Дисертації: "Income distribution"

1

林漢坤 and Hon-kwan Lam. "Modelling of income distribution." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975914.

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2

Foster, Kevin Matthew. "Modeling median household income distribution." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9217.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: ept. of Mathematics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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3

Johansson, Mats. "Empirical studies of income distribution /." Göteborg : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008600328&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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4

Ratanawaraha, Apiwat 1972. "Does income distribution affect innovation?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69439.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-70).
In this study I specify econometric models that test the hypothesis that income distribution affects innovation. The econometric results suggest that countries with more equal income distribution spend more on innovative activity, produce more innovative outputs, and are more productive in producing innovations than those with less equal income distribution. Other significant determinants of innovation include income level, the size of economic activity, and population density. However, my findings indicate that the effects of income distribution on innovation are limited to developing countries. Income distribution, the size of economic activity, and population density significantly affect innovation expenditures only in developing countries. Income level affects R&D expenditures in both developed and developing countries. Regarding the determinants of innovation output level, income distribution affects only developing countries, whereas the size of economic activity affects both developed and developing countries. Income level is not a significant factor in determining the level of innovation output. As for innovation productivity, income level is significant for both developed and developed countries, while income distribution and population density affect only developing countries. The size of economic activity is not a significant determinant of innovation productivity. Income distribution has an effect only on developing countries, because knowledge and information, the essence of innovation, have the properties of increasing returns to scale due to externalities, and increasing marginal productivity. Income distribution affects innovation expenditure, innovation output, and innovation productivity by affecting the aggregate demand composition and human-capital accumulation. Because the market size and the stock of human capital are relatively small in developing countries, income distribution has significant effects on the size of market, the stock of human capital, and therefore innovation.
by Apiwat Ratanawaraha.
M.C.P.

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5

Meyer, Christine Siegwarth. "Income distribution and family structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11899.

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6

Bohman, Helena. "Trade, Knowledge and Income Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-6687.

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7

Leung, Kwan-chi. "A study of the measurement of income inequality : with special reference to Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13278769.

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8

Assadzadeh, Ahmad, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Business and Technology. "Income distribution and poverty in Iran." THESIS_FBT_XXX_Assadzadeh_A.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/217.

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This study analyses income inequality and poverty in the rural and urban sectors in Iran during the post Islamic revolution period, 1983-1993. It has been based on household level data relating to the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran for 1983, 1988 and 1993. The study starts with a brief review of the main features of the Iranian economy. This is followed by a brief discussion of the data. An analysis of temporal changes in income distribution and welfare, the contributions of factor income components on per capita income inequality, a detailed analysis of absolute poverty, earnings behaviour of full time urban male workers. The final chapter summarises and brings together the main conclusions. By and large, the finding of this study are quite rich and provide a very clean picture in the levels of income inequality, welfare and absolute poverty. Most of the changes in income inequality and poverty observed in this study seem to be, to some extent, the reflections, if not the outcomes, of government policies, strategies and war related activities and shortages etc. Based on the Iranian experience, we can say that political stability, accompanied by consistent and sustainable macroeconomic policies can ensure a reduction in income inequality and absolute poverty in a developing country.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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9

Howell, Vandy Marie. "Essays on income distribution and marriage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10331.

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10

Yamada, Katsunori. "Essays on macroeconomics of income distribution." Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136036.

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11

Assadzadeh, Ahmad. "Income distribution and poverty in Iran." Thesis, [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/217.

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This study analyses income inequality and poverty in the rural and urban sectors in Iran during the post Islamic revolution period, 1983-1993. It has been based on household level data relating to the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran for 1983, 1988 and 1993. The study starts with a brief review of the main features of the Iranian economy. This is followed by a brief discussion of the data. An analysis of temporal changes in income distribution and welfare, the contributions of factor income components on per capita income inequality, a detailed analysis of absolute poverty, earnings behaviour of full time urban male workers. The final chapter summarises and brings together the main conclusions. By and large, the finding of this study are quite rich and provide a very clean picture in the levels of income inequality, welfare and absolute poverty. Most of the changes in income inequality and poverty observed in this study seem to be, to some extent, the reflections, if not the outcomes, of government policies, strategies and war related activities and shortages etc. Based on the Iranian experience, we can say that political stability, accompanied by consistent and sustainable macroeconomic policies can ensure a reduction in income inequality and absolute poverty in a developing country.

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12

Assadzadeh, Ahmad. "Income distribution and poverty in Iran /." [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1997. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030723.134850/index.html.

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13

COVERI, ANDREA. "Structural change, Technology and Income Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/263520.

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Il presente lavoro propone un’analisi del cambiamento strutturale e delle dinamiche inerenti la distribuzione del reddito combinando l’approccio Neo-Schumpeteriano all’innovazione tecnologica con la prospettiva Post-Keynesiana riguardo al ruolo della domanda effettiva e ai meccanismi che determinano la dinamica di salari e profitti. Da un lato ci rifacciamo alla letteratura evolutiva e distinguiamo tra input e output dell'innovazione e tra innovazione di prodotto e processo, enfatizzando la differenza tra strategie finalizzate ad aumentare la qualità dei prodotti e aprire nuovi mercati e strategie basate sulla competitività di costo, che mirano principalmente ad aumentare l’efficienza produttiva per ridurre i costi di produzione. Dall’altro lato teniamo conto della specifica struttura della domanda delle industrie e della natura conflittuale della distribuzione del reddito, indagando alcuni dei fattori strutturali e istituzionali che influiscono sul tasso di crescita di salari e profitti. Inoltre, si tiene conto dei cambiamenti intervenuti su scala globale nelle ultime tre decadi (liberalizzazione dei mercati di merci e capitali e forte riduzione dei costi di comunicazione e trasporto), che hanno reso sempre più rilevanti fenomeni come la delocalizzazione della produzione all’estero e dunque la disintegrazione globale dei processi produttivi. Viene quindi analizzata la relazione tra le diverse strategie di offshoring perseguite dalle industrie e le loro performance in termini di crescita; nondimeno, ci si sofferma sull'impatto che la frammentazione internazionale della produzione ha sulla distribuzione del reddito. Sul piano empirico utilizziamo il Sectoral Innovation Database (SID), sviluppato presso l’Università di Urbino, che include dati su 21 settori manifatturieri e 17 settori dei servizi per sei paesi europei (Francia, Germania, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Spagna e the United Kindgom) dal 1994 al 2014.
Our dissertation proposes an integrated approach to structural change and distributional dynamics combining a Neo-Schumpeterian perspective on technological change and a Post-Keynesian view on demand and income distribution. We build on evolutionary literature and distinguish between the input and output of innovation and between product and process innovation, proxying a technology-driven and cost-based competitiveness strategy, respectively. In line with Post-Keynesian theory, we account for the specific demand structures of industries and the conflictual nature of income distribution, investigating the structural and institutional factors which shape the balance of power between capital and labour and therefore the dynamics of wages and profits. In addition, we account for the modern process of global fragmentation of production spurred by the worldwide liberalization of trade and capital markets and the strong reductions of communication and transport costs. Accordingly, we investigate the relationships between offshoring strategies of industries – focusing on their technological dimension – and their growth performance and inquire the impact that the former have on the wage and profit dynamics. On the empirical ground, we use the Sectoral Innovation Database (SID), which has been developed at the University of Urbino and including data for 21 manufacturing and 17 service sectors for six major European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the United Kindgom) from 1994 to 2014. This dataset provides a comprehensive view of industries’ dynamics, allowing to properly investigate the changing composition of the economies and the structural transformations related to the internationalization of production. Moreover, our analysis properly accounts for the role of sectoral systems of innovation allowing to assess the dominant competitiveness strategy pursued by industries and shed light on their different distributive outcomes.

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14

Andrea, Coveri. "Structural Change, Technology and Income Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2697993.

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15

GRÜBENER, Philipp. "Essays in quantitative macroeconomics : income, inequality, income risk and optimal redistribution." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72939.

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Defence date: 5 November 2021; Examining Board: Prof. Árpád Ábrahám (University of Bristol and European University Institute); Prof. Philipp Kircher (Cornell University); Prof. Kjetil Storesletten (University of Oslo); Prof. Ludo Visschers (University of Edinburgh)
The first PDF is the PhD Thesis. The second PDF is an addendum containing the complete citations of the two datasets.
This thesis contains four independent essays in heterogeneous agent macroeconomics. They explore the sources of income inequality and income risk and study the optimal design of public redistribution and insurance. The first chapter, joint with Filip Rozsypal, studies the origins of idiosyncratic earnings risk in frictional labor markets, with a particular focus on the role of firms for worker earnings risk. First, using administrative matched employer-employee data from Denmark, we document key properties of the worker earnings growth distribution, the firm revenue growth distribution, and their joint distribution. The worker earnings and firm revenue growth distributions exhibit strong deviations from normality, in particular excess kurtosis, with many workers and firms experiencing very small changes to their earnings/revenues, but a significant minority experiencing very large changes. Large earnings losses are more likely for workers in firms with negative revenue growth, driven both by separations to unemployment and earnings losses on the job. Second, we develop a model framework consistent with the data, with four key features: i) frictional labor markets and on the job search to capture unemployment risk and wage growth through a job ladder, ii) multi-worker firms to capture gross and net worker flows, iii) risk averse workers such that earnings risk matters, and iv) contracting with two-sided limited commitment because earnings of job stayers are changing infrequently in the data. Third, we use the model to explore policies designed to mitigate earnings fluctuations. The second chapter, joint with Annika Bacher and Lukas Nord, studies one particular private insurance margin against individual income risk only available to couples, which is the so called added worker effect. Specifically, we study how this intra-household insurance against individual job loss through increased spousal labor market participation varies over the life cycle. We show in U.S. data that the added worker effect is much stronger for young than for old households. A stochastic life cycle model of two-member households with job search in a frictional labor market is capable of replicating this finding. The model suggests that a lower added worker effect for the old is driven primarily by better insurance through asset holdings. Human capital differences between employed young and old contribute to the difference but are quantitatively less important, while differences in job arrival rates play a limited role. In the third chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere, Gaston Navarro, and Oliko Vardishvili, we study optimal redistribution, taking into account not just the large income and wealth inequality in the data, but also the distribution of income risk that is key in the first two chapters. The U.S. fiscal system redistributes through a rich set of taxes and transfers, the latter accounting for a large part of the income of the poor. Motivated by this, we study the optimal joint design of transfers and income taxes. Within a simple heterogeneous-household framework, we derive analytical results on the optimal relationship between transfers and tax progressivity. Higher transfers are associated with lower optimal income tax progressivity. Redistribution is achieved with generous transfers while efficiency is preserved via a lower progressivity of income taxes. As such, the optimal tax-and-transfer system features larger progressivity of average than of marginal tax rates. We then quantify the optimal tax-and-transfer system in a rich incomplete-market model with realistic distributions of income, wealth, and income risk. The model features a novel flexible functional form for progressive income taxes and means-tested transfers. Relative to the current U.S. fiscal system, the optimal policy consists of more generous means-tested transfers, which phase-out at a slower rate. These larger transfers are financed with higher tax rates, but the taxes are not more progressive than the current system. The fourth chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere and Dominik Sachs, also studies optimal redistribution, but instead of considering a stationary environment it analyzes the dynamics of the equity-efficiency trade-off along the growth path. To do so, we incorporate the optimal income taxation problem into a state-of-the-art multi-sector structural change general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences. We identify two key opposing forces. First, long-run productivity growth allows households to shift their consumption expenditures away from necessities. This implies a reduction in the dispersion of marginal utilities, and therefore calls for a welfare state that declines along the growth path. Yet, economic growth is also systematically associated with an increase in the skill premium, which raises inequality and the desire to redistribute. We quantitatively analyze these opposing forces for two countries: the U.S. from 1950 to 2010, and China from 1989 to 2009. Optimal redistribution decreases at early stages of development, as the role of non-homotheticities prevails. At later stages of development the rising income inequality dominates and the welfare state should become more generous.
1 Firm Dynamics and Earnings Risk 2 Joint Search over the Life Cycle 3 Larger Transfers Financed with More Progressive Taxes? On the Optimal Design of Taxes and Transfers 4 Redistribution in Growing Economies

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16

Ng, Hoi-tak Philip. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3684990X.

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17

Ng, Hoi-tak Philip, and 吳凱特. "Three essays on population, income, and distribution." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3684990X.

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18

Sripoom, Sompodh. "Thailand and the issue of income distribution." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA302959.

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Thesis (M.S. in Resource Planning and Management for International Defense) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1995.
Thesis advisor(s): Katsuaki L. Terasawa, William R. Gates. "June 1995." Bibliography: p. 69-72. Also available online.

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19

Wang, Seok-Dong. "Occupational choice, financial markets and income distribution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ42573.pdf.

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20

Argitis, Georgios. "Financial capital, monetary policy and income distribution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272728.

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21

Lewis, Paul Christopher. "Understanding income distribution in modern capitalist economies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532301.

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22

Conyon, Martin J. "Monopoly capitalism, profits, income distribution and unionism." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/60315/.

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This thesis aims to extend our understanding of the contemporary stage of monopoly capitalism by considering the issue of profits, income distribution and trade unionism. By focusing on the effect of trade unions on key economic indicators we hope to demonstrate the key importance of both trade unions and market structure in shaping the industrial economic landscape. Using national accounts and census of production data we find that there is a secular tendency for the degree of monopoly to rise although we find little evidence to suggests a similar decline in the profit rate. It also emerges that unions cannot easily influence factor shares. We go on to make the case for a fundamental reappraisal of the role of labour within the firm. We then provide an assessment of the effect of unions within oligopoly. Using firm level data we illustrate that there is a significant degree of apparent collusion within oligopoly and that this is influenced by product market structure and trade unionism. We consider the effects of both structure and unionism in shaping industry profits. We find that for the mid-1980's unions depress mark-ups whilst increasing concentration impacts positively on the margin. We further show that the effect of concentration in successively related industry adds to the seller margin and does not reflect countervailing power. We also find evidence that union coverage in downstream industries adversely affects the seller margin in 1984-85. Finally, we consider the role of trade union power in shaping factor distribution in the manufacturing sector. We find that unions cannot easily influence the distribution of income but that seller concentration significantly depresses wage share. These results are of considerable interest and attest to the importance of considering both product and labour market interaction in shaping key economic variables.

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23

Walburg, Peter. "Impacts of federal deficits on income distribution." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9887.

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24

Rezai, Armon, Lance Taylor, and Duncan K. Foley. "Economic Growth, Income Distribution, and Climate Change." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5831/1/WP_17.pdf.

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We present a model based on Keynesian aggregate demand and labor productivity growth to study how climate damage affects the long-run evolution of the economy. Climate change induced by greenhouse gas lowers profitability, reducing investment and cutting output in the short and long runs. Short-run employment falls due to deficient demand. In the long run productivity growth is slower, lowering potential income levels. Climate policy can increase incomes and employment in the short and long runs while a continuation of business-as-usual leads to a dystopian income distribution with affluence for few and high levels of unemployment for the rest.
Series: Ecological Economic Papers

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25

Nova, German Enrique. "INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181771.

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26

Candia, Bernardo. "Taxes,Transfers and Income Distribution in Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/164074.

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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ECONOMÍA
This paper seeks to measure the distributive impact of fiscal interventions in Chile,applyingthe “Commitmentto Equity”(CEQ) methodology,astandardized fiscal incidence analysis.As a method-ological innovation ,we incorporated income accrued and not received by Chilean taxpayers through their companies and corporations into the distribution of pre-fiscal income .We find that the differ-ence between the distribution of accrued and received income turns out to be important,around 6 Gini percentage points for each main concept of income .In addition, when moving from the distri- bution of market income to the distribution of final income (after taxes and transfers)the distribution of income improves by 7 Gini percentage points.To assign the improvement in the distribution of in- come between the different fiscal interventions, we apply the Shapley value and it is observed that half of the improvement in the distribution of income is due to transfers in education, while direct taxes on ly explain 20% of the reduction of the Gini coefficient. Finally,based on the simulation of the impact of the 2014 tax reform carried out by the World Bank, we estimate that the reform would produce an additional reduction of 2.4 Gini percentage points when going from market income to final income.

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27

Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.

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28

Leung, Kwan-chi, and 梁坤志. "A study of the measurement of income inequality: with special reference to Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977054.

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29

Bernat, G. Andrew. "Income distribution in Virginia: the effect of intersectoral linkages on the short-run size distribution of income in small regions." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53864.

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The purpose of this study is to assess the role intersectoral linkages play in shaping the short-run size distribution of household income. Input-output models are constructed for four regions in Virginia using secondary data. Two distinguishing features of these models are that the household sector is disaggregated into 12 income classes and unemployment benefits are an endogenous component of household income. Using these models, it is concluded that: (a) As linkages increase, the effects on inequality of changes in different components of final demand converge. (b) Increasing the degree of linkage, with constant industry mix, will tend to increase inequality. (c) Although the degree and pattern of linkages among household groups varies from region to region, all income groups are more strongly linked to middle income households than to either high or low income households.
Ph. D.

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30

Olsson, Marcus. "The Swedish income distribution during the 1990’s." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8072.

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The paper studies the Swedish income distribution during the 1990’s using panel data set on the county level. County specific effects have been controlled with a fixed effects model. The measures used as indicators of inequality are the Gini-Coefficient and a 90/10 income share quota. The results show that a change in unemployment has a negligible affect on the income distribution. An increased share of college educated people increases the income distribution and an increase in the age groups 30-39 and 50-64 also had the same effect. The age group of 65+ seemed to decrease the difference between the share of income that the poorest and the richest had.

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31

Palme, Mårten. "Five empirical studies on income distribution in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1776.

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32

Lahoud, Joe, and Davor Bosnic. "The Effect of Education on Disposable Income Distribution." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-17601.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight & Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.

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33

Sheik, Rahim Fazeer. "Essays on income distribution and heterogeneous agent models." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423886.

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34

Brahim-Bounab, Abdelkrim. "The Algerian development strategy, income distribution and poverty." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333175.

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35

Spandler, Jeremy. "Equality, equity and the best distribution of income." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388032.

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36

Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.

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Анотація:

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.

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37

Pereirinha, José A. "Inequalities, household income distribution and development in Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Institute of Social Studies, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2294.

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38

Cai, Liming. "Three essays on the dynamics of income distribution." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1273857726.

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39

Urakawa, Kunio. "Essays on income distribution and poverty in Japan." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136067.

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40

Cerra, Valerie. "Essays on growth, human capital, and income distribution /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7431.

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41

ERCOLI, ROBERTO. "Three Essays on Income Distribution and Economic Growth." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/260235.

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Oggetto della tesi è lo studio della relazione tra distribuzione del reddito e crescita economica. La tesi è composta da tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo è una rassegna della la letteratura teorica e empirica. Nel secondo capitolo viene proposto un modello analitico che estende il modello post-keynesiano distinguendo i lavoratori in due gruppi: quelli qualificati e quelli non qualificati. Mentre i primi godono di un aumento della produttività grazie all'accumulazione di conoscenza e riescono a contrattare salari maggiori, i secondi non riescono a beneficiarne. Risultato del modello è che una accumulazione della conoscenza più veloce, finanziata attraverso un aumento della pressione fiscale, può generare effetti diversi sulla crescita della produzione e sulla disuguaglianza all'interno della classe dei lavoratori a seconda della relazione dei parametri del modello stesso. Nel terzo capitolo l'accezione di distribuzione del reddito passa da quella funzionale a quella personale. La metodologia usata è quella della simulazione ad agenti arricchita dal rispetto dei vincoli della modellazione “Stock-Flow consistent”. Peculiarità del modello sono la sua natura intergenerazionale e la divisione della popolazione in tre possibili classi sociali: lavoratori qualificati, lavoratori qualificati e capitalisti-puri con la possibilità per ogni individuo di poter passare da una classe all'altra durante la simulazione. Fra gli altri risultati già noti in letteratura emerge la bassa mobilità fra le generazioni sia considerata come livelli di reddito sia come classe sociale di appartenenza. Inoltre una analisi di sensitività mostra come una maggiore progressività del sistema di tassazione genera un aumento del livello della produzione.
Subject of the thesis is the study of the relationship between income distribution and economic growth. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter is a review of the theoretical and empirical literature. In the second chapter an analytical model is proposed. The purpose is to extend the Post-Keynesian model distinguishing the workers in two groups: the qualified ones and the unqualified ones. While the former enjoy an increase in productivity thanks to the accumulation of knowledge and succeed in bargaining higher wages, the latter are not able to benefit from it. The result of the model is that a faster accumulation of knowledge, financed through an increase in the taxation, can generate different effects on the growth and on the inequality within the working class depending on the model parameters relationship. In the third chapter the meaning of income distribution goes from the functional sense to the personal one. The methodology used is Agent-based modelling enriched by compliance with the constraints of the "Stock- Flow consistent" modelling. Peculiarities of the model are its intergenerational nature and the division of the population into three possible social classes: skilled workers, unskilled ones and pure capitalist with the possibility for each individual to move from a class to another during the simulation. Among the other results already known in the literature, main result is a low mobility between generations both considering income level and the social class of belonging. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis shows that greater progressivity of the taxation system generates an increase in the level of production.

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42

ZURRU, VALERIA. "Essays on income distribution, economic growth, and taxation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/249622.

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This dissertation is the result of my experience as a PhD student taking part in the Doctoral Programme at the University of Cagliari. Recent public interest in tax policies which are contemporaneously able to promoting economic growth and reducing income inequality has motivated this research. In this spirit, Chapter 1 gives an overview of the state of art in the relationship between income distribution and economic development, while, the remaining chapters provide an empirical investigation of tax policies that are both growth-enhancing and inequality-reducing. Chapter 2 investigates the impact of marginal taxation on economic growth, paying particular attention on the role of quality of institutions, in a panel data set of 26 OECD countries for the period 1981-2015. While dealing with omitted variables, measurement errors, and endogeneity issues, our analysis is carried out using fixed effects and generalized method of moment (GMM) techniques. Focusing on the direct effect of marginal tax rates on growth our results show no-significant evidence. Interestingly, fixed effects estimations reveal that the effect of marginal tax rates on growth changes due to the level of institutional quality: higher marginal tax rates appear harmful for growth in countries with institutional quality lower than sample average, as predicted by standard supply-side theory, but this distortionary effect of marginal taxation becomes negligible in right institutions. However, this evidence is not confirmed when GMM estimator is performed. Chapter 3 examines the effect of joint taxation on female labour behaviour using micro data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We look at the impact of joint taxation on the probability of working comparing the female labour responses of a group treated with joint taxation (married women living in Germany) to the female labour responses of a group not treated with (unmarried women living in Germany and married/unmarried women living in Austria). Dealing with potential self-selection bias, this analysis is carried out using instrumental variables methods (two-stage least square and bivariate probit estimators) with cross-sections data in 2012. Our results are consistent with economic theory suggesting a negative effect of joint tax treatment of married couples on female labour decisions.

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43

Lau, Mak Yee-ming Alice. "An appraisal of the income distribution effects of the Hong Kong taxation system." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12316167.

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44

Sommeiller, Estelle. "Regional income inequality in the United States, 1913-2003." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 137 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1306866431&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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45

Cheung, Chun-wing. "Investment in human capital and the distribution of earnings." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13278782.

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46

Chiu, Wat Sin Mi Simmy, and 屈倩薇. "Socio-economic structural changes and income distribution in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975768.

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47

Chiu, Wat Sin Mi Simmy. "Socio-economic structural changes and income distribution in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975768.

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48

Yuwono, Thalyta Ernandya. "Individual Income Tax in Indonesia: Behavioral Response, Incidence, and the Distribution of Income Tax Burden." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/36.

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This dissertation estimates the relationship between tax-reporting decision and the change in marginal tax rates, relying on taxpayer's responses (standard labor supply response) as well as reported behavioral responses (compliance). There are still limited studies on elasticity estimates for developing countries. We utilize an applicable theoretical model by using standard labor supply model and summarize a tax avoidance model as the base of our elasticity estimation. The labor supply theoretical model suggests ambiguity of the labor supply decision and the tax avoidance model suggests that the responsiveness of taxpayers in the reporting decision differs across income groups. As previously stated, in developing countries, empirical evidence on reporting decision is still very limited. For our empirical analysis, we estimate reporting income elasticity for microsimulation purposes. We use this elasticity to estimate a dynamic behavior microsimulation model. The elasticity result shows that higher-income groups are more responsive and lower-income groups are less responsive to changes in tax policy. Our empirical analysis continues with estimating differences in taxpayers’ responses to the change in tax policy. We use a modified difference-in-difference model to analyze behavioral responses of taxpayers who are highly affected by the change in marginal tax rate compared to those who are least affected. The result shows that the treatment group, who experienced larger reductions on their marginal tax rate, reported more of their income relative to the control group, whose members are least affected by the change in marginal tax rate. The last part of our empirical analysis examines the distribution of income tax burden across different income groups and examines the government's tax collection from withholding income from some proposed scenarios. We proposed several scenarios and estimated the change in income tax burden compared to that under current income tax law. We also examined the government's revenue loss by calculating the tax differences under current and proposed scenarios. The overall microsimulation results suggest that there is a trade-off between government revenue loss and the distribution of income tax burden.

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49

Yuwono, Thalyta Ernandya. "Individual income tax in Indonesia behavioral response, incidence, and the distribution of income tax burden /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12122008-223215/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Sally Wallace, committee chair; Jorge L. Martinez-Vazquez, Roy W. Bahl, Robert M. McNab, committee members. Description based on contents viewed June 15, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-117).

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50

Dabla, Era. "Essays in corruption, income inequality, and growth /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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