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Готові списки джерел за темами / Increase of sensitivity / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Increase of sensitivity"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Coderre, Terence J., and Ronald Melzack. "Procedures which increase acute pain sensitivity also increase autotomy." Experimental Neurology 92, no. 3 (June 1986): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(86)90311-0.

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2

&NA;. "Recognition proteins could increase cisplatin sensitivity." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 902 (August 1993): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199309020-00018.

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3

Woods, Russell L., Joanne M. Wood, and Michelle P. Jack. "Exercise does not increase contrast sensitivity." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 80, no. 5 (September 1997): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1997.tb04877.x.

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4

Peelen, M., and T. Stein. "Feature-specific predictions increase contrast sensitivity." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.1044.

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5

Nie, Ji, Adam H. Sobel, Daniel A. Shaevitz, and Shuguang Wang. "Dynamic amplification of extreme precipitation sensitivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 38 (September 4, 2018): 9467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800357115.

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A useful starting hypothesis for predictions of changes in precipitation extremes with climate is that those extremes increase at the same rate as atmospheric moisture does, which is ∼7% K−1 following the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) relation. This hypothesis, however, neglects potential changes in the strengths of atmospheric circulations associated with precipitation extremes. As increased moisture leads to increased precipitation, the increased latent heating may lead to stronger large-scale ascent and thus, additional increase in precipitation, leading to a super-CC scaling. This study investigates this possibility in the context of the 2015 Texas extreme precipitation event using the Column Quasi-Geostrophic (CQG) method. Analogs to this event are simulated in different climatic conditions with varying surface temperature (Ts) given the same adiabatic quasigeostrophic forcing. Precipitation in these events exhibits super-CC scaling due to the dynamic contribution associated with increasing ascent due to increased latent heating, an increase with importance that increases with Ts. The thermodynamic contribution (attributable to increasing water vapor; assuming no change in vertical motion) approximately follows CC as expected, while vertical structure changes of moisture and diabatic heating lead to negative but secondary contributions to the sensitivity, reducing the rate of increase.

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6

Falconbridge, M., L. Shams, and S. Engel. "Adaptation can increase sensitivity to visual features." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (March 19, 2010): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.356.

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7

Mitchell, Fiona. "PTEN mutations increase insulin sensitivity and obesity." Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8, no. 12 (October 2, 2012): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.186.

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8

WOOD, JOANNE M., RUSSELL L. WOODS, and MICHELLE P. JACK. "Exercise Does Not Increase Visual Field Sensitivity." Optometry and Vision Science 71, no. 11 (November 1994): 682–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199411000-00002.

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9

Holloszy, John O. "Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 1 (July 2005): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00123.2005.

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Exercise/muscle contraction activates glucose transport. The increase in muscle glucose transport induced by exercise is independent of insulin. As the acute effect of exercise on glucose transport wears off, it is replaced by an increase in insulin sensitivity. An increase in insulin sensitivity results in a shift in the insulin dose-response curve to the left, with a decrease in the concentration of insulin needed to induce 50% of the maximal response. This phenomenon, which plays a major role in rapid muscle glycogen accumulation after exercise, is not mediated by amplification of the insulin signal. Development of the increase in insulin sensitivity after contractions does not require protein synthesis or activation of p38 MAPK. It does require the presence of a serum protein during the period of contractile activity. The effect of exercise on muscle insulin sensitivity is mimicked by hypoxia and by treatment of muscles with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside to activate AMP-activated protein kinase. The postexercise increase in sensitivity of muscle glucose transport to activation is not specific for insulin but also involves an increased susceptibility to activation by a submaximal contraction/hypoxia stimulus. The increase in insulin sensitivity is mediated by translocation of more GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface in response to a submaximal insulin stimulus. Although the postexercise increase in muscle insulin sensitivity has been characterized in considerable detail, the basic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain a mystery.

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10

Horak, F. B., and F. Hlavacka. "Somatosensory Loss Increases Vestibulospinal Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.575.

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To determine whether subjects with somatosensory loss show a compensatory increase in sensitivity to vestibular stimulation, we compared the amplitude of postural lean in response to four different intensities of bipolar galvanic stimulation in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PNP) and age-matched control subjects. To determine whether healthy and neuropathic subjects show similar increases in sensitivity to galvanic vestibular stimulation when standing on unstable surfaces, both groups were exposed to galvanic stimulation while standing on a compliant foam surface. In these experiments, a 3-s pulse of galvanic current was administered to subjects standing with eyes closed and their heads turned toward one shoulder (anodal current on the forward mastoid). Anterior body tilt, as measured by center of foot pressure (CoP), increased proportionately with increasing galvanic vestibular stimulation intensity for all subjects. Subjects with peripheral neuropathy showed larger forward CoP displacement in response to galvanic stimulation than control subjects. The largest differences between neuropathy and control subjects were at the highest galvanic intensities, indicating an increased sensitivity to vestibular stimulation. Neuropathy subjects showed a larger increase in sensitivity to vestibular stimulation when standing on compliant foam than control subjects. The effect of galvanic stimulation was larger on the movement of the trunk segment in space than on the body's center of mass (CoM) angle, suggesting that the vestibular system acts to control trunk orientation rather than to control whole body posture. This study provides evidence for an increase in the sensitivity of the postural control system to vestibular stimulation when somatosensory information from the surface is disrupted either by peripheral neuropathy or by standing on an unstable surface. Simulations from a simple model of postural orientation incorporating feedback from the vestibular and somatosensory systems suggest that the increase in body lean in response to galvanic current in subjects with neuropathy could be reproduced only if central vestibular gain was increased when peripheral somatosensory gain was decreased. The larger effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation on the trunk than on the body's CoM suggest that the vestibular system may act to control postural orientation via control of the trunk in space.

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11

Qiao, Haijun, Jingjun Xu, Qiang Wu, Xuanyi Yu, Qian Sun, Xinzheng Zhang, Guangyin Zhang, and Tatyana R. Volk. "An increase of photorefractive sensitivity in In:LiNbO3 crystal." Optical Materials 23, no. 1-2 (July 2003): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-3467(02)00299-9.

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12

Fischer, Saloumeh K., Alison Joyce, Mark Spengler, Tong-Yuan Yang, Yao Zhuang, Marianne Scheel Fjording, and Alvydas Mikulskis. "Emerging Technologies to Increase Ligand Binding Assay Sensitivity." AAPS Journal 17, no. 1 (October 18, 2014): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12248-014-9682-8.

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13

NISIZONO, Tatuya, Shunkichi HIROKAWA, and Tamaki WATANABE. "Increase on sensitivity of CR-39 by annealing." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 31, no. 4 (1989): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.31.468.

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14

Bisgard, Gerald E. "Increase in Carotid Body Sensitivity during Sustained Hypoxia." Neurosignals 4, no. 5 (1995): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109455.

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15

Diekhoff, T. "SP0169 Mri of Sacroiliitis - How to Increase Sensitivity." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 73, Suppl 2 (June 2014): 45.3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.6352.

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16

He, Rui, Rongjing Zhang, and Junhua Yuan. "Noise-Induced Increase of Sensitivity in Bacterial Chemotaxis." Biophysical Journal 111, no. 2 (July 2016): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.013.

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17

Jacob John, T., BenjaminU Samuel, and S. Christhuraj. "Method to increase the sensitivity of poliovirus isolation." Lancet 340, no. 8825 (October 1992): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92863-b.

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18

Rao, Krishna, A. Park Williams, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marta Yebra, and Alexandra G. Konings. "Plant-water sensitivity regulates wildfire vulnerability." Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01654-2.

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AbstractExtreme wildfires extensively impact human health and the environment. Increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) has led to a chronic increase in wildfire area in the western United States, yet some regions have been more affected than others. Here we show that for the same increase in VPD, burned area increases more in regions where vegetation moisture shows greater sensitivity to water limitation (plant-water sensitivity; R2 = 0.71). This has led to rapid increases in human exposure to wildfire risk, both because the population living in areas with high plant-water sensitivity grew 50% faster during 1990–2010 than in other wildland–urban interfaces and because VPD has risen most rapidly in these vulnerable areas. As plant-water sensitivity is strongly linked to wildfire vulnerability, accounting for ecophysiological controls should improve wildfire forecasts. If recent trends in VPD and demographic shifts continue, human wildfire risk will probably continue to increase.

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19

Karabanov, Sergey M., Dmitry V. Suvorov, Gennady P. Gololobov, Dmitry Y. Tarabrin, and Evgeny V. Slivkin. "Increase of Magnetic Sensitivity of Magnetically Controlled MEMS Switches." MRS Advances 1, no. 34 (2016): 2393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.395.

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ABSTRACTThe paper presents the research results of influence of various parameters of magnetic field concentrator geometry on sensitivity of magnetically controlled MEMS switches. It is shown that magnetic sensitivity increases with the growth of the magnetic concentrator width and practically does not depend on its length. It is established that dependence of magnetic sensitivity on the overlap length of the ferromagnetic flexible contact-concentrator has a minimum corresponding to 2-3 lengths of the contact gap. Recommendations on sensitivity increase of magnetically controlled MEMS switches are provided.

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20

KUGE, Ken'ichi, Masaki NOSE, and Nobuo MII. "Increase of Sensitivity at Autoradiography by the Latensification Technique." RADIOISOTOPES 47, no. 2 (1998): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.47.105.

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21

Ren, Juan, Yongli Chu, Hongbing Ma, Yuelang Zhang, Xiaozhi Zhang, Dongli Zhao, Zongfang Li, et al. "Epigenetic Interventions Increase the Radiation Sensitivity of Cancer Cells." Current Pharmaceutical Design 20, no. 11 (April 2014): 1857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990529.

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22

Saleh, Khalil, Nadine Khalifeh-Saleh, Hampig Raphaël Kourie, Fadi Nasr, and Georges Chahine. "Do immune checkpoint inhibitors increase sensitivity to salvage chemotherapy?" Immunotherapy 10, no. 3 (March 2018): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2017-0153.

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23

Ivanov, I. I., V. A. Skryshevsky, and A. Belarouci. "Porous Bragg reflector based sensors: Ways to increase sensitivity." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 315 (November 2020): 112234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112234.

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24

Vuilleumier, Pascal Henri, Raphael Fritsche, Jürg Schliessbach, Bernhard Schmitt, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer, and Michele Curatolo. "Mutations affecting glycinergic neurotransmission in hyperekplexia increase pain sensitivity." Brain 141, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx289.

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25

Wheeler, Thomas G. "Goldfish spectral sensitivity increase and shift with decreasing temperature." Experimental Eye Research 44, no. 5 (May 1987): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-4835(87)80133-1.

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26

Khatter, Jagdish C., Moses Agbanyo, Srisala Navaratnam, and Robert J. Hoeschen. "Mechanisms of Developmental Increase in the Sensitivity to Ouabain." Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12, no. 3 (1989): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480958.

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27

Shaffer, Gary, Matthew Huber, Roberto Rondanelli, and Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen. "Deep time evidence for climate sensitivity increase with warming." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 12 (June 28, 2016): 6538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069243.

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28

Meraner, Katharina, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Aiko Voigt. "Robust increase in equilibrium climate sensitivity under global warming." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 22 (November 20, 2013): 5944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058118.

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29

Echarri, Rodolfo M., Juan M. Simon, and María C. Simon. "How to increase the sensitivity in a polarization interferometer." Applied Optics 30, no. 31 (November 1, 1991): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.004483.

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30

Moller, R., S. Datta, and B. Covino. "A953 ESTROGEN-INDUCED INCREASE IN CARDIAC SENSITIVITY TO BUPIVACAINE." Anesthesiology 73, no. 3A (September 1, 1990): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199009001-00951.

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31

Sužiedėlis, A., S. Ašmontas, V. Kazlauskaitė, and J. Gradauskas. "Sensitivity increase of point contact hot carrier microwave detector." Electronics Letters 45, no. 25 (2009): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2009.1345.

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32

Theuer, M., R. Beigang, and D. Grischkowsky. "Sensitivity increase for coating thickness determination using THz waveguides." Optics Express 18, no. 11 (May 14, 2010): 11456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.011456.

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33

Otani, Koichi, Akihito Suzuki, Naoshi Shibuya, Yoshihiko Matsumoto, and Mitsuhiro Kamata. "Dysfunctional Parenting Styles Increase Interpersonal Sensitivity in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, no. 12 (December 2009): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181c29a4c.

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34

Echeverría-Rodríguez, O., I. A. Gallardo-Ortíz, and R. Villalobos-Molina. "Does exercise increase insulin sensitivity through angiotensin 1-7?" Acta Physiologica 216, no. 1 (November 6, 2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apha.12619.

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35

Lin, Julia Y., Andreea D. Stuparu, Mark D. Huntington, Milan Mrksich, and Teri W. Odom. "Nanopatterned Substrates Increase Surface Sensitivity for Real-Time Biosensing." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, no. 10 (March 6, 2013): 5286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp401598a.

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36

Staufenbiel, Sabine M., Rob H. J. van der Lubbe, and Durk Talsma. "Spatially uninformative sounds increase sensitivity for visual motion change." Experimental Brain Research 213, no. 4 (July 30, 2011): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2797-6.

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37

Pacharra, Marlene, Stefan Kleinbeck, Michael Schäper, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Klaus Golka, and Christoph van Thriel. "Does seasonal allergic rhinitis increase sensitivity to ammonia exposure?" International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220, no. 5 (July 2017): 840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.013.

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38

Dykstra, robert W. "A technique to increase nmr sensitivity for conductive solutions." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 84, no. 2 (September 1989): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(89)90386-7.

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39

Damgov, Vladimir N. "Solar wind sensors: A method of increase in sensitivity." Advances in Space Research 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90139-b.

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40

Rao, Yifan, Kai Zheng, Haojie Guo, Jiabing Yu та Xianping Chen. "2D β-tellurene: Increase sensitivity toward toxic cyanide molecules". Vacuum 194 (грудень 2021): 110619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110619.

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41

Le Roux, Renan, Fabien Wagner, Lilian Blanc, Julie Betbeder, Valery Gond, Hélène Dessard, Beatriz Funatzu, et al. "How wildfires increase sensitivity of Amazon forests to droughts." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 044031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5b3d.

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Abstract The phenology of tropical forests is tightly related to climate conditions. In the Amazon, the seasonal greening of forests is conditioned by solar radiation and rainfall. Yet, increasing anthropogenic pressures (e.g. logging and wildfires), raise concerns about the impacts of forest degradation on the functioning of forest ecosystems, especially in a climate change context. In this study, we relied on remote sensing data to assess the contribution of solar radiation and precipitation to forest greening in mature and fire degraded forests, with a focus on the 2015 drought event. Our results showed that forest greening is more dependent on water resources in degraded forests than in mature forests. As a consequence, the expected increase in drought episodes and associated fire occurrences under climate change could lead to a long-term drying of tropical forests.

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42

Nurgeldyeva, M. D., and B. G. Khodjakuli. "FEATURES OF ATHEROGENESIS AT SENSITIVITY INCREASE TO CANDIDA ALBICANS." Eurasian heart journal, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.38109/2225-1685-2013-1-76-81.

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43

Salzmann, Marc. "Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?" Science Advances 2, no. 6 (June 2016): e1501572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501572.

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Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K−1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the global mean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.

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44

Akerstrom, Thorbjorn, Lasse Laub, Kenneth Vedel, Christian Lehn Brand, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Anna Kaufmann Lindqvist, Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski, and Ylva Hellsten. "Increased skeletal muscle capillarization enhances insulin sensitivity." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 307, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): E1105—E1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2014.

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Increased skeletal muscle capillarization is associated with improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. However, a possible causal relationship has not previously been identified. Therefore, we investigated whether increased skeletal muscle capillarization increases insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle-specific angiogenesis was induced by adding the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin to the drinking water of Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 33), whereas 34 rats served as controls. Insulin sensitivity was measured ≥40 h after termination of the 3-wk prazosin treatment, which ensured that prazosin was cleared from the blood stream. Whole body insulin sensitivity was measured in conscious, unrestrained rats by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Tissue-specific insulin sensitivity was assessed by administration of 2-deoxy-[3H]glucose during the plateau phase of the clamp. Whole body insulin sensitivity increased by ∼24%, and insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle 2-deoxy-[3H]glucose disposal increased by ∼30% concomitant with an ∼20% increase in skeletal muscle capillarization. Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was not affected by the treatment. Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was enhanced independent of improvements in skeletal muscle insulin signaling to glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, suggesting that the improvement in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake could be due to improved diffusion conditions for glucose in the muscle. The prazosin treatment did not affect the rats on any other parameters measured. We conclude that an increase in skeletal muscle capillarization is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. These data point toward the importance of increasing skeletal muscle capillarization for prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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45

Özcan, Mutlu, Sam Abdin, and Cumhur Sipahi. "Bleaching induced tooth sensitivity: do the existing enamel craze lines increase sensitivity? A clinical study." Odontology 102, no. 2 (March 12, 2013): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-0104-7.

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46

Xiong, Wei-Hong, and King-Wai Yau. "Rod Sensitivity During Xenopus Development." Journal of General Physiology 120, no. 6 (November 25, 2002): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028702.

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We have measured the sensitivity of rod photoreceptors from overnight-dark–adapted Xenopus laevis through developmental stages 46–66 into adulthood by using suction-pipette recording. The dark current increased gradually from ∼5 pA at stage 46 to ∼20 pA at stage 57, compared with an adult (metamorphosed) current of ∼35 pA. This increase in dark current largely paralleled the progressive increase in length and diameter of the rod outer segment (ROS). Throughout stages 46–66, the dark current increased approximately linearly with ROS surface area. At stage 53, there was a steep (∼10-fold) increase in the rod flash sensitivity, accompanied by a steep increase in the time-to-peak of the half-saturated flash response. This covariance of sensitivity and time-to-peak suggested a change in the state of adaptation of rods at stage 53 and thereafter. When the isolated retina was preincubated with 11-cis-retinal, the flash sensitivity and the response time-to-peak of rods before stage 53 became similar to those at or after stage 53, suggesting that the presence of free opsin (i.e., visual pigment without chromophore) in rods before stage 53 was responsible for the adapted state (low sensitivity and short time-to-peak). By comparing the response sensitivity before stage 53 to the sensitivity at/after stage 53 measured from rods that had been subjected to various known bleaches, we estimated that 22–28% of rod opsin in stage 50–52 tadpoles (i.e., before stage 53) was devoid of chromophore despite overnight dark-adaptation. When continuously dark adapted for 7 d or longer, however, even tadpoles before stage 53 yielded rods with similar flash sensitivity and response time-to-peak as those of later-stage animals. In conclusion, it appears that chromophore regeneration is very slow in tadpoles before stage 53, but this regeneration becomes much more efficient at stage 53. A similar delay in the maturity of chromophore regeneration may partially underlie the low sensitivity of rods observed in newborn mammals, including human infants.

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47

Bremerich, Dorothee H., Tetsuya Kai, David O. Warner, and Keith A. Jones. "Effect of phorbol esters on Ca2+ sensitivity and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in airway smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): C1253—C1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.5.c1253.

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We studied in β-escin-permeabilized canine tracheal smooth muscle (CTSM) the effect of the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) on isometric force at a constant submaximal Ca2+ concentration (i.e., the effect on Ca2+ sensitivity) and regulatory myosin light-chain (rMLC) phosphorylation. PDBu increased Ca2+sensitivity, an increase associated with a concentration-dependent, sustained increase in rMLC phosphorylation. PDBu altered the relationship between rMLC phosphorylation and isometric force such that the increase in isometric force was less than that expected for the increase in rMLC phosphorylation observed. The effect of four PKC inhibitors [calphostin C, chelerythrine chloride, a pseudosubstrate inhibitor for PKC, PKC peptide-(19—31) (PSSI), and staurosporine] on PDBu-induced Ca2+ sensitization as well as the effect of calphostin C and PSSI on rMLC phosphorylation were determined. Whereas none of these compounds prevented or reversed the PDBu-induced increase in Ca2+sensitivity, the PDBu-induced increase in rMLC phosphorylation was inhibited. We conclude that PDBu increases rMLC phosphorylation by activation of PKC but that the associated PDBu-induced increases in Ca2+ sensitivity are mediated by mechanisms other than activation of PKC in permeabilized airway smooth muscle.

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48

Geiger, Paige C., Chad Hancock, David C. Wright, Dong-Ho Han, and John O. Holloszy. "IL-6 increases muscle insulin sensitivity only at superphysiological levels." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 6 (June 2007): E1842—E1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00701.2006.

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Exercise induces an increase in glucose transport in muscle. As the acute increase in glucose transport reverses, it is replaced by an increase in insulin sensitivity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases with exercise and has been reported to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Based on this information, we hypothesized that IL-6 would result in an increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. Rat epitrochlearis and soleus muscles were incubated with 120 ng/ml IL-6. Exposure to IL-6 induced a modest acute increase in glucose transport and was followed 3.5 h later by an increase in insulin sensitivity in epitrochlearis but not soleus muscles. IL-6 also brought about an increase in AMPK phosphorylation in epitrochlearis muscles. We conclude that exposure of fast-twitch muscle to 120 ng/ml IL-6 increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK. However, exposure of epitrochlearis muscles to 10 ng/ml IL-6, a concentration >100-fold higher than that attained in plasma during exercise, had no effect on glucose transport or insulin sensitivity. These findings provide evidence that the increases in glucose transport and insulin sensitivity induced by IL-6 are pharmacological rather than physiological effects. We interpret our results as evidence that the increase in IL-6 during exercise does not play a role in the exercise-induced increases in muscle glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.

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49

SABELIS, L. W. E., P. J. SENDEN, B. C. M. TE BOEKHORST, H. J. HULZEBOS, A. VAN DE WIEL, T. W. VAN HAEFTEN, M. L. ZONDERLAND, and W. L. MOSTERD. "Does physical training increase insulin sensitivity in chronic heart failure patients?" Clinical Science 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030254.

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To determine the effect of training on insulin sensitivity (IS) and how this relates to peak VO2 (peak oxygen uptake) in CHF (chronic heart failure), 77 CHF patients (New York Heart Association class, II/III; men/women, 59/18; age, 60±9 years; body mass index, 26.7±3.9 kg/m2; left ventricular ejection fraction, 26.9±8.1%; expressed as means±S.D.) participated in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to a training or control group (TrG or CG respectively). Sixty-one patients completed the study. Patients participated in training (combined strength and endurance exercises) four times per week, two times supervised and two times at home. Before and after intervention, anthropometry, IS (euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and peak VO2 (incremental cycle ergometry) were assessed. Intervention did not affect IS significantly, even though IS increased by 20% in TrG and 11% in CG (not significant). Peak VO2 increased as a result of training (6% increase in TrG; 2% decrease in CG; P<0.05). In both groups (TrG and CG), the change in IS correlated positively with the change in peak VO2 (r=0.30, P<0.05). Training resulted in an increase in peak VO2, but not in IS. Whether physical training actually increases IS in CHF patients remains unclear.

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50

Cartee, G. D., D. A. Young, M. D. Sleeper, J. Zierath, H. Wallberg-Henriksson, and J. O. Holloszy. "Prolonged increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle after exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 256, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): E494—E499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.4.e494.

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Exercise can induce short-term increases in the sensitivity and responsiveness of skeletal muscle glucose transport to insulin. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate deprivation on the persistence of increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness after a bout of exercise. Three hours after a bout of exercise, epitrochlearis muscles from carbohydrate-deprived (fat fed) rats showed a 25% greater increase in 3-O-methylglucose (3-MG) transport in response to a maximal insulin stimulus compared with muscles of nonexercised rats; this increase in insulin responsiveness had reversed 18 h postexercise. Muscles of rats fed carbohydrate showed no increase in insulin responsiveness 3 h after exercise. The effect of 60 microU/ml of insulin on 3-MG transport was approximately twofold greater in muscles studied 3 h after exercise than in nonexercised controls regardless of dietary carbohydrate intake. This increase in insulin sensitivity was lost within 18 h in carbohydrate-fed rats but persisted for at least 48 h in carbohydrate-deprived rats. Muscle glycogen increased approximately 41 mumol/g in the rats fed carbohydrate for 18 h, and only approximately 14.5 mumol/g in the rats fed fat for 48 h, after exercise. The persistent increase in insulin sensitivity after exercise in carbohydrate-deprived rats was unrelated to caloric intake, as muscles of fasted and fat-fed rats behaved similarly.

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