Книги з теми "Incomplete approaches"
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1
Fund, International Monetary, ed. Privatization and restructuring: An incomplete-contract approach. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1996.
2
Berninghaus, Siegfried. International migration under incomplete information: A microeconomic approach. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
3
Hyvönen, Eero. Constraint reasoning with incomplete knowledge: The tolerance propagation approach. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1991.
4
William, Jack. Decentralizing the provision of health services: An incomplete contracts approach. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Economics, 2000.
5
Müller, Gereon. Incomplete category fronting: A derivational approach to remnant movement in German. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1998.
6
MacLeod, W. B. Labour turnover and the natural rate of unemployment: An incomplete contracts approach. Southampton: University of Southampton, Dept. of Economics, 1987.
7
Bertsimas, Dimitris. Pricing and hedging derivative securities in incomplete markets: An e-arbitrage approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
8
Hartley, Michael J. A systems approach to the calibration of economy-wide models with incomplete data. [s.l.]: World Bank, 1985.
9
Aghion, Philippe. An "incomplete contract" approach to bankruptcy and the financial structure of the firm. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988.
10
Gertsman, Elina, ed. Abstraction in Medieval Art. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989894.
Анотація:
Abstraction haunts medieval art, both withdrawing figuration and suggesting elusive presence. How does it make or destroy meaning in the process? Does it suggest the failure of figuration, the faltering of iconography? Does medieval abstraction function because it is imperfect, incomplete, and uncorrected-and therefore cognitively, visually demanding? Is it, conversely, precisely about perfection? To what extent is the abstract predicated on theorization of the unrepresentable and imperceptible? Does medieval abstraction pit aesthetics against metaphysics, or does it enrich it, or frame it, or both? Essays in this collection explore these and other questions that coalesce around three broad themes: medieval abstraction as the untethering of the image from what it purports to represent; abstraction as a vehicle for signification; and abstraction as a form of figuration. Contributors approach the concept of medieval abstraction from a multitude of perspectives-formal, semiotic, iconographic, material, phenomenological, epistemological.
11
Zagare, Frank C., and Branislav L. Slantchev. Game Theory and Other Modeling Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.401.
Анотація:
Game theory is the science of interactive decision making. It has been used in the field of international relations (IR) for over 50 years. Almost all of the early applications of game theory in international relations drew upon the theory of zero-sum games, but the first generation of applications was also developed during the most intense period of the Cold War. The theoretical foundations for the second wave of the game theory literature in international relations were laid by a mathematician, John Nash, a co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics. His major achievement was to generalize the minimax solution which emerged from the first wave. The result is the now famous Nash equilibrium—the accepted measure of rational behavior in strategic form games. During the third wave, from roughly the early to mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, there was a distinct move away from static strategic form games toward dynamic games depicted in extensive form. The assumption of complete information also fell by the wayside; games of incomplete information became the norm. Technical refinements of Nash’s equilibrium concept both encouraged and facilitated these important developments. In the fourth and final wave, which can be dated, roughly, from around the middle of the 1990s, extensive form games of incomplete information appeared regularly in the strategic literature. The fourth wave is a period in which game theory was no longer considered a niche methodology, having finally emerged as a mainstream theoretical tool.
12
Sturman, David A., Milissa L. Kaufman, Cara E. Bigony, and Kerry J. Ressler. Novel Approaches for Treating Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0039.
Анотація:
While multiple effective pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies exist for anxiety disorders, to many they lack efficacy, tolerability, and/or accessibility. Only one-third of those with anxiety disorders seek mental health treatment and, of those who do, nonadherence and nonresponse (or incomplete response) remain substantial problems. There is thus a great need for novel treatments. In this chapter, we discuss approaches for the development of new anxiety treatments based on an improved understanding of the neurobiology underlying anxiety and fear-related disorders. We define novel treatments as those that hold potential promise but are not yet fully proven or available, or those that are recently available but not widely implemented.
13
Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis. Evidence for population-level approaches to the prevention of NCDs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter is the first of three about solution generation. It focuses on ways to evaluate the effectiveness of population health interventions and provides key questions to ask when applying evidence-based medicine to public health interventions. It also discusses how the dialogue between evidence producers and policy-makers can take various forms. Case studies illustrate how action can lag far behind even when evidence is strong and how powerful vested interests can undermine evidence-based policies. The chapter then discusses the role that modelling methods can play in improving public health decision-making, particularly when existing evidence is incomplete and traditional research methods are unable to provide solutions.
14
Bailey, Doug. Incomplete. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0008.
Анотація:
Holes are paradoxes of visual culture and human behavior. Difficult to define, alive with consequence, holes affect behavior in significant ways. This chapter examines holes as slippery, elusive, material, always absent, and as parasites (to surfaces). Starting with the author’s excavation of 8,000-year-old pit-houses from the Neolithic site at Măgura (Romania), this chapter investigates the complexities of holes and surfaces as philosophic entities, and then examines the cutting work of the late twentieth-century artist Gordon Matta-Clark. The approach taken is to juxtapose otherwise disparate examples and analyses from within archaeology, art, and beyond. Though immaterial objects, holes have relations and properties. They disrupt at subconscious levels, altering understandings of our place(s) in the world, and our relations with other people, objects, and institutions. By unpacking and closely redefining holes, one gains new perspectives and analytic tools for the study of human behavior, and the traces it leaves behind, that are applicable across the humanities and social sciences, from archaeology to art history, from anthropology to design and material culture studies.
15
Glick, Ronald, Marie Anne Gebara, and Eric Lenze. Integrative Geriatric Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0019.
Анотація:
Psychiatric disorders, most prominently anxiety disorders and depression, are common among older adults and are associated with significant morbidity and impact on quality of life. Standard approaches, including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, are helpful for many patients, but treatment resistance and incomplete response are common. Complementary and integrative approaches have the potential to augment the response to traditional treatments. This chapter provides a background on the evaluation and management of these disorders. Treatment considerations focus on mind–body and biological approaches, with the latter including the informed use of nutritional supplements and two whole-systems approaches.
16
Berninghaus, Siegfried. International Migration Under Incomplete Information: A Microeconomic Approach. Springer, 2013.
17
Seifert-Vogt, Hans G., and Siegfried Berninghaus. International Migration under Incomplete Information: A Microeconomic Approach. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
18
Björk, Tomas. Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851615.001.0001.
Анотація:
The fourth edition of this textbook on pricing and hedging of financial derivatives, now also including dynamic equilibrium theory, continues to combine sound mathematical principles with economic applications. Concentrating on the probabilistic theory of continuous time arbitrage pricing of financial derivatives, including stochastic optimal control theory and optimal stopping theory, the book is designed for graduate students in economics and mathematics, and combines the necessary mathematical background with a solid economic focus. It includes a solved example for every new technique presented, contains numerous exercises, and suggests further reading in each chapter. All concepts and ideas are discussed, not only from a mathematics point of view, but the mathematical theory is also always supplemented with lots of intuitive economic arguments. In the substantially extended fourth edition Tomas Björk has added completely new chapters on incomplete markets, treating such topics as the Esscher transform, the minimal martingale measure, f-divergences, optimal investment theory for incomplete markets, and good deal bounds. There is also an entirely new part of the book presenting dynamic equilibrium theory. This includes several chapters on unit net supply endowments models, and the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross equilibrium factor model (including the CIR equilibrium interest rate model). Providing two full treatments of arbitrage theory—the classical delta hedging approach and the modern martingale approach—the book is written in such a way that these approaches can be studied independently of each other, thus providing the less mathematically oriented reader with a self-contained introduction to arbitrage theory and equilibrium theory, while at the same time allowing the more advanced student to see the full theory in action.
19
Decentralizing the Provision of Health Services: An Incomplete Contracts Approach. The World Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2395.
20
Müller, Gereon. Incomplete Category Fronting: A Derivational Approach To Remnant Movement In German. Springer, 2010.
21
Müller, Gereon. Incomplete Category Fronting: A Derivational Approach to Remnant Movement in German. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
22
Sylla, Edith. Probability in 17th- and 18th-century Continental Europe from the Perspective of Jacob Bernoulli’s Art of Conjecturing. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.4.
Анотація:
Edith Dudley Sylla, “Probability in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Continental Europe from the perspective of Jacob Bernoulli’s Art of Conjecturing.” Abstract Jacob Bernoulli’s book The Art of Conjecturing, published in Basel in 1713 based on a carefully written manuscript left incomplete at the time of Bernoulli’s death in 1705, may be considered the founding document of mathematical probability. It brought together the mathematics of games of chance found in Christiaan Huygens’ On Reckoning in Games of Chance with approaches to weighing the probable truth of conjectures in civil, moral, or economic matters. The four parts of Bernoulli’s book are described. Whereas a key concept for Huygens and Bernoulli was expectation, Abraham De Moivre defined probability in terms of relative frequency. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of De Moivre’s De mensura sortis and The Doctrine of Chances.
23
Greyser, Naomi. “Spectres of Liberty” and the Archive. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460983.003.0007.
Анотація:
This epilogue considers the legacy of nineteenth-century sentimentalism, turning to contemporary civic statuary that memorializes nineteenth-century sentimentalists. Juxtaposing this statuary with the hauntingly ephemeral installation The Ghost of Liberty Street Church, the chapter offers postpresentist inquiry as a method that regards the archive as an urgent and poignantly incomplete political project. Where historicist approaches emphasize distance and difference from history through periodization, and charges of presentism name historians’ overidentification with the past, postpresentism holds in view intimacy and distance between past and the present. The epilogue lays out postpresentist readings of sculptures of Harriet E. Wilson in Milford, New Hampshire; Winnemucca Hopkins and Sojourner Truth in the United States Capitol Rotunda; and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer, and Susan B. Anthony in Seneca Falls, New York. These statues’ site-specific installations bring into relief the raced, gendered, and colonial legacies of the grounds beneath their podia and feet.
24
Razo, Armando. Integration of Contextual Data. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.20.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses a conceptual framework that clarifies the nature and importance of context in social scientific research. It first explains how context fits into survey analysis, then addresses major problems that hamper use and collection of contextual data: vague or incomplete conceptual definitions of “context” and lack of methodological guidance to collect and analyze contextual data. It suggests that systematic research and cumulative knowledge on contextual effects are constrained by two factors: the lack of standardized contextual variables across surveys and sporadic empirical inquiries. Finally, it outlines directions for future research with an eye toward advancing contextual data collection and analysis as well as ascertaining the impact of context on public opinion and political behavior. It presents statistical approaches to provide a blueprint for explicit measurements and analysis of contextual data and considers the need to modify conventional sampling techniques to capture relevant contextual variability.
25
Bapteste, Eric, and Gemma Anderson. Intersecting Processes Are Necessary Explanantia for Evolutionary Biology, but Challenge Retrodiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0014.
Анотація:
Processes are ubiquitous in biology and play a key explanatory role in evolutionary biology, where they are frequently depicted by patterns. In particular, phylogenetic trees represent divergence from a last common ancestor with a branching pattern. However, the increasingly recognized underdetermination of phylogenetic trees limits the accuracy of tree-based retrodiction. Even phylogenetic networks, which include additional processes intersecting with vertical descent, still provide incomplete descriptions of evolutionary processes, as they usually miss processes that impact unrelated lineages. Interaction networks highlight the intersection of processes that sustain biological diversity. The complex topology of all these networks further challenges retrodiction. Remarkably, when intersecting processes are involved in evolutionary transitions, they introduce new biological processes on Earth. Processes, and hence the explanantia of evolutionary biology, evolve, which challenges uniformitarian approaches to retrodiction. Despite these difficulties, a yet to be introduced typology of processes would help to analyse the (big) processual picture of life.
26
Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Decentralized Information Use. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter seeks to explore the challenge and opportunities that cloud computing and big data offer to strengthen public health informatics in LMICs. Cloud computing is slowly becoming a norm, almost representing a technical and social order which we do not fully understand, but need to accept. While there is a multiplicity of understandings associated with the cloud, we often focus only on its technical elements, while ignoring the business model that underlies it. This incomplete understanding may lead to LMICs making investments in solutions which are unsustainable, while also creating new challenges and demands for capacity. The cloud also raises key dilemmas around participation, decentralization, and ownership of data. Developments in big data, necessarily dependent on the cloud, are another source of challenges and opportunities for LMICs. Whether we like it or not, cloud computing and big data are integral elements to develop the Expanded PHI perspective, and we need to find appropriate approaches to do so.
27
Kreps, David M. A Course in Microeconomic Theory. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202754.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book is a text in microeconomics that is both challenging and “user-friendly.” The work is designed for the first-year graduate microeconomic theory course and is accessible to advanced undergraduates as well. Placing unusual emphasis on modern noncooperative game theory, it provides the student and instructor with a unified treatment of modern microeconomic theory — one that stresses the behavior of the individual actor (consumer or firm) in various institutional settings. The author has taken special pains to explore the fundamental assumptions of the theories and techniques studied, pointing out both strengths and weaknesses. The book begins with an exposition of the standard models of choice and the market, with extra attention paid to choice under uncertainty and dynamic choice. General and partial equilibrium approaches are blended, so that the student sees these approaches as points along a continuum. The work then turns to more modern developments. Readers are introduced to noncooperative game theory and shown how to model games and determine solution concepts. Models with incomplete information, the folk theorem and reputation, and bilateral bargaining are covered in depth, followed by exploration of information economics. A closing discussion concerns firms as organizations and gives readers a taste of transaction-cost economics.
28
Duplouy, Alain, and Roger W. Brock, eds. Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.001.0001.
Анотація:
Citizenship is a major feature of contemporary national and international politics. It is also a legacy of ancient Greece. The concept of membership of a community appeared in Greece some three millennia ago as a participation in the social and political life of small-scale communities, but only towards the end of the fourth century BC did Aristotle offer the first explicit statement about it. Though long accepted, the Aristotelian definition remains deeply rooted in the philosophical and political thought of the classical period, but it probably fails to account accurately for the previous centuries or the dynamics of the emergent cities. Focusing on archaic Greece, this collective enquiry, bringing together renowned international scholars, aims at exploring new routes to archaic citizenship, exemplifying the living diversity of approaches to archaic Greece and to the Greek city. If the Aristotelian model has long been applied to all Greek cities regardless of chronological issues, historians are now challenging Aristotle’s theoretical definition and are looking for other ways of conceiving citizenship and community, setting the stage for a new image of archaic cities, which are no longer to be considered as primitive or incomplete classical poleis. Driven by this same objective, the essays collected here have not, however, been tailored to endorse any specific view. Each contributor brings his or her own national background and approaches to archaic citizenship through specific fields of enquiry (law, descent, cults, military obligations, associations, civic subdivisions, athletics, commensality, behaviours, etc.), often venturing off the beaten track.
29
Müller, Gereon. Incomplete Category Fronting: A Derivational Approach to Remnant Movement in German (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory). Springer, 1997.
30
Panizza, Francisco. Populism and Identification. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.19.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses relations between populism, identity, and identification, defining populism as a mode of political identification that constructs and gives meaning to “the people” as a political actor. It critically adopts a discursive approach to populism represented, among others, by the works of Ernesto Laclau, as well as the socio-cultural approach of Pierre Ostiguy, in order to show how populist identities are created and how populist interventions shape politics differently in different political contexts. It argues that political identities are complex, relational, and incomplete, challenging binary classifications of political actors as either populists or not, and introducing the notion of populist interventions as a political appeal to be used alongside other political appeals. The notion of incomplete and permanently dislocated institutions is then used to show how populist interventions can be employed in highly institutionalized political settings to change the boundaries of what is sayable and hence doable in a given political order.
31
Dempster, M. A. H., E. L. Presman, I. N. Sonin, and E. A. Medova-Dempster. Sequential Control With Incomplete Information: The Bayesian Approach to Multi-Armed Bandit Problems (Economic Theory, Econometrics, and Mathematical Economics). Academic Press, 1990.
32
Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models vs. complexity economics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter will critically examine the non-equilibrium-based complexity theory approach to model building. Complexity theory replaces equilibrium-based models with algorithm-based models. Attention will be paid to the work of W. Brian Arthur and the other researchers at the Santa Fe Institute, with a particular assessment of their approach to including knowledge and learning recognition in their alternative to equilibrium models. Topics discussed include complexity economics, technology, increasing returns, diversity, learning, path dependency and evolution. Particular attention is given to the Santa Fe Institutes use of inductive learning to characterize how a market participant acts in the face of incomplete and uncertain information.
33
Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of non-clearing markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0015.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the extent to which Keynesian models can overcome the limits of equilibrium models without violating the methodological individualism that is required in all neoclassical equilibrium models. This chapter discusses an approach that involves a generalized version of Keynesian liquidity preference due to John Hicks. It goes beyond financial liquidity by recognizing the possible desirability of deliberate excess capacity. The generalized version involves endogenously deliberate disequilibria during which participants with incomplete knowledge of the market’s future are understood not to use all their resources, but to keep some in reserve thereby allowing flexibility in dealing with unforeseen circumstances.
34
Walsh, Stephen B. Approach to the patient with renal tubular acidosis. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0036.
Анотація:
The renal tubular acidoses are a collection of syndromes characterized by defective urinary acidification. These syndromes have classically caused some confusion, and many opine that the widely used numerical system (type 1, 2) should be abandoned. We consider distal renal tubular acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis separately, and briefly cover hypoaldosteronism. Distal (Type 1) renal tubular acidosis is a syndrome of hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and osteomalacia or rickets. It is caused by failure of the acid secreting α-intercalated cells in the distal nephron. Proximal (Type 2) renal tubular acidosis is a syndrome of metabolic acidosis that is almost always accompanied by the Fanconi syndrome of glycosuria, phosphaturia, uricosuria, aminoaciduria, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. It is caused by a failure of bicarbonate reabsorption by the proximal tubular cells. Type 3 or mixed renal tubular acidosis, as originally described, has vanished (or was originally incompletely described). It is sometimes used to describe a mutation of carbonic anhydrase II, which causes both proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis, as well as cerebral calcification and osteopetrosis. Type 4 or hypoaldosteronism is a syndrome of hyperkalaemia and mild metabolic acidosis. It is due to a lack of aldosterone or resistance to its action.
35
Ackerly, Brooke A. Feminist Grounded Normative Methods for Just Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0006.
Анотація:
One of the core challenges of grounded normative theory is to deploy a methodology for theorizing that guides us to seek insight from lived experience even though our knowledge of that experience can be only partial, incomplete, even flawed. Grounded normative theory is a broad methodological approach that requires specific methods for developing the empirical basis appropriate to each normative inquiry. Chapter 5 describes the specific methods I used to develop the theory of just responsibility. It provides an argument for drawing on the strategic initiatives of human rights activists and describes the research–activist partnership from which the normative theory presented here derives.
36
Fink, Mitchell P. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0308.
Анотація:
Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to the pathogenesis of many common clinical conditions, including stroke, myocardial damage after percutaneous intervention for acute coronary artery occlusion, primary graft dysfunction after solid organ transplantation. The mechanisms that are responsible for I/R injury remain incompletely understood, but damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species clearly is important. A number of therapeutic approaches, such as administration of ROS scavengers, are effective in animal models of I/R injury, but for the most part, translation of these findings into strategies that can clearly benefit patients has yet to be achieved.
37
Parsons, Laurel, and Brenda Ravenscroft. Clara Schumann, “Liebst du um Schönheit” (1841). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190237028.003.0009.
Анотація:
Schenker’s concept of interruption represents a vital link between tonal structure and thematic design. A close reading of Schenker’s presentation of the concept in Free Composition reveals that interruption may take many outward musical configurations that differ from the type mentioned in most textbooks, especially at levels closer to the foreground, proposing a flexible approach to interruption in the description of myriad foreground musical events. Clara Schumann’s “Liebst du um Schönheit,” op. 12, no. 4, features a multiply interrupted structure, where the general notion of interruption occurs in multiple configurations and at differing structural levels. The numerous incomplete linear progressions and striking harmonic events in this song emanate from the generic concept of interruption, and are closely related to the overall form and message of Rückert’s poem.
38
Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and, and Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Using Evidence and Knowledge Critically in Policy Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policy cases. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost-benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.
39
Homburg, Stefan. Commercial Banks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0007.
Анотація:
Chapter 7 introduces commercial banks as creators of money and integrates them into the general equilibrium framework. The motivation to deviate from the standard approach that neglects commercial banks and entrusts all money creation to a central bank is twofold. First, apart from currency, central banks do not provide money directly but rather supply reserves that enable banks to create deposits. After the Great Recession, this transmission process staggered: increases in reserves outpaced increases in deposits. Any analysis of the monetary expansions starting in 2008 would remain incomplete and unsatisfactory unless it took account of this fact. Second, central banks normally control an overnight interbank interest rate that differs from the market interest rate on bonds. Considering an interbank market and its relationship with the bond market makes it possible to derive a term structure of interest rates. This is important because inverse term structures are good predictors for recessions.
40
Hamilton, Kirk, and Gang Liu. Human Capital, Tangible Wealth, and the Intangible Capital Residual. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0011.
Анотація:
Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of a country should be around twenty times its GDP. Instead, the average observed ratio from the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6–6.6. Clearly, wealth accounts are incomplete. Estimating the value of the most obvious omission, human capital, using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 63 per cent—four times the value of produced and fourteen times that of natural capital. But for selected high-income countries an average of 25 per cent of total wealth remains unaccounted. This residual intangible is arguably the ‘stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity—the value of assets such as institutional and social capital that augment the capacity of produced, natural, and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
41
Ball, Steve, and Sajid Kalathil. Adrenocortical cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0094.
Анотація:
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is rare and associated with poor prognosis. The incidence is estimated at 0.7–2 cases per one million. Overall survival rate at five years for ACC is 37–47%. While the pathogenesis of ACC is incompletely understood, inherited predisposition syndromes are common in childhood ACC. Clinical presentation can be with symptoms and signs of hormone excess (functional tumours), mass effects, or as an incidental radiological finding. A multidisciplinary approach combining radiology, biochemistry, and tissue-based pathology is needed to establish a diagnosis to guide a surgical approach aimed at complete resection of the tumour where possible. At present, recommended first-line therapies for advanced disease are mitotane monotherapy or etopiside, doxorubicin, and cisplatin plus mitotane. Metronomic capecitabine and gemcitabine have been used as alternatives. Adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumour bed should be considered for patients considered to be at high risk of recurrence.
42
Woodroffe, Rosie, and Christl A. Donnelly. European badgers and the control of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0020.
Анотація:
The European badger has become infamous because of its incompletely understood role in the spread of bovive tuberculosis to cattle, despite in actuality being directly implicated in only 5.7% of herd breakdowns. Randomised Badger culling trial data suggest that badger culling could make only a limited contribution to TB eradication in Britain. Surviving badgers in both proactive and reactive culling areas immigrate into the surrounding area, which generally worsens the rate of cattle herd breakdowns by around 25% in these areas. While badger vaccination appears promising as a potential TB control tool, there is not yet sufficient evidence to judge its effectiveness. Free shooting of badgers has proven less effective than hoped, failing to reach cull targets. Furthermore, instances of badger suffering have been reported. Consequently, controlling TB through badger management remains technically, ethically and politically challenging and alternative approaches directed at cattle are likely to be more effective.
43
Jagannathan, Radha. The Growing Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Europe & US. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200102.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book examines whether or not the youth employment strategies practiced in the high efficiency and expanding economies of the United States and Germany can be adopted successfully in the Mediterranean countries of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece and (southern) France, countries where youth face significant obstacles to employment. A distinguishing feature in the approach taken here is the importance placed on national culture, i.e., shared values and preferences with intergenerational sustainability that can have economic consequences. Like many other books on this subject the importance of the institutions and policies that underpin “free market capitalism” are discussed but an effort has been made to place these institutions and policies within a broader cultural and historical context. In the spirit of the pioneering work of Max Weber and the more recent contributions in the rapidly expanding sub-field of cultural economics, this book attempts to identify the elements of national value orientation that can facilitate or impede the adoption of new technologies, policies or institutional forms. It is the book’s contention, its overall thesis if you will, that a failure to correctly identify these value orientations will likely result in incomplete adoption and low levels of diffusion.
44
Murray Levine, Alison J. Vivre Ici. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940414.001.0001.
Анотація:
Vivre Ici analyzes a selection of films from the vast viewing landscape of contemporary French documentary film, a genre that has experienced a renaissance in the past twenty years. The films are connected not just by a general interest in engaging the “real,” but by a particular attention to French space and place. From farms and wild places to roads, schools, and urban edgelands, these films explore the spaces of the everyday and the human and non-human experiences that unfold within them. Through a critical approach that integrates phenomenology, film theory, eco-criticism and cultural history, Levine investigates the notion of documentary as experience. She asks how and why, in the contemporary media landscape, these films seek to avoid argumentation and instead, give the viewer a feeling of “being there.” As a diverse collection of filmmakers, both well-known and less so, explore the limits and possibilities of these places, a collage-like, incomplete, and fragmented vision of France as seen and felt through documentary cameras comes into view. Venturing beyond film analysis to examine the production climate for these films and their circulation in contemporary France, Levine explores the social and political consequences of these “films that matter” for the viewers who come into contact with them.
45
Cornia, Giovanni Andrea. The Macroeconomics of Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856672.001.0001.
Анотація:
The book focuses on the short- and long-term macroeconomic challenges faced by developing countries characterized by missing, incomplete, and dualistic markets and weak institutions. Such problems affect long-term growth, short-term macroeconomic equilibrium, employment, and inequality far more than in the advanced economies. A central message of the book is that ignoring these features and applying to developing countries models inspired by the reality of advanced economies may lead to wrong conclusions and policies. These challenges are discussed for a number of archetypes of developing economies dependent on land and natural resources, affected by supply rigidities in agriculture, and featuring dualistic markets, a dominant informal sector, fast population growth, and chronic dependence on the export of commodities and a volatile external finance. Finally, the book discusses the impact on growth, inequality, and poverty of the stabilization and structural adjustment reforms that were increasingly implemented during the last thirty years. These issues have taken centre stage since the launch of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) initiatives that have not spelled out a clear macroeconomic approach. There is a risk, therefore, that the wrong policies and sudden shocks may derail progress towards the SDGs which might be achieved by means of social policies.
46
Bernal, Angelica Maria. Beyond Origins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494223.001.0001.
Анотація:
From classical stories of divine lawgivers to contemporary ones of Founding Fathers and constitutional beginnings, foundings have long been synonymous with singular, extraordinary moments of political origin and creation. In constitutional democracies, this common view is particularly attractive, with original founding events, actors, and ideals invoked time and again in everyday politics as well as in times of crisis to remake the state and unify citizens. Beyond Origins challenges this view of foundings, explaining how it is ultimately dangerous, misguided, and unsustainable. Engaging with cases of founding through a series of “travels” across political traditions and historical time, this book evaluates the uses and abuses of this view to expose in its links among foundings, origins, and authority a troubling political foundationalism. It argues that by ascribing to foundings a universally binding, unifying, and transcendent authority, the common view works to obscure the fraught political struggles involved in actual foundings and refoundings. In the wake of this challenge, the book develops an alternate approach. Centered on a political view of foundings, this framework recasts foundations as far from authoritatively settled or grounded and redefines foundings as contentious, uncertain, and incomplete. It looks to actors whose complicated relations to pure origins both reveal and capitalize on the underauthorized and contingent nature of foundations to enact foundational change. By examining such actors—from Haitian revolutionaries to Latin American presidents and social movements—the book prods a reconsideration of foundings on different terms: as a contestatory, ongoing dimension of political life.
47
Martin, S. Rebecca, and Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper, eds. The Tiny and the Fragmented. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.001.0001.
Анотація:
Miniature and fragmentary objects are both remarkably fascinating and easily dismissed. Tiny scale entices users with visions of Lilliputian worlds. The ambiguity of fragments intrigues us, offering vivid reminders of the transitory nature of reality. Yet, the standard scholarly approach to such objects has been to see them as secondary, incomplete things, designed primarily to refer to a complete and often life-sized whole. This volume offers a series of fresh perspectives on the familiar concepts of the tiny and the fragmented, in chapters ranging in focus from Neolithic Europe to Pre-Columbian Honduras to the Classical Mediterranean and Ancient Near East. Diverse in scope, the volume is united in considering the little and broken things of the past as objects in their own right. When a life-sized or whole thing is made in a scaled-down or partial form, deliberately broken as part of its use, or considered successful by ancient users only if it shows some signs of wear, it challenges our expectations of representation and wholeness. Overall, this volume demands a reconsideration of the social and contextual nature of miniaturization, fragmentation, and incompleteness. These were more than just ancient strategies for saving space, time, and resources. Rather, they offered new possibilities of representation, use, and engagement—possibilities unavailable with things that were life size or more conventionally “complete.” It was because of, rather than in spite of, their small or partial state that these objects were valued parts of the personal and social worlds they inhabited.
48
London, Alex John. For the Common Good. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534830.001.0001.
Анотація:
The foundations of research ethics are riven with fault lines emanating from a fear that if research is too closely connected to weighty social purposes an imperative to advance the common good through research will justify abrogating the rights and welfare of study participants. The result is an impoverished conception of the nature of research, an incomplete focus on actors who bear important moral responsibilities, and a system of ethics and oversight highly attuned to the dangers of research but largely silent about threats of ineffective, inefficient, and inequitable medical practices and health systems. In For the Common Good: Philosophical Foundations of Research Ethics, Alex John London defends a conception of the common good that grounds a moral imperative with two requirements. The first is to promote research that generates the information necessary to enable key social institutions to effectively, efficiently, and equitably safeguard the basic interests of individuals. The second is to ensure that research is organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects its various contributors’ moral claims to be treated as free and equal. Connecting research to the goals of a just social order grounds a framework for assessing and managing research risk that reconciles these requirements and justifies key oversight practices in non-paternalistic terms. Reconceiving research ethics as resolving coordination problems and providing credible assurance that these requirements are being met expands the issues and actors that fall within the purview of the field and provides the foundation for a more unified and coherent approach to domestic and international research.
49
Field, Clive D. Counting Religion in Britain, 1970-2020. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849328.001.0001.
Анотація:
Counting Religion in Britain, 1970–2020, the fourth volume in the author’s chronological history of British secularization, sheds significant new light on the nature, scale, and timing of religious change in Britain during the past half-century, with particular reference to quantitative sources. Adopting a key performance indicators approach, twenty-one facets of personal religious belonging, behaving, and believing are examined, offering a much wider range of lenses through which the health of religion can be viewed and appraised than most contemporary scholarship (which is typically confined to one or two measures). Summative analysis of these indicators, by means of a secularization dashboard, leads to a reaffirmation of the validity of secularization (in its descriptive sense) as the dominant narrative and direction of travel since 1970, while acknowledging that it is an incomplete process and without endorsing all aspects of the paradigmatic expression of secularization as a by-product of modernization. The appendix of 173 tables, a discrete statistical reference work in its own right, besides supporting (and being cross-referenced in) the main text, is designed as an extension to 2020 of the appendix of tables to 1970 in the acclaimed 1977 Clarendon Press volume Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth in the British Isles since 1700, by Robert Currie, Alan Gilbert, and Lee Horsley. As well as covering statistics generated by faith communities and the state, as did the 1977 book, the appendix to Counting Religion in Britain, 1970–2020 includes a wide variety of time series from national sample surveys.
50
Finney, Mark, Sara McAllister, Torben Grumstrup, and Jason Forthofer. Wildland Fire Behaviour. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309092.
Анотація:
Wildland fires have an irreplaceable role in sustaining many of our forests, shrublands and grasslands. They can be used as controlled burns or occur as free-burning wildfires, and can sometimes be dangerous and destructive to fauna, human communities and natural resources. Through scientific understanding of their behaviour, we can develop the tools to reliably use and manage fires across landscapes in ways that are compatible with the constraints of modern society while benefiting the ecosystems.
The science of wildland fire is incomplete, however. Even the simplest fire behaviours – how fast they spread, how long they burn and how large they get – arise from a dynamical system of physical processes interacting in unexplored ways with heterogeneous biological, ecological and meteorological factors across many scales of time and space. The physics of heat transfer, combustion and ignition, for example, operate in all fires at millimetre and millisecond scales but wildfires can become conflagrations that burn for months and exceed millions of hectares.
Wildland Fire Behaviour: Dynamics, Principles and Processes examines what is known and unknown about wildfire behaviours. The authors introduce fire as a dynamical system along with traditional steady-state concepts. They then break down the system into its primary physical components, describe how they depend upon environmental factors, and explore system dynamics by constructing and exercising a nonlinear model. The limits of modelling and knowledge are discussed throughout but emphasised by review of large fire behaviours. Advancing knowledge of fire behaviours will require a multidisciplinary approach and rely on quality measurements from experimental research, as covered in the final chapters.