Готові списки джерел за темами / Index GINI

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Index GINI"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Index GINI"

Rodríguez Esparza, Luz Judith, Dolly Anabel Ortiz Lazcano, Julio César Macías Ponce, and Octavio Martín Maza Díaz Cortés. "Bilateral Gini Index." RBEST: Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 2 (November 26, 2020): e020010. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v2i..13481.

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In this paper, we have considered a new contextualization of the Gini index, giving a particular interpretation of inequality. The Gini index is the most widely used measure of inequality in the world, however, this index does not meet some desirable properties of an inequality indicator, even so, as it is a measure adopted by most countries through the years, makes it a valuable statistical input; which requires adjustments that provide information, making the study of inequality more robust by adding different indicators that can account for their economic, political, and social environment. This article provides a variation of the Gini index with the purpose of compare and classify different territories (the States of Mexico, as well as some countries) with similar Gini index. The classification is carried out into groups (called turbines) with either positive equality, negative equality, positive inequality or negative inequality. The main contribution of this paper lies on distinguish territories with similar Gini index but different in how privileges and facilities are distributed into them.

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Lesser, Lawrence M. "Gini Index; Lottery Lunacy." Mathematics Teacher 106, no. 2 (September 2012): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.106.2.0092.

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Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. The Lorenz curve and income disparity are discussed, and some popular misconceptions about the lottery are debunked.

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Banerjee, Asis Kumar. "A multidimensional Gini index." Mathematical Social Sciences 60, no. 2 (September 2010): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2010.06.001.

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Malul, Miki, Daniel Shapira, and Amir Shoham. "Practical modified Gini index." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 4 (March 2013): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.699182.

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Yuan, Ye, Liji Wu, and Xiangmin Zhang. "Gini-Impurity Index Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 16 (2021): 3154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3076932.

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Domicolo, Carly, and Hosam Mahmoud. "DEGREE-BASED GINI INDEX FOR GRAPHS." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 34, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964819000044.

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AbstractIn Balaji and Mahmoud [1], the authors introduced a distance-based Gini index for rooted trees. In this paper, we introduce a degree-based Gini index (or just simply degree Gini index) for graphs. The latter index is a topological measure on a graph capturing the proximity to regular graphs. When applied across the random members of a class of graphs, we can identify an average measure of regularity for the class. Whence, we can compare the classes of graphs from the vantage point of closeness to regularity.We develop a simplified computational formula for the degree Gini index and study its extreme values. We show that the degree Gini index falls in the interval [0, 1). The main focus in our study is the degree Gini index for the class of binary trees. Via a left-packing transformation, we show that, for an arbitrary sequence of binary trees, the Gini index has inferior and superior limits in the interval [0, 1/4]. We also show, via the degree Gini index, that uniform rooted binary trees are more regular than binary search trees grown from random permutations.

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Guiasu, Radu Cornel, and Silviu Guiasu. "The Weighted Gini-Simpson Index: Revitalizing an Old Index of Biodiversity." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/478728.

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The distribution of biodiversity at multiple sites of a region has been traditionally investigated through the additive partitioning of the regional biodiversity into the average within-site biodiversity and the biodiversity among sites. The standard additive partitioning of diversity requires the use of a measure of diversity, which is a concave function of the relative abundance of species, such as the Gini-Simpson index, for instance. Recently, it was noticed that the widely used Gini-Simpson index does not behave well when the number of species is very large. The objective of this paper is to show that the new weighted Gini-Simpson index preserves the qualities of the classic Gini-Simpson index and behaves very well when the number of species is large. The weights allow us to take into account the abundance of species, the phylogenetic distance between species, and the conservation values of species. This measure may also be generalized to pairs of species and, unlike Rao’s index, this measure proves to be a concave function of the joint distribution of the relative abundance of species, being suitable for use in the additive partitioning of biodiversity. The weighted Gini-Simpson index may be easily transformed for use in the multiplicative partitioning of biodiversity as well.

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Larraz, Beatriz. "Decomposing the Gini Inequality Index." Sociological Methods & Research 44, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 508–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124114546046.

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Moothathu, T. S. K. "Lorenz Curve and Gini Index." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 40, no. 1-4 (January 1990): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319900524.

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ZHANG, YUJIE, and MINGFENG HE. "THE WEALTH DISTRIBUTION MODEL WITH THE KICKBACK RATE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 10 (October 2008): 1555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108013096.

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We define an asset exchange model by adding the kickback rate to the trade, and discuss the Gini index with different kickback rates. It is found that for every kickback rate, the related Gini index tends to be steady; thus, the kickback rate — Gini index curve may be obtained. Furthermore, it is shown that the Gini index decreases when the kickback rate increases, so that the fair degree of social wealth distribution gets better. The Gini index reaches a minimum when the kickback rate is 0.58, and then it increases, as the accretion of the kickback rate destroys the fair degree of social wealth distribution. However, in all situations, the Gini index with kickback rate is less than the one without kickback. This means that the introduction of kickback rate is favorable to the raising of the fair degree of wealth distribution. We also define a moral index similar to the Gini index to weigh the differences of social moral level, and find that the differences of social moral level increase with time for the model with kickback rate.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Index GINI"

Pranckevičiūtė, Milda. "Apibendrintų Gini indeksų taikymas reitingavimo modeliuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20140702_191007-26483.

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Tarptautinių atsiskaitymų banko (BIS) Bazelio II susitarimo nuostatos dėl bankų minimalaus kapitalo apibrėžia reikalavimus kredito rizikos skaičiavimui. Kredito rizikos vertinimo metodai leidžia naudoti vidines įmonių reitingavimo sistemas. Vienas svarbiausių reitingavimo modelio uždavinių – į modelį parinkti tokius finansinius ar nefinansinius rodiklius, kurie geriausiai klasifikuotų įmones pagal jų finansinio pajėgumo lygį. Populiariausias statistinis atrankos rodiklis yra tikslumo koeficientas dar vadinamas Gini indeksu. Tradicinis Gini indeksas buvo apibrėžtas 1914 m. ir iki šiol yra naudojamas pajamų nelygybei populiacijoje apskaičiuoti. 1995 m. Mosleris ir Koševojus pristatė k-matį Gini indekso analogą kaip zonoido tūrį. Šio darbo tikslas – naudojantis zonoidų teorijos idėjomis sukonstruoti apibendrintą reitingavimo modelių Gini indeksą. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateiktos tradicinės Lorenco kreivės bei Gini indekso sąvokos ir Gini indekso apibendrinimai. Antroje darbo dalyje pagal BIS naudojamas reitingavimo modelio galios sąvokas, apibrėžtas reitingavimo modelio Gini indeksas. Be to, apibrėžti Lorenco kreivės apatinės ir viršutinės aproksimacijų Gini indeksai bei sudaryti šių indeksų apibendrinimai – normos bei tūrio daugiamačiai Gini indeksai. Pabaigoje analizuojamas atskirų finansinių rodiklių Gini indeksų stabilumas bei bendras Gini indeksų – vienamčio, normos ir tūrio – stabilumas ir pateikiamos išvados.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Basel II resolutions on banks regulatory capital include requirements for credit risk calculation. Credit risk evaluation methods define the possibility of using the internal rating system. One of the main tasks to build the powerful scoring model is to select financial and non-financial factors that appropriately classify companies according to their financial situation. The most popular statistical measure used for discriminatory analysis is the accuracy ratio or Gini index. General Gini index presented in 1914 is still widely applied to measure income inequality in the population. The k-dimensional analogue of Gini index as volume of zonoid was defined only in 1995 by Mosler and Koshevoy. The main purpose of this paper is to build the generalized Gini index of scoring model following the theory of zonoids. In the first part of the paper the usual Lorenz curve, traditional Gini index and its summary measures are presented. The second part presents the definition of the scoring models Gini index according to scoring model power measures applied in BIS resolutions. Furthermore the Gini indexes of Lorenz curve bottom and top approximations are defined and two its summary measures – norm and volume Gini indexes are constructed. Finally the stability of separate financial ratios Gini indexes and the general stability of univariate, norm and volume Gini indexes are analysed and final conclusions are presented.

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Burkert, Vojtěch. "Subjektivní parametry při hodnocení příjmových nerovností a jejich měření." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206266.

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This diploma thesis deals with income inequality measurements and concentrates mostly on the subjective parameters that are used in inequality computations. The core of the thesis is an evaluation of data from a survey, in which a questionnaire was completed by 150 people, mostly students and recent graduates. The most surprising finding is that approximately one third of respondents support the absolute invariance principle; eventually, this means a denial of many types of measurements in welfare economics, including the Gini Index. In the questionnaire, the respondents were also supposed to estimate actual Czech income distribution. All groups of respondents, not excluding economists, substantially overestimated the lowest income class size.

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Freitas, Luzineide de Andrade de. "Os efeitos da desigualdade social na mortalidade infantil no Brasil (1992 a 2011)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27488.

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FREITAS, Luzineide de Andrade de. Os efeitos da desigualdade social na mortalidade infantil no Brasil (1992 a 2011). 2017. 28f. - Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Mestrado Profissional em Economia do Setor Público, Fortaleza (CE), 2017.
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The paper aims to analyze the effects of income inequality on the infant mortality rate, analyzing for other determinants such as the level of education, poverty and per capita income for all units of the federation in Brazil from 1992 to 2011. The infant mortality rate is a social indicator that reflects the quality of life of a given population. For this purpose, econometric models of panel data were used. It was verified that the income inequality and all analyzed variables affect the infant mortality rates in the analyzed period. Thus, among the main conclusions obtained, the need for public investments geared to economic growth combined with income deconcentration and poverty reduction followed by better levels of education are essential in the process of reducing the infant mortality rate.
O trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar os efeitos da desigualdade de renda no indicador de saúde mortalidade infantil, considerando outros determinantes como o nível de educação, pobreza e renda per capita para todas as unidades da federação no Brasil no período de 1992 a 2011. A taxa de mortalidade infantil é um indicador social que reflete a qualidade de vida de uma determinada população. Para essa finalidade, utilizou-se modelos econométricos de dados em painel. Verificou-se que a desigualdade de renda e todas as variáveis analisadas afetam as taxas de mortalidade infantil no período analisado. Assim, dentre as principais conclusões obtidas, constata-se a necessidade de investimentos públicos direcionados para o crescimento econômico aliado com desconcentração de renda e redução da pobreza seguidos de melhores níveis de educação são essenciais no processo de redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil.

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Shao, Liang Frank. "Two Essays on the Correlation between Economic Growth and Income Inequality." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/555.

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“Skills, Occupation Inequality and Development” is a theoretical study. There is no general agreement about how income inequality will affect development in the long run. Classic growth models show that income inequality is beneficial to development due to agent’s heterogeneity and marginal propensity to save increasing with wealth. Neoclassical growth models present that income distribution plays no significant role on development assuming representative agents and decreasing marginal returns in investment. New classical growth theory demonstrates that income inequality impedes growth due to credit constraints and indivisibility of investment in human capital. This paper studies income inequality through the channel of complementary skills and occupations in aggregate production. In a new classical model economy with two complementary occupations, CES production technology, skills in utility, and uncertainty of completing high-skilled occupations, we find a continuum of equilibria denoted by a correspondence between aggregate capital stock and the low-skilled population share regardless of the distribution in initial endowments. Aggregate capital stock and aggregate income per capita are non-monotonically related to the low-skilled population share. Aggregate income per capita will be maximized at a certain distribution of occupations on the continuum of equilibria. Therefore, the correlation between development and inequality of occupation distribution can be both positive and negative which depends on the position of occupation division on the continuum of equilibria. The correlation between low skills and occupation inequality is monotonic within a country, but the correlation is opposite between developed and developing economies. The low skills will move up on the continuum of equilibria if the occupation inequality is smaller (larger) in developed (developing) economies. The study also shows that inequality of the occupation distribution plays different effects in developed economies from those in developing economies due to the assumption that skills affect the completion of occupations. Developing economies also present two patterns of equilibria, in which one has higher optimum inequality of occupations, another one has lower optimum inequality of occupations. The cause of two patterns of equilibria for developing economies comes from the assumption of Cobb-Douglas production function. Shifts of equilibrium lead to new levels of development due to a change of inequality in other characteristics of the economy. “Fair Division of Income Distribution, Development and Growth: Evidence from a Panel of Countries” is an empirical exercise. I use an unbalanced panel data to explore the correlation between aggregate income per capita and income inequality. A lot of studies document controversial results using the Gini index or other summary measurements of income inequality. I measure income inequality by the two dimensions of a point on the Lorenz Curve, where the Lorenz curve has unit slope. It is called fair division point, which involves the fair population share and the fair income share. The difference between the fair population share and the fair income share approximates the Gini index of an income distribution. My analysis shows that a country’s low income population relatively decreases (the fair population share drops slightly) as the economy grows; and at the same time, those low income households are relatively worse off (the fair income share falls even though the GDP per capita increases). Inversely, as an economy becomes rich, there are more low income households (the fair population share increases), but those low income households are better off (the fair income share goes up and GDP per capita increases as well). Overall, both the Gini index and the difference between the fair population share and the fair income share have been increasing during the last half century in the panel of countries. Therefore, income inequality increases as an economy is getting richer. The analysis presents strong evidence for optimum income inequality regarding both the aggregate productivity and the growth rate of GDP, where income inequality is measured by either the Gini index or the fair division shares. But no evidence has been found for the Kuznets’ hypothesis. Both high and low inequality of income distribution could harm an economy as we compare with its potential optimum inequality. Also developed economies show different optimum inequality from that in developing economies, and there is the growth-worst fair population share that results in the lowest growth in developed economies. Measurement of income inequality matters on its economic effects for the subsamples of the panel data.

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Santos, Reili Amon-h? Vieira dos. "Concentra??o da posse da terra e o Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio: uma an?lise para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006 - 2012." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14083.

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O objetivo do trabalho ? propor um estudo sobre a rela??o do Programa Nacional de Cr?dito Fundi?rio - PNCF, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e sua concentra??o fundi?ria. Ou seja, se o PNCF est? sendo direcionado, para as microrregi?es que apresentam maior ?ndice de concentra??o, de acordo com o ?ndice de Gini, e se as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do cr?dito fundi?rio est?o emergindo nestas microrregi?es. Para isto, o estudo levantou a hip?tese de que o PNCF no estado do Rio Grande do Norte n?o est? sendo conduzida, de modo a reduzir a concentra??o fundi?ria, dentre as microrregi?es do estado. Ou seja, n?o existe correla??o entre o ?ndice de Gini, da concentra??o fundi?ria, e as ?reas adquiridas atrav?s do programa. Al?m disso, o trabalho buscou realizar uma discuss?o da literatura sobre os programas de reforma agr?ria assistida pelo mercado. Apresentando os autores que s?o exaltadores do modelo e das suas potencialidades, atrelando as causas dos problemas levantados como sendo de ordem t?cnica e operacional, onde os principais autores desta linha s?o: Van Zyl, Kirsten & Binswanger, (1996), Deininger & Binswanger, (1999). T?m-se tamb?m a apresenta??o da posi??o dos autores adeptos as pol?ticas fundi?rias pautadas na din?mica e libera??o dos mercados de terras, mas que visam contribuir com estudos que permitam uma redu??o para o custo elevado e a sua incapacidade de abarcar a esfera social, em decorr?ncia do pagamento ? vista e a pre?o de mercado aos donos das terras, s?o eles: De Janvry & Sadoulet (2002), Gordillo (2002), Banerjee (1999), Jaramillo (1998) e Burki & Perry (1997). Todavia, apresentou-se a corrente de autores que ressalta a natureza socialmente agressiva da Reforma Agr?ria Assistida pelo Mercado (RAAM), sendo os seus principais contribuidores: El-Ghonemy (2001); Barros, Schwartzman & Sauer (2003); Borras Jr. (2006, 2003 e 2003a); Garoz et al. (2005); Sauer & Pereira (2006); Pereira (2005, 2006 e 2010); Sauer (2010); Lahiff, Borras Jr. & Kay (2007). Em sequ?ncia, o trabalho apresentou a transi??o e caracter?sticas dos programas de acesso ? terra, no Brasil, a partir da d?cada de 1990, bem como, alguns indicadores do PNCF, no Brasil e o estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Apresentou-se tamb?m os indicadores da concentra??o fundi?ria, no Brasil e no estado. Atrav?s dos dados do Censo Agropecu?rio de 2006 foi poss?vel calcular o ?ndice de Gini da distribui??o fundi?ria nas microrregi?es no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Com os dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Assuntos Fundi?rios e de Apoio ? Reforma Agr?ria - SEARA mostrou-se a distribui??o das linhas de cr?dito do PNCF e as ?reas adquiridas, entre os anos de 2006 e 2012. Por fim, o valor do coeficiente de correla??o simples (r) igual a (0,2865), que com base no teste bilateral da distribui??o de t de Student chegou-se no resultado para T calculado no valor de (1,2333), que ao ser comparado com o valor de T cr?tico igual a (2,898), com 17 graus de liberdade, a um n?vel de signific?ncia de 1%, pode aceitar a hip?tese de partida, ou seja, que o PNCF n?o estava sendo direcionado para diminuir a concentra??o fundi?ria no estado

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Ouraga, Téa. "Modélisation des risques en présence de valeurs extrêmes : Une approche Gini." Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NIME0007.

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Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche du traitement des informations financières disponibles par des outils d'analyse des données robustes, à l'aide de l'indice de Gini. Elle vise à garder toute l'information disponible, même les évènements rares pour la modélisation des rendements et du risque. Une mauvaise appréciation du risque par l’agent fausse ses anticipations.La prise de décision relève de l’évaluation des risques et des prévisions que les agents sont capables de réaliser dans un futur immédiat. Le rendement anticipé de l’investissement par l’agent sera fonction de plusieurs sources de risques selon le modèle d’évaluation par arbitrage. Yitzhaki et Schechtman (2013) ont posé les bases d’une économétrie nouvelle basée sur l’indice de Gini. Ils proposent d’utiliser l’opérateur coGini plutôt que la covariance afin d’étudier des échantillons dont la loi de distribution sous-jacente peut être une loi de distribution autre que la loi normale.Cette thèse comporte deux apports principaux. Le premier porte sur les méthodes d’analyse des données traditionnelles : ACP, AFD et scoring. Ces méthodes sont adaptées aux valeurs extrêmes par l'utilisation de l'opérateur coGini (ou covariance au sens de gini) : ACP-Gini et AFD-Gini. Le second porte sur l’analyse du couple risques / rendements. Des applications sont faites en théorie financière notamment le pricing des actifs financiers par le modèle d’évaluation par arbitrage et l'analyse des performances des stratégies d'investissement. Au-delà de la finance, les outils développés dans cette thèse peuvent s'appliquer à toute évaluation de risque (risque climatique, risque de gouvernance, risque lié à l'évaluation d'évènements rares tels que les séismes, le coronavirus, etc.)
This thesis proposes a new approach to the treatment of available financial information by robust data analysis tools, using the Gini index. It aims at keeping all the information available, even rare events, for the modeling of returns and risk. A bad appreciation of risk by the agent distorts his expectations. Decision-making is based on the assessment of risks and forecasts that agents are able to make in the immediate future. The expected return on investment by the agent will depend on several sources of risk according to the arbitrage pricing theory. Yitzhaki and Schechtman (2013) have laid the foundations for a new econometrics based on the Gini index. They propose to use the coGini operator rather than the covariance to study samples whose underlying statistic distribution may be a statistic distribution different from the normal distribution.This thesis has two main contributions. The first deals with traditional data analysis methods : PCA, LDA and scoring. These methods are adapted to extreme values by using the coGini operator (or covariance in the Gini sense): Gini-PCA and Gini-LDA. The second concerns the analysis of the returns / risk couple. Applications are made in financial theory, in particular the pricing of financial assets by the arbitrage pricing theory and the performance analysis of investment strategies. Beyond finance, the tools developed in this thesis can be applied to any risk assessment (climate risk, governance risk, risk related to the evaluation of rare events such as earthquakes, coronavirus, etc.)

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Rocha, Helder Pita. "A ContribuiÃÃo das Parcelas do Rendimento Domiciliar para Desigualdade de Renda nos EspaÃos Rurais do Nordeste." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3875.

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nÃo hÃ
A desigualdade de renda no Brasil diminuiu nos Ãltimos anos. DÃvidas, entretanto, pairam sobre a universalizaÃÃo dessa queda em regiÃes ou Ãreas especÃficas, especialmente naquelas onde se verificam elevados Ãndices de analfabetismo, parcela significativa da populaÃÃo Ã pobre e/ou as oportunidades de empregos sÃo escassas sobretudo para mÃo de obra nÃo qualificada e o consequente fraco desenvolvimento econÃmico, ambiente propÃcio para a mÃ distribuiÃÃo de renda. Esta pesquisa se propÃs mostrar a evoluÃÃo da desigualdade na distribuiÃÃo da renda domiciliar per capita, medida pelo Ãndice de Gini e detectar quais foram as parcelas do rendimento mensal domiciliar que contribuÃram para a desigualdade, alÃm de determinar a contribuiÃÃo percentual dos componentes do rendimento domiciliar. Utilizou-se como metodologia a decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Gini em fontes de rendimentos. A base de dados utilizada teve como fonte a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios (PNAD), do perÃodo de 1997 a 2007. O meio rural da RegiÃo Nordeste nÃo metropolitana, do Estado do CearÃ e da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza foram as Ãreas de estudo desta pesquisa por se enquadrarem nesse contexto. Os resultados mostraram que a desigualdade de renda caiu, nÃo de forma permanente, na RegiÃo Nordeste. Nos outros dois espaÃos analisados, ela oscilou ao longo do perÃodo sem muitas mudanÃas. As parcelas como Outros Trabalhos, Aposentadorias e PensÃes Oficiais reforÃaram a desigualdade nas trÃs Ãreas geogrÃficas e os programas sociais de transferÃncia de renda aos mais carentes tiveram significativa participaÃÃo nas reduÃÃes contÃnuas do Ãndice de Gini, especialmente no Nordeste rural.
Income inequality in Brazil declined in recent years. Doubts, however, weaken the universalization of this fall in regions or specific areas, especially where there are high rates of illiteracy, a significant portion of the population is poor and / or job opportunities are scarce especially for labor unskilled and the consequent weak economic development, enabling environment for the maldistribution of income. This research aims to show the evolution of inequality in the distribution of household income per capita, measured by the Gini index and to detect what were the shares of household income contributed to inequality, and to determine the percentage contribution of the components of household income. Was used as a methodology to decompose the Gini index of income sources. The database used as a source the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), the period from 1997 to 2007. The rural areas of the Northeast not metropolitan, the State of CearÃ and the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza were the areas of this research, since they fit in this context. The results showed that income inequality has fallen, not permanently, in the Northeast. In the other two areas studied, it varied throughout the period without many changes. The plots and Other Works, Retirement and Pensions officials reinforced the inequality in three geographical areas and social programs to transfer income to the poorest countries have had significant participation in the continual reduction of the Gini index, especially in the rural Northeast.

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Ho, Ki-hiu, and 何其曉. "Extracting real market behavior in complex adaptive systems through minority game." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30163705.

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Jeddi, Yeganeh Armin. "An Equity Analysis of the U.S. Public Transportation System Based on Job Accessibility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84512.

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Background: Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. Objective: This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters in the 45 largest MSAs to assess the existing differences in accessibility between Census-defined socioeconomic status (SES) categories. Method: 2014 Census demographic data were matched to a previously published 2014 dataset of transit job accessibility at the Census Block Group level. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. Results: The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. Disparities by income are greater than disparities by race. Racial disparities increase by MSA size and density controlling for income. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
In recent years, there has been a shift in focus from encouraging mobility to encouraging accessibility, along with the provision of more sustainable travel options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport). Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This research contributes to previous work on equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system by covering the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and their counties. This study analyzes job accessibility of transit commuters to assess the existing differences in accessibility in terms of income, race, ability to speak English, etc. Transit equality and justice analyses were performed based on population-weighted mean job accessibility and SES variables. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, the low-income populations and people of color have the highest transit job accessibility. However, in certain MSAs with high job accessibility, such as New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Houston, there is a significantly disproportionate access to public transportation based on income. Variables such as income, and the use of personal vehicle, are found to have a statistically significant negative impact on job accessibility in almost all MSAs. The percentage of White workers has a significant impact on job accessibility in upper-mid-density MSAs and high-density MSAs. The percentage of the population with limited English speaking ability is not a significant determinant of job accessibility except in lower-mid-density MSAs. The findings suggest that planning for public transportation should take into account risks, benefits, and other equally important aspects of public transportation such as frequency, connectivity, and quality of service.

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V, Popova D. "Applications of the definite integral to economics." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50702.

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1. Higher mathematics: manual / V. P. Denisiuk, V. M. Bobkov, L. I. Gri¬shina and others. – K. : NAU, 2006. – Part 1. – 268 p. 2. Larson R. College Algebra / R. Larson, R. Hosteller. – Houghton Mifflin, 1997. – 545 p. 3. Mizrahi A. Calculus and Analytic Geometry / A. Mizrahi, M. Sullivan. – California: Wadsmonth Publishing Company, 1987. – 1083 p.
The price of an item determines the supply and the demand for the item. As price increases demand for the item usually falls. Conversely, as the price increases, the quantity producers are willing to supply will increase.

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Книги з теми "Index GINI"

Ethical social index numbers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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Soper, Jean B. The Lorenz curve and Gini Index with spreadsheets: Some details. Leicester: University of Leicester. Department of Economics, 1987.

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S, Ramachandran K. The economy of Gurgaon: The development agenda : human development indicators - standard of living - Gini index. Gurgaon: JK Business School, 2010.

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Chakravarty, Satya R. Ethical Social Index Numbers. Springer, 2011.

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Rao, Prasada. Welfare Comparisons with Heterogeneous Prices, Consumption, and Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.25.

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The chapter provides an overview of the methods and techniques employed by economic statisticians in compiling measures of real expenditure for use in making temporal and spatial comparisons of economic welfare. The role of money-metric utility in making price and welfare comparisons is explored. Temporal measures of price change based on the Konus cost-of-living index and the associated measures of welfare change for individuals and groups of individuals are discussed. Links between the commonly used Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist index numbers and the Konus index-based measures of price and real expenditure change are established. A section of the chapter is devoted to spatial price comparisons where heterogeneity in prices, consumption, and preferences poses challenges for statisticians. Multilateral index number methods based on the money-metric utility used in spatial and cross-country price and welfare comparisons including the Geary, Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc, and spatial chaining methods are canvassed.

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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.

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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.

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Rose, Adam, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento. Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the equity implications of the “bottom-up” approach to climate change negotiations by analyzing the individual country unconditional greenhouse gas reduction pledges specified in the COP21 Agreement of 2015. It compares the implications before and after emissions trading in terms of the standard equity metrics of the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index for three major countries/regions: the European Union, China, and California. The chapter adapts a nonlinear programming model well suited to this purpose that determines the equilibrium emissions allowance price, mitigation costs, and allowance purchases and sales from trading. It also tests the sensitivity of the results to macroeconomic conditions and technological change. The findings are that the pledges made at COP21 reflect substantial inequality in general and run counter to most equity principles. They are definitely a major departure from the Egalitarian, Vertical, and Rawlsian equity principles proposed for many years by developing countries.

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Hoffmann, Rodolfo. Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.24.

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Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

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Chiu, Chi-yue, and Letty Y. Y. Kwan. National and Historical Variations in Innovation Performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0004.

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Innovation performance differs across nations. Within the same nation, innovation performance also varies across time. In the first part of this chapter, we discuss some cultural, political, and institutional factors that explain historical variations in a country’s innovation performance. In the second part of this chapter, using the multinational data from the Global Innovation Index (GII), we focus on the extent to which people in a country rely on financial institutions to mitigate risks in daily life as a proximal predictor of innovation performance at the national level. We argue that the tendency to rely on formal institutions to mitigate risks in everyday life reflects the level of institutional trust, which is a factor that contributes to both cross-national and historical variations in innovation performance. We further argue that institutional trust plays a particularly important role in promoting innovation in countries that lack strong institutional support for innovation.

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Haciibrahimoğlu, Hümeyra Sevgülü. Esmâ-i Hüsnâya Dayanan Kelâm Anlayışı: Ebû İshâk es-Saffâr Örneği. Edited by Abdullah Demir. Oku Okut Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55709/okuokutyayinlari.22.

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Bu kitapta, Ebû İshâk es-Saffâr’ın (öl. 534/1139) kelâmî görüşleri, Telḫîṣü’l-edille li-ḳavâʿidi’t-tevḥîd adlı eserinde Allah’ın isimlerinin anlamlarını açıklarken yaptığı yorumlar çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Ebû İshâk es-Saffâr, 6./12. yüzyıl Hanefî-Mâtürîdî âlimlerinden biridir. Kelâma dair Telḫîṣü’l-edille eserinde esmâ-i hüsnâ konusuna ayrıntılı olarak yer vermektedir. İki cilt hâlinde yayımlanan bu eserin yaklaşık üçte birlik bir kısmını esmâ-i hüsnâ konusu oluşturmaktadır. Bu kısım incelendiğinde, Saffâr’ın Allah’ın varlığı, birliği ve sıfatları ile ilgili konular başta olmak üzere pek çok konuyu 175 esmâ-i hüsnâya dayanarak izah ettiği görülmektedir. O, esmâ-i hüsnâ bö-lümünde yer vermediği bazı isimlere ise müstakil başlıklar altında değinmektedir. Örneğin el-Mütekkelim ismi kelâm sıfatını bağlamında ve halku’l-Kur’ân ile icâz’ul-Kur’ân gibi konularla ilişkili bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Bu isimler de listeye dahil edildiğinde sayı 178’e ulaşmaktadır. Bu durumda eserin yarısını esmâ-i hüsnâ konusu teşkil etmektedir. Saffâr, esmâ-i hüsnâ bölümünde alfabetik bir sıra içerisinde ele aldığı ilâhî isimleri öncelikle lugavî (semantik) yönden izah etmektedir. Sonrasında ise değerlendirdiği ilahî ismi, bir kelâm konusu ile bağlantı kurarak kelâmî perspektifle açıklamaktadır. Esmâ-i hüsnâ temelinde ele alınan konuların hilâfet meselesi hariç diğer kelâm bahislerini kapsadığı görülmektedir. Saffâr öncesi Hanefî-Mâtürîdî kelâm literatürü içinde esmâ-i hüsnânın bu kadar kapsamlı ele alındığı başka bir eser bilinmemektedir. Bu kitap; üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. “Metodolojik Çerçeve” başlıklı giriş bölümünde çalışmanın konusu, önemi, amacı, yöntemi, kaynakları ve Saffâr öncesi dönemde kaleme alınan esmâ-i hüsnâ litaratürü hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde Saffâr’ın yaşadığı sosyo-kültürel çevre olan Mâverâünnehir bölgesi ile Buhara ve Merv şehirlerinin siyasî, sosyal ve dinî durumu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde esmâ-i hüsna konusunun anlaşılmasına temel oluşturan isim, tesmiye, müsemmâ, sıfat ve vasf gibi kavramlar ile esmâ-i hüsnânın sayısı ve ihsâsı gibi kelâmî tartışmalara değinilmiştir. Bölüm sonuna Saffâr’ın rivayet ettiği 178 ilahî isme dair ayrıntılı bir tablo eklenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde öncelikle, Saffâr’ın esmâ-i hüsnâyı izah ederken dikkate aldığı kelâmî ilkeler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonrasında ise Saffâr’ın Telḫîṣü’l-edille’de ilâhî isimleri açıklarken ortaya koyduğu kelâmî görüş ve değerlendirmeler belirlenerek sistematik bir şekilde kategorize edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda ele alınan her konunun sonuna ilgili ilâhî isimleri ve bağlantılı olduğu tartışmaları içeren tablolar eklenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise Saffâr’ın esmâ-i hüsnâ anlayışına dayanan kelâm yöntemine dair ulaştığımız sonuçlara yer verilmiştir. Bu kitapta onun, esmâ-i hüsnânın %75’inde kelâmî yorumlarda bulunduğu ve bilgi-varlık bahsinden âhiret hayatına kadar bütün kelâm konularını esmâ-i hüsnâ ile bağlantılı yorumladığı tespit edilmiştir. Ulaşılan bu sonuçlar, Saffâr’ın kelâm anlayışının ilâhî isimlerin yorumuna dayandığını ortaya koymaktadır.

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Частини книг з теми "Index GINI"

Mukhopadhaya, Pundarik, and Jacques Silber. "A Note on the Decomposition of Health Inequality by Population Subgroups in the Case of Ordinal Variables." In Gini Inequality Index, 53–62. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-3.

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Chakravarty, Satya R. "An Axiomatic Analysis of Generalized Gini Air Quality Indices." In Gini Inequality Index, 125–44. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-7.

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Costa, Michele. "The Gini Index Decomposition and Overlapping Between Population Subgroups." In Gini Inequality Index, 63–91. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-4.

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Chaudhury, Anjan Ray, Madhabendra Sinha, and Partha Pratim Sengupta. "Segregation Measures for Different Forms of Categorical Data: Reinterpretation and Proposal." In Gini Inequality Index, 191–215. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-10.

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Bonetti, Marco, Chiara Gigliarano, and Ugofilippo Basellini. "The Gini Concentration Index for the Study of Survival." In Gini Inequality Index, 107–24. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-6.

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Mukhopadhyay, Nitis, Shyamal K. De, and Tae Young Yang. "Sequential Confidence Set and Point Estimation of the Population Gini Index by Controlling Accuracies Relative to the Population Mean." In Gini Inequality Index, 145–70. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-8.

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Schmid, Wolfgang, and Ivan Semeniuk. "A Test on Correlation Based on Gini’s Mean Difference." In Gini Inequality Index, 171–89. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-9.

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Mukhopadhyay, Nitis, and Bhargab Chattopadhyay. "Introducing Informal Inequality Measures (IIMs) Constructed from U-statistics of Degree Three or Higher in Analyzing Economic Disparity." In Gini Inequality Index, 1–31. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-1.

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Darku, Francis Bilson, and Bhargab Chattopadhyay. "Gini’s Mean Difference-Based Minimum Risk Point Estimator of Mean." In Gini Inequality Index, 93–106. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-5.

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Mukhopadhyay, Nitis. "Exploring Fixed-Accuracy Estimation for Population Gini Inequality Index Under Big Data: A Passage to Practical Distribution-Free Strategies." In Gini Inequality Index, 217–41. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Index GINI"

Ghori, R., S. E. Ahmed, and A. A. Hussein. "Shrinkage Estimation of Gini Index." In Proceedings of the International Statistics Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772466_0018.

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Behera, Gopal. "Privacy preserving C4.5 using Gini index." In 2011 2nd National Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Computer Science (NCETACS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncetacs.2011.5751385.

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Berndt, D. J., J. W. Fisher, R. V. Rajendrababu, and J. Studnicki. "Measuring healthcare inequities using the Gini index." In 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1174353.

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Tran, Quocnam. "Mining Medical Databases with Modified Gini Index Classification." In 2008 Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2008.18.

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Liu, Haoyue, MengChu Zhou, Xiaoyu Sean Lu, and Cynthia Yao. "Weighted Gini index feature selection method for imbalanced data." In 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2018.8361371.

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Zhu, Weidong, Jingyu Feng, and Yongmin Lin. "Using Gini-Index for Feature Selection in Text Categorization." In 2014 International Conference on Information, Business and Education Technology (ICIBET 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icibet-14.2014.22.

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Krivtsov, Vasiliy, and Mark Kaminskiy. "Recent Advances in Reliability Applications of Gini Type Index." In 2021 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rams48097.2021.9605771.

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Wu, Lin, Yongbin Wang, Shengyan Zhang, and Yannan Zhang. "Fusing Gini Index and Term Frequency for Text Feature Selection." In 2017 IEEE Third International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigmm.2017.65.

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Loza, Carlos A., and Jose C. Principe. "Transient model of EEG using Gini Index-based matching pursuit." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2016.7471770.

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Perveen, Nazil, Shubhrata Gupta, and Kesari Verma. "Facial expression recognition using facial characteristic points and Gini index." In 2012 Students Conference on Engineering and Systems (SCES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sces.2012.6199086.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Index GINI"

Sánchez-Páez, David A. Effects of income inequality on COVID-19 infections and deaths during the first wave of the pandemic: Evidence from European countries. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res1.1.

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Evidence from research on infectious diseases suggests that income inequality is related to higher rates of infection and death in disadvantaged population groups. Our objective is to examine whether there was an association between income inequality and the numbers of cases and deaths during the first wave of the COVID- 19 pandemic in European countries. We determined the duration of the first wave by first smoothing the number of daily cases, and then using a LOESS regression to fit the smoothed trend. Next, we estimated quasi-Poisson regressions. Results from the bivariate models suggest there was a moderate positive association between the Gini index values and the cumulated number of infections and deaths during the first wave, although the statistical significance of this association disappeared when controls were included. Results from multivariate models suggest that higher numbers of infections and deaths from COVID-19 were associated with countries having more essential workers, larger elderly populations and lower health care capacities.

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