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Дисертації з теми "Incompatibilités génomiques"
Nogueira, Marques João Pedro. "Utilisation des outils génomiques pour comprendre la différenciation et le mélange des espèces chez les lièvres et les souris." Thesis, Montpellier, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022MONTG010.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis has contributed, using high throughput genome sequencing, to understanding the history of divergence leading to speciation, and the causes and consequences of genetic exchanges between species, in hares and mice.First, this work has contributed to the development of the genomic resources available to study hare population genomics, by providing the first de novo assembly of a hare genome (for the mountain hare, Lepus timidus), and assessing its utility as compared to the rabbit assembly, previously available. We have also generated the first mountain hare transcriptome, and the most complete among the currently available Lepus transcriptomes. In combination with published data on the European brown hare (L. europaeus), we pinpointed candidate fixed differences between the two species that can be used to build genotyping tools to monitor gene exchange in contact zones.Second, we have contributed to the understanding of the documented massive introgression of the mitochondrial genome from the mountain hare to the Iberian hare (L. granatensis) in Iberia, by reconstructing the post-glacial demographic dynamics of the latter species using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism data. We demonstrated that this introgression occurred at the favor of the invasive replacement of the donor species by the recipient one during the last deglaciation, thus showing the importance of demographic and biogeographic history in driving introgression.Third, using whole genome sequencing, we studied genetic differentiation and admixture in Iran, the region of origin of the three described house mouse subspecies (M. m. domesticus, musculus and castaneus), source of their expansion to the rest of Eurasia, leading to their present parapatric distributions. We discovered in Central Iran a population that is differentiated from these three subspecies, and inferred that it results from an ancient admixture between M. m. domesticus (about 40%) and a population related to M. m. musculus. The domesticus and musculus lineages thus admixed extensively close to their region of origin, but appear genetically isolated after their independent geographical expansions to Europe, where they form a narrow tension zone, a pattern evocative of a ring species. This offers an exceptional model to further study the evolution and determinants of reproductive isolation between these subspecies. Our analyses also suggest a selective advantage of non-domesticus Y chromosome in this context of admixture in Central Iran.We also discovered in North Western Iran a population that is mostly of domesticus origin, with inferred admixture from its geographical neighbours (musculus and central Iran), but which has fixed a Y chromosome lineage related to that of musculus. We show that this massive Y introgression is accompanied by co-introgression of genes with functions related to male fertility, especially on the X chromosome. We tested the potential link of this Y invasion with an arms-race between the X and Y chromosomes that could bias sex-ratio, and therefore address the question of the potential role of genetic conflicts in promoting introgression. Among subspecies we found a correlation between copy numbers of Y and X ampliconic families (Sly/Slx genes) whose interaction is known to control sex chromosome transmission in a dosage dependent manner. Higher copy numbers in the musculus lineage suggest stronger distortion properties. We however argue that this X-Y conflict is not the cause of massive Y introgression, which would rather reflect an intrinsic advantage of the musculus Y lineage in zones of admixture between the subspecies. The ability of the musculus Y chromosome to invade zones where musculus admixes with other subspecies seems to be a ubiquitous pattern, observed in other geographic regions. The conflict would rather cause co-introgression or co-evolution of the X ampliconic region in admixed populations
Nogueira, Marques João Pedro. "Using genomic tools to understand species differentiation and admixture in hares and mice." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG010.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis has contributed, using high throughput genome sequencing, to understanding the history of divergence leading to speciation, and the causes and consequences of genetic exchanges between species, in hares and mice.First, this work has contributed to the development of the genomic resources available to study hare population genomics, by providing the first de novo assembly of a hare genome (for the mountain hare, Lepus timidus), and assessing its utility as compared to the rabbit assembly, previously available. We have also generated the first mountain hare transcriptome, and the most complete among the currently available Lepus transcriptomes. In combination with published data on the European brown hare (L. europaeus), we pinpointed candidate fixed differences between the two species that can be used to build genotyping tools to monitor gene exchange in contact zones.Second, we have contributed to the understanding of the documented massive introgression of the mitochondrial genome from the mountain hare to the Iberian hare (L. granatensis) in Iberia, by reconstructing the post-glacial demographic dynamics of the latter species using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism data. We demonstrated that this introgression occurred at the favor of the invasive replacement of the donor species by the recipient one during the last deglaciation, thus showing the importance of demographic and biogeographic history in driving introgression.Third, using whole genome sequencing, we studied genetic differentiation and admixture in Iran, the region of origin of the three described house mouse subspecies (M. m. domesticus, musculus and castaneus), source of their expansion to the rest of Eurasia, leading to their present parapatric distributions. We discovered in Central Iran a population that is differentiated from these three subspecies, and inferred that it results from an ancient admixture between M. m. domesticus (about 40%) and a population related to M. m. musculus. The domesticus and musculus lineages thus admixed extensively close to their region of origin, but appear genetically isolated after their independent geographical expansions to Europe, where they form a narrow tension zone, a pattern evocative of a ring species. This offers an exceptional model to further study the evolution and determinants of reproductive isolation between these subspecies. Our analyses also suggest a selective advantage of non-domesticus Y chromosome in this context of admixture in Central Iran.We also discovered in North Western Iran a population that is mostly of domesticus origin, with inferred admixture from its geographical neighbours (musculus and central Iran), but which has fixed a Y chromosome lineage related to that of musculus. We show that this massive Y introgression is accompanied by co-introgression of genes with functions related to male fertility, especially on the X chromosome. We tested the potential link of this Y invasion with an arms-race between the X and Y chromosomes that could bias sex-ratio, and therefore address the question of the potential role of genetic conflicts in promoting introgression. Among subspecies we found a correlation between copy numbers of Y and X ampliconic families (Sly/Slx genes) whose interaction is known to control sex chromosome transmission in a dosage dependent manner. Higher copy numbers in the musculus lineage suggest stronger distortion properties. We however argue that this X-Y conflict is not the cause of massive Y introgression, which would rather reflect an intrinsic advantage of the musculus Y lineage in zones of admixture between the subspecies. The ability of the musculus Y chromosome to invade zones where musculus admixes with other subspecies seems to be a ubiquitous pattern, observed in other geographic regions. The conflict would rather cause co-introgression or co-evolution of the X ampliconic region in admixed populations
Duvaux, Ludovic. "Déterminants historiques et sélectifs des échanges génétiques au cours de la spéciation chez la souris domestique : patrons de coalescence et introgression en zone hybride." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20116/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding the speciation process requires to appraise patterns of gene flow between incipient speices as well as the role of selection in their determination. This thesis attempts to do so using two subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus, as a model. We inferred the history of their differentiation based on sequence polymorphism data at 60 autosomal loci. By simulating the coalescent of these loci under several historical scenarios we were able to infer, using an ABC (Approximate Bayesian Computation) method, an ancient divergence of the subspecies (1.5 MY). This was followed by a long period of isolation (1.2 MY) preceding a phase of genetic exchanges that started well before the formation of the present European hybrid zone. The isolation phase lasted long enough to explain a majority of the present genetic incompatibilities. Ancient and lasting gene flow could have favoured a behavioural reinforcement of reproductive isolation. We a lso studied the relationship between the mode of evolution of 77 autosomal genomic regions and their introgression patterns across a hybrid zone. Local recombination rates variations seem to partly account for the patterns observed at some loci with limited and symmetrical introgression. However such is not the case for 40% of the the loci showing asymmetrical introgression in on direction or the other. domesticus results from a movement of the hybrid zone from domesticus to musculus
Goubet, Pauline. "Apports des approches de génomique ciblée dans l'étude des patrons d'évolution moléculaire du locus d'auto-incompatibilité dans le genre Arabidopsis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10117/document.
Повний текст джерелаSelf-incompatibility is a common genetic system limiting inbreeding depression by preventing selfing and mating between relatives in hermaphroditic plants. This system is considered in evolutionary biology as one of the models of frequency-dependant selection, a particular type of natural selection. In the Brassicaceae family, the self-incompatibility system is controlled by a genomic region called the S-locus and comprising two tightly linked genes. The first gene encodes a ligand deposited on the pollen surface and the second its transmembrane receptor. Molecular recognition between these two proteins leads to a cascade of reactions resulting in the reject of self-pollen. If the self-incompatibility genes are becoming well understood, the diversity and dynamics of their genomic region remains poorly described. In this context, twelve genomic sequences of the region comprising the S-locus were obtained in the genus Arabidopsis through sequencing of BAC clones. These sequences highlight the relevance of genomic data in the analysis of regions under such selective constraints. First, the annotation of twelve functional sequences in A. lyrata and A. halleri allows to study the patterns of evolution of the S-locus and its flanking regions. Second, the loss of the system was investigated in A. thaliana, in particular through the occurrence of rearrangements or recombination events in non-functional sequences. Finally, a preliminary analysis of coevolution between pollen and pistil proteins was achieved
Huguet, Kévin. "Stabilité de Salmonella Genomic Island1 et son incompatibilité avec les plasmides IncA/C." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe multidrug resistance Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) is an integrative mobilizable element identified in several enterobacterial pathogens. This chromosomal island requires specifically the presence of a conjugative IncA/C plasmid to be excised and transfered by conjugation (mobilization in trans). Preliminary observations suggest stable maintenance of SGI1 in the bacterial host but paradoxically also incompatibility between SGI1 and IncA/C plasmids. Here, using a Salmonella enterica serovar Agona clonal bacterial population as model, we demonstrate that a Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) system encoded by SGI1 plays a critical role in its stable host maintenance when an IncA/C plasmid is concomitantly present. This system, designated sgiAT for Salmonella genomic island 1 Antitoxin and Toxin respectively, thus seems to play a stabilizing role in a situation where SGI1 is susceptible to be lost through plasmid IncA/C-mediated excision. Moreover and for the first time, the incompatibility between SGI1 and IncA/C plasmids was experimentally confirmed
Roux, Camille. "Effets de la sélection naturelle et de l'histoire démographique sur les patrons de polymorphisme nucléaire : comparaisons interspécifiques chez Arabidopsis halleri et A. lyrata entre le fond génomique et deux régions cibles de la sélection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10157/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe dichotomous view of life has long been availed to represent the diversity observed in nature. The recent expansion of sequence data have identified large discrepancies between the phylogenies of genes and species, forming the so-called "mosaic structure" of genomes. This complex pattern is the result of different neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes shaping the diversity of life. These processes explain the shared polymorphism observed between two different species. The trans-specific polymorphism (TSP) is generated by neutral retention of ancestral polymorphism, introgression and genetic homoplasy. Functional TSP is the result of the same processes and of the effects of natural selection. Whether local adaptation of a species contributes to the reduction of TSP, natural selection may increase the TSP in the case of balancing selection.Using the pair of closely related plant species Arabidopsis halleri and A. lyrata, we compared the patterns of polymorphism observed in genomic backgrounds to those observed in the neighborhood of the target regions of balancing selection, in order to measure the relative importance of selection and demography.Demographic analysis by ABC from genomic backgrounds leads to the rejection of the hypothesis of recent migration between these two species, and support the importance of the evolution of tolerance to heavy metals in the process of speciation of A. halleri.Finally, by measuring the patterns of polymorphism around the S-locus, we showed that balancing selection affects very localy the neutral linked polymorphism
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R019/document.
Повний текст джерелаWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Saunier, Alice. "Bases génétiques de la différenciation adaptative en milieu anthropisé chez Macoma balthica, un bivalve marin à fort flux génique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS021/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the anthropized, fragmented environmental context subject to rapid climate change, understand local adaptation processes of marine organisms by studying the contact zones between close taxa is a preferred approach. In these areas, hybrid genotypes persist despite a maladaptive state related to endogenous genetic incompatibilities and/or exogenous barrier. The complex biogeographic history of the Baltic tellin Macoma balthica leads to emergence of several European hybrid zones, one of which, located around the Pointe Finistère (France), is the result of the confluence of two genetic stocks that have diverged in allopatric. These divergences may have lead to the co-adaptation breakdown between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes due to the emergence of mito-nuclear incompatibilities (MNIs). Thus, the different protein subunits of the five OXPHO chain complexes are encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes, and a tight inter-genomic coevolution is required to maintain the cellular energy production. Recent transcriptomic data unveil the existence of underlying MNIs in M. balthica, bearing by the respiratory complexes I and V. In order to provide some understanding clues of mechanisms in hybrid zone's maintenance in the context of human pressure, the present work aims to test the assumption of putative MNIs in this area. For this purpose, (i) six mitogenomes corresponding to five divergent haplotype lineages in Europe were sequenced and the genomic architecture has been studied jointly to a mapping mutation of the 13 mitochondrial genes, (ii) the level of transcription of 5 nuclear and 8 mitochondrial genes (complex I to V) of hybrid individuals was compared to the parental lineages after identification of the hybrid status of each individual (six french populations). For the lack of bringing concrete answers concerning the existence of MNIs in M. balthica, and its evolutionary effects in term of hybrid breakdown, this work is a springboard for a comprehensive study of the French hybrid zone by developing new molecular tools, and stable experimental technics for the realisation of future artificial crosses