da literatura de se olhar para o fenômeno. Sendo assim, a identificação e análise dos determinantes da concentração geográfica das ocupações em regiões metropolitanas são feitas tendo como base o amplo painel de dados provenientes da Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). Estes dados são disponibilizados pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) e permitem identificar entre os indivíduos, sua ocupação, sua região metropolitana, o setor industrial em que está empregado e tamanho da empresa que o emprega. Adicionalmente, incorpora-se ao painel os dados relativos à intensidade de conhecimento tecnológico de cada ocupação, oriundos do trabalho de Rodrigues (2006). A metodologia envolve estimações considerando efeitos não observados para o painel de 2003 a 2008. Os resultados das estimações confirmaram a importância da distribuição das indústrias nas regiões metropolitanas assim como do nível tecnológico ocupacional para a concentração geográfica das ocupações.
The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants of Brazil's geographic occupational concentration, with emphasis on the role of technological content in this context. The most remarkable characteristic in the current economic geography is the concentration of economic agents in specific regions within national spaces. In view of the disparity in terms of concentration between economic agents, advance of territorial changes, complexity of new processes of production and restructuration of geographic-economic space, studying these patterns of occupational concentration becomes relevant from the point of view of these regions’ growth, planning, public management and development. The geographic concentration of economic activities from an occupational perspective gives us a different way inside the literature to understand this phenomenon. Thus, the identification and analysis of the determinants of geographic concentration in metropolitan regions’ occupations are made while taking a large panel data from the Annual Social Information’s Report (RAIS) as basis. This data is made available by the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) and allows the identification between individuals, their occupations, metropolitan region, industrial sector in which they’re employed and the size of firms which hired them. Furthermore, it embodies in the panel the data relative to the intensity of technological knowledge of each occupation using data from Rodrigues (2006). The methodology employed considers in its estimations the presence of non-observable effects for a panel from 2003 to 2008. The results of these estimations confirm the importance of indust ries’ distribution in metropolitan regions as well as the technological occupational level for the occupation’s geographic concentration.
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Pereira, Neto Claudeci. "O Espírito Santo nos anos 90: uma análise do desenvolvimento econômico e humano através do índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal ajustado." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5997.
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-08A inserção do estado do Espírito Santo no capitalismo, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, condicionou o cenário sócioeconômico da década de 90, no final do século XX. Nesse ambiente, destacam-se a concentração da atividade econômica e populacional em poucos municípios, especialmente nos da Região Metropolitana de Vitória. Contudo, eram nesses municípios que se concentravam também os problemas sociais. Numa análise geral, o IDHM-R melhorou significativamente entre os Censos de 1991 e 2000. No início da década 60 municípios estavam na categoria baixo-médio; em 2000, eram apenas três. Entretanto, 35 municípios, onde residiam mais de 73% da população, obtiveram aumento na concentração de renda. Pode-se afirmar que houve desenvolvimento econômico no estado nos anos 1990, pelo menos em grande parte dos municípios; contudo, verifica-se um efeito nocivo ao bem-estar social. Quanto ao IDHMA, grande parte dos municípios capixabas enquadrava-se na faixa de médio desenvolvimento humano, e nenhum se encontrava na categoria de alto desenvolvimento. A região Norte, acima do rio Doce, possuía os piores indicadores de desenvolvimento em razão das especificidades da história socioeconômica da região. A maioria dos municípios com melhores IDHMA estava próximo à Colatina, Cachoeiro do Itapemirim e numa faixa litorânea que partia de Aracruz até Piúma.
The involvement of the state of Espirito Santo in capitalism, as much at the national as well as the international level, determined the socioeconomic scene of the 1990s, at the end of 2oth century. In this environment, there was a clear concentration of economic and population activity in few cities councils, especially the ones within the Metropolitan Region of Vitoria. However, in these cities there was a corresponding concentration of social problems. In a general analysis, between the Censuses of 1991 and 2000 the IDHM-R improved significantly. At the beginning of the decade 60 cities councils were in the below average category; by 2000 there were only three. Nevertheless, 35 cities councils, where 73% of the population used to live, had gained an increase in income. It can be affirmed that there had been economic development in the state in the 1990s, at least to a large extent within the cities; however, a detrimental effect on social welfare is verified. As for the IDHMA, large part of Espirito Santo cities councils was fitted in the medium human development, and none in the category of high development. In the North region, above the Rio Doce, had the worse indicator of development in reason of particular socioeconomic history of the region. The majority of the cities with better IDHMA were next to the Colatina, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim and on the coast line from Aracruz until Piúma.
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Nogueira, Jos? Jorge Meschiatti. "A exclus?o social no mercado da informa??o no Brasil na d?cada de 1990." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2004. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/837.
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Previous issue date: 2004-02-17This dissertation describes the connection of Information Science with Economics in the environment of social exclusion, outlining the historical scenario of these two sciences. It inserts the economic environment of social and information exclusion in a context, and classifies them under various denominations provided by literature. Finally, it applies the empiric methodology based on econometric, which uses data from technical magazines and books, provided by IBGE, through Family Budget Research Pesquisa de Or?amento Familiar (POF). In order to do so, it takes as an evolution comparative basis the 1987 and 1996 POF results, in which it is focused from several perspectives the distribution and concentration of information under the income and education viewpoints. It measures the consumption patterns of the wealthier and poorer levels, as well as the education levels.
Esta disserta??o retrata a liga??o da Ci?ncia da Informa??o com a Economia no ambiente da exclus?o social, tra?ando um panorama hist?rico do encontro destas duas ci?ncias. Contextualiza o ambiente econ?mico da exclus?o social e informacional, conceituando-as sob as diversas denomina??es fornecidas na literatura. Por fim, aplica metodologia emp?rica baseada na econometria, utilizando-se dos dados de consumo de livros e revistas t?cnicas, fornecidos pelo IBGE, por interm?dio da sua Pesquisa de Or?amento Familiar (POF). Para tanto, toma como base comparativa de evolu??o a POF de 1987 e a de 1996, enfocando sob diversos aspectos a distribui??o e concentra??o de informa??o sob a ?tica da renda e da instru??o, na mensura??o das diferen?as de consumo entre os estratos mais ricos e os mais pobres, os mais instru?dos e os menos instru?dos.
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Бакун, Сабіна Антонівна. "Система оцінки кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб з використанням методів регресійного аналізу". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/23984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Магістерська дисертація: 107 с., 32 рис., 32 табл., 5 додатків, 19 джерел.
Актуальність теми: в Україні бурхливо зростає ринок споживчого кредитування. Проте, разом з цим, зростає і кількість неповернених кредитів, що наносить досить великі збитки банківським установам. Таким чином, розробка та застосування систем оцінки кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб у процесі прийняття рішення щодо видачі кредиту є актуальними на сьогоднішній день.
Мета даної роботи полягає у дослідженні та вдосконаленні існуючих методик побудови скорингових моделей та розробці системи підтримки прийняття рішень для оцінювання кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб з використанням методу логістичної регресії.
Об’єктом дослідження є набір статистичних даних щодо наданих банком споживчих кредитів фізичним особам.
Методи дослідження: метод логістичної регресії, метод максимальної правдоподібності, метод градієнтного спуску, операції над матрицями.
Програмний продукт реалізований за допомогою мови програмування С# у середовищі розробки Microsoft Visual Studio 2012. Для порівняльного аналізу отриманих результатів були побудовані моделі у вигляді дерев рішень і скорингової карти в системі SAS Enterprise Miner.
Отримані результати: розроблено систему підтримки прийняття рішень для прогнозування кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб з використанням методу логістичної регресії та методу максимальної правдоподібності. Запропоновано спосіб використання категоріальних даних в регресійних моделях.Theme: “System for evaluating the solvency of individuals using regression analysis methods”. Master's thesis explanatory note: 107 p., 32 fig., 32 tab., 5 appendices, 19 sources. Actuality: the consumer lending market is growing rapidly in Ukraine. However, along with this, the number of unreturned loans is increasing, which causes quite large losses to banking institutions. Thus, the development and application of systems for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals in the process of making a decision on the issuance of a loan are actual for today. The purpose of this work is to study and improve existing methods of constructing scoring models and to develop a decision support system for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals using the method of logistic regression. The object of the study is a set of statistical data on consumer loans provided by the bank to individuals. Methods of research: logistic regression method, maximum likelihood method, gradient descent method, operations on matrices. The software product was implemented using the C# programming language in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 development environment. For a comparative analysis of the results were built models as decision trees and scorecard in the SAS Enterprise Miner system. Obtained results: a decision support system was developed for predicting the creditworthiness of individuals using the logistic regression method and the maximum likelihood method. The method of using categorical data in regression models is proposed.
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Melo, Maria Renata Bezerra. "Rendimentos e desigualdades de renda no Brasil no periíodo 2004-2012: a contribuição da renda do trabalho da mulher na redução da desigualdade." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5019.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-11Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aimed to evaluate the contribution of wage income of women in household income and their impact on reducing income inequality in household income per capita in Brazil and in the macro-regions. The database used was the National Sample Survey (PNAD), in the period 2004-2012. To achieve this purpose will be used methodologies for decomposing the Gini index on elements of income proposed by Kakwani, Wagstaff and Doorslaer (1997), as well as the methodology of decomposition of the change in the Gini index, the effect of composition and concentration-effect developed by Hoffmann (2006) and Soares (2006), from the decomposition proposed by Shorrocks (1982). The methodology of Kakwani, Wagstaff and Doorslaer (1997) provides the standard errors, allowing the construction of confidence intervals, being feasible, therefore verify whether changes in inequality were either not statistically significant. The results show that while in the Southeast, South and Midwest the changes from 2004 to 2012 working on the components of man, public welfare and women's work, mainly on the issue of devolution of these budgets were greatly responsible for the fall of Brazilian inequality in the Northeast and North, the income of the Bolsa Família program played a crucial role, especially through - composition effect. Such findings reinforce the importance of economic policies aimed at decentralization of labor income, including income in the context of women's work, as this has a very significant share of income of the households and their dynamics reflects, more significantly, the trajectory towards a less unequal society in terms of monetary income.
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição dos rendimentos salariais da mulher na renda domiciliar e o impacto desses rendimentos na redução da desigualdade da renda domiciliar per capita no Brasil e nas macrorregiões. A base de dados utilizada foi a da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), no período de 2004 a 2012. Para atingir este objetivo, foram utilizadas as metodologias de decomposição do índice de Gini em parcelas do rendimento proposta por Kakwani, Wagstaff e Doorslaer (1997), assim como a metodologia de decomposição da mudança no índice de Gini por efeito-composição e efeito-concentração desenvolvida por Hoffmann (2006) e Soares (2006), a partir da decomposição proposta por Shorrocks (1982). A metodologia de Kakwani, Wagstaff e Doorslaer (1997) proporciona os erros-padrão, possibilitando a construção de intervalos de confiança, sendo exequível, consequentemente, verificar se as mudanças na desigualdade foram ou não estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados apontam que enquanto no Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste as mudanças ocorridas de 2004 a 2012 nos componentes trabalho do homem, previdência pública e trabalho da mulher, principalmente na questão da desconcentração destas rendas, foram as grandes responsáveis pela queda da desigualdade brasileira, no Nordeste e no Norte, a renda do Programa Bolsa Família teve um papel crucial, principalmente através do efeito-composição. Tais achados reforçam a importância de políticas econômicas visando a desconcentração da renda proveniente do trabalho, incluindo no contexto a renda do trabalho da mulher, já que esta tem uma participação bastante significativa na renda dos domicílios e sua dinâmica reflete, de maneira expressiva, a trajetória rumo a uma sociedade menos desigual em termos de rendimentos monetários.
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Diarra, Ibrahim. "Dynamique de la pauveté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD003/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La notion de pauvreté a fait l’objet de nombreux débats à travers le monde. Les premières analyses ont mis l’accent sur le caractère unidimensionnel basé essentiellement sur une approche monétaire (revenu ou dépense de consommation). C’est à la faveur des travaux de certains auteurs, tels que Townsend et Sen, que le caractère multidimensionnel est mis en lumière, au regard de la difficulté de quantification de certaines variables qui traduisaient l’idée de manque. l ressort des nombreuses études empiriques que le secteur rural reste le secteur le plus touché par le phénomène de pauvreté.Dans le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire, la pauvreté reste également un phénomène rural et la plupart des études réalisées se sont focalisées sur l’approche monétaire. Cette étude aborde l’analyse de la pauvreté en se focalisant sur le milieu rural agricole et appréhende le phénomène de la pauvreté à partir de trois (03) approches : (i) monétaire ; (ii) privation relative et (iii) patrimoine.Les résultats montrent que la pauvreté reste importante dans ce secteur avec un taux plus élevé pour l’indicateur de privation relative. En outre, il existe une inégalité monétaire plus importante que les autres types de pauvreté quel que soit l’année (2002 et 2008).L’identification des facteurs explicatifs de l’appartenance ou non à la classe des pauvres, montre que les variables liées au genre, au type de religion et à la classe d’âge sont les plus communes aux différentes années et aux différentes approches.Sur la base des résultats obtenus, les recommandations suivantes sont formulées : (i) à l’endroit du gouvernement ivoirien, utiliser les approches monétaires et non-monétaires dans les prochaines analyses sur la pauvreté en Côte d’Ivoire ; mettre l’accent sur la construction de nouvelles infrastructures et l’achat de nouveaux équipements ; améliorer la communication relatives aux actions du gouvernement ; renforcer les capacités des producteurs en matière d’utilisation d’intrants améliorés et d’outils pertinents ; (ii) à l’endroit des producteurs agricoles, adopter les technologies et techniques agricoles et des intrants de qualité, accepter d’adhérer à des entreprises coopératives ; (iii) à l’endroit des coopératives, il faut rechercher des débouchés pour ses membres, négocier de meilleures rémunérations des productions agricoles, transformer les agriculteurs en véritables entrepreneurs agricolesThe notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d’Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into real agricultural entrepreneurs
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Seck, Djamal. "Arbres de décisions symboliques, outils de validations et d'aide à l'interprétation." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nous proposons dans cette thèse la méthode STREE de construction d'arbres de décision avec des données symboliques. Ce type de données permet de caractériser des individus de niveau supérieur qui peuvent être des classes ou catégories d’individus ou des concepts au sens des treillis de Galois. Les valeurs des variables, appelées variables symboliques, peuvent être des ensembles, des intervalles ou des histogrammes. Le critère de partitionnement récursif est une combinaison d'un critère par rapport aux variables explicatives et d'un critère par rapport à la variable à expliquer. Le premier critère est la variation de la variance des variables explicatives. Quand il est appliqué seul, STREE correspond à une méthode descendante de classification non supervisée. Le second critère permet de construire un arbre de décision. Il s'agit de la variation de l'indice de Gini si la variable à expliquer est nominale et de la variation de la variance si la variable à expliquer est continue ou bien est une variable symbolique. Les données classiques sont un cas particulier de données symboliques sur lesquelles STREE peut aussi obtenir de bons résultats. Il en ressort de bonnes performances sur plusieurs jeux de données UCI par rapport à des méthodes classiques de Data Mining telles que CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP et SVM. STREE permet également la construction d'ensembles d'arbres de décision symboliques soit par bagging soit par boosting. L'utilisation de tels ensembles a pour but de pallier les insuffisances liées aux arbres de décisions eux-mêmes et d'obtenir une décision finale qui est en principe plus fiable que celle obtenue à partir d'un arbre uniqueIn this thesis, we propose the STREE methodology for the construction of decision trees with symbolic data. This data type allows us to characterize individuals of higher levels which may be classes or categories of individuals or concepts within the meaning of the Galois lattice. The values of the variables, called symbolic variables, may be sets, intervals or histograms. The criterion of recursive partitioning is a combination of a criterion related to the explanatory variables and a criterion related to the dependant variable. The first criterion is the variation of the variance of the explanatory variables. When it is applied alone, STREE acts as a top-down clustering methodology. The second criterion enables us to build a decision tree. This criteron is expressed as the variation of the Gini index if the dependant variable is nominal, and as the variation of the variance if thedependant variable is continuous or is a symbolic variable. Conventional data are a special case of symbolic data on which STREE can also get good results. It has performed well on multiple sets of UCI data compared to conventional methodologies of Data Mining such as CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP and SVM. The STREE methodology also allows for the construction of ensembles of symbolic decision trees either by bagging or by boosting. The use of such ensembles is designed to overcome shortcomings related to the decisions trees themselves and to obtain a finaldecision that is in principle more reliable than that obtained from a single tree
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Číž, Bronislav. "Progresivita daně z příjmů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diploma thesis is focused on the distribution of non-taxable items, respectively their impact on the distribution of the income or tax base between diverse income groups in the Czech Republic. The aim of the empirical research was to measure redistributional effects of total and particular non-taxable items by various income inequality metrics.
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Hansén, Jacob, and Axel Gustafsson. "A Study on Comparison Websites in the Airline Industry and Using CART Methods to Determine Key Parameters in Flight Search Conversion." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This bachelor thesis in applied mathematics and industrial engineering and management aimed to identify relationships between search parameters in flight comparison search engines and the exit conversion rate, while also investigating how the emergence of such comparison search engines has impacted the airline industry. To identify such relationships, several classification models were employed in conjunction with several sampling methods to produce a predictive model using the program R. To investigate the impact of the emergence of comparison websites, Porter's 5 forces and a SWOT - analysis were employed to analyze findings of a literature study and a qualitative interview. The classification models developed performed poorly with regards to several assessments metrics which suggested that there were little to no significance in the relationship between the search parameters investigated and exit conversion rate. Porter's 5 forces and the SWOT-analysis suggested that the competitive landscape of the airline industry has become more competitive and that airlines which do not manage to adapt to this changing market environment will experience decreasing profitability.Detta kandidatexamensarbete inriktat på tillämpad matematik och industriell ekonomi syftade till att identifiera samband mellan sökparametrar från flygsökmotorer och konverteringsgraden för utträde till ett flygbolags hemsida, och samtidigt undersöka hur uppkomsten av flygsökmotorer har påverkat flygindustrin för flygbolag. För att identifiera sådana samband, tillämpades flera klassificeringsmodeller tillsammans med stickprovsmetoder för att bygga en predikativ modell i programmet R. För att undersöka påverkan av flygsökmotorer tillämpades Porters 5 krafter och SWOT-analys som teoretiska ramverk för att analysera information uppsamlad genom en litteraturstudie och en intervju. Klassificeringsmodellerna som byggdes presterade undermåligt med avseende på flera utvärderingsmått, vilket antydde att det fanns lite eller inget samband mellan de undersökta sökparametrarna och konverteringsgraden för utträde. Porters 5 krafter och SWOT-analysen visade att flygindustrin hade blivit mer konkurrensutsatt och att flygbolag som inte lyckas anpassa sig efter en omgivning i ändring kommer att uppleva minskande lönsamhet.
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Trávníčková, Jana. "Komparace redistribuce příjmů prostřednictvím dávek státní sociální podpory v České republice a Velké Británii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72724.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis is focused on the exploration of income inequality among citizens of the Czech Republic and Great Britain. It is a comparison that evaluates the state income redistribution through state social support benefits. It provides information, in which country exists greater income inequality in income distribution among households and whether the income inequality among the citizens decreased due to the payment of these benefits or not. The theoretical parts of the work are devoted to explanation of basic terms (such as income redistribution, instruments of redistribution, relationship between social policy and redistribution) and tools for measuring income inequality (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Robin Hood index, Interquintile share ratio S80/S20). The text also describes the various state social support benefits of both countries. The main research section contains calculations and graphical representations of all the above mentioned indicators. The final values are compared and the results are summarized.
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Svoboda, Pavel. "Metody klasifikace www stránek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236643.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main goal of this master's thesis was to study the main principles of classification methods. Basic principles of knowledge discovery process, data mining and using an external class CSSBox are described. Special attantion was paid to implementation of a ,,k-nearest neighbors`` classification method. The first objective of this work was to create training and testing data described by 'n' attributes. The second objective was to perform experimental analysis to determine a good value for 'k', the number of neighbors.
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Lazar, Stefan-Alexandru. "Quantitative Easing and its impact on wealth inequality." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis is to show how the unconventional monetary policy rounds of Quantitative Easing introduced in the United States between 2008 and 2014 have led to an increase in wealth inequality. The need for the thesis arises due to the uncharted nature of QE and because of more and more information is surfacing to light which points to this connection. By analysing the distribution of these funds and adding it to the then base distribution of money supply, this study was able to determine a significant 10 % increase in the Gini Index. Furthermore it highlights how a large portion of wealth was transferred from the middle class over to the top 5 % income households. Starting from a set of assumptions the calculation is performed by extrapolating the data required and by isolating the system from any external variables. The result is a theoretical model meant to describe the mechanism that links Quantitative Easing to wealth inequality. Moreover a detailed comparison is provided with the effect of a conventional monetary policy such as Open-Market Operations. Finally solutions to this issue are being discussed from economical, political and fiscal standpoints.
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A-iyeh, Enoch. "Voronoi tessellation quality: applications in digital image analysis." A-iyeh E., Peters, J.F, Proximal Groupoid Patterns in Digital Images, Computing Research Repository: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A measure of the quality of Voronoi tessellations resulting from various mesh
generators founded on feature-driven models is introduced in this work. A planar
tessellation covers an image with polygons of various shapes and sizes. Tessellations
have potential utility due to their geometry and the opportunity to derive useful
information from them for object recognition, image processing and classification.
Problem domains including images are generally feature-endowed, non-random
domains. Generators modeled otherwise may easily guarantee quality of meshes
but certainly bear no reference to features of the meshed problem domain. They
are therefore unsuitable in point pattern identification, characterization and subsequently
the study of meshed regions. We therefore found generators on features of the problem domain. This provides a basis for element quality studies and improvement based on quality criteria. The resulting polygonal meshes tessellating an n-dimensional digital image into convex regions are of varying element qualities.
Given several types of mesh generating sets, a measure of overall solution quality is
introduced to determine their effectiveness. Given a tessellation of general and mixed
shapes, this presents a challenge in quality improvement. The Centroidal Voronoi
Tessellation (CVT) technique is developed for quality improvement and guarantees
of mixed, general-shaped elements and to preserve the validity of the tessellations.
Mesh quality indicators and entropies introduced are useful for pattern studies, analysis,
recognition and assessing information. Computed features of tessellated spaces are explored for image information content assessment and cell processing to expose
detail using information theoretic methods. Tessellated spaces also furnish information
on pattern structure and organization through their quality distributions.
Mathematical and theoretical results obtained from these spaces help in understanding
Voronoi diagrams as well as for their successful applications. Voronoi diagrams
expose neighbourhood relations between pattern units. Given this realization, the
foundation of near sets is developed for further applications.February 2017
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Mokoena, Temeki Daniel. "A critical analysis of community-driven development projects aimed at poverty alleviation in Evaton West / by Temeki Daniel Mokoena." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2416.
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Krčmářová, Simona. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Rakousku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201848.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This master´s thesis compares a taxation of employment in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The effective tax rate and the effective rate of the total burden employee analyzes the tax burden on emplyee for various types of taxpayers. The next chapter examines the interval progressivity of taxes in both states and it evaluates, for which taxpayers a degree of progressivity of the income tax is the most sensitive. Lorenz curve before and after taxation in the last chapter shows the distribution of income between employees and the impact of taxation in order to redistribute the income in society. Coefficients compiled from the Lorenz curve for the Czech Republic and Austria quantify the degree of income redistribution through a progressive income tax.
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Malá, Hana. "Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v České republice a v Německu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this master thesis is comparing the taxation of income of employees in the Czech Republic and Germany. The theoretical part is focused on describing the taxation of income of employees in both analyzed states. This part also includes an explanation of the social insurance system in both countries. The empirical part of thesis oncentrates on a comparison between the tax burden of Czech and German employees among various income groups and various taxpayer. The tax burden is then compared with the effective tax rate. The final section of this thesis compares values of redistribution indicators, such as indicators of interval and global progressivity (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.
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Štáhl, Jiří. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a ve Švédsku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this master thesis is comparison of the tax burden of Czech a Swedish employees. The first part describes tax systems of both analyzed states focusing on the taxation of income from employment according to the 2016 legislation in order to successfully perform the calculations in the following sections. The second, practical part is dedicated to the comparison of selected indicators. It consists of two parts. The first is focused on the calculation of average effective tax rate for various income groups and various types of taxpayers. The next part compares values of redistribution indicators, which are interval and global progressivity indicators (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient). The final section is devoted to the comparison of conclusions of this thesis with conclusions of thesis with similar subject, that have been successfully defended.
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Ostrowska, Alicja. "War is Peace : A Study of Relationship Between Gender Equality and Peacefulness of a State." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the previous studies, the hypothesis of this research is that the higher the level of gender equality in a state, the higher level of its peacefulness. It is a quantitative study using linear regression analysis with three variables, namely Global Peace Index (GPI) as a dependent variable, Gender Inequality Index (GII) as an independent variable and Human Development Index (HDI) as a control variable. The data of 139 states from year 2013 were submitted into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The result shows a significant and positive linear relationship between gender inequality and a high level of conflict, which confirms the hypothesis. However, HDI shows to be less reliable as a control variable due to issues with multicollinearity (heavily related independent variables). Further studies should replace the HDI with another control variable.
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Cai, You-Ci, and 蔡祐其. "Gini index in Applicable Analysis Model." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78065732766668431996.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士僑光科技大學
資訊科技研究所
101
In current society, data plays an important part in all kind of industry. The technique such as Data Mining has developed and matured as well as the amount of data to process. Therefore, during the process, the number of columns and attribute of database table has increased. This means analysis and get valuable information out of the large volume of data is one of important subject currently facing. In recent year, information technology does not mean simply store it, process it and pass it; turning data into useful information and knowledge is more important. In this paper, Data mining Gini index algorithm will be used against data, hoping to find the attribute selection efficiency to provide decision maker and relevant personnel as reference. The purpose of this study is to understand the data mining, the Gini index algorithm and information gain for the decision tree to establish procedures and use to explore the value of the decision tree fields and properties how to cut samples between the field and the field has the orderrelationship, so that stakeholders engaged in data mining or demand to understand the data field attribute value cut and applied in the decision-making purposes. Keywords: Information Gain,Data Mining, Gini Index
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Huang, Yu-Chieh, and 黃鈺傑. "A discretization algorithm based on Class-Attribute Gini Index." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87635052819170769138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士淡江大學
數學學系碩士班
100
Due to the information age and the rapid development of Internet, the amount of data grows rapidly. Thus, the research topic nowadays focuses on how to capture valuable information among a large amount of data efficiently. The majority of machine learning algorithms can be applied only to data described by discrete numerical or nominal attributes, but continuous attribute data is the most common form of data. Discretization algorithm can divide a continuous attribute’s values into a finite number of intervals and simplify the complexity of data. It not only makes us easier to understand the distribution and characteristic of data, but ends the restriction of machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we propose CAGI(Class-Attribute Gini Index) discretization algorithm and compare with CAIM(Class-Attribute Interdependence Maximization) discretization algorithm and CACC(Class-Attribute Contingency Coefficient) discretization algorithm. The result of experiment shows that in some dataset, CAGI discretization algorithm not only discretizes the data more correctly, but improves the accuracy of classification.
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Vourdas, Apostolos. "Uncertainty relations in terms of the Gini index for finite quantum systems." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YesLorenz values and the Gini index are popular quantities in Mathematical Economics, and are used here in the context of quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert space. They quantify the uncertainty in the probability distribution related to an orthonormal basis. It is shown that Lorenz values are superadditive functions and the Gini indices are subadditive functions. The supremum over all density matrices of the sum of the two Gini indices with respect to position and momentum states is used to define an uncertainty coefficient which quantifies the uncertainty in the quantum system. It is shown that the uncertainty coefficient is positive, and an upper bound for it is given. Various examples demonstrate these ideas.
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Hsu, Wan-jane, and 徐婉禎. "Gini Index of Age at Death in Taiwanese and Japanese Life Tables, 1920-2003." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13457142420300016865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士長庚大學
醫務管理學研究所
94
The boundary of human longevity has long been debated among the demographers and biotech scientists. This paper examines the distribution of age at death in life tables of Taiwanese and Japanese populations. Gini index is employed to reveal the historical trends of concentration of the life table age at death during 1920-2003. We find the distribution tends to peak at the higher end of age of life table and the Gini index tends to decline correspondingly as the life expectancy at birth increases in both populations. We also find the Gini index tends to fluctuate more in female than in male population in both countries, possibly due to a cultural bias toward male offspring during the earlier times of the period studied. The Gini index demonstrates a steady trend of converging at low values, an indication that both populations are reaching limits to the decrease of mortality. The results reveal a common tendency for the life expectancy to converge at high plateaus in both countries. It seems the developments in Taiwan and Japan paralleled each other, though recently a tendency to diverge has surfaced. We find the limit to life expectancy in Japan somewhat higher and disparity in age at death lower than in Taiwan, implying that further improvements in Taiwan is possible.
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Vodová, Jana. "Analýza metod pro tvorbu modelu Credit Scoring." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-89651.
Повний текст джерела
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Vourdas, Apostolos. "Equivalence classes of coherent projectors in a Hilbert space with prime dimension: Q functions and their Gini index." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17828.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YesCoherent subspaces spanned by a finite number of coherent states are introduced, in a quantum system with Hilbert space that has odd prime dimension d. The set of all coherent subspaces is partitioned into equivalence classes, with d 2 subspaces in each class. The corresponding coherent projectors within an equivalence class, have the 'closure under displacements property' and also resolve the identity. Different equivalence classes provide different granularisation of the Hilbert space, and they form a partial order 'coarser' (and 'finer'). In the case of a two-dimensional coherent subspace spanned by two coherent states, the corresponding projector (of rank 2) is different than the sum of the two projectors to the subspaces related to each of the two coherent states. We quantify this with 'non-addditivity operators' which are a measure of quantum interference in phase space, and also of the non-commutativity of the projectors. Generalized Q and P functions of density matrices, which are based on coherent projectors in a given equivalence class, are introduced. Analogues of the Lorenz values and the Gini index (which are popular quantities in mathematical economics) are used here to quantify the inequality in the distribution of the Q function of a quantum state, within the granular structure of the Hilbert space. A comparison is made between Lorenz values and the Gini index for the cases of coarse and also fine granularisation of the Hilbert space. Lorenz values require an ordering of the d 2 values of the Q function of a density matrix, and this leads to the ranking permutation of a density matrix, and to comonotonic density matrices (which have the same ranking permutation). The Lorenz values are a superadditive function and the Gini index is a subadditive function (they are both additive quantities for comonotonic density matrices). Various examples demonstrate these ideas.
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Hoque, Ahmed. "On estimating variances for Gini coefficients with complex surveys: theory and application." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7582.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Obtaining variances for the plug-in estimator of the Gini coefficient for inequality has preoccupied researchers for decades with the proposed analytic formulae often being regarded as being too cumbersome to apply, as well as usually based on the assumption of an iid structure. We examine several variance estimation techniques for a Gini coefficient estimator obtained from a complex survey, a sampling design often used to obtain sample data in inequality studies. In the first part of the dissertation, we prove that Bhattacharya’s (2007) asymptotic variance estimator when data arise from a complex survey is equivalent to an asymptotic variance estimator derived by Binder and Kovačević (1995) nearly twenty years earlier. In addition, to aid applied researchers, we also show how auxiliary regressions can be used to generate the plug-in Gini estimator and its asymptotic variance, irrespective of the sampling design.
In the second part of the dissertation, using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with 36 data generating processes under the beta, lognormal, chi-square, and the Pareto distributional assumptions with sample data obtained under various complex survey designs, we explore two finite sample properties of the Gini coefficient estimator: bias of the estimator and empirical coverage probabilities of interval estimators for the Gini coefficient. We find high sensitivity to the number of strata and the underlying distribution of the population data. We compare the performance of two standard normal (SN) approximation interval estimators using the asymptotic variance estimators of Binder and Kovačević (1995) and Bhattacharya (2007), another SN approximation interval estimator using a traditional bootstrap variance estimator, and a standard MC bootstrap percentile interval estimator under a complex survey design. With few exceptions, namely with small samples and/or highly skewed distributions of the underlying population data where the bootstrap methods work relatively better, the SN approximation interval estimators using asymptotic variances perform quite well.
Finally, health data on the body mass index and hemoglobin levels for Bangladeshi women and children, respectively, are used as illustrations. Inequality analysis of these two important indicators provides a better understanding about the health status of women and children. Our empirical results show that statistical inferences regarding inequality in these well-being variables, measured by the Gini coefficients, based on Binder and Kovačević’s and Bhattacharya’s asymptotic variance estimators, give equivalent outcomes. Although the bootstrap approach often generates slightly smaller variance estimates in small samples, the hypotheses test results or widths of interval estimates using this method are practically similar to those using the asymptotic variance estimators.
Our results are useful, both theoretically and practically, as the asymptotic variance estimators are simpler and require less time to calculate compared to those generated by bootstrap methods, as often previously advocated by researchers. These findings suggest that applied researchers can often be comfortable in undertaking inferences about the inequality of a well-being variable using the Gini coefficient employing asymptotic variance estimators that are not difficult to calculate, irrespective of whether the sample data are obtained under a complex survey or a simple random sample design.Graduate
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"Paradox of Inflation: The Study on Correlation between Money Supply and Inflation in New Era." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.29856.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstract: Before 1990s, the relationship between money supply and inflation was positively correlated, however, from 1990 onwards, the US and other major developed countries entered into a new financial era with a typical belief that hyper money supply coexisted with lower inflation. This phenomenon is called “the paradox of inflation”. Traditional theories cannot provide reasonable explanations of this new phenomenon.
In my study, I have taken the linear filtering techniques which Lucas developed in 1980, and the recursive estimation method, as well as the chow test and F-test, and choose the data of the US, Britain, Japan, Germany, Euro area, BRICKs and some members of ASEAN, from 1960 to 2012, to study the relationship between annual rate of M2 growth and CPI inflation. The results show that in most sample developed and developing countries the positive correlation relationship between money supply and inflation began to weaken since the 1990s, and “the paradox of inflation” is now a common phenomenon.
In my paper, I attempt to provide a new explanation of “the paradox of inflation”. I conjecture that, in the past two decades, some advanced countries were becoming a “relatively wealthy society”, which means that commodity supply as well as money supply is abundant. I state that the US is a “relatively wealthy society” and try to determine what features could mark a “relatively wealthy society”.
I choose the credit growth rate of nonfinancial sectors and the ratio of dividends to investment to represent the production inclination of the business sector, and choose the income per capita and the GINI index to represent the consumption inclination of the resident sector. Then, through a semi parametric varying-coefficient regression model, I found that, in the US, when the credit growth of the business sector is under 5%, the ratio of dividends to investment is over 0.20, the per capita income is more than $30,000, and the GINI index is over 0.45, the country becomes a “relatively wealthy society”.
Base on this new explanation, I can conclude “in the relatively wealthy society, inflation is no longer a monetary phenomenon; it is a wealth allocation phenomenon”.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015
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Gonçalves, Débora Marlene Azevedo. "As desigualdades de rendimento nos países da OCDE: análise pré-crise e pós-crise." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/46519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Economia Monetária, Bancária e FinanceiraA evolução ascendente das desigualdades de rendimento constitui uma problemática cada vez mais relevante nos tempos que correm, tendo a crise financeira de 2008 acentuado as desigualdades de rendimento na maioria dos países-membros da OCDE. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste em identificar os determinantes das desigualdades de rendimento, bem como analisar o impacto da crise financeira sobre estas desigualdades, testando o impacto de fatores macroeconómicos, fatores de globalização, assim como fatores de empregabilidade, corrupção, educação. O trabalho empírico incide sobre 35 países-membros da OCDE, sendo o estudo feito com base em dados em painel para o período 1995 e 2014, utilizando o artigo de Asteriou et al. (2014) como modelo de base. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores que influenciam positivamente as desigualdades de rendimento são: o crescimento económico; a globalização de comércio medida pela exportação de alta tecnologia; o progresso tecnológico; a empregabilidade na agricultura; e a corrupção. Por outro lado, os fatores que influenciam negativamente as desigualdades de rendimento são: a globalização financeira medida através do grau de abertura financeiro; a educação; e a empregabilidade na indústria. A análise do modelo em dois períodos diferentes permite verificar adicionalmente que, no período depois da crise financeira (2008-2014), o crescimento económico influencia negativamente as desigualdades de rendimento e a educação influencia positivamente as desigualdades, ao contrário do esperado.
The upward trend in income inequalities is an increasingly important issue in recent times, with the 2008 financial crisis accentuating income inequality in most OECD member countries. The main goal of this paper is to identify the determinants of income inequality, as well as to analyze the impact of the financial crisis on these inequalities, testing the impact of macroeconomic factors, factors of globalization, as well as factors of employability, corruption and education. The empirical work focuses on 35 OECD member countries, the study being based on panel data for the period between 1995 and 2014, with Asteriou et al.’s (2014) as our reference model. The results suggest that the factors that positively influence income inequality are: economic growth; trade globalization as measured by high-tech exports; technological progress; employability in agriculture; and corruption. On the other hand, the factors that negatively influence income inequality are: financial globalization measured through the degree of financial openness; education; and employability in industry. The analysis of the model in two different periods allows to verify additionally that, in the period after the financial crisis (2008-2014), economic growth negatively influences income inequality and education positively influences income inequalities, contrary to our expectations.